Lakes of Kenya: Scientific Expedition to the Less Explored Lakes of Kenya (SELELOK): A Research Project Proposal ( 1992-1995).
Item Type Report
Authors Okemwa, E.; Mavuti, K.; Njuguna, S.; Moreau, J.
Publisher Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute
Download date 27/09/2021 07:19:36
Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/7238 LAKES OF KENYA Scientific Expedition to Ithe .' ; Less Explored Lakes ofKenya (SELELOK)
1992 - 1995 A Research Project Proposal
Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITION TO THE LESS EXPLORED LAKES OF KEl'oil'A (SELELOK) A survey on their Fisheries and Limnology
A
PROPOSAL
(1992 • 1995)
APPLYING AGENCY: Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI)
P.O. Box 81651~ KEl\l'A. Tel. 254 11 472245 Fax. 254 11 472215 Telex: 21115 AISA PUBLIC (ATT. K.\'lFRI).
DCRATTO?\": Three years (-t month Field work in each year)
TOTAL COST: .:l.:lO.OOO.OO l'.S DOLLARS.
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS Dr. E. Okemwa: Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute - Director.
Dr. K.\1. l'vlavuti: University of Nairohi. Dept. of zoology - Senior Lecturer.
Prof. S. ~juguna: National Museums of Kenya - Associate Director.
Prof. 1. Moreau: Institute National Polytechnic de Toulollse, Laboratoire d'Ichtyologie Appliquee. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This document proposes Scientific Expedition to the Less EA-plored Lakes of Kenya
(SELELOK). The term "Less explored lakes" is employed here to mean lentic inland water
bodies and includes permanent to ephemeral shallow lakes, swamps and marshes; wetlands
man-made dams and reservoirs in various parts of the country.
The scientific Expeditions to the less explored lakes of Kenya (SELELOK) was conceived
by the Board of Management of tbe Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute in early
August 1989. The Board regarded many shallow lakes in Kenya as sensitive ecosystems
wbose Lirimologyarfd!iFisheries resources:"'inter -alia., have not been adequately or not a'f~ll'
explored. Consequently the Board stressed that particular attention should be paid to the
ecosystems in which ecological problems due to climatic influences and human perturbations
can already be envisaged.
The main aim of the SELELOK is to carry out short but intensive surveys on the fisherje~
and limnology of the less e).:plored lakes as a basis for rehabilitation, conservation and
rational utilization of their aquatic resources. To achieve this aim-an increase in local ano-·
international cooperation and shared use of local institution facilities and equipments is needed. It is essential that the involved institutions reach agreements concerning sharing_ of samples, data, publication and that an e>"'Pedition team be established to deal with operational problems.
The expedition will consider lakes on the mountain areas: Mt. Kenya. Elgon and Aberdares; COLLABORATING INSTITUTIONS CONTACT SCIE~TTISTS PROPOSER:
1. Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute Dr. E. Okemwa P.O. Box 81651, Mombasa, KENYA. Director.
CO-PROPOSERS:
2. University of Nairobi Dr. K.M. Mavuti
Man-made lakes and reservoirs, crater lakes, floodplain and coastal lakes; and some Rift
Valley lakes. It v.ill not, however, deal v.'ith lakes which, previously, have had significant
e>,,'J>loration.
Each lake v.ill be covered by a research team for four months during which time, synoptic
surveys will be carried out. In particular the following \\rill be examined:
(a) the general structure of these ecosystems v.'ith reference to the characteristics of the
fish communities,
(b) ecological budgets as a result of changes in the hydrological budgets
(c) variability in rainfall, and irrigation, deforestation in the catchment areas.
(d) the evaporation manifested by fluctuation in water levels,
(e) the \\-ater chemistry, pollution and other factors such as current speed, oxygen
saturation, water temperature,
(f) . biodi\'ersity and distribution of vegetation, fish community structure and behavior.
The cost of the SELEWK is estimated at 440,000.00 U.S dollars. This includes cost for two
landrovers and portable boat and two outboard engine of 122,630.00 U.S$. Acquisition of
new equipments is estimated at U.S$ 44,000.00. ENSAT Collaboration U.S$ 112,750.00.
The operation cost of the vehicle and the boat at U.S$ 10,200.00 and other costs are
estimated at U.S$ 150,420.00.
Potential sources of support for the SELELOK include UNEP, UNDP, WB, NSF, NOAA,
FAO, EEC, NASA, USAID, IDRC and others. The local institutions will provide support
facilities, some equipments and personal support estimated at 130,000 U.S dollars. 13. Ghent University Prof. H. Dumont B·9000 Ghent Kh.Ledegarickstraat 35, BELGIUM.
. 14. University of Leicester Dr. D. M. Harper Dept. of zoology, University Road, Leicester Lecturer. LE 1 7 RH, England, U.K.
15. . New England Aquarium, Boston Dr. Les Kaufman Edgerton Research Lab. Chief Scientist. Central Wharf Boston, MA 02110, USA.
