แนวทางการบริหารการจัดการเรียนรู้ภาษาจีนส าหรับโรงเรียนสองภาษา (ไทย-จีน) สังกัดกรุงเทพมหานคร ประกอบด้วยองค์ประกอบหลักที่ส าคัญ 4 องค์ประกอบ ได้แก่ 1) เป้าหมายและ หลักการ 2) หลักสูตรและสื่อการสอน 3) เทคนิคและวิธีการสอน และ 4) การพัฒนาผู้สอนและผู้เรียน ค าส าคัญ: แนวทาง, การบริหารการจัดการเรียนรู้ภาษาจีน, โรงเรียนสองภาษา (ไทย-จีน)

Abstract This study aimed to develop a guidelines on managing Chinese language learning for Bilingual Schools (Thai – Chinese) under the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration. The study was divided into 2 phases. Phase 1 was to investigate the present state and needs on managing Chinese language learning for Bilingual Schools (Thai – Chinese) under the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration from the perspectives of the involved personnel in Bilingual Schools (Thai – Chinese) under the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration Phase 2 was to create guidelines on managing Chinese language learning for Bilingual Schools (Thai – Chinese) under the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration and to verify the accuracy and suitability of the guidelines by interviewing experts on teaching Chinese language and school management. A questionnaire, a semi-structured interview form, and an evaluation form were used as tools for collecting data. Percentage, mean, and Standard Deviation were employed for analyzing quantitative data. Modified Priority Needs Index (PNImodified) and content analysis were used for needs assessment and analyzing qualitative data, respectively. The results of this research found that the actual state of the Chinese language learning management for Bilingual Schools (Thai – Chinese) in all aspects was at a high level ( x =4.00) and the expected state of the Chinese language learning management for Bilingual Schools (Thai – Chinese) in the overall was at the highest level ( x =4.62). The difference between the actual state and the expected state were significant different at .01 level. The Modified Priority Needs Index revealed that aspects on teaching method and learners were at a high needs (PNImodified = 0.20) and aspects on curriculum and teaching technique were at a low needs (PNImodified = 0.13 and 0.10, respectively). The guidelines on managing Chinese language learning for Bilingual Schools (Thai – Chinese) under the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration consisted of 4 main factors: 1) Goal and Principle 2) Curriculum and Teaching facility 3) Teaching technique and Teaching method and 4) Instructor and Learner Development.

Keywords: Guidelines, Chinese language learning management, Bilingual Schools (Thai – Chinese)

Vol.20 Special Issue (Septemper-October) 2018-JHSSRRU 361

“hite Elephant” the King’s Auspicious Animal

sa Klompan apa ootatansa Kan Kananapimai Khanuengnit Aiatugun an anuat antao

Astact White elephants were majestic animals living beside Thai king for ages. They were trained for many purposes, for example, being king’s vehicle both in daily life and in the war as well as being part of the royal rituals. Therefore, white elephants were seen as the king’s auspicious animal. Once the era changed, white elephants’ roles had been altered. According to Gaja Sastra, the textbook indicating the physical characteristics of good elephants, white elephants consist of seven auspicious physical characteristics: white eyes, white hard palate, white toenails, white hair, white skin or light reddish brown skin, white tail hair, and white skin or light reddish brown testis. White elephants who have all those seven characteristics are called, in Thai, “Chang Som Kan” while white elephants whose characteristics don’t fit all are called “Chang Pra Lad” or “Chang Si Pra Lad.” In addition, if elephants have black skin, banana- flower-shape ivory, and black toenails, they will be called “Chang Niam.” Although belief on elephants in Thailand was influenced from India, Thai’s belief is a bit different based on Thai culture and tradition which had been mixed between Buddhism and Brahma-Hindu. Therefore, Thai white elephants would be different from white elephants in other areas.

1Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Surindra Rajabhat University, Thailand; e-mail : [email protected] 2Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Surindra Rajabhat University, Thailand; e-mail : [email protected] 3Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Surindra Rajabhat University, Thailand; e-mail : [email protected] 4Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Surindra Rajabhat University, Thailand; e-mail : [email protected] 5Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Surindra Rajabhat University, Thailand; e-mail : [email protected] 362 Vol.20 Special Issue (Septemper-October) 2018-JHSSRRU

White elephants took their parts as Thai king’s animal because they represented the charisma of their possessors. ne eample could be seen through the biography of ord Buddha indicating that there was a white elephant appeared in Buddha mother’s dream before he was born. According to Brahmaindu belief, white elephant was a symbol of greatness, thus Buddha would become the great human being. Apart from this, relating to Brahmaindu belief, white elephants were seen as the national animal. In present, white elephants have been Thai national animals which have been legally preserved under Thai law. They also are the symbol of being Thai people. oreover, they symbolies the relationship among three institutes of Thailand nation, religion, and king. Keos lephant, White elephant, Auspicious animal, King

ntouction Asian elephants lepas aimus are found in the forest of Thailand, India, Burma, Cambodia, Sri anka, and alaysia. Asian elephants are meter tall when they are completely grown up. They are clever and could be trained to be human labor or to perform the ordered gestures. Their ears are wide and big which the rims are at the head level. Their trunks consist of only one beak. Their backs are curved. Their forelegs consist of five toenails while the hindleg toenails are only four. In Thailand, the male elephants are called “Chang Plai” as they have the ivory while the female ones, who have no ivory, are called “Chang Pang.” If the female elephant has a very short ivory, she will be called “Chang Ka Nai” while the male elephant with no ivory will be called “Chang See Dor.” oreover, there was a group of dwarf elephants which were called “Chang Kom” appeared at the seaside forest in Song Kla Province, Thailand. nfortunately, they were etinct oubert D., . Besides, Thai elephants or Asian elephants have different manners comparing to elephants in other places. They also represent the abundance of forest as elephants balance the forest ecology. In human society Anthropocene, elephants were caught and trained to be used for many purposes for eample, towing timbers, being human vehicle both in daily life and in the war, and being part of rituals. Therefore, catching elephants to be used and trained was important. That made human combined knowledges on types and specific physical characteristics of good elephants which were then called Vol.20 Special Issue (Septemper-October) 2018-JHSSRRU 363

“Kotchakam” or method of elephant catching. This was assmed as the origin of “Gaja Sastra,” the ancient tetbook indicating seven physical characteristics of good elephants which worth catching. In addition, this tetbook was inflenced by the belief on elephant in India which spread over Sotheast sia inclding Thailand. ccording to Gaja Sastra, one of the most important kind of elephants was a grop of white elephants. hite elephants consist of seven aspicios physical characteristics white eyes, white hard palate, white toenails, white hair, white skin or light reddish brown skin, white tail hair, and white skin or light reddish brown testis. hite elephants who have all those seven characteristics are called, in Thai, “Chang Som Kan” while white elephants whose characteristics don’t fit all are called “Chang Pra Lad” or “Chang Si Pra Lad.” In addition, if elephants have black skin, bananaflowershape ivory, and black toenails, they will be called “Chang Niam.” These three kinds of elephants were seen as the aspicios animals which belong only to the king. part from this, there were for families of elephants dividing de to God in rahmaind belief rahma family, Shiva family, ishn family, and gni family. Catching white elephants to be sed in royal activities needs to pay attention to the aspicios characteristics indicating in Kotchalakshanra one part of Gaja Sastra eplaining characteristics of good white elephants. elief on elephants in Thailand is partial different to the belief in India. This is de to the mitre of two religions growing in Thailand, ddhism and rahmaind. Thais integrated beliefs on Gaja Sastra rahmaind and the charisma king ddhism. That is a reason why Thais see the king as a fictional deity. s a divine king, white elephants are needed as they symbolied the high charisma of the king. This can be seen throgh Thai history that Thai Kings always have white elephants beside their thrones to be sed not only in the war bt also in royal ritals. In the reign of King ama I, Kingdom of Thailand, role and condition of white elephants were still remained. King ama I possessed ten white elephants bt the most important one was named “Phra Sawetadlayadetphahon,” a white elephant in rahma family. Those white elephants were separated and treated by the lephant Institte of Thailand which located in all parts of Thailand. ccording to Thai legislation in , white elephants were legally preserved. The legislation stated on not only how to catch and treat white elephants bt also the penalty for those who broke the law. part from being preserved by Thai legislation, white elephants are 364 Vol.20 Special Issue (Septemper-October) 2018-JHSSRRU

seen as the mascot of Thailand. This can be seen throgh logo, flag, animated cartoon, sports, torism, ambassador, or names which related to white elephants. In other words, white elephants play an important role for Thai society since the past ntil now.

