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Munozjimenezoscar-Enero2014.Pdf UNIVERSIDAD VERACRUZANA CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIONES TROPICALES EVALUACIÓN DE LA IMPORTANCIA DE LOS ELEMENTOS DE UN PAISAJE ANTROPIZADO PARA LA RETENCIÓN DE DIVERSIDAD DE MURCIÉLAGOS EN EL ISTMO DE TEHUANTEPEC, OAXACA, MÉXICO TESIS QUE PARA OBTENER EL GRADO DE MAESTRO EN ECOLOGÍA TROPICAL PRESENTA OSCAR MUÑOZ JIMÉNEZ Comité tutorial: Dr. Juan Carlos López Acosta Dr. Rafael Villegas Patraca Dra. María Cristina Mac Swiney González XALAPA, VERACRUZ ENERO 2014 ii DEDICATORIA Para Lupita, Sofia y Victoria con todo mi amor Para Ita, la mujer que más admiro en esta vida por sacar adelante a sus hijos a pesar de las adversidades de su época iii AGRADECIMIENTOS Al consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología por la beca otorgada para realizar los estudios de posgrado (No. de Becario 361670). A la Unidad de Servicios Profesionales Altamente Especializados (USPAE) del Instituto de Ecología, A. C. por el financiamiento otorgado para la realización de la presente investigación. A la Coordinación del Posgrado del Centro de Investigaciones Tropicales por todo el apoyo académico y administrativo recibido durante mis estudios de maestría. Debo de agradecer a mucha gente que me ayudo, en diferentes etapas, a la realización de este trabajo. Me queda claro que sin este valioso apoyo los alcances de mi trabajo no hubieran sido posibles. Quisiera iniciar agradeciendo al Dr. Juan Carlos López Acosta por animarme a cursar la maestría y por haber aceptado ser mi tutor. Más allá del gran apoyo académico que siempre me dio, está la amistad que por varios años me ha ofrecido y que espero que no haya sido mermada por los inconvenientes que como estudiante le generé. A pesar de lo anterior, el haber concluido mi maestría me da tranquilidad por no haber defraudado su confianza. Igualmente estoy muy agradecido con el Dr. Rafael Villegas Patraca, mi otro tutor y Coordinador general de la USPAE, por darme la oportunidad de desarrollarme académicamente y por permitirme formar parte de su equipo de trabajo. Al Dr. Carlos Muñoz Robles por su invaluable asesoría en los temas de ecología del paisaje y las técnicas de percepción remota. Sin su apoyo no hubiera podido realizar el Capítulo II de mi tesis. De igual manera, agradezco a Veronica Osorio por su asistencia técnica en el procesamiento de la imagen de satélite y en la edición de los mapas y figuras. A la Dra. Cristina MacSweney por compartir de manera generosa todos sus conocimientos sobre los murciélagos, que me permitió mejorar sustancialmente mi trabajo. También aprovecho para agradecer al Dr. Jorge Galindo Gonzáles haber aceptado ser uno de mis lectores, fue un gran aprendizaje recibir comentarios de uno de los investigadores más reconocidos en el tema de los murciélagos en paisajes transformados. Cristina y Jorge, en diferentes etapas y en diferentes momentos contribuyeron a que eligiera a los murciélagos como objeto de estudio. ¡Muchas gracias a ambos! iv Agradezco también al Biól. Víctor Ortega y al Sr. Santiago Sinaka por su apoyo para le elaboración del estudio de vegetación. Agradezco al Dr. Odilón Sánchez Sánchez por aceptar ser mi lector, pero sobre todo le agradezco todo el apoyo en la recta final de mis estudios de posgrado. No quisiera dejar pasar la oportunidad de agradecer a mi entrañable amiga Patricia Ortiz López con quién me une una gran amistad y cariño. Hemos sido colaboradores por más de cinco años donde he recibido todo el apoyo tanto en temas laborales como personales y en todo momento ha estado ahí para animarme a seguir adelante. En el mismo tenor agradezco a Marissa Mora Acosta su amistad y compañerismo. Verdaderamente espero que sigamos colaborando juntos por mucho tiempo más, es un placer trabajar con ustedes. Sería muy difícil mencionar a cada uno de mis compañeros que me ayudaron en el desarrollo de este trabajo, pero sería injusto no agradecer a quienes me apoyaron en el trabajo duro pero placentero del campo. A continuación menciono, en orden cronológico, algunas de las personas que me ofrecieron su valiosa compañía en los trabajos de campo: Aarón, Pepe Díaz, Fernando, Claudia, Yankani, Rafael Tepatlan y, en general a todo el equipo del denominado Plan de Vigilancia quienes con su asistencia técnica facilitó mi estancia en el campo. Finalmente, agradezco a mi esposa Lupita por su paciencia, comprensión y cariño que me ofreció durante todos mis estudios de posgrado. v RESUMEN El futuro de una gran parte de la biodiversidad del planeta se encontrará en elementos del paisaje cuya matriz principal ha sido modificada por el hombre. Por lo tanto evaluar el papel que juegan los elementos del paisaje en la retención de biodiversidad es muy importante para su conservación y manejo. Los murciélagos son considerados como indicadores de los procesos de transformación del paisaje por las