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How the Cyborg Trickster Is (Re) BECOMING VISIBLE IN INVISIBLE SPACE: HOW THE CYBORG TRICKSTER IS (RE)INVENTING AMERICAN INDIAN (NDN) IDENTITY By PAMELA CORINNE CHISUM A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY Department of English JULY 2013 © PAMELA CORINNE CHISUM, 2013 All Rights Reserved © PAMELA CORINNE CHISUM, 2013 All Rights Reserved To the Faculty of Washington State University: The members of the Committee appointed to examine the Dissertation of PAMELA CORINNE CHISUM find it satisfactory and recommend that it be accepted. ___________________________________ Kristin L. Arola, Ph.D., Chair ___________________________________ Victor Villanueva, Ph.D. ___________________________________ Barbara J. Monroe, Ph.D. ___________________________________ Andréa Davis, Ph.D. ii Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge all of the assistance and support I have received from my committee: my chair, Kristin Arola, my two previous chairs, Barbara Monroe and Victor Villanueva, and Andréa Davis. I would also like to thank my study participants, @IAmNotAMascot, @RedIndianGirl, @Slow_ro, @1491s, and @Sherman_Alexie, without whose tweets this dissertation would not have been possible. iii BECOMING VISIBLE IN INVISIBLE SPACE: HOW THE CYBORG TRICKSTER IS (RE)INVENTING AMERICAN INDIAN (NDN) IDENTITY Abstract By Pamela Corinne Chisum, Ph.D. Washington State University August 2013 Chair: Kristin L. Arola This dissertation investigates issues of representation surrounding the American Indian (NDN) and the mixedblood. By combining images of the trickster as described by NDN scholars with the postmodern theories of Donna Haraway, I explore how the trickster provides a way of viewing formerly accepted boundaries of identity from new perspectives. As cyborg, the trickster is in the “system,” but it is also enacting change by pushing against those boundaries, exposing them as social fictions. I create a cyborg trickster heuristic, using it as a lens with which to both analyze how NDNs construct online identities and the rhetorical maneuvers they undergo. As well, I show how NDNs are strengthening their presence through social media. Ultimately, I argue that the cyborg trickster shows how identities (NDN and non-NDN alike) are multiply- created and constantly in flux, transcending the traditional boundaries of self and other, online and offline, space and place, to allow for a new understanding of the individual in society and society within the individual. iv Table of Contents Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................... iii Prologue ......................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter One: The Changing Technologies of Self: NDN Rhetorics of Identity ..................... 3 1. Four-footed Beginnings ...................................................................................................................... 6 2. The Technology of Breed(ing) ........................................................................................................... 8 3. The Invented Indian ........................................................................................................................... 9 4. Survivance in Multiplicity ................................................................................................................ 17 How People Were Made .................................................................................................................................22 Chapter Two: Tricksters, Cyborgs, and Social Proprioception ............................................. 24 1. The Trickster ..................................................................................................................................... 25 2. Going Cyborg .................................................................................................................................... 32 3. A Trickster Trait: Social Proprioception ....................................................................................... 38 5. Cyborg Trickster Hermeneutics ...................................................................................................... 42 Decolonization .................................................................................................................................... 43 Humor and Irony ................................................................................................................................ 44 Dissolution of Boundaries/Ambiguity/Transvaluation of Values ...................................................... 44 Social Proprioception ......................................................................................................................... 44 Tribal Languages ................................................................................................................................ 45 6. Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 46 Something Fishy Going On ............................................................................................................................48 Chapter Three: The NDN Cyborg Trickster ............................................................................ 51 1. Methodologies Part 1: Background & Participants/Subjects ....................................................... 52 2. The Participants/Subjects ................................................................................................................ 54 @IAmNotAMascot ........................................................................................................................................55 @Slow_ro .......................................................................................................................................................56 v @RedIndianGirl .............................................................................................................................................57 @1491s ...........................................................................................................................................................58 @Sherman_Alexie ..........................................................................................................................................60 4. Methodologies Part 2: Trickster Hermeneutics ............................................................................. 61 5. Self-Representation ........................................................................................................................... 62 6. Humor and Irony .............................................................................................................................. 70 7. Dissolution of Boundaries/Ambiguity/Transvaluation of Values ................................................. 74 8. Social Proprioception ....................................................................................................................... 82 9. Tribal Languages .............................................................................................................................. 87 10. Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................... 91 Glooskap Turns Men into Rattlesnakes ..........................................................................................................93 Chapter Four: Becoming Visible in Invisible Space ................................................................ 95 1. Settler Colonialism ............................................................................................................................ 96 2. Enabling Agency through Social Media ....................................................................................... 100 3. The NCT in the Academy ............................................................................................................... 108 4. Decolonizing the Classroom ........................................................................................................... 116 7. Invisible Space, Visible Survivance ............................................................................................... 122 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 125 Notes ........................................................................................................................................... 130 Works Cited ............................................................................................................................... 131 Appendix .................................................................................................................................... 138 A. Certification of Exemption, IRB Number 13049 ............................................................................. 138 vi LIST OF TABLES Table 1: NDN Cyborg Trickster Codes and Criteria .................................................................... 61 Table 2: Enactment of NCT Codes by ndns ................................................................................. 62 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Social Networking Graphically Charted ......................................................................
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