hite elephants in Kotchalashana Gaja Sastra was a tetbook which was divided into two main parts Kotchalakshanra describing the physical characteristics of good and bad elephant species and Kotchagam eplaining how to catch, train, and treat wild elephants as well as the ritals and magic spells sing to control those elephants. The best elephant, relating to Kotchalakshanra, was called “White Elephant” which was assmed to have light skin tone or white skin. owever, good white elephants had no need to always have white or light skin tone, they only needed to have at least three ot of seven physical characteristics indicating in Gaja Sastra. pes o hite Elephants Transferring Gaja Sastra belief to Thai legislation , there are three kinds of white elephants Chang Sam Kan, Chang Si Pra Lad, and Chang Niam. These three kinds of white elephants are belong to Thai king. Ths, people who fond one of those kinds of white elephants both new born elephants and caght elephants mst present them to his majesty the king. The term “Chang Sam Kan” means elephants who have all seven aspicios characteristics as follow ) white eyes, ) white hard palate, ) white toenails, ) white hair, ) white or light reddish brown skin, ) white tail hair, ) white or light reddish brown testis. esides, if elephants have only one ot of those seven characteristics, they will be called “Chang Pra Lad” or “Chang Si Pra Lad.” In case that elephants have three special characteristics black skin, bananaflowershape ivory, and black toenails, they will be called “Chang Niam.”

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. Elephant amilies ccording to rahmaind belie, there were or amilies o elephants which were called ater the name o od in rahmaind. irstly, Shiva amily, elephants who were given birth by od Shiva. hey were seen as a monarch class o elephants and the one who possessed them wold have lots o wealth and power. Secondly, rahma amily, elephants who were given birth by od rahma. hey were seen as a priest class o elephants. he one who possessed them wold have long lie and be intellectal. hirdly, ishn amily, elephants who were given birth by od ishn. hey were seen as a middle class o elephants. he one who possessed them wold have victory over the enemy and be able to bring ertility to the land. Lastly, gni amily, elephants who were given birth by od gni. hey were seen as a lowest class o elephants. he one who possessed them wold be able to bring nity and restrain the war. In addition to those or amilies, there was one more elephant amily which was called “Amnuay Family.” This family was a combination of elephants in those or amilies. heir aliications were similar to the elephants in gni amily ree ongkaew, . mnay amily was divided into three categories the irst class white elephants – king’s vehicle, the secondclass white elephants – king’s vehicle in the battle ield, and the thirdclass white elephants – king’s auspicious elephants.

hite Elephants an hai King he integration o rahmaind and ddhism in hailand ormed a special version o belie on elephants. his version was blended by hai cltre, tradition, and belie o hai people as ollow. . elie on Elephants an hai King In hailand, the bond o hai King and white elephants is permanently strong based on rahmaind and ddhism belie. hey stood beside hai King as his aspicios animals who broght wealth, prosperity, and power to their possessors. In hailand, the king was seen as a ictional deity relating to rahmaind belie. e was the avatar o od Indra, the spreme deity. he brden beast o Indra was a mythological white elephant named iraavatha. hereore, when Indra was born as the king he wold have a white elephant as his vehicle. esides, one more belie on white elephants cold be seen throgh the biography o Lord ddha indicating that 366 Vol.20 Special Issue (Septemper-October) 2018-JHSSRRU