16. Ministry of Tourism and Wildlife Tourism Department P.O. Box 54666, Nairobi. KENYA
POTEJ\'7lAL SPONSORS/DONOR
UNDP, UNEP, NSF, NOM NASA., FAO, UNESCO, IUCN, USAID, JICA., SAREC, CIDA, SIDA, and FL'\'IDA. :Members of the organising committees
1. . The SELELOK collaborative committee
Dr. E. Okemwa (Secretary) Mr. P. Ochumba Mr. E. Odero Dr. c.~. Mweu Prof. S. Njuguna • Mr. M.M. Nguli (Asst. Secretary) Dr. K.M. Mavuti (chairman) Mr. 1. Ogari
2. International· Kenya Committee Prof. P. Polk Prof. S. Njuguna Dr. E. Okemwa Prof. H. Dumont Dr. D. \1. Harper Dr. \1 ~tiba Dr. I-:...\1. Mavuti Dr. Belaud Dr. .\10ie2u CONTENTS : P,~GE
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Scientific Rationale 2
1.1.1 Aims of the Expedition ~ 3
1.1.2 Specific objectives 3
2. STUDY AREA 4
2.1 BJocks (Drainage Basins) 4
2.1.1 BJock J Cc:.l~.t:.ll lakc~ 4
2.1.:: BJock IJ A111i Ri\c:r R.:,in ~
.':'.1.3 Block J]] T~n:.l River R:~jn .4
2.1.4 BJock JV Rift \"alley ]akc~ 4
2.1.5 Block V Lake Victoria B35in .4
:.. BACKGROU:\,D 5
3.1 Shallo\\; lake5 6
3.2 I\1an-n1ade laj.;e~ 6
3.3 Floodplain lakc5 6
3.4 \1ountain and crater lakes 7
3.5 \Vetland" / ., ~. PROPOSED SCOPE .·\':D ''.'OR~:~ .
~. METHODOLOGy 8 5.] Limnology 8
5.].1 Physical-chemical characteristics 8
5.2 Biology 9
5.2.] Primary production and chloropyl a 9
5.2.2 Phytoplankton Diversity ~ 9
5.2.3 Zooplankton 9
5.2.4 Pollution 9
5.2.5 Fisheries ]0
5.2.5.] Biometric information ]]
6. EXPEDITIO); SCHEDLLE ]2
7. OUTPUT ]2
7.1 Training ]2
7.2 Data Analysis. Workshop and proceedings ]3
8. !J\TTERNATIONAL COOPERATION 14
9. LOGISTICS ]4
9.1 Infrastructure, laboratory, equipment and personnel support 15
9.2 Vehicles, portable boat and running COS1.. 16
9.3 Shoreline stop-over sites 17
9.4 Samples and data ]7
9.5 Research permit and cJearence ]R
10. FU!\DING . . . ]~ 10.1 Purchase of vehicle, boat and outboard engines 19
10.2 Expedition Cost 19
10.3 Training, Workshop and Conferences 19
11. SOURCE OF FU1'\DING 20
12. FUNDS REQUESTED FROM DONORS ~ 20
12.1 Equipment 20
12.2 E:\'SAT Collaboration 21
12.2.1 International trips 21
12.2.2 Local expenses 22
12.3 Field Research 22
12.4 Facilities and transpon 23
12.5 \laterials and supplies (Consumable) 23
12.6 Training, \Vorkshop and Conferences 23
Appendix 1 ExpedItlon·· sub'proJects _"t')"
Appendix 2 Table: less explored lakes 25
Appendix 3 Expedition schedule 26
Appendix 4 List of Abbreviations 28
13. REFERENCES 31 Il\~ODUCTION Natural lakes, man-made reservoirs and ephemeral water bodies. are a precious resources for mankind. They have been exploited, over the years, for nutrition and welfare of
populations. In many cases, however, e>..'ploitation has continued without proper knowledge
or adequate exploration of the aquatic environment. This is true particularly in developing
countries such as Kenya where technological advancement and population increase has
placed an ever increasing demand on the aquatic resources, with the result that human
perturbations and hydroclimatic changes threaten the ecosystem. Utilization ofsome ofthe~
inland water bodies in Kenya, for irrigation, hydropower generation, increased fishery
production (e.g. introduction of foreign species), deforestation iIi the catchment areas and
hydroclimatic changes have raised concern about the status of these ecosystems.
Consequently the development and management ofthe ecosystems in order to ensure proper
use for Kenya's rapidly growing population (rate of 4% p.a) necessitate an urgent need for
more scientific information on their limnology and fisheries than presently exists.
Existing information is from e>..'ploration carried out more than six decades ago and individual research efforts on major lakes such as Lakes Victoria, Turkana, Naivasha,
NakLlru, Baringo and Elementaita. Most of these lakes are well documented, however, minor shallow laJces such as L. Kanyaboli, Simbi and Jilore are less known.
