Lips* Cheeks* Hard / Soft Palate Uvula

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

DIGESTIVE ANATOMY REVIEW GUIDE GROSS ANATOMY Oral Cavity* (Figure / Cadaver* ) Teeth (Figure) Lips* Incisors / Canines / Premolars / Molars Cheeks* Crown Hard / Soft palate Enamel Uvula Gingiva Tongue Root Palatoglossal arches Cementum Palatopharyngeal arches Periodontal ligaments Lingual frenulum Dentin Pulp cavity Esophagus (Model) Root canal Cardiac sphincter Salivary Glands* (Figure / Cadaver*) Stomach* (Figure / Model / Cadaver*) Parotid glands* Greater / Lesser curvatures* Parotid duct Greater / Lesser omentum Submandibular glands* Cardia* / Fundus* / Body* / Pylorus* Submandibular duct Rugae Sublingual glands Pyloric sphincter* Liver* (Figure / Model / Cadaver*) Small Intestine* (Figure / Model / Cadaver*) Right / Left / Caudate / Quadrate lobes* Duodenum* / Jejunum / Ileum* Falciform ligament* Mesentery* Common hepatic duct Ileocecal valve* Common bile duct* Circular folds Hepatopancreatic ampulla Large Intestine* (Figure / Model / Cadaver*) Duodenal papilla Cecum* Gallbladder* (Model / Figure / Cadaver*) Appendix Cystic duct* Ascending / Transverse colon* Descending / Sigmoid colon* Pancreas* (Figure / Model / Cadaver*) Teniae coli* Pancreatic duct Haustra* Mesocolon Rectum External / Internal anal sphincter BI 335 – Advanced Human Anatomy and Physiology Western Oregon University DIGESTIVE ANATOMY REVIEW GUIDE HISTOLOGY Alimentary Canal (Histological image / slide) Small Intestine (Histological image / slide) Mucosa Mucosa Epithelium Simple columnar epithelium Lamina propria Goblet cells Muscularis mucosae Intestinal crypts Submucosa Villi Muscularis externa Submucosa Circular / Longitudinal layers Brunner’s glands Adventitia / Serosa Peyer’s patches Muscularis externa Esophagus (Histological image / slide) Adventitia / Serosa Mucosa Note: Should be able to tell the difference between the three Stratified squamous epithelium regions of the small intestine histologically Lamina propria Large Intestine (Histological image / slide) Muscularis mucosa Mucosa Submucosa Simple columnar epithelium Esophageal glands Goblet cells Muscularis externa Intestinal crypts Circular / Longitudinal layers Submucosa Adventitia Muscularis externa Stomach (Histological image / slide) Adventitia / Serosa Mucosa Salivary Gland (Histological image / slide) Simple columnar epithelium Serous cells Lamina propria Mucous cells Muscularis mucosa Salivary duct Gastric pits Liver (Histological image / slide) Chief cells Central vein Parietal cells Hepatocytes Submucosa Liver sinusoids Esophageal glands Hepatic artery / vein Muscularis externa Oblique / Circular / Longitudinal layers Bile duct Serosa Pancreas (Histological image / slide) Acinar cells Pancreatic islet Pancreatic duct BI 335 – Advanced Human Anatomy and Physiology Western Oregon University .

Copy Link

Recommended publications

The Anatomy of the Rectum and Anal Canal
BASIC SCIENCE identify the rectosigmoid junction with conﬁdence at operation. The anatomy of the rectum The rectosigmoid junction usually lies approximately 6 cm below the level of the sacral promontory. Approached from the distal and anal canal end, however, as when performing a rigid or ﬂexible sigmoid- oscopy, the rectosigmoid junction is seen to be 14e18 cm from Vishy Mahadevan the anal verge, and 18 cm is usually taken as the measurement for audit purposes. The rectum in the adult measures 10e14 cm in length. Abstract Diseases of the rectum and anal canal, both benign and malignant, Relationship of the peritoneum to the rectum account for a very large part of colorectal surgical practice in the UK. Unlike the transverse colon and sigmoid colon, the rectum lacks This article emphasizes the surgically-relevant aspects of the anatomy a mesentery (Figure 1). The posterior aspect of the rectum is thus of the rectum and anal canal. entirely free of a peritoneal covering. In this respect the rectum resembles the ascending and descending segments of the colon, Keywords Anal cushions; inferior hypogastric plexus; internal and and all of these segments may be therefore be spoken of as external anal sphincters; lymphatic drainage of rectum and anal canal; retroperitoneal. The precise relationship of the peritoneum to the mesorectum; perineum; rectal blood supply rectum is as follows: the upper third of the rectum is covered by peritoneum on its anterior and lateral surfaces; the middle third of the rectum is covered by peritoneum only on its anterior 1 The rectum is the direct continuation of the sigmoid colon and surface while the lower third of the rectum is below the level of commences in front of the body of the third sacral vertebra.