there was a white elephant appeared in Buddha mother’s dream before he was born. As white elephant symbolied the greatness, thus Buddha, who was born as the king, would become the great human being. Moreover, white elephants are seen as the symbol of kingship as they symbolie the high charisma of their possessors. Thai white elephants would be appointed the positions as if they were human. Their positions would be from the prince or princess to high government officials. This way of thought would rely on Thai belief that seeing white elephants as the head of all elephants. hite elephants an hai King in hai histo n the past, Thai elephants were used as labors and vehicles. Whenever white elephants were found, they would be presented to the king. f those white elephants had characteristics as stated in Kotchalakshanra, the king would accept and celebrate them as his auspicious animal. Accepted white elephants were called “Chang Ton” which were divided into three groups white elephants used in the war, white elephants whose characteristics fit one of seven auspicious characteristics eplaining in Kotchalakshanra, and white elephants who have got all seven auspicious characteristics. White elephants had been used in the ancient wars. They were important to Thai troops. n the battle, the king or the warlord would be on the his elephant’s back using the war scythe fighting in front of his enemy while his elephant fought with the opponent one. f the elephant was strong and was able to fight over the foe, the king or the warlord would have more chance to win the enemy or even got the victory in that battle. There were many white elephants used in the war since the period of Ayutthaya kingdom. King Borommatrai okanat, th King of Ayutthaya Kingdom, was the first king who had been presented the first white elephant of Ayutthaya Kingdom. According to this, he was named as “The White Elephant King” Somthawin Ninwilai and Sirihcai Wangcharoen, . Moreover, there was a legend of ueen Si Suriyothai, the great feminist, who was on white elephant’s back and took a battle in front of Burmese with her beloved King Maha Chakkraphat. She sacrificed herself to save her husband’s life. This brought the victory to King Maha Chakkraphat. The white elephant of King Maha Chakkraphat was called “Chao Phraya Chaiya Nupab.” After the victory over Burmese, he was named “Chao Phraya Prab Hongsa.” Besides, the white elephant of Eka Thotsarot, the king’s younger brother, was called “Chao Phraya Prab Tri Jak.” After that, in the Vol.20 Special Issue (Septemper-October) 2018-JHSSRRU 367

Kingdom of Thonburi, there was a chaotic among Thai people. Thus, the enemy took an advantage on this matter to fight over the kingdom. King Taksin was the one who gathered Thais and took a battle on his white elephant until he won the war Thai elephants in historical war, . As white elephants always appeared beside Thai king and Thai Kingdom, Thai used their figures in the national flag since in the reign of King ama . ntil the reign of King ama who changed Thai national administration, a whiteelephant figure was erased from Thai national flag Suttilak Ampanwong, . Auspicious Elephants o hai Kings Thailand has long been ruled by kings for many reigns and in each reign, elephants have taken an important role from the past until the present days. Elephants were seen as animals that enhance the prestige of every Thai king. Based on the Buddhist belief, the lord Buddha was born as a great elephant and lived up to 500 lives. Thus, this makes elephants the valuable animals of Thai people. (King’s auspicious elephants.

uhothai Kingom The st inscription stone of King am Khamhaeng stated that King am Khamhaeng the great had won the elephant battle over the Khun Samchon, the ruler of Muang Samchod. After the victory, King Ram Khamhaeng’s favorite elephant named Aruagri was dressed up with the royal elephant clothing and taken to temples around Aranyik to make merit.

Autthaa Kingom n Ayutthaya kingdom, white elephants with special characteristics were brought to the king as maestic animals as in the following details. n the reign of King ntharacha , there was one white elephant but the name was unidentified. n the reign of King Chairachathirat, there was a white elephant named Phra Chatthan. n the reign of King Maha Chakkraphat, white elephants were highly valued. There were altogether seven king’s white elephants named Phra Khachen Tharodom, Phra attanakas, Phra Kaewsongbat, Phra Borom Kraisorn, Chaophraya Boromkachen Chat Than, and a mother elephant and a baby elephant. 368 Vol.20 Special Issue (Septemper-October) 2018-JHSSRRU

In the reign of King Phetracha, there were two king’s white elephants named Phra Indra araphot and Phra Borom attanakas In the reign of King rienthrathiodi anphet III or Phra hao a, there were one king’s white elephant named Phra Borom raichak In the reign of King Borommarachathirat III, there were six king’s white elephants named Phra ichian assadin, Phra Borom atchanaken, Phra Borom ichai Khachen, Phra Borom Knchon, Phra Borom hakpanhatthi, and Phra Borom Kotchalak

honui Kingom King aksin the reat or the King of honri was gien a female white elephant efore he led his arm to rond p ang he northern part of anna Kingdom in the th to th centries fter the attle, ang rler fled with his elephant and was later on caght and a a elephant was roght to aksin the reat

