Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42239-0 — Israel in the American Mind Shaul Mitelpunkt Index More Information

Index

Abu-Lughod, Ibrahim, 219 Jewish-Americans’ attitudes toward Abu Nidal Organization, 297 individual donations, 39 Adams, Eddie, 268 as non-partisan matter, 74 Advocates, The (television series), 209 rationales for, 9 Afghanistan suspicions of Israelis taking advantage of, Soviet invasion of, 289 105 Agadati, Yitzhak, 70 weapons embargo during 1950s, 34 Agnew, Spiro American Arab Affairs Council (AAAC), resigning, 186 307 Aharonson, Sarah, 157 American Enterprise Institute (AEI), 245 AIPAC (American Israel Public Affairs American Friends Service Committee, Committee), 7, 331 210 on connections between US and Israeli American Fund for Israeli Institutions military personnel, 317 (AFII), 39 inﬂuence solidifying in 1980s, 293 American Institute for Holy Land Studies, strengthening in mid-1970s, 256 149 Alitalia, 46 American Jewish Committee (AJC), Allon, Yigal 281 approving of West Bank settlements, American Jewish Congress, 210 249 Amir, Yigal, 337, 339 discussing settlement construction in West Amitay, Morris, 293 Bank, 200 Anderson, Jack, 264 seen as inspiration to Exodus, 35 Anti Defamation League (ADL), 312 Alridge, Ron, 306 AOPEC (Arab Organizations of Petroleum American aid to Israel Exporting Countries) seen as engine for modernization, 95 oil trade during October War, 194 explained by Israelis as dependent on Arabs and Israelis (television series), similarities, 190 202–14, 332 growing after October War, 201 embraced by USIA ofﬁcials, 246 Israel as lead recipient in late 20th Arad, Moshe, 208, 210, 325 century, 2 Arafat, Yasser, 226, 322 Israelis aware of aid continuing mid- during Intifada, 326 1970s, 222 invited to speak at UN, 227

369

370 Index

Arafat, Yasser (cont.) Saul Bellow worried by, 254 Menachem Begin on, 250 savoring controversy with US, 295 trying to bring PLO to negotiate in 1977, speaking against Exodus, 64 255 speaking tour in US, 261 Arens, Moshe Beirut, 297–99 and Benjamin Netanyahu, 292 marines stationed in, 298 speaking tour in US, 261 under Israeli siege, 297 Argov, Shlomo, 297 Bellow, Saul Arledge, Roone, 288 on Israel in late 1970s, 252–54 Armitage, Richard L., 317 Ben-Gurion, David Atherton, Alfred, 245, 247 announcing Jerusalem as Israel’s capital, Atlanta, 149 91 Avnery, Uri claims about Palestinian expulsions, 57 on Israel’s reaction to Sadat’s visit, 260 courting Otto Preminger, 48 skeptical about Begin’s intentions, 260 on military commitment, 17 Avoda (Israel’s labor party), 322 praising kibbutz. See Kibbutz deposed in 1977, 248 see Mapai refusing to embed journalists with troops, Avrushami, Yona, 304 33 speaking against Tel Aviv, 84 B’nai Brith, 210 unofficial influence of, 82 Baker, Howard H. Jr., 270 Berlusconi, Silvio, 335 Baldowsky, Clifford (“Baldy”), 272 Bernstein, Leonard, 147 Ball, George, 251, 336 Between the Ages (book), 238–40 on comprehensive peace plan, 242 Bialkin, Kenneth J., 312 invited to advise White House. See Black Panthers reassessment Israeli Black Panthers, 172 on US admiration of Israel, 243 sympathizing with Palestinian liberation, Banai, Margalit, 160 209 Barbour, Walworth, 88 Black Sunday (film), 193 on civilian primacy in Israel, 125 Blitzer, Wolf, 314 on Israeli attitudes to Vietnam, 110 Bolling, Landrum R., 209 on Moshe Dayan, 113 Bowie, Robert, 238 Bar-Lev, Haim, 167 Brazil Bartov, Hanoch US supporting military regime in, 80 Four Israelis and All of America, 70–71 Breira (political movement), 224 impressions of early 1970s US, 170 Brinkley, David Bayh, Birch, 104 interviewing Henry Kissinger, 269 Begin, Menachem, 294–97, 339 on media blackout outside Camp David, on Ariel Sharon, 297 270 becoming Prime Minister, 248 Brookings Institute and Christian right, 288 1975 report on Middle East, 242 depicted in Baldy cartoon, 272 Israeli officials on, 246 depicted in Bill Schorr cartoon, 273 Brzezinski, Zbigniew depicted in Bones cartoon, 251 accused as antisemitic, 256 expectations from Camp David on America’s ideological impact, 277 conference, 266 architect of Carter’s foreign policy, guest of US Navy, 278 237–43 on his image in US, 250 author of Between the Ages, 237–40 praising Carter after Camp David, 276 criticizing Israeli settlements, 263 rebuked by Carter, 262 differences with Gush Emunim, 250 and Sadat’s visit, 259 dismissed by Israelis, 250