The purpose of these document is to propose a 3 year collaborative Scientific E>"'Pedition- to the less known or Less E>"'Plored lake of Kenya (SELELOK) with a view to focusing
1 research efforts to selected water bodies for 4 months period in each one of the three years.
1.1 Scientific Rationale
Current knowledge on the biology, dynamics and ecological interrelationships of ~he species
in inland waters is fragmentary and inadequate as a basis for the formulation of
comprehensive management and conservation strategies for the fishery resources evaluation.
The present climatic and environmental changes resulting from poor land usage, modern
farming methods, use ofpesticides, removal ofvegetal cover, erosion and siltation problems
may have lead to significant ecological changes in some of the less ex-plored lakes.
Moreover, with the ever increasing human population in Kenya there has been increasing demand for fish protein and reliable information on socio-economic impacts on the fisheries stocks of the lake ecosystems in the country have yet to be assessed.
There is therefore an urgent need to ascertain the impact of climatic change, water quality and siltation and identify the environmental and socio-economic factors that may have influenced the limnology and fisheries of the inland lakes in Kenya.
2 1.1.1 Aims of the Expedition
The main aim of the proposed expedition will be to carry out short-term intensive surveys
on the fisheries and limnology of the less explored inland waters of Kenya as a basis for rehabilitation, conservation and rational utilization of aquatic resources.
1.1.2 Specific Objectives
1. To determine species composition of floral and fauna of the less explored lakes of
Kenya.
2. To assess the demographical status of the most important fish populations in shallow
lakes of Kenya.
3. To compare the situation of species or groups of fishes common to twO or more
lakes.
4. To carry out catch effort assessment survey in order to assess the state of the fishery
of the less explored lakes of Kenya.
5. To estimate quantitatively and qualitatively the feeding habits of the fishes.
6. To obtain a model simulating the main trophic exchanges in the aquatic community
and thus an evaluation of the biomasses and ecological production of the fish
communities.
7. To carry out a socio - economic surveys.
8. To establish the basic physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the lakes
and note their catchment land use practices which affect their limnology.
9. To collect museum specimens for identifications and repository and for bioldiversity
status assessments.
3 2.0 STUDY AREA
The less explored lakes which will be the focus of the proposed expedition can be divided into 5 blocks for the convenience of this expedition:
Block I: Coastal Lakes -Athi, Tana river floodplain and delta lakes,
Jilore, Bilisa, Mukunguya, Shakababo and Jiwa la
Gambi.
Block II: Upper Athi River Basin -Jipe, Amboseli, Chala and Mzima springs.
Lakes
Block III: Upper Tana River Basin -Man-made lakes and reservoirs
Lakes (Masinga, Kambur..k Gitaru, Kif'ldaruma, Kiambere
including, Mt. Kenya and Aberdare lakes.
Block IV: Rift Valley Lakes -Logipi, Mbogoria, Kamnarok, 01 Bolossat.
Sonachi, Kwenia, Kambogo as well as Turh.\vell
dam and Bogoria Uaso Nyiro basin lakes and
swamps.
Block V: L. Victoria Basin -Kanyaboli, Simbi, Yalla swamp and Kabongo.
Figure 1, shows the geographical location of most of the this lakes while table 1 lists some of their physical characteristics
4 / I .... , ETHIOPIA ,~~~, I , /~ \ \, ... \, "'" ,..... ,~----- \ '- I I -, ' .....1 / I ...... /", / ... -- - / ~ " / \, / / / " \, I ... I I \ I \ I KEf\JYA I I GANDA), I I 1« f I I I I
I I ~ ro I -£ " Sasumuo \ \ \ \ 00"\ \ \ L.Kwe:nlo '- J II ~ . ~ ~ObOf19O~ LBm" ~:...;__ Q L. Mukunguyo Kimono swomp,~ , ~" , L.Ambos~li 'Z ~_. ."" L. Shokab TAN ZAN IA MZimc:'S'prin Fig.1 The study areaS. in blocks (Drainage The I ess explored lakes of Kenya given basins ). Blocks t Coastal lakes It Athi River lakes lit Central lak"s (M ountain lakes) IV Rift valk" lakes V Lake ViL \'.• ria ( Western I a kes) . 3.0 BACKGROUND Existing literature show that earliest explorations were carried out on major East Mrican lakes (Rich 1933; Beadle 1932, 1933; Jenkin 1932 and \Vorthington et. aJ. 1936). Later work continued for instance on lakes Turkana, Nakuru, Baringo and Elementaita (Lundberg et. al. 1973; Milbrink 1977; Worthington and Ricardo 1936; Beadle 1968; Bishop 1975; Melack 1976 and EAFFRO 1972, 1975). The most explored of these lakes is lake Naivasha of which fisheries and Limnology have been well documented for instance by Elder and Garrod (1961), Mann and Ssentongo (1969), Gaudet, J. (1977), Garrod et. aJ. (1960), Melack (1976), Richardson (1966), Evans (1962), Hyder, M. (1970) and most recently by Njuguna (1976, 1982), ~1ilbrink (1977), Mavuti (1983), Gaudet and Muthuri (1981), Manlti and Litterick (1981) and Harper, Ma\llti and Muchiri (1990). On the other hand work on the minor shallow lakes referred to here as "Less explored lakes" include lake Kanyaboli of \\'hich fisheries and limnology have been reported by Okemwa (1981). Lake Jipe has been studied by Lowe (1955), Dadzi~ et. aJ. (1988), and Lind (1968), and Lake Simbi, Sonachi and Bogoria by Melack (1971, 1976, 1979, 1979). Some work exist also on Man-made dams by Odingo (ed.) (1975). These less explored lakes include, shallow lakes, man-made reservoirs, floodplain delta lakes, mountain and crater lakes, and swamps and wetlands. 