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Acta Pruhoniciana 108 2014 Výzkumný Ústav Silva Taroucy Pro Krajinu a Okrasné Zahradnictví, V

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Acta Pruhoniciana 108 2014 Výzkumný Ústav Silva Taroucy Pro Krajinu a Okrasné Zahradnictví, V ACTA PRUHONICIANA 108 2014 VÝZKUMNÝ ÚSTAV SILVA TAROUCY PRO KRAJINU A OKRASNÉ ZAHRADNICTVÍ, V. V. I. Průhonice 2014 A C T A P R U H O N I C I A N A 108 2014 Výzkumný ústav SILVA TAROUCY pro krajinu a okrasné zahradnictví, v. v. i. Průhonice 2014 Kolektiv autorů Ing. Adam Baroš, Ing. Lucia Bendíková, Ing. Lucie Medková, Ing. Eva Sojková, RNDr. et PhDr. Markéta Šantrůčková, Ph.D., doc. Ing. Ivo Tábor, CSc., Ing. Martin Weber, Ing. Jiří Velebil Výzkumný ústav Silva Taroucy pro krajinu a okrasné zahradnictví, v. v. i., Průhonice, Květnové nám. 391, 252 43 Průhonice Mgr. Peter Mackovčin, Ph.D., RNDr. Martin Jurek, Ph.D. Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Katedra geografi e, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc Mgr. Marek Havlíček, Ph.D. Výzkumný ústav Silva Taroucy pro krajinu a okrasné zahradnictví, v. v. i., odbor ekologie lesa, Lidická 25/27, 602 00 Brno Mgr. Petr Halas, Ph.D., doc. Ing. Jan Lacina, CSc. Ústav geoniky AV ČR, v. v. i., Drobného 28, 602 00 Brno RNDr. Hana Mlejnková, Ph.D. Výzkumný ústav vodohospodářský T. G. Masaryka, v. v. i., oddělení hydrologie, Mojmírovo nám. 16, 612 00 Brno Ing. Andrea Diviaková, PhD. Technická univerzita vo Zvolene, Fakulta ekológie a environmentalistiky, Katedra UNESCO pre ekologické vedomie a TUR, T. G. Masaryka 24, 963 01 Zvolen, Slovenská republika doc. Ing. Jan Wild, Ph.D., doc. RNDr. Jan Kirschner, CSc., FCBS, Ing. David Moravec, Ing. Jana Kohlová, doc. Ing. Ivo Tábor, CSc. Botanický ústav AV ČR, v. v. i., Zámek 1, 252 43 Průhonice Foto na titulní straně: Výřez německé říšské mapy 1 : 100 000 Großblatt, list 408 Olmütz (vydání III. 1945), zdroj: mapová sbírka autorů Photo on the front cover: Cut-out from Map of the German Reich (Reichs Karte), 1:100 000 Großblatt, mapsheet 408 Olmütz (fi rst edition, March 1945), source: map collection of autors Copyright © VÚKOZ, v. v. i., 2014 ISSN 1805–921X OBSAH Měření mikroklimatu jako jeden z předpokladů úspěšné introdukce okrasných dřevin ............ 5 J. Wild, J. Kirschner, D. Moravec, J. Kohlová Krajinno-ekologická významnosť vybraných biotopov v poľnohospodársky využívanej krajine Štiavnických vrchov (SR) ako kritérium pre ÚSES ................................................................... 15 A. Diviaková Změny využití krajiny u jihomoravských vodních nádrží ........................................................ 25 M. Havlíček, P. Halas, J. Lacina, H. Mlejnková Tvorba mapy zásad pro uchování památkových hodnot krajinné úpravy v okolí zámku Lázeň u Chudenic ............................................................................................................................. 37 M. Šantrůčková, A. Baroš, L. Bendíková, E. Sojková, I. Tábor, M. Weber Identifi kace a interpretace duchovního obsahu komponované krajiny na příkladu krajinné 53 památkové zóny Lembersko .................................................................................................... L. Medková, M. Weber Německé říšské mapy (Karte des Deutschen Reiches), Einheitsblatt, Grossblatt 1 : 100 000 z území České republiky ........................................................................................................... 63 P. Mackovčin, M. Jurek Genofond rodu Sorbus L. (jeřáb) v Průhonicích – historie a současný stav ................................. 73 J. Velebil Přínos Wilsona, Vilmorina a Sargenta na introdukci dřevin do Průhonic .................................. 89 I. Tábor Acta Pruhoniciana 108: 5–13, Průhonice, 2014 MĚŘENÍ MIKROKLIMATU JAKO JEDEN Z PŘEDPOKLADŮ ÚSPĚŠNÉ INTRODUKCE OKRASNÝCH DŘEVIN MICROCLIMATE MEASUREMENT AS ONE OF THE PREREQUISITES FOR SUCCESSFUL INTRODUCTION OF ORNAMENTAL TREES Jan Wild, Jan Kirschner, David Moravec, Jana Kohlová Botanický ústav AV ČR, v. v. i., Zámek 1, 252 43 Průhonice, [email protected] Abstrakt Úspěšnost introdukce okrasných dřevin se dlouhou dobu odvíjela především od zkušenosti pěstitelů, přitom jednotlivé as- pekty introdukce mají rozhodně potenciál pro alespoň dílčí formalizaci. V této práci shrnujeme klíčové aspekty introdukce a představujeme pilotní studii jednoho z nich, mikroklimatických podmínek stanoviště. Studie demonstruje nástroje a způsob měření mikroklimatu a představuje předběžné výsledky teplotní variability v zájmovém území Průhonického parku. Výsledky ukazují na poměrně významnou variabilitu přízemních teplot vzduchu a půdních teplot, a to jak v extrémních hodnotách, tak v dlouhodobějších průměrech, stejně jako významné odchylky od měření poskytovaných nejbližší meteorologickou stanicí. Standardizované postupy zjišťování mikroklimatických podmínek tak přispívají ke zpřesnění vhodných stanovišť pro introduk- ci i nároků jednotlivých