Index 371

in Johnson White House, 237 breaking with previous conduct toward plan for Middle East, 234 Israel, 248 preference for multilateral diplomacy, cartoon collection, 274 258 close relationship with Anwar Sadat, 261 pursuing political middleground, 239 comprehensive peace plan frustrated by similarities with Henry Kissinger, 241 Israeli settlements, 262 supporting Israel during War of Attrition, concern that Israel would not offer much 171 in negotiations, 259 supposed reservations about Brookings criticized for joint declaration, 257 Report, 243 determined to negotiate an agreement, 263 Trilateral Commission, 238 disappointed by Sadat’s visit to Jerusalem, on US leadership in an interdependent 258 world, 239 early negotiations with Begin, 254 Bundy, McGeorge, 107, 237–38 expectations of Camp David conference, Burundi, 108 266 frustrated by Menachem Begin, 278 Cairo, 213, 318 Jewish American organizations against, Cambodia, 216, 305 256 Camp David Accords leadership qualities of, questioned, 264 shortcomings, 24 learning foreign policy from Zbigniew Camp David conference, 231–80. See also Brzezinski, 238 Camp David Accords looking weak due to Iran hostage crisis, benefit to participants, 274 288 Carter on, 271 losing 1980 elections, 289 Carter on, as antidote to Vietnam War, making Israelis uneasy, 250 266 neglecting Palestinian cause in Camp increasing popularity of Carter David, 273 presidency, 272, 276 on need for Palestinian homeland, 247 media blackout during, 267 plan for Middle East, 234 media praise for Carter’s achievement in, praised after Camp David conference, 271 271 militarizing US-Israeli relations, 277 as presidential candidate, 234 and naval visits to Israel, 278 on Rabin’s recalcitrance, 247 paradoxes, 231–34 seen as weak by CDM, 288 portrayed in Bill Schorr cartoon, 273 suspected as overtly moralistic, 241 providing conditions for continued as target for pro-Israel lobby, 255 conflict, 233 Carter, Rosalynn, 264 sidestepping Palestinian crisis, 278 on US as moral leader, 265 signature ceremony, 275 Center for Security and International Studies within America’s global mission, 233 (CSIS), xix, 245 Cannes film festival, 66 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 75, 289 Carmichael, Stokely, 209 detecting Soviet ship during October War, Carter, Jimmy, 332 187 alarmed by Begin’s 1977 victory, 250 fictionalized in Homeland, 330 Americans disappointed with, 264 report on 1961 Israel, 75 announcing success in Camp David, 231 Chile attacked by pro-Israel lobby, 263 US support of coup in, 80 attacking Gerald Ford in 1976 elections, “Chocolate Soldier” (song), 168 241 Christian evangelicals, 331 in Baldy cartoon, 272 sympathetic to Likud, 288 in Bill Schorr cartoon, 273 tourism to Jerusaelm, 92

372 Index

Christian evangelicals (cont.) Council for a Democratic Majority (CDM), view of Israeli military exploits, 9 288 Christopher, Warren, 339 counterculture citizen-soldier model, 4, 172 hint of, in Israel, 121, 176 crisis of, in US, 2 lack of significant, in late 1960s Israel, depreciating during Vietnam War, 165 138–39 meaning in US context, 146 diminishing in US, 181–83 dominance in pre–Vietnam War US, Damari, Shoshana, 167 5, 10 Damascus, 318 and Exodus, 42 Danes, Claire, 331 as guarantor of balance between Davis, Angela, 226 patriotism and self-interest, 4 Dayan, Moshe, 124, 339 Israel as conduit to American fascinations appointed security minister, 124 with, 11 attending Every Bastard a King, 163 Israel no longer seen as fulfilling, 13, 308 bored with ministerial life, 115 Israel seen as living up to, 2, 7, 17, 80, criticizing American waste, 115 119, 140 demonstrations against, 191 Israeli women and, 158 dismissing Egyptian Army, 184 James Coleman on, 152 eulogy to Roy Rotberg, 17 masculinity and, 160 on impending June War, 111–15 neoconservatives disinterested in, 284 as Israeli icon, 78 not reflected in actual conscription during June War, 126 terms, 5 on Memorial Day and Independence Day, civil militarism 178 definition, 126 paid by US government, 112 dominant in Israeli popular culture, promoting his book, 112 166 rising profile after Suez Crisis, 111 source of American fascination with tour in US, 261 Israel, 79 US hopes for, 111 Clinton, Hillay Rodham, 333 in Vietnam War, 111–15 Clinton, Bill, 336, 338 on West Bank settlements, 249 Cobb, Lee J., 56–57 Dayan, Yael, 129, 166, 331 Cohen, Geulah, 313 attending Every Bastard a King, 163 Cohen, Richard, 313 hosting foreign journalists in her military Coleman, James, 10, 151, 285 unit, 131 Commentary (magazine), 223, 282 in June War, 128–31 Committee on the Present Danger (CPD), on war as cleansing experience, 129 245 Dear Israelis, Dear Arabs (book). See under gaining authority under Reagan, 289 Fisher, Roger outlook on Israel, 286 Delaney, Steve, 268 Conference of Presidents of Major American Delta Force (film), 318 Jewish Organizations, 312 Israeli perceptions of, 319 Congo détente, 242 kibbutz established in, 86 Carter seen as antidote to, 237 consumer culture perceived by Sadat as obstacle to seen as corrupting US youth, 155 regaining Sinai, 184 growing legitimacy in Israel, 155 unpopularity of, 241 Israeli demand for, 85 development Israel as country with booming, 7 Israel as exporter of, 109 seen as result of American influence, 85 Israel as model for, 109

