DOCSLIB.ORG

Planning for Resilience in East Africa Through Policy, Adaptation, Research, and Economic Development (Prepared)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Planning for Resilience in East Africa Through Policy, Adaptation, Research, and Economic Development (Prepared) PLANNING FOR RESILIENCE IN EAST AFRICA THROUGH POLICY, ADAPTATION, RESEARCH, AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT (PREPARED) BALANCING DEVELOPMENT AND CONSERVATION IN KENYA’S LARGEST FRESHWATER PAPYRUS WETLAND IN YALA SWAMP FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT AND LESSONS LEARNED August 2016 September 2015 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by Tetra Tech ARD International Development. It was prepared by Tetra Tech ARD This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development by Tetra Tech ARD through USAID/East Africa Contract AID-623-C-13- 00003. The report was prepared by Serah Munguti and submitted to Tetra Tech ARD as the final deliverable for the project: Balancing development and conservation in Kenya’s largest freshwater papyrus wetland in Yala Swamp. Tetra Tech ARD Contacts: John Parker Thomas McCann Senior Technical Advisor/Manager Project Manager Tetra Tech ARD Tetra Tech ARD Burlington, VT Burlington, Vermont Tel.: 802-658-3890 Tel.: 802-658-3890 [email protected] [email protected] PLANNING FOR RESILIENCE IN EAST AFRICA THROUGH POLICY, ADAPTATION, RESEARCH, AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT (PREPARED) BALANCING DEVELOPMENT AND CONSERVATION IN KENYA’S LARGEST FRESHWATER PAPYRUS WETLAND IN YALA SWAMP FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT AND LESSONS LEARNED February 2017 DISCLAIMER The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government Table of Contents 1 Executive summary ........................................................................................................ 1 2 Key achievements .......................................................................................................... 4 1. Inception and Work planning workshop .............................................................................................. 4 2. Formulation of a Land Use Plan for the Yala Swamp informed by a Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA).................................................................................................................................... 4 2.1 The Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) ......................................................................... 4 2.2 Formulation of the Yala Swamp Land Use Plan .............................................................. 6 3. Ecosystem Service Assessment report finalized ..................................................................................... 9 4. Selection of community conserved areas (CCAs) and restoration of wildlife habitat ................................ 10 i. Biodiversity .............................................................................................................................. 10 ii. Intactness of the habitat .......................................................................................................... 10 iii. Hydrology of the Yala Swamp ................................................................................................... 10 5. A Framework for the development a Payment of Ecosystem Services (PES) scheme was developed .......... 12 6. Five fishponds were established ........................................................................................................ 12 i. Location ................................................................................................................................... 13 ii. Design ...................................................................................................................................... 13 iii. Construction ............................................................................................................................. 13 iv. Monitor .................................................................................................................................... 13 v. Stock ........................................................................................................................................ 13 860 kilograms of fish have been harvested from the 5 ponds out of which beneficiary households consumed 90 kilos and sold the rest for a total of Ksh. 173,000. ....................................................................................... 15 7. Training to support community livelihoods ......................................................................................... 15 Training in wildlife guiding and tourism administration and management:...................................... 15 Training in the creation and marketing of high-value papyrus products: .......................................... 16 Training on entrepreneurship for Businesses: .................................................................................... 19 a) Lessons learned video documentary produced .......................................................................... 20 3 Successes ..................................................................................................................... 20 Improved Participatory Decision Making............................................................................................ 20 To engage in decision making processes ............................................................................................. 20 Improvement of community livelihoods .............................................................................................. 