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The Cowichan - Chemainus River Estuaries Status of Environmental Knowledge to 1975

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"94".\ DGE 19751'4.c. /.28 19) 89. 1 7/:137 : Col Lakt bui • (36 ax \96i . '41% • : 34 19) (Maple 59 ..• 12. , (57) , ••• 16' 62 36 1/485 20 • oo 08s• •• :2 I4@• RSh 5 . j 31 - 28 /" Burial IC R its Z-, • (' Tr if ` 14: •ui)n. 11 \ Koksiloh \ 32 fi \ Koltulah R1'er g 751• M ‘P4„>'" 110E•'.7 -141. PkI 7 .f. 28 C°31y- 31 •tc, 29'.‘ 27 29 gyM 35 5 Cowichan Boy <-.. ..'musgroe • 31,`,4 ENVIRONMENT CANADA EID439 THE COWICHAN - CHEMAINUS RIVER ESTUARIES STATUS OF ENVIRONMENTAL KNOWLEDGE TO 1975 REPORT OF THE ESTUARY WORKING GROUP DEPARTMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT REGIONAL BOARD PACIFIC REGION By LEONARD M. BELL and RONALD J. KALLMAN Under the Direction of Dr. M. Waldichuk Fisheries and Marine Service Pacific Environment Institute West Vancouver, B. C. SPECIAL ESTUARY SERIES No. 4 JANUARY 31, 1976 Aerial photograph of the Cowichan River delta (July 1972), showing Westcan Terminals log handling facilities on the right, and the construction site for the Doman sawmill (centre). Aerial photograph of the Chemainus River delta (September 1974), showing the Crofton Kraft pulp mill on the right, Chemainus Harbour (centre), and the entrance to Ladysmith Harbour on the left. Aerial photograph of the Cowichan River estuary (September 1974), showing Satellite Channel (centre) and the entrance to Saanich Inlet on the right. 1. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Table of Contents List of Appendices iv List of Figures vi List of Tables viii Abbreviations and Symbols Preface xiv Acknowledgements xviii Summary xix 1. Introduction 1 (i) General 1 (ii) Historical Perspective S 2. Geology 13 (i) Previous Geological Work 13 (ii) Regional Geology 17 (iii) Glaciation 18 (iv) Surficial Geology 21 (v) Deltaic Environments 21 1. Ladysmith Harbour 22 2. Chemainus 23 3. Cowichan 27 (vi) Soils 28 3. Climatology 30 (i) General Description 30 (ii) Climatological Stations 30 (iii) Precipitation 31 (iv) Temperature 39 (v) Wind 40 (vi) Other Parameters 40 (vii) Air Pollution Potential 41 4. Hydrology and Water Quality 43 (i) Hydrology 43 1. Cowichan and Koksilah Rivers 44 2. Chemainus River 48 (ii) Water Quality 49 li Page 5. Oceanography 56 (i) Introduction 56 (ii) General Oceanographic Characteristics 57 (iii) Tides 61 (iv) Currents 62 1. Tidal 63 2. Wind-driven 63 (v) Waves 67 (vi) Flushing Rate 68 6. Invertebrate Biology 71 (i) Terrestrial Invertebrates 71 (ii) Freshwater Invertebrates 71 1. Benthos 71 2. Zooplankton 73 (iii) Marine Invertebrates 73 1. Benthos 73 2. Plankton 79 (iv) Invertebrate Fisheries Resoprce 81 7. Fish 84 (i) General Discussion 84 1. Salmon 85 (a) Coho 86 (b) Chum 89 (c) Chinook 91 2. Steelhead 92 3. Resident Freshwater Species 93 4. Marine Species 97 (ii) The Fisheries Resource 98 1. Commercial Fishing 98 2. Sport Fishing 100 (a) Freshwater Sport Fishing 100 (b) Tidal Sport Fishing 102 3. Indian Food Fishery 103 8. Flora 104 (i) Aquatic Vegetation 104 1. Freshwater 104 111 Page 2. Marine 105 (ii) Deltaic Vegetation 107 (iii) Terrestrial Vegetation 111 9. Wildlife 115 (i) Waterfowl 115 (ii) Shorebirds 120 (iii) Gulls 120 (iv) Other Waterbirds 121 (v) Raptorial Birds 122 (vi) Other Bird Species 122 (vii) Mammals 123 (viii) Wildlife and Human Interactions 125 10.. Land and Water Use 129 (i) Present Land Use 129 (ii) Future Development 141 11. Pollution 145 (i) Water Pollution 145 1. Domestic Sewage 145 2. Pulp Mills 150 3. Logging, Log Handling and Storage 153 4. Shipping Wastes 156 5. Wastes from Recreational Activities 157 (ii) Air Pollution 157 (iii) Pollution Control Legislation 158 12. Effects of Development 159 13. Conclusion 162 14. Appendices 164 15. Glossary 247 (i) Glossary index 248 (ii) Glossary 249 16. Bibliography 261 (i) Bibliography index 262 (ii) Bibliography 263 17. Author index 318 iv. LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix Page 1.1. Sources of information 165 1.2. On-going