DOCSLIB.ORG

3.3. Socio-Economic Security Challenges

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
3.3. Socio-Economic Security Challenges Security Challenges in the Arabian Peninsula CHAPTER III INTERNAL SECURITY CHALLENGES IN YEMEN 3.1. INTRODUCTION Historical background of Yemen shows that the present security and development challenges have been mainly influenced by two factors: the geographic condition of Yemen and its vague political past. Roots of present development and security challenges are discernible in early past. Socio- economic transformation still continues in Yemen. However democratic societal values are gradually rooting in the Yemeni society. Yemeni society is looking a culturally united society, but, it is composed by many socio-religious clans and elite families. This diversity is responsible to create threats to internal security and peace. However, the main challenges to security are because of political parties, educational and economic backwardness in Yemen. Thus, this chapter is devoted to explain major internal security challenges and its effect on national security in Yemen. Yemen is one of the least developed countries in the world, ranking 153rd in the Human Development Index.1 It is facing severe economic problems in contemporary times. Yemen is one of the poorest nations in the Arab region. The country’s most pressing development problems (poverty, food security, water scarcity and population growth) compete for government attention with internal tensions. A recent report on poverty assessment in Yemen said poverty rate dropped from 40 per cent in 1998 to 35 per cent in 2006. Titled 'Yemen Poverty Assessment', the report was prepared by the government of Yemen, World Bank, and UN Development Program (UNDP). This report was based on 82 Security Challenges in the Arabian Peninsula a household budget survey conducted from April 2005 to March 2006.2 However, the decline in poverty is not a remarkable phenomenon because; there are many hurdles in the process of sustainable development. There is no politically and democratically enlightened society, which can think freely to solve the problem of national development and security and cooperate with the government. Beside this, Government is struggling to give safety to people from various security threats like violence, armed conflicts, terrorism and poor law and order. 3.2. NATIONAL SECURITY CHALLENGES 3.2.1. POLITICAL TURMOIL Following unification in May 1990, Yemen has evolved as a democratic state based on a multiparty parliamentary system, elected directly by the citizens. The executive branch comprises the President and the Council of Ministers (government). The President is elected by direct popular vote and the Presidential term of office has recently been extended from five to seven years. The Council of Ministers is appointed by the President upon the advice of the Prime Minister. The legislative branch is composed of the Shura Council (upper house) and the House of Representatives (lower house). The 111 members of the Shura are appointed by the president. The 301 deputies of the House of Representatives are elected by direct popular vote every six years. By regional standards, democracy is reasonably well-developed in Yemen. However, progress towards a full democracy has been slow in recent years, as the elections have mainly resulted in the strengthening of the government’s power. The ruling General People’s Congress (GPC) has also consolidated its position through decisions extending the prerogatives of the executive branch and limiting the powers of the House of Representatives, for example by extending the legislative powers of the Shura 83 Security Challenges in the Arabian Peninsula Council, appointed by the President. The opposition, and increasingly the ruling party’s parliamentary bloc as well, provide a degree of political competition, but the main opposition party, the Islamic Congregation for Reform (Islah), has not seriously challenged government policy. 3 A range of complex interlinked processes and institutions determine patterns of development in Yemen. While many aspects are challenging, there are also positive trends and reform minded elements. The incentive structures throughout government are not clearly aligned with development needs, since accountability does not create sufficient pressure to deliver. Influential groups consist of overlapping elements of the political leadership, the armed forces, tribal sheikhs, and some top officials, with linkages to the private sector.4 The three multi-party elections for parliament in 1993, 1997 and 2003, and the Presidential elections of 1999, were judged to be sufficiently free and fair by international observers, despite some flaws. The last elections in 2003 saw an extended competition with 22 parties participating, and a good participation of voters (turnout was 76.5 per cent). Nonetheless, the result was a further consolidation of the ruling party’s power: the GPC won a large majority, gaining 58 per cent of the votes and 76 per cent of the seats; Islah got 22 per cent of the votes and 45 seats, and the Yemen Socialist Party 5 per cent of the votes and 7 seats. The elections lacked uniformity in procedures and transparency. The representation of women was reduced to just one Member of Parliament, demonstrating extremely serious obstacles to women’s political participation and representation. Opposition parties suffered from limited access to the media, due to the Government’s control of Television and radio, crucial in a country where 50 per cent of the population is not literate. The next parliamentary elections were expected in 2009, (postponed till further order), while Presidential elections took place in September 2006, in conjunction with local council elections. 