21 Capacity of technical capacity of national and county government built in land use planning and strategic environmental assessment ................................................................................................... 21 Contribution to knowledge ................................................................................................................. 21 4 Lessons learned and best practices .............................................................................. 21 Balancing development and conservation in Kenya’s largest freshwater papyrus wetland in Yala Swamp List of Figures and tables Figure 1 :Location of Yala Swamp ................................................................................................................. 3 Table 1: ISSUES FOR SEA ANALYSIS ....................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 2: Number of fishponds established ................................................................................................. 15 Balancing development and conservation in Kenya’s largest freshwater papyrus wetland in Yala Swamp List of Acronyms BMU Beach Management Unit CBOs Community Based Organizations CCAs Community Conservation Areas CODIT Community and Organization Development Institute GIS Geographic Information System HoPE-LVB Health of People and the Environment in the Lake Victoria Basin ICLUPSC Inter-County Land Use Plan Steering Committee IMTC Inter-ministerial Technical Committee KASTEP Kanyango Fish Farmers and Kadenge Solidarity towards Equal Participation KEMFRI Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute KIPPRA Kenya Institute of Public Policy Research and Analysis LUP Land Use Plan NEMA National Environment Management Authority PES Payment for Ecosystem Services PREPARED- Planning For Resilience In East Africa Through Policy, Adaptation, Research, And SEA Strategic Environment Assessment SSGs Site Support Groups TESSA Toolkit for Ecosystem Service Site-based Assessment Economic Development USAID United States Agency for International Development WRMA Water Resources Management Authority WRUA Water Resources Users Association YPAC Yala Planning Advisory Committee Balancing development and conservation in Kenya’s largest freshwater papyrus wetland in Yala Swamp 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The inception workshop for the project Balancing development and conservation in Kenya’s largest freshwater papyrus wetland in Yala Swamp was held at the Siaya Agricultural Training Center on Thursday 12th March 2015. Fifty nine (59) people attended the workshop comprising seventeen women and 42 men. Representation included technical officers from the county government, national government, elected officials, user groups within the swamp and community based organizations among others. The meeting was moderated by Mr. David Ruto from the Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA) Siaya County. Local and national media attended the workshop with The Star newspaper featuring a small article on the launch. The grant was implemented within the period 9th March 2015 – 02nd August 2016 in Yala Swamp which is located in Siaya and Busia Counties. Its main objectives were to first develop an integrated land use plan for the Yala Swamp, guided by a Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA). These twin processes were first piloted in the Tana River Delta and through the PREPARED project were replicated in the Yala Swamp. The second objective was to develop an evidence-based ‘business case’ for the sustainable management of the Yala swamp. This was based on a pre-existing ecosystem services assessment. The business case is described in the ecosystem services assessment which explored three scenarios: continued development (business as usual), and balanced development. After indepth assessments, the ecosystem services assessment recommends that Yala Swamp land use and management policies and plans adopt a balance between development and
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Impact of Climate Change at Lake Victoria
    East Africa Living Lakes Network, C/O OSIENALA (Friends of Lake Victoria). Dunga Beach Kisumu Ann Nabangala Obae. Coordinator. Phone: +254-20-3588681. Email: [email protected] Background It is the Second largest fresh water lake in the World and it is surrounded by three East African States: With 6% in Kenya; Tanzania 52% and Uganda 42%. It is Located at 0:21 0 North and 3:00 0 South of the Equator Lake Victoria has a total length of 3,440 kms and 240 kms wide from East to West and is 1,134 meters above sea level with maximum depth of 82m.Its surface area is 68,870 km 2, catchment area of 180,950 km 2 Generally shallow with maximum depth of 84 meters and mean depth of 40 meters Average inflows and out flows of Lake Victoria Type of flow Flow (m3/s) Percentage (%) Inflows Rain over Lake 3,631 82 Basin Discharge 778 18 Type of flow Flow ( m3/s) Percentage (%) Out flows Evaporation from lake -3,300 76 Nile River - 1,046 24 Balance +33 Sources of Lake Victoria from Kenyan water towers Sondu Miriu river Yala river Nzoia river Mara River Kuja river Impacts and effects Changes in water budget are respectively accompanied by water level fluctuation and promote thermal structures which result in nutrient and food web dynamics. Studies have proved that there is a positive correlation between water level and fish landings (Williams, l972) The abundant fish catches are highly correlated with rainfall and lake levels. The records show that the catches reduced to between 60% and 70% during the current reduction of water level in Nyanza Gulf.