3.1 Shallow Lakes Minor shallow lakes reflect similar general characteristics. The large surface area to volume ratio means that the capacity to buffer environmental effects which act over the surface are small. In such lakes pronounced water temperature changes over shon periods of time affect the water column. Diurnal changes are gr~ater than seasonal ones although wind mixing may sometimes hinder this changes. Other environmental factors are current speed, a>.."ygen saturation, deoxygenation, evaporation, rainfall influence, sedimentation pollution e- which can affect the living life diversity of the lentjYsystems. 3.2 Man·}\1ade Lakes Elsewhere man-made lakes/dams have been studies e.g. L3ke Kariba (Mitchell and Rose, 1979) and Lake Nyumba ya \1ungu (Welsh and Denny 1978), are found to have similar problems such as eutrophication which may stimulate the growth of floating vegetation, succession of submerged floating and emergent flora. 3.3 Floodplain Delta Lakes These lakes are near the ocean and many experience oceanic influence e.g. salinity increase, invasion by marine life form such as crabs. In Kenya these lakes constitute the lakes formed in lower Tana floodplain, viz lakes Bilisa, Mukunguya, Shakababo and Jiwe la Gambi. . . These are also extensively used for fisheries and some within rapidly growing agriculture areas and are therefore prone to human influences just like those in upland regions. 6 3.4 Mountain and Crater Lakes Although these lakes are few and probably having little human perturbations by virtue of their being protected from winds by surrounding hills or crater walls provide unique laboratories where phenomenon such as o:>.."ygen - free, HZS charged with nutrient rich lower water layers, much like those in very. deep rift valley lakes; can, be studied. 3.5 Wetlands These are subject to intensive fishing activities Welcome (1979). In many other parts of Africa they have been studied in detail (Howard williams and Gaudet 1979), These are at ~ present highly threatened by "reclamation" by virtue of their fertile soils, They are important also since they act as silt traps, help decrease salinity of influent water, and reduce nutrient loads in polluted waters, \1arshes are "'aterlogged regions with considerable differences in terms of water retention. 4. PROPOSED SCOPE OF 'VORK Limnological data will be obtained on dissolved oA)'gen, temperature, transparencies, biological oA)'gen demand, nutrient chemistry pesticides, heavy metals and algal growth. Numerical and biomass estimates of fish, benthos and zooplankton which serve as the trophic linkage between primary producers (algae) and fish will be done. Studies will also be done on the diet, life history, productivity and growth of the key commercial species. We propose to extensively sample a variety of habitats, depths and assess areas that may be used 7 as conservation sites. These studies will provide crucial information for the proper conservation and management of the tremendous fishery resources of this economically important but less known ecosystems. 5. METHODOLOGY 5.1 Limnology and Hydrodynamics 5.1.1 Physico· chemical characteristics Water movement (currents) will be measured with drogues, dyes, direct readout meters and self - recording meters (AS. Mini strommmalers models SD4 and SD2000) Temperature will be measured usmg Hydrolab surveyor II unit which will· also ~ measure pH, dissoh-ed O:,\.'ygen. conducti\'ity redox potential, salinity and depth. Light intensity will be determined by sechi - disk. (~H40H), Nitrites (N-N02). )Jitrates C\-:,\03)' ammonia Phosphate (P-P04) and silicate S-S04 will be determined in the laboratory using a Technicon Autonalyser system. The samples will ha\"e to be collected with !\'iskin bottles from various depths and preserved using chloroform (i.e. 1 liter of water fixed with 1ml of chloroform), stored in ice box and transported to the laboratory. Meteriological data (wind, e\"aporation and rainfall) will be collected from the nearest metrological stations to each lake. 8 5.2 Biology 5.2.1 Primary production and chlorophyll a Light and dark bottles technique coupled with winkler titrimentric method will be used for the determination of phytoplankton and primary production. The methanol extraction method will be used to determine chlorophyl ,g 5.2.2 Phytoplankton Diversity 10 litres of Water samples will be collected and integrated from surface to the bottom using a volumetric sampler passed through a standard plankton net of mesh size 55 \-Lm. Then the residue in the bucket is collected in 1000ml plastic bottles and stored in 10% neutralised formalinfixed in L»gos solution and stored in an ice box and transported to laboratory for further microscopic analysis. 5.2.3 Zooplankton A 105 \-Lm mesh size plankton net will be towed 3 times for 2 minutes each samples collected then fixed in 5% formalin. Some samples will be collected by sieving 200 litres of water on a S5 \-Lm plankton net and preserved in 5% and transported to the laboratory for identification and qualification. 