5 84 Security Challenges in the Arabian Peninsula There is the phenomenon that the popularity of some parties is based on personality, family, or tribe. Personal connections and patronage assume greater importance than the programmes and policies. Lack of intra-party democracy leads to the party being treated as it is a private asset. The party activities and the political agenda, if at all, are centered on the personality of the leader.” 6 Due to many reasons political turmoil is a fact in Yemen. Various religious clans, slow pace of rooting democratic values in society, politics of elite families and tribal leaders, low economic development and more importantly foreign interferences are responsible factors that bring instability to government. Providing security to people becomes tough when government is unstable. 3.2.2. VIOLENCE AND TERRORISM It can be said that violence and terrorism have become international phenomena in all under developing, and the developed countries. There are certain deep rooted factors that help in the development and the continuation of these phenomena. Almost all societies suffer the outcomes of violence and terrorism, and the burden of their effects on the society. There is no country on this planet that has not experienced some form of violence or the other. We find that there is a general agreement that the phenomenon of violence and terrorism has certain political, social and economic motives and reasons. The major reason for such violence is that the ruling systems, whether in the form of groups or organizations or parties or tribal groups, are looking to further certain personal interests by initiating acts of terror and violence such as hijacking planes, holding hostages, and indulging in explosions and political conspiracies that makes the security unstable. There are various types of violence and 85 Security Challenges in the Arabian Peninsula terrorism depending on their motives, which are usually economic, political or religious.7 The economic factor plays a major role in the spread of violence because it gains the interest of the majority of the public. It is more strongly supported especially by those who are trivialized by the society. On the other hand, the political factor influences the security and the stability of the country through acts of violence and terror practiced by the governing systems of some great countries that adopt various forms and sources of terrorism to achieve certain economic and political interests.8 Violence and Terrorism in Yemen Since the first revolution of 1962, Yemen has encountered many serious problems with regards to its security and stability. For about four decades, the country has suffered greatly from cruel events in which a lot of blood was shed in both parts of Yemen, both before and after unity. Most of these acts of violence were because of the conflicts for the leadership. Due to this violence, many people were killed irrespective of whether they were soldiers or innocent citizens. The feeling of revenge and vengeance has, thus, increased among people, especially in the southern parts of the country.9 Even after the unity of the two parts of Yemen, violence did not stop but instead increased and developed into organized terrorism. This was because of the new conflict between the ruling authorities and the other political parties and organizations for the leadership of the country. This led to cruel and aggressive military confrontation between the socialist party and the Moatamar party in 1994. It was believed that this war would put an end to the violence and acts of terrorism in the country. Unfortunately, this phenomenon continued and took on 86 Security Challenges in the Arabian Peninsula new forms and more developed techniques and some foreign hands were got involved in it. In the following section, we will try to discuss the different stages of
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sana'a Municipality City Council and Head General of Executive Agency Assembly Appoint Elect
    Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Strategy CityDevelopment A Sana’a: Foreword Since 2000, with the issuance of the Local Authorities Law No. 4, Yemen has been pursuing an ambitious decentralization agenda. This agenda aims to delegate greater fiscal and administrative authority to local governments and to give communities—public leaders, residents, and investors— more control over the economic and social development of their cities and towns. To date, city development strategies (CDS) have been initiated in four of Yemen’s largest urban areas—Sana’a, Aden, Hodeidah, and Mukalla. With support from the Cities Alliance and The World Bank, the CDS process in each of these cities has brought together public and private sector lead- ership to assess the strengths and weaknesses of the city, think strategically about opportunities for equitable economic growth, develop a long-term vision, and draft a prioritized action plan. In all four cases, the CDS process has been coupled with revisions to the cities’ master plans to ensure a strong link between economic development plans and infrastructure. The benefits of the CDS process go far beyond the writing of the CDS document. To create a long- term vision for the city required the participation of a variety of public, private, and civil society leaders who do not often have the occasion to come together to discuss the challenges and oppor- tunities facing the city. The structure for cross-sectoral communication provided under the umbrella of the CDS has had a lasting effect in terms of helping to align the city’s social, economic, and envi- ronmental interests.