    [Show full text]
  • Lates Niloticus) Ecological Risk Screening Summary
    U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Nile Perch (Lates niloticus) Ecological Risk Screening Summary Web Version – September 2014 Photo: © Biopix: N Sloth 1 Native Range, and Status in the United States Native Range From Schofield (2011): “Much of central, western and eastern Africa: Nile River (below Murchison Falls), as well as the Congo, Niger, Volga, Senegal rivers and lakes Chad and Turkana (Greenwood 1966 [cited by Schofield (2011) but not accessed for this report]). Also present in the brackish Lake Mariot near Alexandria, Egypt.” Lates niloticus Ecological Risk Screening Summary U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service – Web Version - 8/14/2012 Status in the United States From Schofield (2011): “Scientists from Texas traveled to Tanzania in 1974-1975 to investigate the introduction potential of Lates spp. into Texas reservoirs (Thompson et al. 1977 [cited by Schofield (2011) but not accessed for this report]). Temperature tolerance and trophic dynamics were studied for three species (L. angustifrons, L. microlepis and L. mariae). Subsequently, several individuals of these three species were shipped to Heart of the Hills Research Station (HOHRS) in Ingram, Texas in 1975 (Rutledge and Lyons 1976 [cited by Schofield (2011) but not accessed for this report]). Also in 1975, Nile perch (L. niloticus) were transferred from Lake Turkana, Kenya, to HOHRS. All fishes were held in indoor, closed-circulating systems (Rutledge and Lyons 1976).” “From 1978 to 1985, Lates spp. was released into various Texas reservoirs (Howells and Garrett 1992 [cited by Schofield (2011) but not accessed for this report]). Almost 70,000 Lates spp. larvae were stocked into Victor Braunig (Bexar Co.), Coleto Creek (Goliad Co.) and Fairfield (Freestone Co.) reservoirs between 1978 and 1984.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Habitat Disturbance on Distribution and Abundance Of
    EFFECTS OF HABITAT DISTURBANCE ON DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF PAPYRUS ENDEMIC BIRDS IN SIO PORT SWAMP, WESTERN KENYA By Stellah Nekesa Wanyonyi (B.Ed Science, Nairobi) (Reg. No. I56/80824/2012) A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Award of the Degree of Master of Science (Biology of Conservation) in the School of Biological Sciences, UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI May 2015 i DECLARATION I declare that this thesis is my original work and has not been submitted for examination in any other University for the award of a degree. ________________________________ _______________________ Stellah Nekesa Wanyonyi Date (Reg. No. I56/80824/2012) SUPERVISORS This thesis has been submitted for examination with our approval as the university supervisors. ________________________________ _______________________ Dr. Evans Mwangi Date School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi ________________________________ _______________________ Prof. Nathan Gichuki Date School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi ii DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my family and the community in Sio Port swamp. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to sincerely thank my supervisors; Dr. Evans Mwangi, Prof. Nathan Gichuki and Prof. Agnes Muthumbi for their effort and time to share knowledge with me. I would also like to thank the following: Mr. Martin Odino from National Museums of Kenya for working as my research assistant throughout the research period; Mr. Mutiso the plant identification specialist at the University of Nairobi Herbarium for assisting in the identification of plant specimens collected from Sio Port Swamp; Mr. Elisha Were for offering a camping site and taking me around the swamp in a canoe; Sio Port Community at large for their warm welcome.