[Show full text]
Organization of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Organization of the gastrointestinal tract Development of the Foregut, Midgut, and Hindgut Development of the alimentary canal It constitutes during the 4th week from 3 separate embryonic anlages (organs): - The stomodeum (primitive mouth) – develops on the cephalic end of the embryo, is limited by 5 frominences (frontonasal, 2 maxillary, 2 mandibular) ectoderm oropharyngeal membrane. - The primitive gut arises by incorporation of the dorsal part of the yolk sac into embryo during cephalocaudal and lateral folding of the embryo gut is connected to the yolk sac by means of the vitelline (omphalomesenteric) duct endoderm cloacal membrane - The proctodeum (anal pit) - develops on the caudal end of the embryo between future bases of lower limbs - ectoderm - while the ectoderm of the stomodeum and proctodeum as well as the endoderm of the gut differentiate into the epithelium of the alimentary canal, - The muscular and fibrous elements + visceral peritoneum derive from the splanchnic mesenchyma that surrounds the lining of the primitive gut. Development of associated glands: - (salivary glands, liver and pancreas) develop from the endoderm (ectoderm) that gives rise to specific cells (hepatocytes, exo- and endocrine cells of the pancreas (the parenchyma) DERIVATIVES OF THE PRIMITIVE GUT The foregut: . the pharynx and branchiogenic organs . the lower respiratory tract . the esophagus . the stomach . the duodenum proximal to the opening of the bile duct . the liver and pancreas + the biliary apparatus The midgut: . the small intestines, including the part of the duodenum distal to the opening of the bile duct . the caecum and appendix . the ascending colon . the transverse colon The hindgut: . the descending colon . the sigmoid colon .
[Show full text]
The Oesophagus Lined with Gastric Mucous Membrane by P
Thorax: first published as 10.1136/thx.8.2.87 on 1 June 1953. Downloaded from Thorax (1953), 8, 87. THE OESOPHAGUS LINED WITH GASTRIC MUCOUS MEMBRANE BY P. R. ALLISON AND A. S. JOHNSTONE Leeds (RECEIVED FOR PUBLICATION FEBRUARY 26, 1953) Peptic oesophagitis and peptic ulceration of the likely to find its way into the museum. The result squamous epithelium of the oesophagus are second- has been that pathologists have been describing ary to regurgitation of digestive juices, are most one thing and clinicians another, and they have commonly found in those patients where the com- had the same name. The clarification of this point petence ofthecardia has been lost through herniation has been so important, and the description of a of the stomach into the mediastinum, and have gastric ulcer in the oesophagus so confusing, that been aptly named by Barrett (1950) " reflux oeso- it would seem to be justifiable to refer to the latter phagitis." In the past there has been some dis- as Barrett's ulcer. The use of the eponym does not cussion about gastric heterotopia as a cause of imply agreement with Barrett's description of an peptic ulcer of the oesophagus, but this point was oesophagus lined with gastric mucous membrane as very largely settled when the term reflux oesophagitis " stomach." Such a usage merely replaces one was coined. It describes accurately in two words confusion by another. All would agree that the the pathology and aetiology of a condition which muscular tube extending from the pharynx down- is a common cause of digestive disorder.
[Show full text]
Comparative Anatomy of the Lower Respiratory Tract of the Gray Short-Tailed Opossum (Monodelphis Domestica) and North American Opossum (Didelphis Virginiana)
University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 12-2001 Comparative Anatomy of the Lower Respiratory Tract of the Gray Short-tailed Opossum (Monodelphis domestica) and North American Opossum (Didelphis virginiana) Lee Anne Cope University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Animal Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Cope, Lee Anne, "Comparative Anatomy of the Lower Respiratory Tract of the Gray Short-tailed Opossum (Monodelphis domestica) and North American Opossum (Didelphis virginiana). " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2001. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/2046 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Lee Anne Cope entitled "Comparative Anatomy of the Lower Respiratory Tract of the Gray Short-tailed Opossum (Monodelphis domestica) and North American Opossum (Didelphis virginiana)." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Animal Science. Robert W. Henry, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Dr. R.B. Reed, Dr. C. Mendis-Handagama, Dr. J. Schumacher, Dr. S.E. Orosz Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R.