    [Show full text]
  • Wael Alaghbari.Pdf
    CURRICULUM VITAE DR. WAEL ALAGHBARI University President , International University of Technology Twintech – IUTT & Assoc. Prof. of Architectural Studies and Project Management, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Sana’a University, Rep. of Yemen Personal Information Assoc. Prof. Dr. Wael Abdulmoghni Nationality: Yemeni Name: Mohammed Alaghbari Pass. No.: 08288458 Gender: Male Marital Status: Married Date of Birth: 13 March 1972 Religion: Muslim Place of Birth: Taiz, Rep. of Yemen No. of Children: 2 (boys) Contact Information International University of Home Tel. No.: 00967 777869168 Technology – Twintech, Behind Haddah Post office, Work Tel No.: 00967 1427570/1 Current Haddah, Mobile No.: 00967 735061601 Address: [email protected] Sana’a , Rep. of Yemen E-mail ID.: m [email protected] Home Home Tel No.: 00967 777869168 Address: Haddah Area, (Permanent P. O. Box; 16363, Haddah Post office, Address) Sana’a , Rep. of Yemen SPECIALIST: - Architectural Design - Building and Urban Planning Legislation - Urban Studies - Building Materials and Construction - Architectural Studies - Project Management - Interior Design - Finishes and Finishing Materials - Housing - Quantities Survey and Specifications - Construction Management EDUCATION AND QUALIFICATION: - Ph.D. in Architectural Studies (2010), Department of Architecture, Faculty of Design and Architecture, University Putra Malaysia. Research title of Page | 1 Dr. Wael Alaghbari – C.V. PhD: “Factors Affecting Construction Costs in Affordable Housing for Low -Income Group in Sana'a – Yemen”. - M.Sc. in Project Management (2005), Civil Eng. Dept., Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia. Research title of Master: “Factors Affecting Construction Speed of Industrialized Building System in Malaysia”. - B.Sc. (First-class Honours (1st) and the highest degree awarded) in Architectural Engineering (1995), Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Rep.
    [Show full text]
  • Ballast Water Economic Assessment for Yemen
    Jmh Ballast Water Economic Assessment for Yemen National Economic Assessment for Ballast Water Management in Yemen Maritime Affairs Authority(MAA) – 2010 Draft Report‐ October2010 ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT FOR BWM IN YEMEN – 2010 Page 0 Basic Data Report Title: National Economic Assessment for Ballast Report No.: Water Management in Yemen Origin: PERSGA/IMO National Focal Point: Distribution: Official Republic of Yemen, Maritime Affairs Authority (MAA). Issued: Initial Draft National Consultancy Team: - Capt. Farooq Ali Sadaqa Team Leader - Mr. Mohamed A. Al‐Moayed Member - Mr. Mohammed M.Al‐Jabbari Member - Mr. Abdulfattah M. Al‐Meqdad Member Revision Description Prepared/Drafted Checked/Reviewed Approved National Consultancy Project National National Focal point Draft Report Team Coordinator MAA Chairman's R1 Signature Date 30th Oct 2010 5th Nov 2010 10th Nov 2010 R2 Final Report The preparation of this report for the above titled project by MAA Maritime Affairs Authority (Yemen) and has been undertaken within national consultant team of the brief using all reasonable skills and care. ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT FOR BWM IN YEMEN – 2010 Page 1 Contents 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................... 3 (1 .1) Shipping and Marine IAS .................................................................................. 3 (1 .2) The Aim of the Economic Assessment ............................................................. 4 (1 .3) Sources of Information ....................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Reef-Building Corals and Coral Communities of the Yemen Red Sea
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ResearchOnline at James Cook University FAUNA OF ARABIA 23: 1–40 Date of publication: 15.07.2007 Reef-building corals and coral communities of the Yemen Red Sea Emre Turak, Jon Brodie and Lyndon DeVantier A b s t r a c t : The types of reef forms and the composition, diversity, zoogeographic affinities and ecological status of coral com- munities of the Yemen Red Sea were assessed between 1996 and 1998. Contemporary coral growth occurs as true accreting reefs fringing the mainland coast and islands, submerged patch reefs, and in non-accreting coral assemblages typically associated with three forms of substrate: “red algal reefs”; relic Pleistocene to Holocene reefs; and lava flow terraces