okrasných dřevin a mohou se stát součástí formalizovaného postupu jejich introdukce. Klíčová slova: introdukce, okrasné dřeviny, mikroklima, digitální model terénu, Průhonický park Abstract Th e success of ornamental tree introduction was long time based mostly on the experience of botanists and gardeners, although individual aspects of the introduction have a potential to be at least partly formalized. In this paper we summarize the key aspects of the introduction and present a pilot study of one of these aspects – the microclimate. Th e study demonstrates instruments and methods of microclimate measurement and presents preliminary results of air temperature variability in the Průhonice Park. Th e results show signifi cant variability of near ground air and soil temperatures in both assessed parameters: extreme values and long term averages. We also observed signifi cant deviations from measurements provided by a standard meteorological station. Standardized methods for microclimate measurement thus contribute to more accurate estimation of suitable habitat as well as requirements of particular ornamental trees and could become a part of formalized approach to introduction. Key words: introduction, ornamental trees, microclimate, digital elevation model, the Průhonice Park ÚVOD kého managementu ve významných památkách zahradního Památky zahradního umění představují komplexní díla zalo- umění (PZU) je ovšem v moderní době narůstajícím problé- žená na znalosti estetických, technických, ale i biologických mem. Například v Průhonicích byla většina rostlinného mate- disciplín. Při jejich tvorbě, ale i následné péči je v silném pro- riálu začátkem 20. století nakupována v předních evropských, tikladu dynamický charakter živých organismů a společenstev ale i některých českých školkách a určitá část rostlinného a požadavek na stabilitu architektonické kompozice. V prů- materiálu pocházela z přímých sběrů některých cestovatelů běhu historického vývoje parků a zahrad byly tyto objekty v Číně, Koreji, na Kavkaze a ve Spojených státech, v Mexiku, obohacovány o řadu cizokrajných rostlin, které se staly ne- v Japonsku, na Sibiři, v Bosně aj. (Helebrant et al., 1985). dílnou součástí jejich kompozice. Uplatnění introdukovaných Pro nově zakládané parky a zahrady a pro obnovu či revitali- rostlin v památkách zahradního umění se rozvíjelo postupně zaci památek zahradního umění má proto potenciálně velký a vyvrcholilo v průběhu 19. a 20. století. Původně individu- význam dílčí formalizace introdukce. Pokusy formalizovat ální introdukce do jednotlivých zámeckých zahrad přerostla introdukci byly prováděny zejména pro účely urbánních až v introdukci obchodní, kdy se pěstování jednotlivých ci- a suburbánních výsadeb, v oblastech podrobně charakterizo- zokrajných dřevin začaly věnovat okrasné školky, které byly vaných územně-plánovací dokumentací, přičemž problema- prvotně založené při zámeckých zahradách (např. Průhoni- tika introdukce byla obvykle chápána jako otázka tolerance ce, Sychrov, Lednice na Moravě, Nové Dvory, Jezeří atd.), stresu (Saebø et al., 2003) a technicky vhodných stanovišť až po samostatné zahradnické školkařské fi rmy (např. Jičín, (Chunxia Wu et al., 2008). Komplexnější pohled poskytují Soudná, Molitorov apod.). Sjöman a Nielsen (2010), kteří uvádějí přehled existujících Zkušenost a zahradnický cit byly po dlouhou dobu význam- typů a zdrojů dat pro introdukci, avšak omezují problém in- ným faktorem ovlivňujícím úspěšnou introdukci, stejně tak trodukce na tři faktory: toleranci stresu, estetické hledisko jako metoda pokusu a omylu (v pozitivním slova smyslu). a funkčnost daného druhu v daných podmínkách. Dlouhodobá kontinuita introdukční koncepce a zahradnic- 5 V rámci projektu NAKI (DF12P01OVV005, Význam in- doufám, na soukromou zahradu neobyčejně bohatý sorti- trodukce a sortimentů dřevin v památkách zahradního umě- ment. Toto mi umožnilo uspořádat výsadby zajímavějším ní) jsme se zabývali rozličnými aspekty introdukce dřevin a proměnlivějším způsobem, a také vytvořit na mnoha do PZU a následující přehled ukazuje složitost metod úspěšné místech parku, kde to přirozené dispozice dovolily, resp. introdukce, pokud bereme do úvahy všechny aspekty a po- vyžadovaly, harmonické a charakteristické obrazy vegeta- koušíme se je formalizovat. ce“ (Tarouca, 1913). 5. Stupeň invazního chování daných dřevin (limitní hledisko); Klíčové metodické aspekty pro introdukci dřevin a její formalizaci metodicky vhodný postup je uveden v práci Jurševska (2007). Příklady nebezpečného invazního chování dřevin, 1. Vlastnosti dané dřeviny obecně které ve své domovině podobné jevy nevykazují, jsou čet- a) literární údaje jako vodítko pro vhodnost daného dru- né, z nejznámějších našich uveďme Robinia pseudoacacia, hu v dané klimatické oblasti (nejpoužívanějšími přehledy Ailanthus altissima, Pinus strobus, nebo Fraxinus pennsylva- jsou Rehder, 1940, Krüssmann, 1972,
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