research of the Cowichan-Chemainus rivers and their estuaries 167 1.3. Metric conversion factors 170 2.1. Geological time scale 172 2.2. Cowichan-Chemainus region soils classification 173 4.1. Cowichan-Chemainus River estuaries available streamflow data 183 6.1. List of freshwater invertebrate organisms recorded within the study region as compiled from the literature 185 6.2. List of marine invertebrate organisms recorded from the Cowichan-Chemainus River estuaries study area 189 7.1. Cowichan River anadromous fish escapement data (Can. Dept. Environ., 1973) 203 7.2. Koksilah River anadromous fish escapement data (Can. Dept. Environ., 1973) 204 7.3. Chemainus River anadromous fish escapement data (Can. Dept. Environ., 1973) 205 7.4. List of fish species recorded from the Cowichan River estuary during sampling conducted between March and September, 1973 (D. Goodman, pers. comm.) 206 7.5. List of fish species, not previously mentioned, recorded from the Cowichan-Chemainus River estuaries study region 207 7.6. Estimated participation in recreational boating by Duncan-Gulf Island and Ladysmith residents in 1973 (Mos and Harrison, 1973) 209 7.7. Salmon sport catch, fishing effort and success for tidal waters in statistical areas 17 and 18 (condensed from Salmon Sport Fishing Catch Statistics in B.C. Tidal Waters, annual reports) 210 v. LIST OF APPENDICES (cont'd). Appendix Page 8.1. List of floral species identified on the . Cowichan River estuary (Kennedy and Raymond, 1974) and Chemainus River estuary (Kennedy, in progress) 211 9.1. Species lists of birds, mammals, amphibians and reptiles of the Cowichan-Chemainus River estuaries and area, as compiled from the available literature 216 10.1. The Cowichan Estuary Task Force (1974) 226 10.2. Maps, charts and aerial photographs of the Cowichan-Chemainus region 227 11.1. Water pollution sources within the present study area (Can. Dept. Environ., 1975) 232 11.2.. Industrial air pollution sources within the present study area (Can. Dept. Environ., 1975) 238 11.3. Landfill operations within the present study area (Can. Dept. Environ., 1975) 243 13.1 Statistical data available from government agencies 245 vi. LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1.1. Cowichan-Chemainus Estuaries 2 1.2. Chemainus River, Cowichan River and Koksilah River drainage basins 3 3.1. Cowichan-Chemainus River estuaries - locations of climatological stations 32 3.2. Victoria International Airport - Wind rose percentage frequency and mean wind speed by direction - 1955 to 1972 33 3.3. Chemainus Harbour,B.C. - Wind rose percentage frequency and mean wind speed by direction - May 1971 to Dec. 1972 34 4.1. Discharge hydrograph for 1962, Cowichan River at Lake Cowichan (Sta. 08HA002) 45 4.2. Discharge hydrograph for 1970, Chemainus River near Westholme (Sta. 08HA001) 50 5.1. Chart of Stuart Channel in the vicinity of the pulp mill at Crofton, showing the effluent pipe-line and adjacent oyster leases . 59 5.2. Vertical distributions of properties in a longitudinal section A-A' through Stuart Channel, observed July 8-11, 1959 60 5.3. Polar current diagrams for observations at various depths on Station 0-2, near the site of the pulpmill outfall diffuser in Stuart Channel, July 10-12, 1957 64 5.4. Variation of current velocities at various depths over a 44-hr period of continuous observations at Station 0-2, July 10-12, 1957 ... 65 5.5. Profile of net (non-tidal) currents at Station 0-2, determined for the period, 2000 hr, July 10, to 2100 hr, July 11, 1957 .... 66 5.6. Profiles of density, Kraft-mill effluent, and dissolved oxygen concentrations at stations near the outfall in Stuart Channel during the summer of 1959 66 vii. LIST OF FIGURES (Cont'd). Figure Page 5.7. Kraft-mill effluent concentrations in vertical distributions through Stuart Channel, approximately along section A-A' shown in Fig. 5.1, as observed during different periods 69 6.1. Diagrammatic representation of fibre deposition around the Crofton pulp mill twin outfalls in July-August, 1975 75 7.1.
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