and volcanic rock pinnacles. To- gether these structures host a moderately diverse stony coral fauna of ca 221 scleractinian species (54 genera, 15 families), including Red Sea endemics and species previously unknown from Arabian seas. Zoogeographic affinities of the northern area of the Yemen Red Sea appear similar to the more adjacent Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia (e.g. Farasan Islands). The southern area shares more similarities with the Gulf of Aden (Belhaf - Bir Ali area). Local coral populations are acclimated, and perhaps genetically adapted, to a harsh physico-chemical environment, surviving at high sea temperatures (average 31 ºC, max. 35 ºC) that typically kill con- specifics in other reef regions. Hierarchical cluster analysis derived six coral community types distributed in relation to prevailing environmental conditions: physical exposure, water clarity, sea temperature, substrate type, slope angle and depth.
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliography of the Arabian Peninsula
    BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE ARABIAN PENINSULA J.E. Peterson Prefatory Note: This bibliography concentrates on citations relating to the Arabian Peninsula that I have collected over some three decades. Items have been published in various Western languages as well as Arabic. This is very much a work in progress and cannot be considered complete. Similarly, presentation of the bibliography here in the present format should be regarded as an interim effort despite its imperfections. A number of older citations have yet to be transferred from notecards to the database on which this bibliography is based. Some items are unpublished, other citations are not complete (typically lacking volume details and page numbers for periodical citations). Shorter articles and those of a more transitory nature, i.e. newspaper and newsletter articles, have been excluded. I have not been able to examine all the items and therefore undoubtedly there are many mistakes in citations and inevitably some items have been included that do not actually exist. The bibliography is in simple and rough alphabetical order according to author only because I have had no opportunity to rearrange by subject. Alphabetization was done automatically within the original database and idiosyncrasies in the database regarding non-English diacritical marks may make alphabetization somewhat irregular. For similar reasons, the order in which entries by the same author are listed may also be irregular. The subjects reflect my own interests and therefore range from history through the social sciences and international affairs. Generally speaking, archaeology, the arts, the physical sciences, and many areas of culture, inter alia, have not been included.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) in Archaeological Tourism Assessment and Development in Najran, Saudi Arabia
    University of Southampton Research Repository ePrints Soton Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holder/s. When referring to this thesis, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given, e.g. Thesis: Author (Year of Submission) "Full thesis title", University of Southampton, name of the University Faculty or School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination. http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/ UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON FACULTY OF SOCIAL AND HUMAN SCIENCES Geography and Environment The Role of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) in Archaeological Tourism Assessment and development in Najran, Saudi Arabia by Ali Alawer Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 2018 UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON ABSTRACT FAULTY OF SOCIAL, HUMAN AND MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES Geography and Environment Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy THE ROLE OF GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS) IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL TOURISM ASSESSEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT IN NAJRAN, SAUDI ARABIA Ali Alawer To date, GIS has been rarely used as a planning tool to support archaeological tourism, despite the widespread archaeological application of GIS more generally. Archaeological tourism can be defined as travel to experience places, activities and artefacts that authentically present stories and peoples of the past.