attanaosin Kingom In the reign of King ama I or Phra Phtthaotfa hlalok, there were white elephants named Phra Boromkraisorn Baorspradit, Phra Boromkraisorn Baorssathan, Phra Indraaara, Phra hepknchon, Phra Boromchatthan, Phra Boromnakkhamani, Phra Borom Kotchalak kkhachen, Phra Boromnaken, Phra Boromkotchalak kkhachatdamphahatthi, and Phra Boromekthon In the reign of King ama II or Phra Phtthaloetla aphalai, there were six white elephants named, Phraa awetknchorn, Phra Boromnaken, Phra Boromhassadin, Phra Boromnaken khachentharathan, Phraa awetaara, and Phraa awetkotchalak In the reign of King ama III or King amgklao, there were white elephants named Phra Boromkotchalak, Phra Boromaara, Phra Boromnakhen, Phra Boromekthan, Phraa ongkolhassadin, Phraa ongkolnakhin, Phra Boromkraisorn, Phra Boromknchorn, Phang ongsasawan, Phra akkhanakhen, Phra Boromaares, Phra Boromsangkhathan, Phra Boromkotchalak akdisanchmprasat, Phra Boromnakkhakhachen, Phra akhenthonnakha, Phra Boromthasanakha, Phlai ipralad male elephant with nsal color, Phra Boromspharat, Phraa ongkolkatchapong, and Phlai Kraddam Vol.20 Special Issue (Septemper-October) 2018-JHSSRRU 369

In the reign of King ama I or King ongkt, there were white elephants named Phra Boromnakkhatsomat, Phra imolrattaanakirini, Phra Boromkotcharat, Phra istrattanakirini, Phra Pichainillakhan, Phra Pichai Kritsanawan, Phra isakonkrit, Phra ahasisawetwimonwan, Phang Pheakek first class, of three classes, white female elephant, Phra awetsawannaphaphan, Phang Pheakek, Phra heasiam ahaphikhanesan, hang ipralad, haophraa Praptraiak, and Phraa haianphap In the reign of King ama , there were 19 white elephants named Phra awetworawan, Phra ahaphiphankotchapong, Phra awetswaphawan, Phra hepkotcharattanakirini, Phra isawatsawetwan, Phra Boromthantaworalak, Phra awetworalak, Phra awetworasanphang, Phra awetsnthonsawat, Phra awetsakonwaropas, Phra awetriraphaphan, Phra awetworanakhen, Phlai Phea ek, Phra isawetwannipha, Phra awetdomwan, haophraa haianphap, and two Phlai ipralads male elephant with nsal color In the reign of King ama I King airadh, Phra awetwetchiraphaha was the monarch’s white elephant In the reign of King ama II King Praadhipok, Phra awetwetkotchadetdilok was the monarch’s white elephant. In the reign of King ama IIII King Bhmiol dlade, there were white elephant named Phra awetadlaadetphahon, Phra awetworarattanakri, Phra awetsrakachathan, Phra isawetspphalak, Phra awetstthawilas, Phra imilrattanakirini, Phra inararattaratkirini, Phra awetphasrakhachen, Phra heprattanakirini, and Phra Boromnakhatat ccording to the aoe mentioned reasons, elephants ths related to the hai kings, in the dimension of Brahmanind elief as stated in the aa astra lephants also represent power, wealth, perfections, and monarch In the histor aspect, white elephants are directl related to eer hai Kings as can e seen from histor where elephants were sed in man important attles throghot histor

hite elephants in pesent as ow a das, elephants are no longer sed in wars ths the role of elephants has changed pical elephants are sed for laor in the wild or the torism indstr which reslts in the deceasing roles of elephants in hai societ ea machines are sed instead of elephants ths the roles of elephants hae shifted to torism 370 Vol.20 Special Issue (Septemper-October) 2018-JHSSRRU

prposes as can e seen in rin riram ampan het hian ai an Ayutthaya’s tourism. The status of white elephants howeer has not een chane. he are still important as the are the alale an aspicios animals o hai ins an hai nation. . he cuent situation o hai elephants ccorin to he epartment o ational ars illie an lant Conservation of Thailand’ survey. It was found that there are 3,50 – wil elephants liin in consere orests in reional orests in hailan. n the west orest rop aen rachan ational ar alapra illie anctar ai ha haen illie anctar there are wil elephants. n east orest rop there are wil elephants. or the northeast orest rop on haaen– hao ai orest omple h hiao istrict am ao istrict hao ai ational ar a hraa istrict there are – wil elephants. n the soth orest rop hlon aen illie anctar there are – wil elephants an in the north orest rop there are – wils elephants. he rest o elephants in hailan are home raise elephants. rom the inormation aoe the sitation o the nmer o hai elephants is in oo conition with the rowth rate at percent an epecte to e percent in the net ear. . hai elephant conseation onseration o hai elephants has een spporte the law since ner the il lephant onseration ct il lephant onseration ct stoms ct ports an imports o oos into the inom ct illie onseration an rotection ct he or ct an rat o lephant ct . esies the acts the oernment has also promote elephant conseration in arios was inclin estalishment national pars willie protection one elephant trainin in the torism siness hai white elephant inormation center otchasan enter elephant hospital artiicial insemination in elephants elephant reistration etc. he ole o hite elephants an King humiol Aulae rin the rein o is aest in hmiol lae white elephants served as the king’s possession animals which Phra Sawetadulayadetphahon was the irst white elephant to sere the in. hra awetalaaetphahon was a secon class male white elephant in rompon amil. t was on in rai roince an promoted king’s white elephant at The Royal Elephant Stable in Dusit Palace. It was Vol.20 Special Issue (Septemper-October) 2018-JHSSRRU 371

