Salve Regina

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Salve Regina SALVE REGINA G0100018500143 Sacred Music from Naples Leo, Pergolesi & Scarlatti MARY-ELLEN NESI CATHERINE JONES IL COMPLESSO BAROCCO P & © 2009 SONY MUSIC ENTERTAINMENT (SWITZERLAND) www.sonyclassical.ch ALAN CURTIS SALVE REGINA Leonardo Leo (1694–1744) Alessandro Scarlatti (1660–1725) Mary-Ellen Nesi, Mezzo-soprano Salve Regina in C Minor 16 Salve Regina in C Minor 10.03 c-Moll / en ut mineur for Mezzo-soprano, strings & organ Catherine Jones, Violoncello 1 I. Largo 4.01 c-Moll / en ut majeur 2 II. Allegro 0.57 IL COMPLESSO BAROCCO 3 III. Adagio e piano 1.48 Giovanni Battista Pergolesi (1710–1736) 4 IV. Lento 3.23 Salve Regina in C Minor ALAN CURTIS 5 V. Larghetto 2.19 c-Moll / en ut majeur 6 3.03 17 3.27 VI. Largo I. Largo 1st Violins: Olivia Centurioni, Ana Liz Ojeda, Daniela Nuzzoli, Boris Begelman 18 II. Andante 0.57 2nd Violins: Dmitry Sinkovsky, Elisa Imbalzano, Marta Peroni Leonardo Leo 19 III. Largo 2.47 Violas: Gianni Maraldi, Krishna Nagaraja Salve Regina in F Major 20 IV. Andante 1.25 Cellos: Catherine Jones, Ludovico Takeshi Minasi F-Dur / en fa majeur 21 V. Andante amoroso 2.08 Double bass: Davide Nava 7 I. Largo 3.59 22 VI. Largo assai 1.35 Harpsichord and Organ: Andrea Perugi Theorbo: Pier Luigi Ciapparelli 8 II. Allegro 2.59 9 III. Largo 3.13 Giovanni Battista Pergolesi 10 3.42 IV. Allegretto Salve Regina in A Minor Recorded: 18–20 December 2008, Villa San Fermo, Lonigo, Italy 11 V. Largo 3.13 a-Moll / en la mineur Recording Producer & Editing: Andreas Werner 23 I. Largo 3.24 Produced by Giulio D’Alessio · Supporting Producer: Donna Leon · Executive Procucer: Martin Korn 0.50 Preamp/Converter: RME Micstasy. Recorded, edited and mastered in Sequoia Leonardo Leo 24 II. Allegro Design & Booklet Editing: Christine Schweitzer, Köln Concerto for Cello, Strings and 25 III. Larghetto 1.04 Cover Photo: Filippo Massellani Basso Continuo in D Minor 26 IV. Allegro 2.03 Booklet: Jordan, p. 16 · Tim Mintiens, p. 18 · Pier Luigi Ciapparelli, p. 21 d-moll / en ré mineur 27 V. Largo 2.34 Total time: 67.42 12 I. Andante grazioso 3.42 Il Complesso Barocco wishes to thank Donna Leon for having given every conceivable 13 II. Con spirito 3.13 form of support, encouragement and inspiration for this project. 14 III. Amoroso 3.37 15 2.16 IV. Allegro Il COMPLESSO BAROCCO Giudecca 317 · 30133 Venezia www.ilcomplessobarocco.com 2 3 MUTTERGOTTES IN ALLER MUNDE phon doppelchörig zu vertonen, ging man besonders im Neapel des frühen 18. Jahr - hunderts dazu über, den Textes für eine Solostimme mit Instrumentalbegleitung zu Was hätten Richard Wagner und E.T.A Hoffmann wohl über Leonardo Leos Salve setzen. Bedarf für solche Kompositionen bestand besonders an den berühmten nea - Regina-Kompositionen gesagt? Und wieso gerade sie? Ganz einfach: Sie kannten po litanischen Konservatorien, die nämlich Kirchen- wie Opernsänger ausbildeten diesen alten Neapolitaner und hatten eine andere Kirchenkomposition von ihm, und darauf bedacht sein mussten, ihre besten Kräfte solistisch zur Geltung kom- nämlich das Miserere, zu einem Musterwerk erhoben. Der Romantiker Hoffmann men zu lassen. würdigte in dem Werk – mit durchaus erhobenem