    [Show full text]
  • The Republic of Yemen Comprehensive
    THE REPUBLIC OF YEMEN COMPREHENSIVE DEVELOPMENT REVIEW ENVIRONMENT RURAL DEVELOPMENT, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT DEPARTMENT MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA REGION THE WORLD BANK January 21, 2000 ABBREVIATIONS CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species CZM Coastal Zone Management DESD Department of Economic and Social Development DH Department of Hydrology EEC European Economic Community EIA Environmental Impact Statement EPC Environment Protection Council ESMAP Energy Sector Management Assistance Program FAO Food and Agriculture Organization GDP Gross Domestic Product GDFCD General Department of Forestry and Combating Desertification GEF Global Environmental Fund GIS Geographic Information System GTA General Tourism Authority HWC High Water Council IDA International Development Association IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development LPG Liquid Petroleum Gas MARPOL International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of Ships MAWR Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources MCHUP Ministry of Construction, Housing and Urban Planning MOMR Ministry of Oil and Mineral Resources NAPED National Action Plan for Environment and Development NEAP National Environmental Action Plan NGO Non Government Organization NPDC National Program for Desertification Control NWASA National Water and Sanitation Authority UNCLOS United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea UNDP United Nations Development Program USAID United States Agency for International Development WHO World Health Organization YAR Yemen Arab Republic YR Yemeni Rial
    [Show full text]
  • Annex I Tourism Sector in Yemen: Problems and Prospects
    Annex I Tourism Sector in Yemen: Problems and Prospects he tourism sector is widely seen as a potential Tsource of growth in the non-oil sector. It is also Figure 24. Visitor Arrivals widely recognized that a number of structural im- (In thousands) pediments—such as security concerns, first and foremost, and lack of infrastructure—constrain this potential and would need to be fundamentally ad- dressed before the tourism industry could start mak- ing a major contribution to future economic growth and employment. Sector Potential Yemen has abundant tourism resources and poten- tial for further growth and development. Yemen's long history, reflected in its rich and unique culture, has left a wealth of significant archaeological sites and a unique vernacular architecture. Yemen has a mixture of scenery—ranging from desert through verdant val- leys to mountain ranges—some 2,000 kilometers of Source: Data provided by the Yemeni authorities. coastline, fringing the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, and more than hundred islands. Finally, after cen- turies of isolation from the rest of the world, Yemen Size and Trends remains one of the last unknown destinations. In addition to the traditional tourism potential of In general, since unification in 1990, international its existing historic and scenic attractions, Yemen tourism in Yemen has been on an upward, trend, with has significant opportunities for the development of visitor arrivals growing on average by about 5 per- other forms of tourism that are still largely unknown cent a year (Table 17 and Figure 24). The tourism there, but which possess increasing market potential.
    [Show full text]
  • Tayf7 English FINAL
    May 2010 ISSUE 7 Tayf the Soqotra Newsletter Issued By FRIENDS OF SOQOTRA and SOCOTRA CONSERVATION FUND Soqotra in a Time of Change Friends of Soqotra Conference and AGM 2010 Exeter University, UK 25 - 26 September The Friends of Soqotra AGM and Conference for 2010 will be hosted by the Institute of Arab and Islamic Studies, University of Exeter, by Julian Jansen Van Rensburg. We would hereby invite members to attend. The AGM follows the Red Sea V Conference at Exeter which is expected to attract wide interest. The subject for this year focuses on the changing nature of the Shaheb, Soqotra. This beach is planned to be developed into a large commercial Soqotra Archipelago, looking at past harbor, funded by Kuwait – the photo shows the first stone. Environmental as well as and current issues that have affected esthetic impacts are expected to be severe, as the new port will provide a major the ecology, environment and people. invasion pathway to exotic species. Photo Kay Van Damme. Deadline for abstracts is June 15th, 2010, contact [email protected] France Provides €1 Million Iranian Boats Seized http://projects.exeter.ac.uk/mares/ for Biodiversity on Soqotra Friendsofsocotraconf.html Two Iranian boats were seized at The French Agency for Development Hawlaf, Soqotra, for illegal fishing (AFD) granted €1 million for supporting Tourist Numbers Increase practices. Alarmed by local people, the biodiversity in the Soqotra Archipelago. army at Soqotra stopped one of the Around 3,786, tourists visited Soqotra in The grant agreement signed by Minister boats and questioned the crew. Illegal 2009, an increase over numbers in 2008 of Planning and International fishing at Soqotra shores is common of 2530.
