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The Republic of Yemen Comprehensive THE REPUBLIC OF YEMEN COMPREHENSIVE DEVELOPMENT REVIEW ENVIRONMENT RURAL DEVELOPMENT, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT DEPARTMENT MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA REGION THE WORLD BANK January 21, 2000 ABBREVIATIONS CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species CZM Coastal Zone Management DESD Department of Economic and Social Development DH Department of Hydrology EEC European Economic Community EIA Environmental Impact Statement EPC Environment Protection Council ESMAP Energy Sector Management Assistance Program FAO Food and Agriculture Organization GDP Gross Domestic Product GDFCD General Department of Forestry and Combating Desertification GEF Global Environmental Fund GIS Geographic Information System GTA General Tourism Authority HWC High Water Council IDA International Development Association IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development LPG Liquid Petroleum Gas MARPOL International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of Ships MAWR Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources MCHUP Ministry of Construction, Housing and Urban Planning MOMR Ministry of Oil and Mineral Resources NAPED National Action Plan for Environment and Development NEAP National Environmental Action Plan NGO Non Government Organization NPDC National Program for Desertification Control NWASA National Water and Sanitation Authority UNCLOS United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea UNDP United Nations Development Program USAID United States Agency for International Development WHO World Health Organization YAR Yemen Arab Republic YR Yemeni Rial TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I. ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT ......................................................... 1 A. The Environment Resource Base ................................................................1 B. Population Growth and Environment ...........................................................2 C. Poverty and Environment ............................................................................2 lI. KEY ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS............................................................ 2 A. Water Depletion, Pollution, and Supply ........................................................2 B. Land Degradation .......................................................................................5 C. Habitat Degradation ....................................................................................7 D Summary Table of Key Environmental Problems...........................................11 III. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK.................................. 12 A. Institutional Capabilities .............................................................................13 B. Yemen Environment Protection Fund...........................................................15 C. Legal and Regulatory Instruments ...............................................................16 D. International Environmental .......................................................................17 E. International Environmental Project Support.................................................19 IV. ENVIRONMENTAL ACTIONS....................................................................... 20 A. Comprehensive Environmental Action Program ...........................................20 B. Priority Actions ..........................................................................................31 TABLES Table 1 Main Environmental Problems and Specific Concerns in Yemen.... 3 Table 2 Main Environmental Problems and Specific Concerns in Land Resources 6 Table 3 Main Environmental Problems and Specific Concerns in Habitat Degradation 7 Table 4 Main Environmental Problems and Specific Concerns in Waste Management 9 Table 5 Main Environmental Problems and Specific Concerns in Yemen.... 12 Table 6 Mandate of the Environmental Protection Council......................... 13 Table 7 Organizational Chart of the Environment Protection Council ......... 14 Table 8 The Yemen Environment Protection Fund .................................... 16 Table 9 Global Convention Protecting the Environment Ratified by Yemen 17 Table 10 Global Convention Protecting the Environment Not Ratified by Yemen 18 Table 11 WaterResource Actions Planned by the Ministry of Electricity and Water 21 Table 12 National Environmental Actions Required in Land Resource Management 23 Table 13 Projects of the National Program for Desertification Control (NPDC) 25 Table 14 National Environmental Actions Required in Land Resource Management 26 Table 15 National Environmental Actions Required in Habitat Management 28 Table 16 National Environmental Actions Required in Habitat Management 30 Table 17 Priority Action of the Yemen National Environment Action Plan . 