[Show full text]
48 Anal Canal
Anal Canal The rectum is a relatively straight continuation of the colon about 12 cm in length. Three internal transverse rectal valves (of Houston) occur in the distal rectum. Infoldings of the submucosa and the inner circular layer of the muscularis externa form these permanent sickle- shaped structures. The valves function in the separation of flatus from the developing fecal mass. The mucosa of the first part of the rectum is similar to that of the colon except that the intestinal glands are slightly longer and the lining epithelium is composed primarily of goblet cells. The distal 2 to 3 cm of the rectum forms the anal canal, which ends at the anus. Immediately proximal to the pectinate line, the intestinal glands become shorter and then disappear. At the pectinate line, the simple columnar intestinal epithelium makes an abrupt transition to noncornified stratified squamous epithelium. After a short transition, the noncornified stratified squamous epithelium becomes continuous with the keratinized stratified squamous epithelium of the skin at the level of the external anal sphincter. Beneath the epithelium of this region are simple tubular apocrine sweat glands, the circumanal glands. Proximal to the pectinate line, the mucosa of the anal canal forms large longitudinal folds called rectal columns (of Morgagni). The distal ends of the rectal columns are united by transverse mucosal folds, the anal valves. The recess above each valve forms a small anal sinus. It is at the level of the anal valves that the muscularis mucosae becomes discontinuous and then disappears. The submucosa of the anal canal contains numerous veins that form a large hemorrhoidal plexus.
[Show full text]
The Digestive System
Connective tissue The Digestive System Part 1 Structure of digestive system Functions Basic Structure of the Alimentary Canal Wall Tube is made up of four layers: 1. Mucosa 2. Submucosa 3. Muscularis externa 4. Serosa (Peritoneum) or Adventitia Mucosa The innermost wall of the alimentary tube. Consists of: • Epithelium - usually simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells; may be stratified squamous if protection is needed (e.g. esophagus) • Lamina propria – loose connective tissue • Muscularis mucosae – takes part in the formation of folds Submucosa Made up of loose connective tissue. Contains submucosal (Meissner’s) nervous plexus and blood vessels, sometimes glands. Muscularis externa Usually two layers of smooth muscle: • inner circular layer • outer longitudinal layer. • Myenteric (Auerbach’s) nervous plexus in between • Responsible for peristalsis (controlled by the nerve plexus) Outer membrane • A serous membrane/peritoneum consisting of the mesothelium (simple squamous epithelium), and a small amount of underlying loose connective tissue. • Or adventitia consisting only of connective tissue is found where the wall of the tube is directly attached or fixed to adjoining structures (i.e., body wall and certain organs). Enteric nervous system The Alimentary Canal Pharynx Common respiratory and digestive pathway (both air and swallowed food and drinks pass through). • Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium • Lamina propria contains many elastic fibers • No muscularis mucosae • No submucosa • Striated muscle in the muscularis externa Esophagus Fixed muscular tube that delivers food and liquid from the pharynx to the stomach. Esophagus Epithelium - stratified squamous Mucosal and submucosal glands of the esophagus secrete mucus to lubricate and protect the luminal wall. Esophageal glands proper lie in the submucosa.
[Show full text]
Vestibule Lingual Frenulum Tongue Hyoid Bone Trachea (A) Soft Palate
Mouth (oral cavity) Parotid gland Tongue Sublingual gland Salivary Submandibular glands gland Esophagus Pharynx Stomach Pancreas (Spleen) Liver Gallbladder Transverse colon Duodenum Descending colon Small Jejunum Ascending colon intestine Ileum Large Cecum intestine Sigmoid colon Rectum Appendix Anus Anal canal © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 Nasopharynx Hard palate Soft palate Oral cavity Uvula Lips (labia) Palatine tonsil Vestibule Lingual tonsil Oropharynx Lingual frenulum Epiglottis Tongue Laryngopharynx Hyoid bone Esophagus Trachea (a) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 Upper lip Gingivae Hard palate (gums) Soft palate Uvula Palatine tonsil Oropharynx Tongue (b) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 Nasopharynx Hard palate Soft palate Oral cavity Uvula Lips (labia) Palatine tonsil Vestibule Lingual tonsil Oropharynx Lingual frenulum Epiglottis Tongue Laryngopharynx Hyoid bone Esophagus Trachea (a) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 4 Visceral peritoneum Intrinsic nerve plexuses • Myenteric nerve plexus • Submucosal nerve plexus Submucosal glands Mucosa • Surface epithelium • Lamina propria • Muscle layer Submucosa Muscularis externa • Longitudinal muscle layer • Circular muscle layer Serosa (visceral peritoneum) Nerve Gland in Lumen Artery mucosa Mesentery Vein Duct oF gland Lymphoid tissue outside alimentary canal © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 5 Diaphragm Falciform ligament Lesser Liver omentum Spleen Pancreas Gallbladder Stomach Duodenum Visceral peritoneum Transverse colon Greater omentum Mesenteries Parietal peritoneum Small intestine Peritoneal cavity Uterus Large intestine Cecum Rectum Anus Urinary bladder (a) (b) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 6 Cardia Fundus Esophagus Muscularis Serosa externa • Longitudinal layer • Circular layer • Oblique layer Body Lesser Rugae curvature of Pylorus mucosa Greater curvature Duodenum Pyloric Pyloric sphincter antrum (a) (valve) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 7 Fundus Body Rugae of mucosa Pyloric Pyloric (b) sphincter antrum © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
[Show full text]
Smoothelin Expression in the Gastrointestinal Tract: Implication in Colonic Inertia Owen T.M
RESEARCH ARTICLE Smoothelin Expression in the Gastrointestinal Tract: Implication in Colonic Inertia Owen T.M. Chan, MD, PhD,* Lauren Chiles, MD,* Mary Levy, DO,* Jing Zhai, MD, PhD,* Lisa M. Yerian, MD,w Haodong Xu, MD, PhD,z Shu-Yuan Xiao, MD,y Edy E. Soffer, MD,8 Jeffrey L. Conklin, MD,8 Deepti Dhall, MD,* Melissa E. Kahn, MD,* Bonnie L. Balzer, MD,* Mahul B. Amin, MD,* and Hanlin L. Wang, MD, PhD*z Key Words: smoothelin, colonic inertia, intestinal motility Abstract: Colonic inertia is a frustrating motility disorder to disorder, chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction, slow transit patients, clinicians, and pathologists. The pathogenesis is largely constipation unknown. The aims of this study were to: (1) characterize the expression of smoothelin, a novel smooth muscle-specific con- (Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2013;21:452–459) tractile protein expressed only by terminally differentiated smooth muscle cells, in the normal gastrointestinal (GI) tract; and (2) determine whether smoothelin is aberrantly expressed in hronic constipation is a frequent complaint, being patients with colonic inertia. A total of 57 resections of the Creported in up to 16% of women and 12% of men.1 normal GI tract (distal esophagus to left colon) were obtained Clinically, constipation and colonic motility disorders are from patients without GI motor dysfunction. Sixty-one colon defined by not only infrequent bowel movements, but also resections were obtained from patients with a clinical diagnosis other manifestations such as excessive straining, hard of colonic inertia. Smoothelin immunostaining was conducted stools, incomplete evacuation, sensation of obstruction, on full-thickness tissue sections. In the nondysmotile controls, and manual maneuvers to facilitate defecation.2,3 General strong and diffuse cytoplasmic staining for smoothelin was ob- management of constipation includes conservative thera- served in both the inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of pies, such as behavioral modification, bulking agents, os- the muscularis propria (MP) throughout the entire GI tract.
[Show full text]
Head and Neck
DEFINITION OF ANATOMIC SITES WITHIN THE HEAD AND NECK adapted from the Summary Staging Guide 1977 published by the SEER Program, and the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual Fifth Edition published by the American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging. Note: Not all sites in the lip, oral cavity, pharynx and salivary glands are listed below. All sites to which a Summary Stage scheme applies are listed at the begining of the scheme. ORAL CAVITY AND ORAL PHARYNX (in ICD-O-3 sequence) The oral cavity extends from the skin-vermilion junction of the lips to the junction of the hard and soft palate above and to the line of circumvallate papillae below. The oral pharynx (oropharynx) is that portion of the continuity of the pharynx extending from the plane of the inferior surface of the soft palate to the plane of the superior surface of the hyoid bone (or floor of the vallecula) and includes the base of tongue, inferior surface of the soft palate and the uvula, the anterior and posterior tonsillar pillars, the glossotonsillar sulci, the pharyngeal tonsils, and the lateral and posterior walls. The oral cavity and oral pharynx are divided into the following specific areas: LIPS (C00._; vermilion surface, mucosal lip, labial mucosa) upper and lower, form the upper and lower anterior wall of the oral cavity. They consist of an exposed surface of modified epider- mis beginning at the junction of the vermilion border with the skin and including only the vermilion surface or that portion of the lip that comes into contact with the opposing lip.