    [Show full text]
  • Yemen's Tourism Wealth
    YEMEN Yemen’s Tourism Wealth Excerpted from a speech by His Excellency Ali Abdullah Saleh, President, Republic of Yemen TOURISM IS CONSIDERED AN IM- I Promoting our desert, beaches, new hotels, and other portant resource and source of tourist-related amenities finances for Yemen, and we treat it As many tourists know, Yemen has a cultural and architec- as equally important as our fish tural diversity that dates back to prehistoric times. Our capital wealth. This is even more impor- city, Sana’a, is considered the birth place of one of the ancient tant for us than oil, because our oil international civilizations and a living museum of history; it is wealth could become exhausted home to some of the finest architectural art in the world. When one day, but the tourism and fish- we talk about Sana’a, we are talking about a city that is a source wealth sectors of our economy will of great pride to every Yemeni and Arab citizen, and to anyone never be exhausted, and with good who is interested in humanitarian heritage and truly unique leadership, will enable our country architectural construction. to endure. Insofar as investments in our tourism sector are con- The Ministry of Culture and cerned, we wish to encourage tourist parks, centers, and Tourism and our tourism agencies hotels. The country is now in the second stage of the restora- have the responsibility of imple- tion and renewal of the historic Cairo Castle in Taiz, which will menting promotional programs need facilities such as an open-air theater, different restaurants, H.E.
    [Show full text]
  • Yemen Comprehensive Development Review Private Sector Development Building Block
    Yemen Comprehensive Development Review Private Sector Development Building Block TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................3 PURPOSE...............................................................................................................................3 GAPS .....................................................................................................................................3 LINKAGES .............................................................................................................................3 SCOPE...................................................................................................................................4 BANK INVOLVEMENT AND STRATEGY IN THE SECTOR...........................................................4 II. BASIC DATA AND TRENDS........................................................................................6 BRIEF STATISTICAL OVERVIEW ............................................................................................6 KEY ASPECTS OF OUR KNOWLEDGE BASE............................................................................8 III. INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS........................................................................16 IV. DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND PROSPECTS..........................................................18 GOVERNMENTS STRATEGY..................................................................................................18 V NEXT STEPS .................................................................................................................21
    [Show full text]
  • TOURISM INNOVATIONS an International Journal of Indian Tourism and Hospitality Congress (ITHC)
    Himachal Pradesh Technical University Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh Vol. 8, No. 2, August, 2018 Bi-Annual ISSN No. 2278-8379 TOURISM INNOVATIONS An International Journal of Indian Tourism and Hospitality Congress (ITHC) Chief Editors Prof. S P Bansal Vice Chancellor Himachal Pradesh Technical University Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh Prof. Sandeep Kulshrestha Director Indian Institute of Tourism and Travel Management, (IITTM) Indian Tourism and Hospitality Congress www.tourismcongress.wordpress.com Tourism Innovations: An International Journal of Indian Tourism and Hospitality Congress (ITHC) Copyright : Indian Tourism and Hospitality Congress (ITHC) Reproduction in whole or in part, in any form without written permission is prohibited. ISSN : 2278-8379 VOLUME : 8 NUMBER : 2 Publication Schedule: Twice a year : February-August Disclaimer: The views expressed in the articles are those of the contributors and not necessarily to the editorial board and publisher. Authors are themselves responsible for any kind of Plagiarism found in their articles and any related issue. Claims and court cases only allowed within the jurisdiction of HP, India Published by: Bharti Publications in Association with Indian Tourism and Hospitality Congress (ITHC) All Correspondence Should be Address to : Managing Editor Tourism Innovations Bharti Publications 4819/24, 3rd Floor, Mathur Lane Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002 Email: [email protected], [email protected] Website: www.tourismcongress.wordpress.com Editor Note “Research is to see what everybody else has seen and to think what nobody else has thought.” — Albert Szent-Gyorgyi “To Other Countries, I may go as a tourist, but to India, I come as a pilgrim.” - Martin Luther King Jr. We are delighted to announce the new issue of Tourism Innovations-the Journal of Indian Tourism and Hospitality Congress.
    [Show full text]