funciones que proveen a los ecosistemas. En este estudio evalué la diversidad de murciélagos en un paisaje antropizado y la relacioné con métricas del paisaje y la composición vegetal en cada uno de los elementos que lo comprenden. Para lo anterior utilicé técnicas de percepción remota, muestreos de vegetación y captura de murciélagos por medio de redes. En total se identificaron siete elementos del paisaje, de los cuales seis fueron incluidos en los análisis: selva mediana subperennifolia (SMS), selva baja caducifolia, acahual de selva baja caducifolia, bosque de galería, franjas de vegetación y áreas agropecuarias. Se visitó cada elemento identificado para describir la estructura y composición vegetal, se identificó un gradiente de diversidad, donde la SMS es la más diversa hasta las áreas agropecuarias como las menos diversas. Para el caso de los murciélagos el bosque de galería fue el elemento con mayor riqueza, mientras que el área agropecuaria fue la más pobre. Se resalta que en la SMS se encontraron especies características de interior de bosque que pueden ser consideradas como especies indicadoras. El presente estudio aporta evidencia para establecer que la proporción de hábitat conservado, que aún existe en el paisaje, se distribuye en seis diferentes elementos, algunos de ellos ayudan en la conectividad del paisaje, estos elementos permiten la presencia de una notable diversidad de murciélagos, por lo tanto se deben hacer esfuerzos para su conservación. Palabras clave: Composición y configuración del paisaje, ecología del paisaje, estructura de vegetación, índices de diversidad, selva baja caducifolia. vi CONTENIDO DEDICATORIA .................................................................................................................... iii AGRADECIMIENTOS ........................................................................................................ iv RESUMEN ............................................................................................................................ vi I. INTRODUCCIÓN GENERAL ............................................................................... 1 LITERATURA CITADA .................................................................................................................. 11 II. COMPOSICIÓN Y CONFIGURACIÓN DE UN PAISAJE ANTROPIZADO EN EL ISTMO DE TEHUANTEPEC, OAXACA .............................................. 17 INTRODUCCIÓN ......................................................................................................................... 18 MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS .......................................................................................................... 23 RESULTADOS ............................................................................................................................. 29 DISCUSIÓN ................................................................................................................................. 36 LITERATURA CITADA .................................................................................................................. 42 III. DIVERSIDAD VEGETAL EN UN PAISAJE ANTROPIZADO EN EL ISTMO DE TEHUANTEPEC, OAXACA .......................................................................... 48 INTRODUCCIÓN ......................................................................................................................... 49 MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS .......................................................................................................... 53 RESULTADOS ............................................................................................................................. 58 DISCUSIÓN ................................................................................................................................. 71 LITERATURA CITADA .................................................................................................................. 75 IV. DIVERSIDAD DE MURCIÉLAGOS EN UN PAISAJE ANTROPIZADO DEL ISTMO DE TEHUANTEPEC, OAXACA, MÉXICO ........................................ 90 INTRODUCCIÓN ......................................................................................................................... 91 MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS .......................................................................................................... 96 RESULTADOS ........................................................................................................................... 102 DISCUSIÓN ............................................................................................................................... 110 LITERATURA CITADA ...............................................................................................................
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