[Show full text]
The Small and Large Intestines∗
OpenStax-CNX module: m46512 1 The Small and Large Intestines∗ OpenStax College This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0y Abstract By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Compare and contrast the location and gross anatomy of the small and large intestines • Identify three main adaptations of the small intestine wall that increase its absorptive capacity • Describe the mechanical and chemical digestion of chyme upon its release into the small intestine • List three features unique to the wall of the large intestine and identify their contributions to its function • Identify the benecial roles of the bacterial ora in digestive system functioning • Trace the pathway of food waste from its point of entry into the large intestine through its exit from the body as feces The word intestine is derived from a Latin root meaning internal, and indeed, the two organs together nearly ll the interior of the abdominal cavity. In addition, called the small and large bowel, or colloquially the guts, they constitute the greatest mass and length of the alimentary canal and, with the exception of ingestion, perform all digestive system functions. 1 The Small Intestine Chyme released from the stomach enters the small intestine, which is the primary digestive organ in the body. Not only is this where most digestion occurs, it is also where practically all absorption occurs. The longest part of the alimentary canal, the small intestine is about 3.05 meters (10 feet) long in a living person (but about twice as long in a cadaver due to the loss of muscle tone).
[Show full text]
The Digestive System Overview of the Digestive System • Organs Are Divided Into Two Groups the Alimentary Canal and Accessory
C H A P T E R 23 The Digestive System 1 Overview of the Digestive System • Organs are divided into two groups • The alimentary canal • Mouth, pharynx, and esophagus • Stomach, small intestine, and large intestine (colon) • Accessory digestive organs • Teeth and tongue • Gallbladder, salivary glands, liver, and pancreas 2 The Alimentary Canal and Accessory Digestive Organs Mouth (oral cavity) Parotid gland Tongue Sublingual gland Salivary glands Submandibular gland Esophagus Pharynx Stomach Pancreas (Spleen) Liver Gallbladder Transverse colon Duodenum Descending colon Small intestine Jejunum Ascending colon Ileum Cecum Large intestine Sigmoid colon Rectum Anus Vermiform appendix Anal canal Figure 23.1 3 1 Digestive Processes • Ingestion • Propulsion • Mechanical digestion • Chemical digestion • Absorption • Defecation 4 Peristalsis • Major means of propulsion • Adjacent segments of the alimentary canal relax and contract Figure 23.3a 5 Segmentation • Rhythmic local contractions of the intestine • Mixes food with digestive juices Figure 23.3b 6 2 The Peritoneal Cavity and Peritoneum • Peritoneum – a serous membrane • Visceral peritoneum – surrounds digestive organs • Parietal peritoneum – lines the body wall • Peritoneal cavity – a slit-like potential space Falciform Anterior Visceral ligament peritoneum Liver Peritoneal cavity (with serous fluid) Stomach Parietal peritoneum Kidney (retroperitoneal) Wall of Posterior body trunk Figure 23.5 7 Mesenteries • Lesser omentum attaches to lesser curvature of stomach Liver Gallbladder Lesser omentum
[Show full text]
Submucosa Precedes Lamina Propria in Initiating Fibrosis in Oral Submucous Fibrosis - Evidence Based on Collagen Histochemistry
SUBMUCOSA PRECEDES LAMINA PROPRIA IN INITIATING FIBROSIS IN ORAL SUBMUCOUS FIBROSIS - EVIDENCE BASED ON COLLAGEN HISTOCHEMISTRY. *Anna P. Joseph ** R. Rajendran Abstract Oral submucous fibrosis is a chronic insidious disease and a well-recognized potentially malignant condition of the oral cavity. It is a collagen related disorder associated with betel quid chewing and characterized by progressive hyalinization of the lamina propria. Objectives: It is traditionally held that in oral submucous fibrosis the hyalinization process starts from the lamina propria and progresses to involve the submucosal tissues. However reports of some investigators suggest that on the contrary, the fibrosis starts in the submucosa and not in the juxta epithelium as previously assumed. Methods: A histochemical study comparing the pattern of collagen deposition and hyalinization in early and advanced cases of oral submucous fibrosis was done using special stain for collagen. Result & Conclusion: The results suggest that in a certain percentage of cases submucosa precedes the lamina propria in initiating fibrosis in this disease. This could have implications on the differences in clinical presentation, biological progression, neoplastic transformation and responsiveness to treatment. Introduction fibrosis (OSF) is an insidious chronic fibrotic disease and a well recognized premalignant Fibrosis, a conspicuous feature of condition that involves the oral mucosa and chronically inflamed tissue is characterized by occasionally the pharynx and the upper progressive
[Show full text]