Zeigefinger –„das tiefe Studium Mit seinen Salve-Regina-Vertonungen legte Leonardo Leo Kompositionen vor, die des Kontrapunkts, welches durchaus nötig ist, um im Kirchenstil zu schreiben“, um weit über Neapel hinaus zu einem Muster der Gattung wurde. Wobei der vielseitige gleichzeitig seinen eigenen Zeitgenossen vorzuwerfen, dass sie eben dieses Studium Komponist, der ab 1712 am Conservatorio Sant’Onofrio lehrte, auch in anderen Gat - „gänzlich vernachlässigten“ und dass es ihnen nur darum ginge, „zu glänzen, der tun gen stilbildend wirkte: Im alten Kirchenstil perfekt ausgebildet, war er zugleich Menge zu imponieren oder wohl gar, des schnöden Geldgewinstes wegen, dem ein Wegbereiter der komischen Oper. In seinen Salve-Regina-Kompositionen lernen augenblicklichen Zeitgeschmack zu frönen“. Doch sah er nur die eine Seite der wir Leo als einen Komponisten kennen, den sein Dresdner Kollege Johann David Medaille – sicher in Ermangelung eines Überblicks über Leos Gesamtschaffen. Denn Heinichen sicher zu jenen „Practici“ gezählt hätte, die „mit recht von dem ungesalt- auch Leo konnte und wollte es sich nicht leisten, am Geschmack seiner Zeit ge - zenen Wesen eines alzu antiquen Kirchen-Styli abzugehen pflegen“. Beide Werke nossen vorbeizukomponieren. Dafür stehen seine Vertonungen des Salve Regina: sind dabei bemerkenswert ähnlich aufgebaut: Sie sind jeweils in fünf Abschnitte Werke, die dicht an den modernen Opernstil seiner Zeit angelehnt sind. mit identischen Takt- und Tempovorschriften gegliedert, wobei die Abschnitte klar Für eine populäre und moderne Schreibart bot sich das Genre der Salve-Regina- un ter schiedene Affekte ausdeuten und doch eine Einheit bilden. Sogar die Ge - Antiphonen auch besonders an. Der Text dieser Anrufung der beliebten Mut ter - samt zahl der Takte beider Kompositionen ist gleich. Alle Aufmerksamkeit ist auf gottes stammt aus der ersten Hälfte des 11. Jahrhunderts. Im 13. Jahrhundert wurde die virtuos geführte Melodiestimme gerichtet, wobei die Instrumentalbegleitung das gesungene Salve Regina Bestandteil der Komplet: jenes mönchischen Stun den - dennoch nie leer wirkt. Bei aller äußeren Gefälligkeit ist Leo darauf bedacht, seine gebets also, das vor der Nachtruhe abgehalten wurde. Das Salve Regina wechselte Zuhörer mit subtilen und ökonomisch eingesetzten Mitteln zu rühren: So lässt er am sich dabei im liturgischen Kalender mit drei weiteren Marien-Antiphonen ab; mit An fang des Werks in F-Dur das Wort „misericordiae“ („Barmherzigkeit“) in großzü- seiner sechsmonatigen „Einsatzzeit“ zwischen Trinitatis und dem ersten Advents - gigen Kolo r aturen ertönen, um ihm erst am Wortende mit einer pikanten harmo- sonntag war es jedoch das am häufigsten gesungene Marienantiphon. Und nicht nischen Schlussformel eine wehmütige, „mitleidende“ Wendung zu verleihen. nur das: Auch außerhalb der eigentlichen Stundengebete erfreute sich das Salve Fein sinnig ist auch das bittende Wort „ostende“ („zeige uns“) am Ende des vierten Re gina großer Beliebtheit. So bildete sich im 17. Jahrhundert die Tradition aus, Sam s - Abschnitts ausgedeutet: Zunächst wird es als demütige, vorsichtige Bitte auf einem tag abends eine eigene Zeremonie zur Marienverehrung abzuhalten, bei der das Halb schl