    [Show full text]
  • Strategy for Flood Management in Lake Victoria Basin, Kenya (I)
    STRATEGY FOR FLOOD MANAGEMENT FOR LAKE VICTORIA BASIN, KENYA Prepared under Associated Programme on Flood Management (APFM) September 2004 STRATEGY FOR FLOOD MANAGEMENT FOR LAKE VICTORIA BASIN, KENYA CONTENTS Abbreviations .......................................................................................................................................(iii) Foreword.............................................................................................................................................. (v) Preface................................................................................................................................................(vii) Acknowledgements ..............................................................................................................................(ix) PART I BACKGROUND 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................1 1.1 General..........................................................................................................................1 1.2 Purpose of the Document..............................................................................................1 2. Physical and Social Context ...................................................................................................2 2.1 Lake Victoria Basin and the River System.....................................................................2 2.2 Resources .....................................................................................................................2
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of the East Africa Natural History Society and National Museum
    JOURNAL OF THE EAST AFRICA NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY AND NATIONAL MUSEUM 15 October, 1978 Vol. 31 No. 167 A CHECKLIST OF mE SNAKES OF KENYA Stephen Spawls 35 WQodland Rise, Muswell Hill, London NIO, England ABSTRACT Loveridge (1957) lists 161 species and subspecies of snake from East Mrica. Eighty-nine of these belonging to some 41 genera were recorded from Kenya. The new list contains some 106 forms of 46 genera. - Three full species have been deleted from Loveridge's original checklist. Typhlops b. blanfordii has been synonymised with Typhlops I. lineolatus, Typhlops kaimosae has been synonymised with Typhlops angolensis (Roux-Esteve 1974) and Co/uber citeroii has been synonymised with Meizodon semiornatus (Lanza 1963). Of the 20 forms added to the list, 12 are forms collected for the first time in Kenya but occurring outside its political boundaries and one, Atheris desaixi is a new species, the holotype and paratypes being collected within Kenya. There has also been a large number of changes amongst the 89 original species as a result of revisionary systematic studies. This accounts for the other additions to the list. INTRODUCTION The most recent checklist dealing with the snakes of Kenya is Loveridge (1957). Since that date there has been a significant number of developments in the Kenyan herpetological field. This paper intends to update the nomenclature in the part of the checklist that concerns the snakes of Kenya and to extend the list to include all the species now known to occur within the political boundaries of Kenya. It also provides the range of each species within Kenya with specific locality records .
    [Show full text]
  • And Shall Not Be Reproduced in Part Or Full, Or in Any Format Without Prior Written Permission from the Author And/ Or University of Eldoret
    i DECLARATION Declaration by the candidate This thesis is my original work and has not been submitted for any academic award in any institution; and shall not be reproduced in part or full, or in any format without prior written permission from the author and/ or University of Eldoret. Matolla Geraldine K. Signature …………..… Date…………….. (SC/DPhil/033/07) . Declaration by the Supervisors This thesis has been submitted with our approval as University supervisors. Prof. Dr. Phillip O. Raburu Signature……………… Date……..……… University of Eldoret Dr. Moses Ngeiywa Signature…..…….…… Date……………… University of Eldoret ii DEDICATION I dedicate this work to you my dear children Cynthia Wanza and Dion Mwema. You are my inspiration. God bless you. iii ABSTRACT Sustainability of culture-based fisheries (CBF) development in small water bodies (SWBs) largely depends on their ecological conditions and productivity. Studies were conducted from November 2010 to July 2012 in Kesses and Kerita dams in Uasin Gishu and Mauna and Yenga dams in Siaya. Sampling for water quality, phytoplankton, macroinvertebrates and fish parasites was conducted once a month. Phytoplankton and macroinvertebrates were collected using plankton and scoop nets respectively. Water quality parameters were measured in-situ using electronic meters. Parasitological examination was done according to standard procedures. Significant differences in temperature (F=17.38; p=0.000), DO (F=8.76; p= 0.000) and TN (F= 6.34; p=0.01) were found between Uasin Gishu and Siaya dams. Water pH in Kesses was higher during the wet season (F=14.44; p= 0.000) while TN and TP were higher during the dry season (F=9.38; p=0.02) and F=5.02; p=0.023 respectively).
