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Elephant-‐Based Volunteer Tourism: an Exploration of Participant

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Elephant-‐Based Volunteer Tourism: an Exploration of Participant Elephant-based Volunteer Tourism: An exploration of participant experiences and reflections on captive elephant welfare in Thailand by Madyson Taylor A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Arts in Recreation and Leisure Studies (Tourism) Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2018 © Madyson Taylor 2018 AUTHORS DECLARATION I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. ii ABSTRACT Due to the diverse forms of interaction between humans and animals, particularly in tourism settings, it is no surprise that there has been growing scholarship evaluating its intersection (Cohen, 2009; Fennell, 2012 a,b,c, 2013, 2014, 2015). In recent decades, social science researchers have begun to take up these intersections via tourist experiences encountering wildlife (Markwell, 2015) with a critical subtheme of captive animals as visitor attractions. Informed by eco-feminist philosophy, a case study of elephant-based voluntourism in Thailand is the focus in this scholarship. The purpose of this qualitative research was to understand volunteer tourist perspectives of captive elephant tourism in Thailand. Objectives of this research were to interpret stories and meanings of elephant welfare held by volunteer tourists and assess the potential of volunteer tourism to aid in the improvement of captive elephant welfare. Stories were weaved using tenets of narrative analysis (Glover, 2003; Polkinghorne, 1995) oriented through an eco-feminist lens. Interview data revealed that the process of engagement in elephant welfare and volunteering has resulted in participants feeling a moral responsibility to continue forms of advocacy. The data provides context from which to analyze and think critically about care and welfare and how these pieces may interact to influence the operative nature of tourism enterprises and the wellbeing of captive elephants. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I first must thank my Mom. I could not have dreamed this if it weren’t for the unimaginable sacrifices you have made to raise me as a single mother. Thank you for not just believing in me but being so tremendously sure of my capabilities not just as a scholar but as a woman. Your boundless support means more than I can put into words. Thank you to my advisor and guide Dr. Bryan Grimwood for taking a chance on this project and on me. Thank you for answering my many queries, taking the time to listen and explore new ideas and for demonstrating your grace when challenges brought me to tears in your office. Having you on my team has been incredibly rewarding. Thank you to Dr. Karla Boluk, my keen committee member for taking interest in my project. You are not only a pleasure to have as a professor but also as a colleague. I want to thank you for the opportunity to guest lecture in your classes and to work for you as a Teaching Assistant. I can genuinely say that you had an immense impact on my graduate studies experience and I will cherish that as I move forward to work in the field. Thank you Dr. Heather Mair for engaging with my thesis as an independent reader. Your input and expertise are incredibly valuable to me. Participants, I am so grateful for your interest in this project but mostly I am grateful for your passion for elephant welfare. You are the ones investing precious time and money into a cause that is so dear to us. Thanks to the many hours you have worked, elephant’s lives are improving. Thank you for spreading your knowledge so we may learn and do better. To my classmates, you are the reason I have made it this far. Thank you for raising the intellectual bar and challenging me to pursue my full potential. To my dear friends, thank you for exercising patience as I navigated the complex realm of academia and for your kind words of encouragement when I needed it most. This thesis is dedicated to Baan Yen. She selflessly suffered to serve humans for over five decades. May she rest in true and complete peace. Thank you to Louise Rogerson, Director of Phuket Elephant Sanctuary, for providing her refuge and solace in her final months. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................... vii LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................................................viii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................2 1.0 Subjectivity Statement ..........................................................................................................................2 1.1 Social Contexts .........................................................................................................................................3 1.2 Scholarly Contexts ..................................................................................................................................7 1.2.1 Human-animal intersections in tourism research............................................................................... 8 1.2.2 Animal Ethics and Welfare...........................................................................................................................10 1.2.3 Voluntourism .....................................................................................................................................................10 1.3 Purpose, Objectives, Research Questions and Significance................................................... 11 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORY.......................................................... 14 2.1 Human and Non-human Animal Relationships in Tourism................................................... 14 2.1.1 Elephant-based tourism in Thailand .......................................................................................................18 2.2 Animal Welfare..................................................................................................................................... 23 2.3 Volunteer tourism ............................................................................................................................... 26 2.3.1 Elephant-based volunteer tourism...........................................................................................................29 2.4 Eco-feminism and Feminist Care Theory..................................................................................... 31 CHAPTER THREE: METHODS AND METHODOLOGY.............................................................. 35 3.0 Methodology.......................................................................................................................................... 35 3.1 Methods................................................................................................................................................... 37 3.1.1 Research Ethics.................................................................................................................................................37 3.1.2 Data Collection ..................................................................................................................................................37 3.1.3 Data Analysis and Representation............................................................................................................41 3.1.3.1 Analysis Process............................................................................................................................................43 CHAPTER FOUR: RESEARCH OUTCOMES .................................................................................. 47 4.1 Antecedents to Welfare Advocacy.................................................................................................. 47 4.1.1 Witnessing abuse on captive elephants .................................................................................................48 4.1.2 Emergence of ethical questioning.............................................................................................................50 4.1.3 Fostering connection......................................................................................................................................54 4.2 What is welfare? ................................................................................................................................... 58 4.2.1 Mahout welfare .................................................................................................................................................60 4.3 Exploring Volunteer Tourism Potential....................................................................................... 66 4.3.1 Ignorance and deception in elephant tourism ....................................................................................66 4.3.2 Opportunities to cultivate advocacy through volunteer tourism................................................74 CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................... 80 5.1 Value development and variation in volunteer perspectives............................................... 80 5.2 Growing advocacy and the possibilities of volunteer tourism ............................................
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