5.2.4 Pollution Water and sediment samples as well as samples of selected organisms e.g fish and crustaceans \vill be collected using Niskin bottles and grabs. The 1/2 kg sediment 9 samples will be put in plastic bags in dtJplicate for pesticide residue wrapped in aluminium foil of 500g and put in plastic bags and labelled and deep frozen for later analysis of pesticide residues and heavy metals in KMFRI's laboratory. 5.2.5 Fisheries Fish specimens will be collected by gillnetting and beach seining and weighed, measured, sexed, gutted for food items while others will be retained for repository by preservation in formalin and alcohol. Specimens will be photographed in the field. Specimens destined for conventional archiving in the museums will then be fLxed in 10% formalin, with fixation of the gut facilitated by silting or injecting the body cavity. Alter:2 days in formalin, they will be placed for 24 to 48 hours in freshwater rinses and then dehydrated in ethanol series 10% 0' - 30% - 609c prior to storage in 70% solution ethanol. An effort will be made to compile a master computerized list of fish species in the expedition collections. The Biotic survey team will bring back to KMFRI, UoN, and DoF Kisumu living specimens of native endangered species in an effort to start a captive breeding program. An important outcome of these efforts could be the provision of brood stock to maintain options for future restoration of endemic species to our lakes and marginal waters. In addition, a description will be made of land and water use strategies in the study areas (e.g. agriculture deforestation, irrigation, industries and urban centers) in the littoral region and the economic value of these for the local communities. 10 5.2.5.1 Biometric Information Field sampling of fishes will be performed every three months to get large quantities of fishes to allow detailed length frequency analysis and to evaluate the seasonality of growth in fishes. Simultaneously quantitative evaluation of food consumption of fish on a daily basis for individuals on a yearly basis for populations will be conducted. This involves a software of proper analysis of 24 hours cycles of the weights of stomach and evaluation of the gastric evacuation rate of fishes of different sizes. This information is joined to the one on demography of the fish population under consideration and lead to the computation of annual food consumption of the concerned population. As a further step, the most recent expertise has been developed in modelling the trophic relationship in aquatic ecosystems. This modelling gives the opportunity of synthesis of the aquatic ecosystems as obtained (most often separately) by specialists of different groups (macrophtes, plancton, invertebrates, bacteria. aquatic birds and mammals. Weighing balances, measuring boards, calculators and computers will be used to collect both biological and biometric information on aquatic resources at the selected study sites. Here data on fishing units, boats, number of fishermen, length-frequency data, species composition and maturity stages will be collected. The field sampling program will involve specifically an experimental small scale trawling to catch fishes which can be used immediately for biological analysis. 11 These information will us allow to estimate th~ functioning of the ecosystem as a whole, based on evaluations of the total amount of food ingested by fishes all over the year. Reconnaissance interviews and questionnaires will be conducted and at the same time, the actual catch will be obtained from enquiries among the fishermen. This will be performed with the assistance of the Department of Fisheries in Kenya Officers, Community leaders and fishermen. 6. EXPEDITION SCHEDULE The expedition will be carried out in 1\ovember of 1992 and from January to november of 1994 and 1995. Each block will be studied or visited in turn beginning with Block I (the Coastal Lakes in the Tana River Basin) and finally Block V the Lake Victoria (Western) lakes. 20 days will be spent in each Block. A detail program is given in Appendix 3. 7. OUTPUT 7.1 Training SELELOK aims at training some of the university students and local junior scientists in the aspects of limnology and Fisheries within the scope of the expedition. Over the last decade interest in aquatic sciences has increased in a number of local Institutions. There is already a recognised need for improving their understanding of the local aquatic 12 environment from which many Kenyans are dependant. Through SELELOK, it is expected a significant impact on enhancing local scientific community of limnologists, fishery officers and biologists will be achieved. The proposed training and education.activities are at the level of on site involvement. The scientific personnel involved on the expedition (faculty staff, student affiliates doing Msc or Ph.D in the local universities), research officers and technicians would have the opportunity to gain experience through field and laboratory research. They will also benefit through seminars and conferences held in respect to the expedition. 7.2 Data Analysis,workshops and proceedings We hope the data (output) from the expedition \",'ill be compiled into a single report, giving as much information as possible, of the minor less explored lakes of Kenya. The information will include: the physical dimensions, physiographic features, Bathymetric maps, water quality, biological feature, social economic conditions, lake utilization and the determination of the lake environments and hazards. This will be an important innovative achievement since it will usher "new" understanding of these ecosystems to the local a well as the international community. The output also will include several scientific publications into the local and international journals. 