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    KENYA Western Kenya Integrated Ecosystem Management Project Brief Africa Regional Office Public Disclosure Authorized AFTS2 Date: April 15 , 2004 Team Leader: Berhane Manna Sector Manager: Karen Mcconnell Brooks Country Manager/Director: Makhtar Diop Project ID: P072981 Focal Area: M - Multi-focal area Sector(s): General agriculture, fishing and forestry sector (100%) Theme(s): Environmental policies and institutions (P), Biodiversity (P), Other environment and natural resources Public Disclosure Authorized management (S) Project Financing Data [ ] Loan [ ] Credit [ X] Grant [ ] Guarantee [ x ] Other: For Loans/Credits/Others: Total Project Cost (US$m): $9.55 Cofinancing: 5.45 Total Bank Financing (US$m): 4.1 Proposed Terms (IDA): GEF Financing Plan (US$m): Source Local Foreign Total BORROWER 2.75 0.00 2.75 PHRD 0.40 0.00 0.40 SIDA 2.30 0.00 2.30 Public Disclosure Authorized GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY 4.10 0.00 4.10 Total: 9.55 0.00 9.55 Borrower/Recipient: GOVERNMENT OF KENYA Responsible agency: KARI Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) Address: P.O. Box 57811 Nairobi, Kenya Contact Person: Dr. Romano Kiome, Director Tel: 254-2-583-290 Fax: 254 (0) 20583344 Email: [email protected] Project implementation period: 5 years Public Disclosure Authorized Table of Contents A. Project Development Objective .....................................................................................3 B. Strategic Context ............................................................................................................5 C. Project Description
    [Show full text]
  • Wetlands of Kenya
    The IUCN Wetlands Programme Wetlands of Kenya Proceedings of a Seminar on Wetlands of Kenya "11 S.A. Crafter , S.G. Njuguna and G.W. Howard Wetlands of Kenya This one TAQ7-31T - 5APQ IUCN- The World Conservation Union Founded in 1948 , IUCN— The World Conservation Union brings together States , government agencies and a diverse range of non - governmental organizations in a unique world partnership : some 650 members in all , spread across 120 countries . As a union , IUCN exists to serve its members — to represent their views on the world stage and to provide them with the concepts , strategies and technical support they need to achieve their goals . Through its six Commissions , IUCN draws together over 5000 expert volunteers in project teams and action groups . A central secretariat coordinates the IUCN Programme and leads initiatives on the conservation and sustainable use of the world's biological diversity and the management of habitats and natural resources , as well as providing a range of services . The Union has helped many countries to prepare National Conservation Strategies , and demonstrates the application of its knowledge through the field projects it supervises . Operations are increasingly decentralized and are carried forward by an expanding network of regional and country offices , located principally in developing countries . IUCN — The World Conservation Union - seeks above all to work with its members to achieve development that is sustainable and that provides a lasting improvement in the quality of life for people all over the world . IUCN Wetlands Programme The IUCN Wetlands Programme coordinates and reinforces activities of the Union concerned with the management of wetland ecosystems .
    [Show full text]
  • Incorporating Biodiversity Concerns in Fisheries Management
    Efforts to incorporate Biodiversity Concerns in Management of the Fisheries of Lake Victoria, East Africa Richard Ogutu-Ohwayo National Agricultural Research Organization, Fisheries Resources Research Institute, P. O. Box 343, Jinja, Uganda. E-mail: [email protected] Table of Contents Table of Contents...................................................................................................................................... 1 Abstract ..................................................................................................................................................... 3 Relationships between Components of Aquatic Systems ...................................................................... 3 Geographic Setting of Lake Victoria....................................................................................................... 3 Importance of Fisheries and Biodiversity in Fisheries ...........................................................................4 The Early Fisheries, their Exploitation and Management ...................................................................... 4 Status and Past Trends due to Human Exploitation and Management Efforts for Lake Victoria..... 5 Trends in Non-target Biodiversity Concerns .......................................................................................... 7 The Original Institutional, Policy and Legal Framework....................................................................... 8 Lessons from Past Efforts to Manage the Fisheries of Lake Victoria...................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Terrestrial Pyrogenic Carbon Export to Fluvial Ecosystems
    PUBLICATIONS Global Biogeochemical Cycles RESEARCH ARTICLE Terrestrial pyrogenic carbon export to fluvial ecosystems: 10.1002/2015GB005095 Lessons learned from the White Nile watershed of East Africa Key Points: David T. Güereña1, Johannes Lehmann1,2,ToddWalter3, Akio Enders1, Henry Neufeldt4, • PyC was not preferentially eroded 4 4 5 4 4 relative to total organic C Holiance Odiwour ,HenryBiwott,JohnRecha, Keith Shepherd , Edmundo Barrios , 6,7 • PyC concentrations in base flow were and Chris Wurster correlated with subsoil PyC contents • Coupling of PyC and non-PyC in 1Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA, 2Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future, streams may result from similar Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA, 3Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, terrestrial pathways Ithaca, New York, USA, 4World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya, 5The International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya, 6College of Science, Technology and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia, Supporting Information: 7Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia • Tables S1–S5 and Figures S1–S8 Correspondence to: Abstract Pyrogenic carbon (PyC) is important because of its role in the global organic C (OC) cycle and in J. Lehmann, modifying soil properties. However, our understanding of PyC movement from terrestrial to fluvial ecosystems [email protected] is not robust. This study examined (i) whether erosion or subsurface transport was more important for PyC export from headwaters, (ii) whether PyC was exported preferentially to total OC (TOC), and (iii) whether the movement Citation: of PyC from terrestrial to aquatic ecosystems provides an explanation for the coupling of PyC and non-PyC Güereña, D.
