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Factors Influencing Residents'attitude Towards Tourism Development on the Remote Island of Socotra, Yemen

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Factors Influencing Residents'attitude Towards Tourism Development on the Remote Island of Socotra, Yemen FACTORS INFLUENCING RESIDENTS'ATTITUDE TOWARDS TOURISM DEVELOPMENT ON THE REMOTE ISLAND OF SOCOTRA, YEMEN HUSSEIN ABDULQADER AL-GAHURI DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY LINIVERSITI UTARA MALAYSIA JULY 2014 FACTORS INFLUENCING RESIDENTS'ATTITUDE TOWARDS TOURISM DEVELOPMENT ON THE REMOTE ISLAND OF SOCOTRA, YEMEN BY HUSSEIN ABDULQADER AL-GAHURI Thesis Submitted to Ghazali Shafie Graduate School of Govrnment, Universiti Utara Malaysia, in Fl~lfillmentof the Requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Kolej Undang-Undang, Kerajaan dan Pengajian Antarabangsa (College of Law, Government and International Studies) Universiti Utara Malaysia PERAKUAN KERJA TEStS 1 DISERTASI (Cerfificaibnof thesis / disedatEoJ) Kmi, ymg kdmdahngan, me (W, b un&sip&, Mifj thef) Wssdn Wlqadw bhsen 81-Gahwi (920%) Ph.D c&n Wuk I@ (cmhr the degree 00 -/-don ofthe! #Cl#Gwiqt*): Factors Inf1w~:ingR~tdents' Attitude towards Tourism Development on th Remote ksland d Socotra, Ymen xiperti png Matd rmka swat tq& dm ktatit bsis I &i&asi. (as k appas on the t#/e pap adkmf colfer of fhe this / dEs&dh). t3~iha ~dutM c&!~irna mtuk serta kamiungm dim hbEmgm maws~wrna ymg &h cabn &dam @n km pda: 30Oklobsr2013 That fik said thi&issMon is acceptable m form and dedma' dkgdays a sdhkday k&dw 6 hd d dudy as demgnskaid by the cm&&e &wgh an araj ~ma$rxl hMCM: OM-W 30,2073 Psngemi &a Ta~~gan PROF. aRarB DATO' DR ABDVL KAOR (&aim Aw Vk] LEU1 QM (wwd, Pemenksa Luaf : PROF. DR. ZQjFdaaE WLIFAH Tand&rrgen f$ (External Examiner) (S@aLe) Rm&ksaDllan ASSOC.PROF.DR.SHLWMTUUl Ta- (mtemd Examiner) : 1 Tacii: 33 MTWR 2013 I fWt I : Factors Inf I~mcEng Resldmfs' Attitude towards Towism Pgvekp~nenton hbmte Islad of Socotra, Yemen NmP.mydh : Assoc. Prof. Dr. Azilah Kasim (Sm:~fname) Permission to Use In presenting this thesis in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy from Universiti Utara Malaysia, I agree that the Universiti Library may make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for copying of this thesis in any manner, in whole or in part, for scholarly purposes may be granted by my supervisor or, in her absence, by the Dean of Centre for Graduate Studies. It is understood that any copying or publication or use of this thesis or parts thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to Universiti Utara Malaysia for any scholarly use which may be made of any material from my thesis. Requests for permission to copy or to make other use of materials in this thesis, in whole or in part should be addressed to: Dean of Centre for Graduate Studies Ghazali Shafie Graduate School of Government Universiti Utara Malaysia 06010 UUM Sintok Kedah Darul Aman Malaysia ABSTRAK Pelancongan telah dianggap sebagai satu strategi untuk menjana faedah ekonomi dan untuk membangunkan masyarakat setempat dari segi ekonomi dan sosial. Walau bagaimanapun, untuk terus kekal, pelancongan memerlukan banyak penglibatan dan sokongan daripada masyarakat setempat. Manakala cabaran yang paling besar kepada kerajaan ialah mendapatkan penyertaan dan penerimaan masyarakat tempatan terhadap pembangunan pelancongan. Cabaran ini jelas kelihatan di negara Yaman yang dilihat sebagai salah sebuah negara Islam yang paling konservatif kerana nilai-nilai dan budaya Islam, dan sifat berpuak-puak yang bertentangan dengan amalan pelancong barat. Kajian ini meneliti pengaruh sikap penduduk terhadap pembangunan pelancongan dalam masyarakat konservatif Pulau Socotra, Yaman dengan; menentukan pengaruh nilai-nilai Islam penduduk setempat terhadap pembangunan pelancongan, menentukan pengaruh ciri-ciri sosio-demografi sikap penduduk ke atas pembangunan pelancongan, menentukan pengaruh kepentingan peribadi daripada pelancongan kepada penduduk setempat terhadap pembangunan pelancongan dan menentukan pengaruh pengetahuan tentang pelancongan kepada sikap penduduk mengenai pembangunan pelancongan. Data dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan kaedah kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Sebanyak 359 jawapan soal selidik yang boleh digunakan telah dikumpul dan dianalisis dengan menggunakan pelbagai teknik statistik. Di samping itu, 20 temu bual dengan ketua dikalangan penduduk tempatan juga dijalankan. Hasil kajian menunjukkan terdapat hubungan negatif antara nilai-nilai Islam masyarakat konservatif Pulau Socotra dengan sikap mereka terhadap pembangunan pelancongan. Hasil kajian juga merumuskan ciri-ciri sosio- demografi, kepentingan peribadi melalui pelancongan dan pengetahuan tentang pelancongan mempunyai hubungan positif dengan sikap masyarakat setempat terhadap pembangunan pelancongan. Kajian ini telah