13 8. INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION Kenya, by virtue of having many inland water bodies and suitable equatorial location, offers the international scientific community "Superb aquatic laboratory conditions" for the study of hydroclimatic, fisheries and limnology. The joint effort in the proposed expedition will result in research partnership between Kenyan scientists and international limnologists. Such partnerships have been existing in the past some are on-going. The University of Nairobi have cooperated with the University of Leicester in limnology studies of some Rift Valley lakes. KMFRI and Belgium have an ongoing Kenya-Belgium Cooperation in Marine Science project running since 1985. A number of Dutch and Belgium scientist and USA scientists have worked in KMFRI laboratories and used our guest house facilities in Mombasa. Hence a scientific and logistic base in Kenya institution is emerging however it needs to be revamped with cooperative international effort. The expedition is open to international participations and offers, therefore, a unique opportunity for international organisations and institutes to strengthen Kenya's limnological research capability and to promote local awareness of environmental changes. International persons interested in joining the expedition are encouraged to seek private funds. 9. LOGISTICS Several logistical requirements are needed to support a country wide expedition program such as SELELOK besides the advantage of involving as many investigators as possible. 14 These include: Infras-tructure, laboratory equipment and pers-onal support. Vehicles, portable boat and their operations. Shoreline stop-over sites. handling of samples and data. Research permits and clearance. 9.1 Infrastructure, Laboratory Equipment and Personnel Support Three bases of operation will be K\1FRI headquarters at \1ombasa for Coastal lakes. University of Nairobi for the (central and Athi River Lake~) and the Kisumu (KMFRI) laboratory for the Lake Victoria Basin lakes. These base~ are well equipped with laboratory working spaces, tanks, aquaria, fringes and deep freezers, samplers. microscopes. dissection kits. balances, plankton nets, library. computers and photocopiers. The bases have moderate major equipment such as autoan31yser service unit, Atomic absorption and mass spectrophotome'ters. A fe\\' equipmems- that are not available in some of the stations e.g. Hydrolab equipment for hydrogr2.phic measurements will be provided by one of the local scientists. However, some of the equipments, glassware and chemicals, that are not locally available will be requested for purchase by donors. The required items are indicated in the budget. Instrumentation used in SELELOK will be simple except for equipment such as autoanalyser. Whenever an instrument breaks down in the field it will have to be 15 transported for repairs at the bases (Nairobi. Mombasa or Kisumu). Investigators using sophisticated equipment such as Hydrolab and in need of technician assistance, will be required to train the technicians on how to handle such equipments. The collaborating institutions are listed elsewhere in this proposal. The principal investigators are senior research scientists at KMFRI/University of Nairobi/Kenya National Museum. The Coordinating office will be based in KMFRI headquarters but most of the analysis will be done in inland water laboratory Kisumu. Many of the local expedition scientists will come from Kisumu laboratory. This will include at least 5 scientist, limnologist, fi~h biologist, socio-economics and stock assessment expert, the four scientists will be permanent investigators in all the five blocks. The rest of the scientists and support personnel will be provided by KMFRI and other collaborating institutions and will not need to travel to each block. 9.2 Vehicles, Portable Boat and Running Cost There is need for additional transport and portable boats for carrying out expedition operations. At least two vehicles should be made available to accommodate 15 scientists and 5 technicians and limnological instrumentation (e.g. Hydrolab. sampling pottIes etc). One of the vehicles (landrover) should be fitted with a trailer for easy transportation of the boat and its two outboard engine to various shoreline sites. One small canoe may be necessary for going to some parts of the lakes which would be inaccessible with the boat. 16 9.3 Shoreline Stop-over Sites For convenience of field operations a temporary shoreline stop over station v,'ould be necessary in nearly each one of the lakes/dams. This dictates the use of one or two tents to store the participants belongings etc. and carry out whatever analysis prior to the major operation bases (laboratories). In addition to the tents it is expected accommodation will be found in towns or village centers near most of these Jakes, It is expected that the field wo:k on one water body would take at least 24 hours in order to measure some diurK; \'ariability in biological, chemical and physical processes, before moving to another waTcr body. After all the planned Jakes/dams have been studied in this way, one or Sc\'cial of them \\'ould be re-occupied repeatedly for 3 years to assess the importance of sc;lsonal variability, There will be no long - term monitoring arrays, however, the expedition will be repeated for four months in each year. The proposed duration for the expedition is 3 years. 