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Acta Científica Asociación De Maestros De Ciencia De Puerto Rico ACTA CIENTÍFICA ASOCIACIÓN DE MAESTROS DE CIENCIA DE PUERTO RICO VOL. 21 NÚMS. 1-3, 2007 ISSN. 1940-1148 Acta Científica ASOCIACIÓN DE MAESTROS DE CIENCIA DE PUERTO RICO Editor ACTA CIENTÍFICA es la revista multidisciplinaria de la Asociación de Maestros de Ciencia de Puerto Rico. ACTA considera para su publicación, trabajos originales en cualquier área de la ciencia, a saber, física, química, bioquí- Ariel E. Lugo mica, zoología, botánica, ecología, biomédica, medicina, ciencias terrestres, ciencias atmosféricas, psicología del com- portamiento, tecnología farmacéutica o matemáticas. Un artículo describe un estudio completo y definitivo. Una nota Editor de producción es un proyecto completo, pero más corto, que se refiere a hallazgos originales o importantes modificaciones de técnicas ya descritas. Un ensayo trata aspectos relacionados con la ciencia, pero no está basado en resultados experimentales Evelyn Pagán originales. Una revisión es un artículo que comenta la literatura más reciente sobre un tema especializado. Oficial administrativo Los manuscritos deben ser enviados en triplicado al Editor, quien los someterá a revisión crítica de revisores en Mildred Alayón área de ciencia concernida. La aceptación de trabajos debe ser escritos en español e inglés. El requisito de manuscritos enviados para publicación que el mismo no es ni ha sido presentado a otra revista científica. Contribuciones a la revista deberán ser dirigidas al Editor. Lector Jorge Morales Ariel E. Lugo Editor Acta Científica Instituto Internacional de Dasonomía Tropical Servicio Forestal Calle Ceiba 1201 Jardín Botánica Sur Río Piedras, Puerto Rico 00926-1119 Para asegurar la consideración de su manuscrito, se aconseja prepararlo de acuerdo a las siguientes INSTRUCCIO- _________________ NES PARA AUTORES: PORtaDA - Los trabajos deben ir acompañados de un resumen en español y un abstract en inglés, escrito a doble espacio y en hojas separadas, encabezadas por el título completo del trabajo traducido al español y al inglés en cada caso. El título debe ser informativo y corto, generalmente no más de 12 palabras. El autor debe indicar un título más Planta de yuca (Manihot escu- breve (no más de 40 letras), en el mismo idioma del trabajo, para ser utilizado como encabezamiento de cada lenta) según grabado del siglo página (running head). 18, en Gade 2003. - Las figuras y las fotografías deben identificarse en el reverso a lápiz con el número que le corresponde, el nombre del primer autor y título del trabajo. Debe presentarse una lista de figuras junto con las leyendas de cada una, mecanografiadas a doble espacio en hojas separadas del artículo. - Las tablas deben: mecanografiarse a doble espacio, presentarse cada tabla en hojas separadas, consecutivamen- te, tener un título breve, y ser precisas. No deben repetir material en tablas y en figuras. - Los autores deben usar el sistema métrico para sus medidas. Consúltese el Sistema Internacional de Unidades (SI) como guía en la conversión de sus medidas. Al redactar texto y preparar figuras, nótese que el sistema in- ternacional de unidades requiere: (1) el uso de términos masa o fuerza en vez de peso; (2) cuando una unidad es expresada en denominador, se debe utilizar el sólido (g.g., g/m2); para dos o más unidades en un denominador, use el sólido y un decimal (e.g., g/m2 .d); y, (3) use la “L” como el símbolo de litro. - Compagine las partes de su manuscritos en este orden: página de título, abstracto, texto, agradecimiento, literatura citada, anejos, tablas, leyendas de figuras, y figuras: Enumere todas las páginas. En general recomendamos a los autores acompañar el texto del trabajo con una lista de todos los anejos, figuras, fotografías, tablas, etc. ACTA proveerá 25 separatas de cada artículo libre de costo. El autor principal recibirá las separatas y podrá ordenar copias adicionales al momento de devolver las pruebas de galeras. El editor es responsable de los comentarios y editoriales que aparezcan sin firma. Las opiniones expresadas no son necesariamente aquellas de la Asociación de Maestros de Ciencia de Puerto Rico, ni obligan a sus miembros. Los lecto- res están cordialmente invitados a expresar sus opiniones en la sección Cartas al Editor. Esta revista no tiene propósitos comerciales y no produce beneficio económico alguno a sus editores. Acta Científica 21(1-3):1, 2007 EDITORIAL ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Este volumen de Acta Científica contiene varios artículos de tres contribuyentes prolí- ficos de esta revista. A saber: el historiador forestal Carlos M. Domínguez Cristóbal y los doctores Francisco Watlington y Frank Wadsworth. En conjunto, estos autores nos presentan interesantes artículos de corte científico pero