32 THE REPUBLIC OF YEMEN COMPREHENSIVE DEVELOPMENT REVIEW ENVIRONMENT ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This working paper on environment takes stock of the current status of our knowledge regarding the environment in Yemen and is based on the National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) of Yemen, which has been updated with more recent information, specially with regard to water scarcity problems. The NEAP was prepared as a joint collaborative effort between the Government of Yemen (GOY) and the World Bank. The work benefited from the support and interest shown by His Excellency Eng. Mohsen Ali Hamdani, Chairman of EPC, H.E. the Minister of Agriculture, and H.E. the Minister of Electricity and Water. The NEAP was based on a series of national reports prepared by a team of environment consultants directed by Dr. Khaled I. Hariri, Ms. Ilham Ali Basahi, Dr. Mohamed Lotf Eryani, Dr. Adbul-Majeid Ghaleb Haddad, and Dr. Mohamed Moslih Al-Sanabani. Important contributions were also made by EPC staff members, and by consultants Yassin M. Nasr, Dr. Asmahan Obadi, Dr. Omar A.S. Al-Saghie, and Dr. Ghazi Al-Sakkaf . The report benefited from the direction by as well as from contributions by the private sector, universities, and NGOS. Mss Elizabeth Monosowski and Janice Bernstein from the Bank and by Dr. John Buursink, international consultant, also made significant contributions. THE REPUBLIC OF YEMEN COMPREHENSIVE DEVELOPMENT REVIEW ENVIRONMENT I. ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT A. The Environment Resource Base The Republic of Yemen is located on the southern coast of the Arabian Peninsula. Its land boundaries are with Saudi Arabia in the north and Oman in the east. The coastline extends to more than 2,000 km. The country is characterized by five major land systems: (i) a hot and humid coastal Tihama plain, 30-60 km wide, along the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, (ii) the Yemen Highlands, a volcanic region with elevations between 1,000 and 3,600 m. parallel to the Red Sea coast, and with temperate climate and monsoon rains, (iii) the dissected region of the Yemen High Plateaux and the Hadramawt- Mahra Uplands, with altitudes up to 1,000 m, (iv) the AI-Rub AI-Khali desert interior, with a hot and dry climate, and (vi) the islands, including Socotra in the Arabian Sea and more dm 112 islands in the Red Sea. Yemen's coastal and marine eco-system which include extensive mangroves, coral reefs, and seagrass areas, are of major economic importance for fisheries and tourism. Yemen covers a total land area of 55.5 million hectares. About 3 percent of the land can be used for agriculture, or about 1.6 million hectares, but only about 1.2 million hectares are actually cultivated. The main crops are cereals (0.7 million ha.), followed by fruits & vegetables (0.14 m ha.). Fodder and qat areas are smaller but significant at about 90,000 ha each. Mainly rangelands and some forest area cover 40 percent of the land area. Other land, mostly desert, constitutes the remaining 57 percent of the total land area. Renewable fresh water is very scarce. Fresh water available to the country of 2,100 million cubic meters (cu. m.) per year, and with a population of about 16 million (1997), the availability per capita is only 130 cu. m. per year. This compares with an average annual availability of 7,500 cu. m. for World and 1,250 cu. m for MENA. The resource is mainly ground water and its over exploitation is one of Yemen’s major environmental problem. Fisheries resources are also important and the combined surface and deep water fish catch is about 80,000 metric tons per year. Oil and gas resources are also significant contributing about 85% to Yemen’s export revenues . Environmental problem in Yemen are caused by three fundamental factors: (i) population growth, (ii) poverty and (ii) institutional weaknesses. These factors are discussed below. B. Population Growth and Environment A total of 16 million Yemeni inhabitants make use of Yemen's resource base, over half of them are younger than 14 years. At the current growth rate of about 3.5 percent, the population is expected to double every 20 years. The factors that account for this high rate of growth include improved health standards and a high fertility rate, the latter possibly linked to low female education and employment. Between 1970 and 1997, the percentage of urban population rose from 13 to 25 percent. In the capital city Sanaa (1 million) the population growth rate is more than 10 percent per year, reflecting an in migration rate of about 7 percent per year and an annual natural increase of over 3 percent. The other cities in Yemen with populations over 100,000 arc Aden, Al-Hodeidah, and Taiz, all of which arc 2 Comprehensive Development Review - Environment growing by about 7 to 8 percent. The failure of the centrally planned system in South Yemen during the late 1980s caused migration
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