memperluas literatur mengenai sikap penduduk terhadap pelancongan dengan mengenengahkan nilai-nilai Islam Yaman sebagai pembolehubah baharu dalam memahami persepsi dan sikap masyarakat terhadap pelancongan. Di samping itu, ia memberi sumbangan yang penting dalam literatur berkaitan pengurusan dan metodologi, terutamanya yang berkaitan dengan pemahaman sikap penduduk terhadap pelancongan, khususnya dalam masyarakat konservatif seperti masyarakat Yaman. Kajian ini juga mencadangkan beberapa cara bagaimana kerajaan dan pembuat dasar di Yaman boleh memberikan sumbangan bagi memajukan pelancongan. Akhir sekali, kajian ini juga mencadangkan kajian lanjutan terrnasuklah kajian tentang faktor-faktor lain yang boleh mempengaruhi pendapat dan persepsi penduduk tempatan terhadap pelancongan. Kata kunci: Nilai-Nilai Islam di Yaman, Pulau Socotra, Sikap Penduduk Terhadap Pelancongan, Yaman Abstract Tourism has been considered as a strategy to generate economic benefits and to develop the local community, economically and socially. However, tourism requires a lot of participation and support by the local community to be sustained. Getting participation and acceptance from local community is perhaps the greatest challenge to the national government. This challenge seems apparent in Yemen which is viewed as one of the most conservative Islamic countries, where Islamic values and culture, and the tribal conventions come in contradiction to the Western tourists' practices. This study investigates the influence of residents' attitudes toward tourism development in a conservative community of Socotra Island in Yemen by determining the influence of Islamic values on the residents' attitudes toward tourism development, investigating the influence of socio-demographic characteristics on the residents' attitudes on tourism development, assessing the influence of personal benefits from tourism on the residents' attitudes toward tourism development, and examining the influence of knowledge about tourism on the residents attitudes on tourism development. Data was collected using quantitative and qualitative methods. A total of 359 usable questionnaire responses were collected and analyzed by using a variety of statistical techniques. In addition, 20 interviews with local leaders were conducted. The result shows a negative relationship between the residents' Islamic values and their attitudes toward tourism development in a conservative community of Socotra Island. The findings also indicate that social demographic characteristics, personal benefits from tourism, and knowledge about tourism have positive relationships with residents' attitudes toward tourism development. This study extends the literature on residents' attitudes toward tourism by highlighting Yemeni Islamic values as a new variable in understanding community perceptions and attitudes toward tourism. In addition, it provides important managerial and methodological contributions to the literature, particularly with regards to the understanding of the residents' attitudes toward tourism, specifically in a conservative community such as Yemeni community. Recommendations are given on how government and policy makers in Yemen can make contributions to develop tourism. Finally, the study suggests further studies including investigating other factors that may influence the residents' opinions and perceptions on tourism. Keywords: Residents' Attitudes Toward Tourism, Socotra Island, Yemen, Yemeni Islamic Values Acknowledgement In the name of Allah, the most Gracious and the most Merciful. I am grateful to the Almighty Allah for giving me to opportunity to complete my PhD thesis. May peace and blessing of Allah be upon His beloved Prophet Mohammad (SAW), his family, companions and followers. The completion of this research would not have been possible without the assistance and support of a number of people. I would like to take this opportunity to thank those people who have greatly contributed from the inception to the final stages of this study. I would like to extend my appreciation to my supervisor, Dr. Nor Ashikin Mohd Nor and Prof. Dr. Azilah Kasim, for their thorough supervision, encouragement and willingness to support me throughout this study. I am very grateful to Prof. Dr. Zainab Khalifah and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Shaharuddin Tahir. They were very kind during the viva and during period of the correction. Additionally their comments have helped to improve this work. I would like to take this opportunity to thank Assoc. Prof. Dr. Shaharuddin Tahir, who shared with me his great knowledge and offered a great deal of guidance and advice which enabled me to complete the correction for my thesis. My deepest and never- ending gratitude goes to all my family members especially my waif, my kids Abdulqader, Khalid, Safiyah and Lyan, brothers Mohammad, Dr. Yasser and Fahmi and sisters Am
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