con un sesgo histórico muy im- portante. Tratan asuntos tan variados como la celebración de la obra de dos importantes contribuyentes a las ciencias aplicadas en Puerto Rico: el Dr. George Wolcott y José Marrero; un listado de fechas importantes en la historia forestal de Puerto Rico y estimu- lantes ideas sobre plagas, el casabe y los taínos de Puerto Rico. Además, este volumen contiene trabajos y resúmenes de trabajos sobre el karso de Puerto Rico. Estos estudios se presentaron en un simposio sobre el karso en el Instituto Internacional de Dasonomía Tropical. Las páginas de Acta Científica están a la disposición de aquellos que auspi- cian simposios y actividades científicas donde se presentan trabajos de suficiente calidad que justifica su publicación. El objetivo deActa Científicaes el difundir los resultados de la actividad científica en beneficio de la educación de ciencias en Puerto Rico. Apro- vechamos esta oportunidad para anunciar que todos los números de Acta Científica, 21 volúmenes hasta el momento, están disponibles electrónicamente en: http://www.tropi- calforestry.net/ Escriba la palabra Acta en el encasillado de búsqueda, oprima “go” y podrá ver todos los números disponibles. Ariel E. Lugo Editor ASOCIACIÓN DE MAESTROS DE CIENCIA DE PUERTO RICO JUNTA DE DIRECTORES 2009-2010 Presidente Dr. Ricardo J. Morales Presidente electo Carlos Ayarza Presidenta saliente Profa. Egda Morales Secretario Prof. Daniel Vázquez Secretaria ejecutiva Laura Ortiz Tesorera Myrna Labrador Subtesorero Elliot Velázquez REPRESENTANTES DE CAPÍTULOS REGIONALES Arecibo Profa. Mayra Colón Bayamón Profa. Carmen G. Martínez Humacao Áquila Lebrón MIEMBRO EX-OFICIO COLABORADORES Profa. Nilda Doris Ramos ASESOR Dr. Ariel E. Lugo Profa. Carmen Varela Para comunicarse con la Asociación de Maestros de Ciencia o subscribirse a Acta Científica comuníquese con: Asociación de Maestros de Ciencia PO Box 362007 San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936-2007 www.amcpuertorico.org [email protected] Acta Científica 21(1-3):3-10, 2007 CASABE Y CAPACIDAD DE CARGA EN BORIKÉN AL QUINTO CENTENARIO DEL OCASO TAÍNO Francisco Watlington Linares Catedrático de Geografía Universidad de Puerto Rico, Río Piedras 00932 RESUMEN La población aborigen de Puerto Rico en la antesala de la conquista española ha sido tradicionalmente subestimada por historiadores, no obstante las observaciones de cronistas tempranos cuyos informes de altas densidades de asentamiento se han atribuido a la exageración interesada. Sin embargo, un análisis multidisciplinario de capacidad de carga geográfica sugiere que la población nativa rebasaba los límites de subsistencia sostenible y se acercaba el colapso demográfico. La invasión catalizó el colapso y ocupó un paisaje extensamente empobrecido por deforestación y erosión. ABSTRACT The indigenous population of Puerto Rico at Contact has been traditionally underestimated by historians, despite the observations by early chroniclers who reported a high settlement density, disregarded by critics as self-serving exaggerations. However, a multidisciplinary analysis of geographical carrying capacity suggests that the native population teetered on the verge of collapse from subsistence resource exhaustion when the Spanish intrusion pushed it over the edge. INTRODUCCIÓN La pestilencia probablemente llegó a Puerto Rico debilitada por distancia, mutación y mestizaje. Gran parte de la población taína de la Isla La ola de avance del patógeno habría acompañado desapareció entre el pasaje de Cristóbal Colón la multitud desesperada, algunos ya infectados, en 1493 y el comienzo de la ocupación española que huían de La Española. Procurando refugiarse definitiva por Juan Ponce de León en 1508, quince entre su parentela boricua, los que ya estaban años más tarde. En contraste con La Española y enfermos propagaron el contagio que devastaba otros arribos tempranos (Cook y Lovell 1992; Smith su patria. Sin embargo, entre los fugitivos venían 1994), el impacto epidemiológico y ecológico de la muchas mujeres preñadas por los invasores, madres conquista fue mitigado en Puerto Rico por haber prospectivas de la primera generación de mestizos sido anticipado durante una generación antes de con suficiente resistencia genética paterna para la invasión. La población indígena tuvo tiempo y asegurar la continuidad de la población autóctona.1 distancia para recomponerse de la influenza porcina Concurrentemente, según el mal se extendía, perdía introducida por Colón a La Española en su segundo _____________________ viaje (Guerra 1985, 1986), con las altas tasas de 1La inseminación masiva no fue necesariamente producto del estupro y morbilidad y mortalidad típicas de epidemias de la violencia. Como señala Ricardo Herren (1991), las sociedades ame- “suelo virgen” (Cohen
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