Index 373

Israel as subject of American development Eisenhower, Dwight D. efforts, 48 criticized by John F. Kennedy on Israel, 74 Israel following US recipes for, 8 election slogan, 60 Israel in developmental discourse, 75 Israeli displeasure with, 75 tied to US campaign in Vietnam, 76 pressing Israel to withdraw from Sinai Dine, Thomas A. peninsula, 195 executive director of AIPAC, 293 Eisenstat, Stuart, 257 on military relations between Israel and El Al (Israel’s national airline) US, 317 delivering footage of June War, 131 Dinitz, Simha getting Exodus contract, 46 pleading for an American airlift during Elazar, David, 220 October War, 186 Elizur, Yuval, 131 Dominican Republic, 281 Elkins, Michael, 305 Dor-Ner, Zvi, 210–12 el-Najab, Suliman, 226 Dreyfus, Alfred, 281 Elon, Amos, 331 Du Bois, W. E. B., 209 on IDF, 323 Dukakis, Michael on Israel (1967–73), 172, 188 Zbigniew Brzezinski disapproving of, 240 The Israelis (television show), 188–90 Dylan, Bob on Israel’s uniqueness, 174–76 visiting Israel, 148 on leaving Israel, 337 on Lebanon War, 308 Eagleburger, Lawrence, 292 on occupation, 337 Eban, Abba on October War, 219 criticizing Jimmy Carter, 250 in praise of Americanization, 337 on October War, 220 El-Qaeda, 330 as seen by Walt Rostow, 155 Engelberg, Stephen, 314 Egypt, 313 Eritrea, 305 airfields under attack, 124 Eshkol, Levi Arab countries severing relations with, ambivalent about Vietnam War, 109 259 appointing Dayan as security minister, Begin visiting, 259 124 perceptions of Egyptian military culture, approving of West Bank settlements, 249 136 defining life in Israel as duty, 123 post-1973 propaganda, 220–21 at Hilton opening, 101 preparing for October War, 184 insulting President Johnson, 165 propaganda after October War, 220 pressured by military leaders, 124 rebuked by American scholars, 171 reported racist attitudes toward represented in Arabs and Israelis, 213 Vietnamese, 109 in scenario 1981, 164 visiting White House, 106 signing Camp David agreement, 232 Ethiopia, 305 signing Sinai I and Sinai II with Israel, 196 Every Bastard a King (film), 162–63 tensions before June War, 123 Evron, Efraim, 165 third army during October War, 187 Exodus (film) US aid to, 277 arrival of cast and crew, 50 in War of Attrition, 171 assisting American propaganda, 53 wrong Israeli assumptions about, 184 favorable reception, 64 Eichmann, Adolf foreign journalists cover filming of, 50 captured by Mossad, 55, 311 as friend-winning tool for US, 64 filming trial of, 69 Israeli assistance to production of, US photographers allowed to depict, 69 45–49 Einstein, Arik, 167 Israeli extras participating in, 57

374 Index

Exodus (film) (cont.) Ford, Gerald R. as Israeli film, 67 in Dosh cartoon, 215 Israeli hopes behind Operation Exodus, in Ranan Lurie cartoon, 216 45 moratorium on weapons shipments to Israeli premiere of, 66 Israel, 198 Israel’s political elite socializing with stars pursuing bilateral diplomatic process, 180 of, 51 reassessment of relationship with Israel, as key for Israeli diplomacy, 68 197 as narrative of anticonquest, 43 Four Israelis and All of America (memoir) popuarlizing Zionism to moviegoers, 40 reviews of, 71 rebuke of Israeli enthusiasm with Frankel, Glenn, 325 production of, 62 Friedman, Milton reception among American moviegoers, in Gates Commission, 183 72 Friedman, Thomas, 310 reception in Israel, 64–68 on Pollard affair, 313 synopsis, 41 Friendly, Alfred, 281, 285, 331 Exodus (novel), 34, 155, 205, 322, 338 coverage of June War, 130–32 echoing familiar American tropes, 35 defined by Norman Podhoretz as anti- editing suggestions by Israeli state to, 38 Israel, 283 making Zionism accessible to Americans, on favoring Israel, 132 40 on female Israeli soldiers, 156 Exodus (novel and film), 40 on Israeli offiers as gentlemen, 131 messages of Exodus echoed in US on Israelis mobilizing for June War. See government publications, 80 citizen-soldier model; June War popularizing American sympathy to on Palestinians, 140 Israel, 34 reconsidering Israel in 1982, 299–301 recognized by Americans as fictional, 76 trajectory of changing thoughts on Israel, Expo 67, 145 301 Frye, Peter, 60 Falwell, Gerry disdain with Israeli enthusiasm around comparing Netanyahu to Reagan, 292 Exodus, 61 forming bonds with Israeli right, 288 professional revival in 1967, 169 fedayeen (Palestinian guerrillas), 142 Fulbright, J. William, 222 displaced as Palestinian icon with Intifada, 321 Gandhi, Indira, 159 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Gansa, Alex, 331 tracking Jonathan Pollard, 311 Garment, Leonard, 151 tracking pro-Palestinian groups, 219 Gaza Fisher, Roger, 10, 332 as analogous to US-Mexico border, 334 advising Cyrus Vance, 269 Intifada starting in, 320 on Americans as marriage counselors, Israeli settlements in, 150 202 occupied by Israel in 1967, 124 Dear Israelis, Dear Arabs (book), 202–3, Roy Rotberg killed near, 17 269 as territory for potential Palesitnian state, influence during Carter administration, 243 245 Gelb, Leslie and negotiation studies, 202 on election of Jimmy Carter, 236 perception of American responsibility, 204 supporting Israel during War of Attrition, seen with suspicion by Israeli officials, 171 204 Gemayel, Bashir, Israel’s plans for, 296 similarities to Jimmy Carter, 270 assassination of, 298