9.4 Samples and data Samples collected from each water body will be analysed and archived at KMFRI, Mombasa and Kisumu laborLnory and Cniversity of Nairobi. Samples collected for repository will be available at the National Museum in Nairobi. All the samples will be available to the investigators from these places. Preliminary analysis and data repons will 17 be prepared for printing at the end of each bl06k by KMFRI staff. 9.5 Research Permits and Clearance Permits to conduct research will be required for non-Kenyans participants. The permits should be granted for 3 years in order to avoid repeated re application and delays. Getting permits can be a difficult process. Foreign participants would therefore be required to contact the Dir~ctor of KMFRI to obtain a supporting letter for permit. This will require submission of c.y. and a summary of or subproject the participants wish to undertake during the expedition. Kenya has duty charge for any equipment imported, and therefore the non-Kenyan participants who wishes to import equipment would have to arrive at an agreement with KMFRI in order to arrange for requests of exemption from all government taxes for equipment imported for the purpose of the expedition or the export of samples associated with SELELOK. 10. FUNDIKG Support will be needed to purchase equipments and chemicals, for transport to the lakes, repository, data analysis and dissemination, training of technicians and to contact distinct expedition acti\lties. The funds can be divided into: Vehicle and portable boat v,rith 2 outboard engines. (one-time investment) and their operational support. 18 Resources for the conduct of the expedition. Training workshops and conferences. Publication of the proceedings 10.1 Purchase of Vehicle, Boat and 2 Outboard Engines One time funding is required to purchase the two landrovers, a boat and 2 outboard engine. This' is estimated at US $ 122,630.00. Additional maintenance fee and fuel cost, etc. would be around US $ 10,200.00. 10.2 Expedition Cost Research activities will be conducted as a coordinated team of investigations. Total funding for the entire expedition being that requested from donors (see Budget) sources. The estimated total international level of the SELELOK support required is about U.S$ 440,000.00 including field allowance for the investigators. 10.3 Training, \Vorkshop and Conferences The estimated cost for this activity is U.SS 32,900.00. 19 11. SOURCE OF FUNDING The SELELOK collaborative committee will approach several potential sources of financial support. These include UNEP, UNDP, NSF, NOAA, NASA USAlD, SAREC, CIDA, SIDA, FAO etc. The amount requested from the donor will cover equipment, field allowance for the participants, fuel and training. FUNDS REQUESTED FROM DONORS 12.1 Equipments U.S$ (i) Hand spectrophotometer for nutrients, 3,500 alkalinity, colour and chlorophyll (ii) Portable vacuum pumps aerators 3,500 (iii) Weighing balances 200 (iv) Field cool box 450 (v) Portable pH, conductivity, DO pH meter 3,500 (vi) Turbidimeter 2,100 (vii) Field weather station 3,500 (viii) Portable 2 way lake to shore radio 2,100 (i>;) Carbon 14 productivity kit 1,000 (x) Clark bampus plakton samples. 1,000 (xi) MacVuti water sampler 200 (xii) Portable Echo Sounder 1,700 (xiii) Computer softwares 1,000 20 (xiv) One personal computer IBM PC comparible 2,500 (),.-v) One EPSON printer and stationary 1,500 (>..'Vi) One portable computer PC compatible for field work 2,500 (xvii) One inflatable bloat 2,000 (>..'Viii) Two (1) 45HP and (1) 25HP out board Engine 1,500 (xix) One Electro fisher (Generator and Accessories) 1,500 (xx) Field laboratory equipment 3,000 (~\:i) One medium size trawler 2,000 Over heads (10% intlation, price increases etc.) 3,750 Sub-total = 44.000 12.2 ENSAT Collaboration 12.2.1 International trips: (for ENSAT collaborators) Toulouse - Nairobi 2 weeks/year 1 year ------> 1,500 C .SS ------> 3 years 7,500 Nairobi - Toulouse 2 weeks/year 1 year ------> 2,500 V.SS ------> 3 years 7,500 3 people from Nairobi in Toulouse for a final seminar 7,500 Sub-Total = 22.500 21 12.2.2 Local expense: Allowance and fees for post graduate students 15,000/year 45,000 Allowance for one graduate student 10,000 12 field trips 5 days each for five persons, per diem = 40 U.S$ day 12,000 car hire + fuel expenses 5,000 Assistance by local fishermen and staff of the Department of fisheries 2,000 Salary of one Technician 2,000 x 3 6,000 Over head (10%) 10,250 Sub - Total = 90,150 12.3 Field Research (i) Research trips to collect fish samples, limnology survey stock assessment, sociological surveys and laboratory analysis. Each sampling trip will last 10 days and 50 days of trips are proposed, each trip will approximately cost U.SS 14,000.00 (10 scientists & 52.00 per day; 10 technicians V.SS 23.00 per day and 5 support staff V.SS 17.00 per day which comes to U.SS 69,200.00 (ii) Gill nets, beach and mosquito seines 6,500.00 (iii) Operation costs (Vehicles and boat) 10,200.00 22 Over head (10%) 8,490.00 Sub - Total = 94,390.00 12.4 Facilities and Transport (i) Purchase of 2 landrovers 116,930.00 (ii) Boat purchase 5,700.00 (iii) Hire of casual fishermen, 1,350.00 Over head (10%) 12,398.00 Sub - Total = 136.378.00 12.5 Materials and Supplies (Consumable) (i) Vials, sample jars, petri dishes BOD bonles, 5,500.00 dissection kits and stationery (ii) Formalin, alcohol and chemicals for nutrient heavy metals and pesticide analysis 10,300.00 (iii) Miscellaneous 3,560.00 Over head 1,722.00 Sub - Total = 21.082.00 12.6 Training \Vorkshop and Conferences 32,900.00 GRANT TOTAL 440,000.00 23 Appendix 1. Expedition subprojects. 