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Exploring Primary Justice in South Sudan Challenges, Concerns, and Elements That Work

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Exploring Primary Justice in South Sudan Challenges, Concerns, and Elements That Work Exploring Primary Justice in South Sudan Challenges, concerns, and elements that work Bruno Braak Exploring Primary Justice in South Sudan – Challenges, concerns, and elements that work Bruno Braak Colophon Exploring Primary Justice in South Sudan – Challenges, concerns, and elements that work. South Sudan country report of the project ‘Supporting Primary Justice in Insecure Contexts: South Sudan and Afghanistan’. This project was funded by NWO-WOTRO in collaboration with the Knowledge Platform on Security and Rule of Law. Carried out by: Van Vollenhoven Institute for Law, Governance, and Society, and Cordaid in cooperation with the Justice and Peace Commission of the Catholic Diocese of Tombura-Yambio Authors Bruno Braak Design: UFB Grafimedia, Leiden © 2016 VVI / Authors All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this report may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the written permission of both the copyright owner and the author(s) of the report. The views expressed and analysis put forward in this report are entirely those of the author(s) and cannot be attributed to organizations involved in the project or its donors. Contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 9 1.1 Legislative framework .................................................................................................... 10 1.2 Political context ............................................................................................................. 11 1.3 Western Equatoria State ................................................................................................ 13 1.4 Methodology .................................................................................................................. 16 1.5 Obstacles and limitations .............................................................................................. 18 1.6 Introducing the eight case studies ................................................................................ 20 2. Eight case studies on primary justice .................................................................................... 22 2.1 Women’s paths to claiming land in court .................................................................... 22 2.1.1 A brief history of women’s access to land among the Azande ......................... 22 2.1.2 Women in dispute resolution ............................................................................ 23 2.1.3 Case 1: Anne vs Peter (Yambio) ........................................................................ 25 2.1.4 Case 2: Mary vs Edward (Yambio) .................................................................... 27 2.1.5 Case 3: Suzy vs Fr Isaac (Yambio) ..................................................................... 28 2.1.6 Analysis: obstacles for women ........................................................................... 29 2.2 Customary courts and traditional authorities ............................................................ 31 2.2.1 Historical and legal position ............................................................................. 31 2.2.2 People’s use of customary courts ...................................................................... 32 2.2.3 Types of disputes ................................................................................................ 33 2.2.4 Procedures .......................................................................................................... 34 2.2.5 Sources of law ..................................................................................................... 34 2.2.6 Sentencing .......................................................................................................... 35 2.2.7 Court revenues ................................................................................................... 36 2.2.8 Position of chiefs and customary courts ........................................................... 36 2.2.9 Analysis ............................................................................................................... 37 2.3 The County Land Authority ........................................................................................ 38 2.3.1 Legal position of the CLA .................................................................................. 38 2.3.2 The establishment of the CLA in Yambio ......................................................... 39 2.3.3 The Land Dispute Committee ........................................................................... 40 2.3.4 Typical cases and responses ............................................................................... 41 2.3.5 Perceptions of the CLA ...................................................................................... 42 2.3.6 Seeing Yambio from Ezo and Maridi ................................................................ 43 2.3.7 Analysis ............................................................................................................... 43 2.4 Demarcation and land dispossession .......................................................................... 44 2.4.1 Local government: in pursuit of the Masterplan ............................................. 44 2.4.2 Justice seekers: dispossessed through demarcation .......................................... 46 2.4.3 Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 49 2.5 LRA-displaced people coming to the city .................................................................... 50 2.5.1 The LRA and civilian displacement .................................................................. 50 2.5.2 Yambio: a church vs LRA-displaced peoples .................................................... 51 2.5.3 Tombura: LRA-displaced peoples in Kony’s Area ............................................ 52 2.5.4 Ezo: Hai Nakama ............................................................................................... 53 2.5.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 53 2.6 Land disputes and ethnicity in Maridi ........................................................................ 55 2.6.1 Migration of cattle keepers ................................................................................ 55 2.6.2 SPLA-veterans in Maridi ................................................................................... 55 2.6.3 Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 56 2.7 The Mobile Court of Judge Kaya ................................................................................. 58 2.8.1 Judge sets out for Tombura ............................................................................... 58 2.8.2 Cases before the judge ....................................................................................... 58 2.8.3 Challenges and successes ................................................................................... 60 2.8.4 The case of Tombura and traditional authorities ............................................ 60 2.8.5 Cooperation statutory and customary courts .................................................. 61 2.8.6 Analysis ............................................................................................................... 62 2.8 Witchcraft and its place in court .................................................................................. 63 2.8.1 History of witchcraft among the Azande ......................................................... 63 2.8.2 Uses of witchcraft in disputes ............................................................................ 65 2.8.3 Customary dealings with witchcraft ................................................................. 66 2.8.4 Statutory dealings with witchcraft .................................................................... 67 2.8.5 The Church ........................................................................................................ 67 2.8.6 The UN ............................................................................................................... 68 2.8.7 Analysis ............................................................................................................... 68 3. Epilogue: End times or fragmented disorder? ..................................................................... 70 By Bruno Braak and Minaida Peter Giamusu Kpio 3.1 Dynamics of 2015 violence in WES ............................................................................. 71 3.2 Consequences of the fighting for civilians .................................................................. 76 3.3 Consequences of the fighting for aid delivery ............................................................. 78 3.4 Consequences of the fighting for local government and judiciary ............................ 78 3.5 Consequences of the fighting for our research ........................................................... 79 4. Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 80 4.1 An insecure context .....................................................................................................
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