Index 375

Geneva Haig, Alexander, 296 Arabs and Israelis produced in, 206 letter to Menachem Begin, 297 as site of multilateral diplomacy before Haiti, 281 shuttle diplomacy, 197 Halpern, Ben, 79 George, Phyllis, 275 Hanoi, 271 Gerson, Gila Har-Even Aluf, 210 on USO, 316 Hartuv, Ilan, 48 Geva Films facilitating Leon Uris’sworkonExodus, 35 refused Eichmann trial filming contract, reporting on Exodus cast, 53 69 Hawk missile deal, 81 production of I Like Mike, 59 Hearst, William Randolph Jr., production of Tel Aviv-My Town, 96 siding with Israel, 132 protesting Israel’s turn to foreign urging US government to officially side producers, 70 with Israel, 128 Geyer, Georgie Ann, 307 Heritage Foundation, 245 Ghana, 227 Herzog, Chaim, 310 Ghareeb, Edmund, 227, 307–8 High Windows, The (band), 166 Givet, Jaques, 212 Hilton, Conrad, 102 Globus, Yoram, 318 hippies, 148 Golan, Menachem, 318 Hirshberg, Asher, 45–46 Golan Heights, 218 head of Unit for Encouragement of Israeli annexation of, 295 Film (UEIF), 45 minor adjustments following shuttle rebuked by Peter Frye, 62 diplomacy, 197 strategy for attracting foreign producers, 47 Syria protesting annexation of, 295 Histadrut, 143 Syrian forces pushing through, during Holocaust October War, 185 effect on Henry Kissinger’s attitude to Gonen, Shmuel, 220 Israel, 197 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 326 seen as rationale for Jewish state, 41, 51, Govrin, Akiva 56, 68, 104 on importance of non-Jewish tourists, Homeland (television series), 330–31 99 Hussein, King of Jordan, 322 Grant, Ulysses S., 275 informing Golda Meir of Egyptian and Greenspan, Alan Syrian attack plans, 184 and Gates Commission, 183 Grunzweig, Emil I Like Mike (film), 58–63 murdered during Peace Now march, 304 first Hebrew-speaking hit, 60 Gush Emunim, 248 as light comedy, 68 as seen by Carter White House, 250 producers reporting clash with Otto long-term plan for Israel, 249 Preminger, 67 Gush Etzion, 249 production emphasis on local Israeli pride, 62 Habib, Philip C., 296, 298 revolting against tragic-heroic depiction Hagana, 36, 38, 50, 54, 65 of Zionism, 69 Haifa, 345, 364 ridiculing Israeli groveling in front of filming of Exodus in, 48 Americans, 63 hosting US sailors, 314–16 synopsis, 59 main port for Sixth Fleet in eastern as useless for Israeli diplomacy, 69 Mediterranean, 314 Ilmer, Felix, 53 site for naval visits, 277 Inbal, Shimshon, 208–9 USS New Jersey resting in, 299 on Roger Fisher, 210

376 Index

Intifada (Palestinian uprising), 226, 286, soldiers seen as dedicated citizens, 145 320–29 as stand out among emergent nation- American perceptions of, 326–29 states, 79 start of, 320 as subject of American envy, 12 Iran as subject of an American peace- controlling price of oil in 1973, 194 promoting mission, 13 hostage crisis, 288 as terrain of hardship in 1950s, 50 US supporting 1953 coup in, 80 asked by the US to intervene in Jordan, Iraq 196 Israel bombing nuclear reactor of, 294 American perceptions of gender in, Irgun, 38 156–59 depicted in Exodus, 51 Israeli propaganda, 11 Uri Avnery as former member of, 260 agents of, corresponding with US veterans upset with Exodus, 64 journalists, 132 Israel. See also Israeli propaganda; Israelis; American susceptibility to, 14 US tourism to Israel claiming Israel is treated unfairly, 306 seen as an American colony, 88 depicting IDF as antimilitary army, 190 and American culture in, 82 depicting occupation of 1967 territories as American nation-building project, 11 as benign, 142–44 American officials advising discretion involvement in cultural production, 37 around privilege of, 108 in late 1960s, 331 Kissinger’s attitude toward, 197 Israelis focusing on questions of, instead censorship in theater, 168 of on policy choices, 262 in Christian evangelical politics, 288 limiting reporters from covering Intifada, concerns about US opinions post– 321 October War, 202 nonstate participation in, 14 as country exemplifying valor, 32, 132, 147 performed by Israeli scholars in US, 38 as country of hardened fighters, 33 promoting military narratives, 36 as a fighting society, 7, 13, 32, 36, 60, 73, self-criticism as element of, 175 193, 282, 284–86, 331 strategy during June War, 131 in neoconservative strategy, 283 use of students on US campuses, 37 in present-day political discourse, 333–36 using Palestinian spokespersons, 144 Independence Day celebrations in 1973, warning of Arab propaganda, 217 188 Israeli, Yossi, 119–20, 322 Independence Day celebrations under Israelis scrutiny, 177 critical of racial segregation in US, 88 military officers seen as commanding dejected after October War. See October through camaraderie, 136 War military seen as integrated into civilian Founders and Sons, 174 pursuits, 80 Kissinger sees as reckless. See moderates revising their reporting of, 286 reassessment nuclear capability, 82 less confident of US favor, 260 perceived like 1950s US, 150 suspicious of foreign guarantees, 260 portrayed favorably by CIA, 75 perception of US as threat among, 18 portrayed as Western democracy, 74 sense of superiority compared with radical right attacks in 1980s, 309–10 Americans, 70 right wing associating with suspicious of Americans, 70 neoconservatives, 286 worried about Kissinger’s diplomatic seen through discourse of sobriety, 76 strategy, 195 sensing American favor under threat in Israelis, The (television show). See Elon, mid-1970s, 197 Amos