    [Show full text]
  • Yala Swamp Task Force Report
    REPUBLIC OF KENYA COUNTY ASSEMBLY OF SIAYA P.O. BOX 7 – 40600 SIAYA Email: [email protected] THE COUNTY ASSEMBLY OF SIAYA FIRST ASSEMBLY –THIRD SESSION-2015 REPORT OF THE JOINT COMMITTEE ON AGRICULTURE, TOURISM, WATER AND DELEGATED LEGISLATION ON YALA SWAMP CLERK’S CHAMBERS, COUNTY ASSEMBY OF SIAYA, ASSEMBLY BUILDINGS, SIAYA DECEMBER, 2015 1 | P a g e ACRONYMS CGS County Government of Siaya MoU Memorandum of Understanding NEMA National Environmental Management Authority KWS Kenya Wildlife Services SOPA Seeds of Peace Africa WARMA Water Resource Management Authority EMCA Environmental Management and Coordination Act EIA Environmental Impact Assessment NGC National Governing Council DDC District Development Committee CECM Chief Executive Committee Member LBDA Lake Basin Development Authority CSOs Civil Society Organizations SEA Strategic Environmental Assessment LUP Land Use Plan FOYS Friends of Yala Swamp CIAG-Community Initiative Action Group Kenya NLP National Land Policy YSGF Yala Swamp group of Farmers CECMCounty Executive Committee Member 2 | P a g e TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 PREFACE ............................................................................................................................................... 4 2.0 BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................................... 4 3.0 COMMITTEE’S MANDATE ................................................................................................................ 5 4.0 COMMITTEE COMPOSITION............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Yala Swamp, Siaya County, Kenya
    AN ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECT OF IRRIGATION PROJECTS ON WETLANDS: YALA SWAMP, SIAYA COUNTY, KENYA By NYAKUNDI LYDIA KEMUNTO C50/88041/2016 DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTERS OF ARTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT, UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI © 2018 DECLARATION I hereby declare that this project report is my original work and that it has not been submitted for examination in any institution of higher education for the award of any degree. …………………………………………. …………………………… Nyakundi Lydia Kemunto Date C50/88041/2016 This project report has been submitted for examination with the approval of the following university supervisors. ………………………………………….. ………………………........... Dr. Alice Odingo Date Department of Geography and Environmental studies, University of Nairobi. ………………………………………….. ………………………........... Dr. Mikalitsa S. Mukhovi Date Department of Geography and Environmental studies, University of Nairobi i DEDICATION To my parents Mr. Stanley Nyakundi And The Late Billiah Bitengo, My husband, Seth Odongo And My daughter Ariana Bitengo Who have been my source of inspiration, motivation and encouragement throughout this period ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First, my sincere gratitude to God for this far. Secondly to my supervisors Dr. Alice Odingo and Mikalitsa S. Mukhovi for their support, guidance, insights and comments throughout the research period. I wish to acknowledge The University of Nairobi, Department of Geography and Environmental Studies Lecturers for the skills and knowledge gained. I am equally grateful for the Environmental Planning and Management class particularly my classmates Dorothy Kyemboi, Maive Omoruli, Christine Ochieng and Clifford Oketch for their unwavering support and encouragement I also wish to acknowledge my research assistants, in particular Millicent Atieno who assisted me in data collection.
    [Show full text]