1. Studies on the biology and fishery of the major Commercial species. (catch processing and marketings structure). 2. Status and prospects of the fishing industry with emphasis on socio-economic aspects (marketing structure). 3. The impact of fish disease and parasites on fisheries. 4. Studies on hydrographic conditions and how they can be used to enhance fish production and water quality. 5. Plankton survey in relation to wafer quality and fishery production. 6. The effects of impact of Afro-based industries (and climatic changes) and their effects on water quality and fishery. 7. Distribution of heavy metals and pesticides. 8. Catch and efforts assessment survey of commercial landing of the artisanal fisheries. 9. Biotic surveys for the creation of a living archival collection. (commercially extinct species etc.). 10. Impact of species introduction. 24 Appendix 2 Table 1: showing a list of the less explored iniand water bodies and some of their physical characteristics. 25 Appendi~ 2 Table 1: showing a lisl of 111<.: I<:ss explored inland water bollies and some of Illeir physical characlerislics. 'NalGr l)ocly VoluInc A; ..:,. Fishery Altitude (1O')m") (l\m:) potential 2.b. MSL (t /yr) rn ------_.__ . N P&~1'rvoi~:} 11 . Arub f,0y i - irriCPtiorl CUlllf;)Ucd. illdll~-tr i:ti j . k,lwry I \_I~:rL·;-'.lion p . pm'/i;;[ ocn0r~tio(~ Appendix 3 Expedition Schedule Tasks and activities. The condition and management of the expedition will be in KMFRI headquarters and Kisumu laboratory will seJ\'e as a major study base, will provide the personnel etc. 1. December, 1991, Proposal draft, Reconnaissance visit study areas. 2. January/February 1992 Revision of proposal. 3. March to July, 1992 Preparation for field work Consultation with experts and donors. 4. November, 1992 field work. 1st and 2nd weeks experts arrive on \'isit coastal lakes (Block V), Tana river delta, Kenyatta, Jilore, ChaJa etc. 3rd and 4th weeks preparation of preliminary report - data report and some 2.nalysis. 5. January, 1993 Field work and (Block II), 1st and 2nd weeks Eastern Lakes; Jipe, ArnboseJi, Challa, Mzima springs. 3rd and 4th weeks; pre-report (data 26 report) and laboratory analysis. 6. March, 1993 1st and 2nd weeks field work (Block I): Tana river Dams, Reservoirs Gitaru, Kindaruma and Masinga Turkwell. 3rd and 4th weeks pre report (data report) and laboratory analysis. 7. May, 1993 1st and 2nd weeks Field work (Block III) central lakes: Baringo, Kapedo springs 01 -Bolossal, Naivasha and Sonachi. 3rd and 4th weeks pre-rep0r! (data report) and laboratory analysis. s. July,1993 1st and 2nd weeks (Block IV) Simbi. Kanyaboli, Yala swamps lakes Keses dam. 3rd and weed pre-report (data report) laboratory analysis. 4th week appraisal report and meeting with the donors in field laboratory (Kisumu). Preparation of intrim data report. 9. November, 1993 Training workshops and seminars to discuss findings of the expedition. Technical report ego proiceedings. 27 Appendix 4 List of abbre\iations SELELOK Scientific Expedition to the less Explored lakes of Kenya. UNEP United Nations Environmental Program. USAlD United States of America International Development. UNESCO United Nations Environmental Scientific and Cultural Organization. UoN L'niversity of Nairobi. VUB Free University of Brussels. KMFRI Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute. CIDA Canadian International Development Aid. DaF Department of Fisheries FAO Food and Agricultural Organisation. FINIDA Finland International Development Agency. IDRC International Development Research Center. IOC Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission. IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature. JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency. NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. NSF :t\ational Science Foundation. 28 SAREC Swedish Agency for ~esearch and Cooperation. SIDA Swedish International Development Agency. UNDP United Nations Development Program. ENSAT Ecole Natinale Superieure Agronomique De Toulouse. 29 13. REFERENCES 1. Banon (1987),Chloride budgets in transient lakes: Lake Baringo, Naivasha and Turkana. Limnol. Oceanog., 32(3), 1987,745-751. 2. Beadle, L.c. (1932). The waters of some East African Lakes in relation to their flora and fauna. 3. Beadle, L.c. (1933). The bionomics of some East African swamps. Scientific results of the cambridge expedition to the E.A. lakes 1930 - 1-3. J. Limn. Soc. Zool. 38(258) P.13S - 155. 4. Beadle. L.c. (1968). "East African lakes", in Fairbridge. R.W. (Ed.). The Encyclopedia of Geomorphology: 303-8 Reinhold. 5. 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