Index 377

Jabotinsky, Ze’ev, 294 Kennedy, John F. “J’Accuse” (article), 281–83 criticizing Eisenhower’s policies toward Jackson, Henry M. (“Scoop”) Israel, 74 on joint declaration, 257 relationship to Israel, 34 Jaffa, 82, 91, 96 Zbigniew Brzezinski advising, 237 Janowitz, Morris, 253 Kennedy, Robert F., 109 Japan, 239 Kennerly, David Hume, 268 Jerusalem, 82, 91 Kent State University shootings, 173 drawing tourists under Jordanian rule, Kenya, 227 91 Kerman, Dani, 224 as uniniviting, 92 Kerry, John, 304 Jewish Americans Khamis, Yusuf, 143 adjudged to trust Carter more than Begin, Khayat, Aziz, 324 267 Khmer Rouge, 215 dejected with New Left following 1967, kibbutz, 85–90 141 as anti-American, 88 funding projects in Israel, 77 as commercial village, 89 immigrating to Israel, 150 as contradicting free market principles, Jewish Defense League (JDL) 89 stealing press of Rayah, 223 crisis of, 85 Jewish underground, 309–10 as edifying, 87 Johnson, John J., 79 Ein-Dor, 110 Johnson, Lyndon Baines, 74, 97 Gan-Shmuel, 111 insulted by Levi Eshkol, 165 Hafez Haim, 148 Israelis ﬂattering, 164 Israel as having outgrown, 87 Israelis honoring, 105 as model for development, 86 taking pride in Israeli development, 107 as tourist attraction, 72 Jonathan Institute, 291 Kirkpatrick, Jeane Jordan, 313 on Intifada, 325–26 clash with PLO, 196 on Operation Entebbe, 291 drawing Christian evangelical tourism, 91 Kirschen, Yaakov, 251 families interviewed in Arabs and Israelis. Kissinger, Henry, 237, 261 see: shuttle See Arabs and Israelis diplomacy King Hussein of, warning Israel of on Camp David conference, 269 October 1973 attack, 184 compared with Zbigniew Brzezinski, 240 Jordan, Hamilton, 270 on Daniel Patrick Moynihan, 228 on pro-Israel lobby, 255 directing US policy during October War, Joyce, Edward, 306 186 June War (1967), 122–37 favoring Israel, 197 buildup to, 122–24 on negotiations in wake of October War, civil-military balance during, 125 195 foreign press covering, 132 placing US forces on DEFCON 3, 187 Israeli censorship during, 132 planning for negotiations during October War, 187 Kafr Qasim massacre, 82 on psychological warfare against Israel, 199 Kahane, Meir in Ranan Lurie cartoon, 216 elected to Knesset, 310 on Roger Fisher, 245 leading JDL, 224 seeing policymaking as elite exercise, 203 Kalb, Marvin, 250 contemplating involving Soviets in Katz, Josie, 166 negotiations, 257 Keating, Kenneth B., 200 Klinghoffer, Judith, 112

378 Index

Kollek, Teddy Exodus written to flatter, 49 facilitating production of Exodus, 63 pursuing expulsions of Palestinians and receiving report on propaganda during settlement construction, 248 Suez Crisis, 33 Mapam trying to assist Leon Uris to buy land in referring to Tel Aviv Hilton in campaign, Israel, 40 103 Komer, Robert, 107 Marie Saint, Eva Kraft, Joseph, 10, 241 difficulties filming in Israel, 54 Kuwait, 194 in film Exodus, 41 Israeli reports about, 53 Laird, Melvin, 183 marine barracks attack (1982), 298 Lapham, Lewis H., 303 Mart, Michelle, 227 Lawson, Edward B., 29, 32 Marvin, Lee, 318 Lebanon, 322. See also Lebanon War Mauldin, Bill, 133–36, 146, 285, 331 Israel’s invasion of, 297 admiring Israel during wartime, 140 Lebanon War (1982), 282, 286, 296–301, 322 criticism of Vietnam War, 137 changing Al Friendly’s view of Israel, 301 depiction of soldiers in Vietnam, 134 changing moderates’ perceptions of Israel, embedded in unit with Yael Dayan, 131 310 McAlister, Melani, 178, 290, 318 compared with October War, 309 McGhee, Peter, 207 fracturing of Israeli society during, 304 McGovern, George as Israeli Vietnam War, 303 1972 primary victory, 288 Israelis on US Navy during, 299 admiring June War Israel, 140 marines in, 298 as protest politician, 235 US perceptions of Israel in, 281–87, 310 Zbigniew Brzezinski disapproving of, 240 Lehrer, Jim, 306 McGrory, Mary, 311 Lerner, Daniel, 93 McNamara, Robert, 113 Levin, Hanoch, 168 McNulty, Timothy, 302 Lewis, Anthony McPherson, Harry on Carter’s 1976 campaign, 235 praise for Israel’s 1967 victory, 127 on changing media perceptions of Israel, 308 reporting on June War, 137 Lewis, Damian, 330 Media’s War against Israel, The (book), 302 Lewis, Sam, 295 “Meeting at the Reserves” (song), 167 Liberty incident, 128 Megged, Aharon, 60 Libya, 194 Meir, Golda Likud, 322, 338 demonstrations against, following Alfred Friendly dejected with, 300 October War, 191 growing ties with Christian evangelicals, leadership as symbol of Israeli 288 progressivism, 158 winning 1977 elections, 248 receiving letter from Yosef Lotenberg, 177 Lilly Foundation, 209 resigning after October War, 178, 191 Lotenberg, Yosef, 177–78 troubled by Saleh Shabati, 105 Lurie, Ranan, 145–47, 331 Melady, Thomas Patrick, 108 cartoon depicting Kissinger and Ford, 216 mercenaries, 150 US embassy on, 146 Mili, Gjon, 69 Lustick, Ian, 335 military service in Israel, 129, 170, 189 Mankiewicz, Joseph L., 55 in Israel as partially opportunistic, 152 Mansfield, Michael, 199 in Israel post–October War, no longer Mapai, 38 seen as appealing, 185 Davar affiliated with, 102 perceived as better in Israel, 150