then moved to lai angwon Palace and passed away on April 3, 00. esides The Royal Elephant Stable in Dusit Palace, there are server more Royal Elephant Stables in different places including ational Institute of Elephant in angchat district, ampang Province, Phu Phan Royal Palace, Sakon akhon Province, Chitralada arden Dusit Palace, lai angwon Palace, and ua in District, Prachuap hiri han Province where Chang Samkhan auspicious elephant and Chang Ton elephant possession of the king live. achakorn, 55 . he impotant ole o hai Kings to elephant conseation ing humibol Adulyade directly played the role of elephant conservation in Thailand by setting up a number of elephant conservation proects under the royal patronage to take care both auspicious elephants and ordinary elephants. The proects include an establishment of a aby Elephant Training Center, Thai Elephant Conservation Center, and the ational Institute of Elephant. hite elephants also symbolie honor as they appear in many honor awards from the king given to royalties, officials, people who do outstanding good deeds. This leads to the conclusion that the role of the white elephant has become the symbol of the Thai kings to indicate the importance of the people, officials, and royalties through the honor awards given to them. . he ole o hite elephants In present days in Thailand, white elephants have developed their roles alongside Thai society in different aspects. ne aspect is that white elephants were used as a symbol in the previous version of Thai national flag in King Mongkut’s reign 0 as well as in the Thai Royal avy flag. oreover, elephants are also considered a great gifts to develop international relations. In 00, ing humibol Adulyade gave elephants to ing Carl I ustaf of Sweden. In 3, elephants were announced the symbol of Thailand and used as the symbol of the 3th Asian ames in . In the same year, arch 3 was marked the elephant day of Thailand. esides, white elephants also appear in a more modern form such as in Thai national team logo in different kinds of sports where teams call themselves “Chang Suek” or ar Elephant, Thai elephant conservation animations, elephant monuments, and elephant related arts. ence, the relationship between the role of the white elephants and the king has changed through time from auspicious animals served in battles to diplomatic symbol to establish and strengthen relationships with foreign countries. In contrast 372 Vol.20 Special Issue (Septemper-October) 2018-JHSSRRU

ith the changing role o hite elehants to hai kings hite elehants still inicate hai ientit as then are seen on lags an smols an remain the smol o hailan until resent as o matter ho long the times has asse hite elehants are still a smol o hailan as ausicious animals o the kings

eeences mara Sisuchat hai Elephants in uhist iteatue an uhist At angkok ung Sil ulishing ouse ree ongkae hang he eartment o istor acult o umanities an Social Science Surinra aahat nstitute aco Cheeran . “lehantolog in Sanskrit.” AA ounal o the Asian Elephant pecialist oup ouert unting ehaviour o lion anthera leo on elehants ooonta ricana in the Choe ational ark otsana Aica ounal o Ecolog Somthain inilai an Sirichai angcharoen Elephants angkok ational Museum o earning Somthong Kerhok honicles isto o uin angha an Khuhan Surin an Kerhok ulishing house Sutthilak mhanong hai Elephants angkok Matichon rinting ouse “istor o Changes in hai lehants an hailan” nline vailale httpchangeecom etrieve on ugust “King’s Auspicious White Elephants.” nline vailale httpssamilopesscom etrieve on ugust “hai lehants in hai istorical ar” nline vailale tnescothcontents etrieve on ugust ______(2018). “aa Sastra.”nline vailale httpphameumasineatsgothitemphpiteml etrieve on ugust