uss intoniert, um erst dann mit zuversichtlichem Nachdruck vorgetragen Salve Regina erklang und die im Volksmund „Salve-Gottesdienst“ genannt wurde. zu werden. Die Vertonung in c-Moll macht dagegen besonders durch ihren kon- War es zu Anfang der Barockzeit noch allgemein üblich gewesen, den Text der Anti - trastierenden Schlussabschnitt auf sich aufmerksam: Hier verzichtet Leo auf Dar - 4 5 stellung äußerer Virtuosität, um die Singstimme eindringlich syllabisch deklamieren Bitten erhört zu werden, denn hier gelingt es den Violinen, die Himmelsleiter ein zu lassen, wäh rend die Streicher die Worte auf dem Samtkissen einer durchgehenden beträchtliches Stück zu erklimmen – doch indem Scarlatti die Bewegung plötzlich Achtel be glei tung präsentieren. abbricht und für die abschließende Anrufung Mariens wieder in den Zwölf ach tel - Aber nicht nur in der Kirchenmusik wirkt Leo stilbildend; zunehmend wird heute takt zurückfällt, unterstreicht er, wie sehr der sündige Mensch seiner Meinung auch sein Beitrag zur Entwicklung des Solokonzerts gewürdigt. Das 1738 für den nach der Fürsprache der Mittlerin bedarf. unweit Neapels residierenden Herzog von Maddaloni geschriebene d-Moll-Kon zert Auf den ersten Blick mag Pergolesis Salve Regina in c-Moll der Musiksprache geht beispielweise einen sehr eigenen, „galanten“ Weg, der sich vom Ansatz eines Scarlattis näher stehen als der Leos – dabei hätte Pergolesi, der in Neapel ausge- Vivaldi unterscheidet: Der begleitende Streichersatz, der ohne Bratsche auskommt, bildet wurde, sogar ein Schüler Leos sein können. Doch schnell bemerkt der Hörer, ist luftiger, die Motivik ist kleinteiliger und der Dialog zwischen Solist und Be glei - dass Pergolesi auch scheinbar rückwärts gewandte Mittel wie eine reiche Har mo nik tung trotz aller Virtuosität kammermusikalisch-intimer gestaltet. auf Grundlage eines motivisch stark beteiligten Basses und intensive kontrapunk- Doch auch wenn Leo für seine und die folgende Generation als Vorbild galt – die ti sche Durcharbeitung so einzusetzen weiß, dass sie eine neue, persönliche Aus - unumstrittene Vaterfigur der sogenannten „neapolitanischen Schule“ war und drucks qualität erhalten. So reichert der zum Kompositionszeitpunkt bereits tod- blieb Alessandro Scarlatti. Er ging Leonardo Leo nicht nur als gefragter Lehrer sowie kranke Komponist den Satz mit schneidenden Dissonanzen an und lässt die ebenso als Schöpfer mustergültiger Opern und Kantaten voraus, sondern bekleidete auch schlicht wie ausdrucksstark geführte Solostimme hoch emotionale Seuf zer fi gu ren vor ihm das Amt des Hoforganisten der Kapelle des Vizekönigs von Neapel. Seine ausstoßen; er taucht die Komposition in ein bewusstes Chiaroscuro zwischen Dur reiche Harmonik, seine Vertrautheit mit dem strengen Kontrapunkt, sein großes und Moll und rührt die Zuhörer durch Überraschungsmomente wie das flehende literarisches Verständnis und nicht zuletzt sein musikdramatisches Gespür ließen Ver harren der Singstimme auf der offenen Quinte am Ende des ersten Salve-Ab schnitts. ihn selbst dann noch als anregendes Vorbild für jüngere Musiker erscheinen, als Deutlich galanter kommt hingegen Pergolesis frühere a-Moll-Vertonung
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