Index 379

as test of readiness to battle for freedom, 4 development of neoconservative think in US, 139 tanks in mid-1970s, 245 in US, diminishing popularity of Selective as divorced from citizen-soldier Service System in the US, 181 romantics, 284 in US, transition to All Volunteer Force, emerging in 1970s, 284 181–83 gaining degree of influence in Reagan Mineo, Sal White House, 290 on filming in Israel, 51–53 investing symbolic meaning in Israel, 284 ministry of information (Israel), 208 marginal during Camp David process, 277 Mitterrand, François, 335 in late 1970s, 279 Mizna, Amram, 324 perception of October War within a, 179 moderates, 332 split from moderate opinion regarding changing view of Israel, 286 Israel from mid-1970s, 13 long-held fascination with Israeli support for militarily robust Israel, 10 militarism, 286 targeting Jimmy Carter, 257 opinions of Israel after Lebanon War, 310 using Israel as litmus test of American Montreal, 145 mettle, 285 Morgenthau, Hans Zbigniew Brzezinski against, 240 supporting Israel during War of Attrition, Netanyahu, Benjamin 171 brother of Jonathan Netanyahu, 290 Moses, Alfred H. deputy chief of mission in US, 292 advising not to oppose separate peace, 267 Israel’s ambassador to UN, 292 preparing for Camp David, 266 on manipulating Americans, 339 Moskos, Charles C. Jr. on the Oslo process as façade, 338–39 on American dejection with military political rise, 293 service, 138 seen by Israelis as American product, 292 on military-civilian gap, 153 Netanyahu, Jonathan Mossad, 311 born in US, 291 Moyers, Bill, 106 leading Operation Entebbe, 291 Moynihan, Daniel Patrick New Left neoconservatives approving of, 283 and Carter’s 1976 campaign, 234 on Resolution 3379, 228 criticized by Zbigniew Brzezinski, 238 Munich Olympics (1972) exasperation with Israel’s popularity in Palestinian attack, 171, 322 US, 9 My Lai massacre, 233, 271 rebuking Israel’s occupation of Palestinian land, 141 Nalle, David, 245 supporting Palestinians in 1970s, 217 Namir, Mordechai New York Hilton, 105 fearing spread of English language, 103 Newman, Paul, 52 Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 300 in the role of Ari Ben Canaan, 41 influence feared by US, 108 and fans in Israel, 51, 55 ordering troop movement before June Israeli reports about, 53 War, 123 Nigeria, 335 Navon, Mordechai, 70 Nixon, Richard M., 74, 345 neoconservatives, 332 doctrine, 184, 203 allied with Israeli right, 287 establishing Gates Commission, 183 championing Israel in early 1980s, preoccupied with Watergate during 281–85 October War, 186 ignoring longer history of non- receiving Israeli gratitude for airlift, 187 conservative fascination with Israel, resenting Israeli connections with liberals, 285 151

380 Index

Norris, Chuck, 318 as depicted in Exodus, 41 North Vietnam, 215 claims of, delegitimized by neoconservatives, 290 Obasanjo, Olusegun, 335 depicted by Alfred Friendly, 140 October War (1973), 183–87 depicted differently during Intifada, 321 affecting television schedules, 188 gaining legitimacy in mid-1970s US, 216 American airlift to Israel during, 187 guerrillas conducting hijacking changing American understandings of operations, 142 Israel, 13, 179 hijacking Israelis, 193 Edward Said on, 220 international community supportive of Israeli casualties, 185 self-determination for, 195 perceptions of, in Israel and US, 191–94 Israel’s Palestinian citizens, 170 triggering broader interest in ideas of neglected at Camp David, 279 Roger Fisher, 204 not involved in shuttle diplomacy, 196 triggering shuffle in Israeli propaganda perceived with suspicion by Israeli operations, 208 authorities, 57 Ofra, 338 refugees interviewed in Arabs and Israelis. Operation Babylon (1981), 294 See Arabs and Israelis Operation Entebbe, 331 rejection of film Exodus, 65 captivating Americans, 290 reports on torture of, during Intifada, 323 Israeli context of dejection, 193 US views of violence performed by, 143 pivotal in rise of Benjamin Netanyahu, Palmah, 177 291 Park, Tim Adamsethel, 330 Operation Exodus, 41 Passing of Traditional Society, The (book), considered success by Israelis, 64 93 criticized by Peter Frye, 62 Peace Now frustrating Israeli film producers, 43 demonstration against Ariel Sharon, 304 tempting Israelis with trip to New York, product of civil-militarism, 253 57 Saul Bellow joins, 253 Operation Litani (1978), 253 peace process. See also Camp David Orientalism (book), 220 American attempts to lead, after October Owen, Henry War, 195–214 co-authoring Towards Peace in the Egypt and Israel calling US to lead, 259 Middle East, 244 Egypt preferring bilateral route, 258 Oz, Amos as futile, 328 as icon of Israeli introspection, 175 Israel preferring bilateral route, 196, 257 on Israel during Lebanon War, 302 joint declaration with USSR, 255 on Israel’s refusal to negotiate, 322 portrayed by Americans as noble skeptical of Begin’s readiness to negotiate, undertaking, 271 250 as transforming US engagement with world, 266 Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) US benefits of talking about, 328 clash with Jordanian authorities, 196 US discursive references to, 336 Israel’s attack on, in Beirut, 295 US efforts to lead, prior to October War, rebuked by neoconservatives, 326 196 on restraint of Intifada, 321 Pearlman, Moshe, 36 Palestinians commenting on drafts of Exodus, 36 American tendency to sidestep oppression corresponding with Leon Uris’s wife, 36 of, 15 on Exodus, 35–36 Americans forgiving Israel’s maltreatment obtaining customs exemption for Leon of, 84 Uris, 40

Index 381

Philadelphia, 169 anger at Carter’s remarks about Phnom Penh, 216 Palestinian homeland, 247 Pipes, Richard, 289 on crisis in relations with US, 251 on the Soviet Union and terrorism, during Intifada, 323 290 flattering President Johnson, 164 Podhoretz, Norman, 281–84, 300 mental exhaustion before June War, in conference on terrorism, 291 123 on Pollard espionage affair, 311 as Prime Minister after Golda Meir, on October War, 223 178 writing “J’Accuse,” 283 tensions with Jimmy Carter, 246 Pollard, Jonathan, 286, 311–14 Raff, Gideon, 330 Porat, Hanan, 249 Rafshoon, Jerry, 268 Preminger, Otto, 10, 33–67, 349 RAND Corporation, 79 accepting script changes from Israeli Rayah (newspaper), 223 officials, 49 Reagan, Ronald adapting Exodus to screen, 40 in 1980 presidential campaign, 289 choosing locations for filming Exodus, administration rebuking Israeli 44, 47, 49 government, 294 demanding state assistance, 44 on Pollard affair, 311 friendship with Meyer Weisgal, 45 protesting Israeli bombings in Lebanon, Israeli officials hanging hopes on, 36 297 Israeli press fascination with, 51 signing memorandum of understanding keeping Israeli officials on their toes, 47 on strategic cooperation, 294 meeting Asher Hirshberg, 45 targeting Gerald Ford during 1976 perceived by Israeli officials as vain, 47 elections, 240 Peter Frye’s jealousy of, 61 reassessment (1975), 197–200 reportedly snubbing Israeli filmmakers, Redman, Charles, 323 66 Reid, Ogden, 107 seeing himself as promoting cinema in Reston, James Israel, 47 on Carter’s approach to Middle East, Priel, Yossef, 292 247 Prisoners of War (television series), 330 Ribicoff, Abraham A., 293 prisoners of Zion, 313 right-wing Americans also see: Public Agenda (think tank), 236 neoconservatives Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), 202 as nondominant power in 1970s US, 179 Purks, Jim perception of Israel during and after on public relations benefits of Camp October War, 179 David conference, 268 Robeson, Paul, 209 Robinson, Marilyn, 227 Qibya massacre, 42 Rockefeller, David, 237 Quandt, William Rogers, William P., 195 co-authoring Towards Peace in the Rogers Plan, 195 Middle East, 244 Rostow, Eugene V., 325 on Jimmy Carter, 247, 263 Rostow, Walt W., 10, 79, 113, 165 recommending pressure on Begin, 259 relief that Israel won June War, 127 on Sadat, 259 thoughts about Israel’s leadership, 155 Queen of the Bathtub (musical), 169 Rotberg, Roy funeral of, 17 Rabin, Yitzhak, 124, 339 Rubinstein, Amnon, 331 as ambassador to Washington, 154 commenting on Israel 1967–73, 172 assassination of, 337, 339 on media depictions of Lebanon War, 305

382 Index

sabra, 97, 119, 156, 215 on Carter’s 1976 campaign, 235 USIS report on. See United States on Sadat’s growing popularity, 262 Information Service (USIS) Schorr, Bill Sabra and Shatila massacre, 324 cartoon of Camp David conference, 273 Israel facilitating, 298 Schute, Martin, 55 Israeli protests after, 304 Scowcroft, Brent, 198 some Israelis not regretting, 309 Search for Peace in the Middle East Sadat, Anwar, 262 (American Friends Service Committee), Americans wanting to protect, 267 210 in Baldy cartoon, 272 Segev, Tom, 60 in Bill Schorr cartoon, 273 optimism about American influence, 337 calculations prior to October War, 184 Senesh, Hanah, 157 close relationship with Jimmy Carter, 261 settlements criticized throughout Arab world, 258 Americans forgiving toward Israeli eager to get close to US, 258 construction of, 201 expectations from Camp David Seventh Day, The (book), 175 conference, 266 Shaddix, Billy, 268 opting for bilateral diplomacy, 255 Sharon, Ariel, 124, 339 popular in late 1970s US, 258 in Delta Force premier, 319 praising Carter after Camp David, 276 plan in Lebanon War, 297–308 pursuing bilateral talks with Israel, 257 on the possibility of overthrowing civilian rarely seeing Begin during negotiations, leadership, 125 270 critique of Israeli conduct during October recognizing Kissinger’s need to be seen as War, 221 diplomatic leader, 187 as security minister, 296 seen by Kissinger as flexible, 197 Shatila massacre. See Sabra and Shatila visit to Israel, 258 massacre Safire, William, 292 Shazar, Zalman, 97 Safran, Nadav, 210 Shiff, Ze’ev, 125 Said, Edward, 219–20 Shriver, Sargent, 10 about Israel during October War, 219 shuttle diplomacy, 196–200 about peace process, 328 Sinai I agreement, 196 Saigon, 216 Sinai II agreement, 200 Saleh Shabati (film), 105 Sinai peninsula, 218, 266, 271, 294, 340 Salmawy, Mohammed, 213 discussed during shuttle diplomacy, 197 Sapir, Pinhas Egyptian attempts to regain, 184 correspondence with Otto Preminger, 48 Eisenower demands Israel withdraw and production of Exodus, 45 from, 195 Saudi Arabia, 194 Israeli right protesting withdrawal from, Saunders, Harold 273 assessing Israel could not be moved Sadat focusing on bilateral channel to against its will, 127 regain, 255 author of NSC History on June War, 127 third army surrounded isolated in, 187 co-authoring Towards Peace in the Sixth Fleet, 314–18 Middle East, 244 Israelis meeting Americans during visits Sayegh, Fayez, 228 of, 317 Scenario 1981 (leaflet), 163 operations in Lebanon, 299 Schlesinger Jr., Arthur, 138 seen as strengthening US-Israeli relations, doubting Carter, 236 315 on military service as civic duty, 4 visits coinciding with diplomatic Schneider, William negotiations, 277

Index 383

visits reduced during Lebanon War, 299 Moshe Dayan memoir of, 112 visits to Israel, 318 Syria Smith, Terence, 135, 156, 158, 192–93, associated with Soviet Union, 256 275–76 families interviewed in Arabs and Israelis. socialism See Arabs and Israelis perceived to be receding in Israel, 75 Israel failing to foresee Syrian attack in seen as something Israelis need to 1973, 12 outgrow, 88 Israeli surprise invasion of, in 1967, 124 Solarz, Stephan J., 270 positions bombed by USS New Jersey, Somalia, 305 299 South Korea preparing joint attack on Israel in following kibbutz model, 86 October 1973, 184 South Vietnam, 216. See also Saigon protesting Israel’s annexation of Golan in Ranan Lurie cartoon, 216 Heights, 295 Soviet Union seen by Kissinger as inflexible, 197 invading Afghanistan, 289 shooting down Israeli aircrafts, 186 joint declaration about Middle East, tensions before June War, 123 1977, 255 US trying to bring into diplomatic negotiations with US, 326 negotiations, 256 seen as root of terrorism, 290 troop disengagement agreement, tensions before June War, 123 196 threatening intervention in October War, 187 Tabenkin, Yitzhak, 85 Sparta Tammuz, 294 Israel depicted as, after October War, Tarazi, Paul, 322 180, 192 Taylor, Telford, 56 Steinbeck, John, 1–2, 16, 285 Team B, 289 Strauss, Robert, 263 Tel Aviv, 77, 90–105 Students for Nonviolent Coordination as in American mold, 91 Committee (SNCC) as bustling, 90 criticizing Israel following June War, 141 as city of leisure, 120 Suddenly Last Summer (film), 55 as cosmopolitan, 93 Suez Canal as emblem of modernity, 93 center of War of Attrition, 171 overshadowing Jerusalem, 91 Egyptian forces crossing on October War, as scene of estrangement, 84 185 site of US embassy, 91 Egyptian forces crossing prior to June Tel Aviv Hilton, 77, 99 War, 123 construction of, 101 Egyptian forces gathering by, in 1973, opening celebrations, 102 184 popularity of, 103 Egyptian troops attacking Israeli as status symbol, 101 positions on, in 1973, 184 Tel Aviv University, 94 Israel crossing, during October War, 186 Tel Aviv – My Town (film), 95–96 Suez Crisis (1956), 195 terrorism Moshe Dayan’s reputation after, conceptualized as common threat to Israel 111 and US, 290 Israel perceived as able fighter in, 32 Thant, U, 123 Israeli propaganda shortcomings during, To Jerusalem and Back (travel memoir), 33 252 Kennedy criticizing Eisenhower over tourism. See US tourism to Israel handling of, 74 Trilateral Commission, 237

384 Index

Truman, Harry S. as propaganda channel, 99 in Baldy cartoon, 272 as threat to Israeli culture, 103 efforts to compel Israel to resettle USS Kidd (destroyer), 316 Palestinian refugees, 195 USS Liberty (technical research ship), 128, Trump, Donald J., 333–35 312 also see Liberty Incident Tunisia, 298, 322 USS New Jersey (battleship) bombing in Lebanon, 299 Unit for the Encouragement of Israeli Film USS Nimitz (aircraft carrier), 318 (UEIF), 45–49 downplaying lottery’s effect on gathering Valenti, Jack, 1 extras, 58 Vance, Cyrus enlisting 20,000 extras for Exodus, 56 differences with Gush Emunim, 250 report about Paul Newman, 53 disappointing Yitzhak Rabin, 246 United Nations (UN) founder of Public Agenda, 236 Arafat invited to speak at, 227 meeting Roger Fisher, 270 Benjamin Netanyahu as Israel’s member of Trilateral Commission, 244 ambassador, 292 plan for Middle East, 234 Jeane Kirkpatrick as ambassador, 291 Vietnam Veterans for a Just Peace, 304 Resolution 3379, 227 Vietnam Veterans Against the War, 304 Syria protest at, 295 Vietnam War US protest of treatment of Israel at, 228 as backdrop to US view of Israel, 11 United Nations Security Council Resolution Begin taunting Americans over, 295 242, 200, 232 Bill Mauldin on, 137 abandoned by Israel, 300 Brzezinski on, 237 as blueprint for agreement, 243 Carter’s need to overcome psychic United Nations Security Council Resolution wounds of, 266 338, 232 changing US attitudes toward military United Service Organizations (USO), 316 service during, 3 United States Information Agency (USIA) citizen-soldier crisis during, 2 report on Sadat, 260 human rights agenda aimed at displacing seeing Arabs and Israelis as useful memory of, 233 material, 246 Israel ambivalent about, 109 United States Information Service (USIS) Israeli students protesting, 111 bookmobile in 1960s Israel, 87 Israeli view of, 115 report about kibbutz, 90 Lebanon War as similar to, 303 report about sabra, 154–56 military service during, 181 Uris, Leon, 33–45 Moshe Dayan reporting from, 111–15 collaboration with Israeli authorities, 36 post–World War II assumptions thrown customs exemptions on behalf of, 40 into doubt during, 138 hopes that Exodus would serve Israeli shaking Americans’ faith in US role in propaganda, 36 world, 121 Israeli officials intervening on behalf of, US conscription policies before, 160 40 Viewpoint (magazine), 224–26 Israeli officials trying to manipulate, 38 Vishniak, Isabel, 212 sharing drafts with Israeli officials, 36 Vital Center, The (book), 138 US tourism to Israel as act of ambassadorship, 97 Walker, Betty, 53 booming after June War, 149 Wallace, George, 235 initiative to put tourists in kibbutz, 73 Wallis, W. Allen, 183 Israeli income from, 97 Walzer, Michael number of tourists, 99 on place of military service in society, 182

Index 385

supporting Israel during War of Attrition, WGBH, 206–8 171 producing Arabs and Israelis, 204–13 War of Attrition (1969–70), 171 as vulnerable to Israeli pressure, 210 Warren, Earl, 10 Wicker, Tom, 272 praising Israel’s development, 105 Wilson, George C., 303 Watergate scandal, 120 Winter Soldier Investigation, 175 Weathermen, 290 Wofford, Harris, 106 Weisgal, Meyer, 45 Woodward, Joanne, 55 Weizmann, Ezer, 124 Wright, Lawrence, 184, 187, 266, 270, 273 on Carter White House, 251 West Bank, 261–62, 271, 336–37 Yaqub, Salim, 220 Begin uncompromising on, 254 Yarkoni, Yafa, 167 Israelis establishing settlements in, 249 Yeger, Moshe perceptions of Israel’s occupation of, after wishing world opinion would focus on October War, 222 other conﬂicts, 306 removed from language of Camp David Yehoshua, A. B., 175 accords, 273 Yizhar, S., 175 settlements in, 300 Yoder, Edwin M., 312 as territory for future Palestinian state, Yost, Charles 243 co-authoring Towards Peace in the occupied by Israel in 1967, 126 Middle East, 244 US reluctant to stop Israeli expansion in, Young, Douglas G., 149 328 US reports on Israeli settlement in, Zaire, 227 261 Zionist Organization of America (ZOA), 74 US soft on Israel settlement in, 200 Zohar, Uri, 163