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LIFE is precious. THE FLORA, FAUNA, & MARINE LIFE OF SECRET BAY.

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2 THE FLORA, FAUNA & MARINE LIFE OF SECRET BAY Flora ...... 6 Fauna ...... 20 Marine Life ...... 36

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Secret Bay Resort sits on a point overlooking what is now known as Prince Rupert’s Bay. After Dominica was ceded to the British in the 1700’s, plans were drawn to make Ports- mouth the island’s capital. However, due to the prevalence of yellow fever and malaria at the time, the capital was instead relocated to its current location in Roseau. Had that been the case, how different things would have looked! The green hillsides would likely have been replaced with buildings and the necessary infrastructure, and the bay, a thriving commercial harbour, not the peaceful scene you see before you.

So instead, let’s travel into the past, to a time when the Europeans first sighted the island.

The area was known then as Ou-you-hao by the Kalinago. It was the site of a major village, and their main settlement lay safely on the upper banks of the Indian River. A rough and rugged shoreline, the beach continued around the bay interrupted only by the swamps and marshlands. Rich forests with tall old trees abutted the sand and Indian River flowed freely into the sea. The Kalinago would have hunted crabs, birds and iguanas much like their hunter gathering ancestors, but they were also farmers, and expert seafarers. They cleared portions of land to farm maize and cassava, and they fished and traded with islanders as far north as Puerto Rico in canoes carved from the gommier tree.

Dominica was uniquely located in the path of the northeasterly trade winds, and sailing ships carried on the canary current would arrive in the Caribbean through the channel between Dominica and Guadeloupe. After days at sea and in need of replenishment, Ou- you-hao, later known as Prince Rupert’s Bay was a popular stopping off point, and trading between the Europeans and Kalinago islanders ensued. Fresh water, food and wood were in high demand. Imagine the scene as it was, massive ships anchored in the forested bay and as the Kalinago islanders would greet the ships in canoes full of supplies. Because of the Kali- nago resistance, Dominica remained a raw and wild island in a time when all surrounding lands were being heavily colonized by European nations. During the time of African Slave trade, Africans who were able to escape from a neighboring island or anchored ship, would find refuge in Dominica’s forests, setting the foundations for Dominica’s thriving Maroon population, or Negre Mawon.

Over the years, the bay saw much change. Demand for wood increased as the other islands exhausted their supplies. The west coast was an ideal place for harvesting trees, and many of the large old trees that grew here quickly disappeared, changing the landscape. As agricul- ture took hold, the land became exhausted and eroded. Plants and animals were introduced and the west coast you see today is a land in recovery.

Secret Bay Resort has worked hard to preserve and re-establish the wildlife that thrives

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here. It is not just about creating a place to stay, but also capturing Dominica in a time when her land and wildlife were valued not just for what they could provide, but as cohabitants in a precious ecosystem. In this booklet, we glimpse into the flora, fauna and marine life that make up our little piece of paradise. Secret Bay offers a number of experiences which allow the explorer in each of us to be set free, as, through our experiences, we can observe, under- stand and appreciate the natural world around us.

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FLORA THE FLORA, FAUNA, WILDLIFE & MARINE LIFE OF SECRET BAY.

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With such a mountainous ter- rain, Dominica is a treasure trove of biodiversity. Secret Bay sits in the rain shadow of Dominica’s highest mountain Morne Dia- blotins, which means conditions here are drier than in other parts of the island. Known as dry scrub woodland, the naturally occur- ring vegetation found on this leeward coast has evolved ways to tolerate dry conditions, an abun- dance of sunshine and saltwater.

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Whether endemic or introduced, the flora of Dominica make for an interesting and varied landscape.

Many of the introduced plants were brought over during European col- onization, from Africa or the pacific islands where there exists similar climates.

Coccoloba pubescens Coccoloba uvifera Family name: Polygonaceae Family name: Polygonaceae Common name: Grandleaf Sea- Common name: Seagrape grape Local name: Wézinyé bòd-lamè Local name: Wézinyé Grand feuille Range: Native to Caribbean Coasts Range: Native to Caribbean Coasts Fun Facts: A popular landscaping Fun Facts: Flourishes in coastal set- plant, the reddish fruits are edible, tings due to its high salt and drought used to make jams, jellies, wine and tolerance. Large leaves can be used vinegar. It can also be used as a dye as a makeshift umbrella. and for the tanning of leather.

Pisonia fragrans Homalium racemosum Casearia decandra Flacourtiaceae Family name: Nyctaginaceae Family name: Salicaceae Family name: Wild Cherry Local name: Mapou Local name: Acoma, Hèt, White Common name: Native to Caribbean Coasts Range: Native to Tropical Americas Cogwood Range: Sometimes referred to Fun Facts: This evergreen tree Range: Native to Caribbean Coasts Fun Facts: as a honey plant due to their use common to the coast, produces pale Fun Facts: A member of the willow yellow flowers. family, its hard, heavy and strong by honeybees to collect nectar and wood is used in construction. The pollen for making honey. root and leaves are known to con- tain medicinal properties.

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Pimenta racemosa Eugenia ligustrina Clusia minor Family name: Myrtaceae Family name: Myrtaceae Family name: Combretaceae Local name: Bwa denn, Bay Leaf Local name: Birchberry, Méwiz Local name: Kaklen, Lagali, Zab- Tree Range: Native to the Caribbean wiko-mawon Range: Native to the Caribbean region Range: Native to Caribbean Region region Fun Facts: Found scattered within and Central America Fun Facts: The leaves are used in woodland forests. Fun Facts: Found in damp areas, cooking and to make bay oil which it derived its Latin name Clusia is distilled to produce bay rum. Bay from French botanist Carolus rum is used as a cologne, cleaning Clusius who is responsible for the agent or even mosquito repellent. development of the tulip, potato and chestnut.

Terminalia Catappa Ceiba pentandra (occidentalis) Byrsonima coriacea var. spicata Combretaceae Bombaceae Family name: Family name: Family name: Malphighiacea Indian Almond, Fòmajé, Flo Tree, Silk Local name: Local name: Local name: Bwa tan, Serret, Bois Almond, Zamann Cotton, Kapok Marie, Mowisif Asia, Africa, India, Australia Native to Caribbean and Range: Range: Range: Native to Caribbean, South Fun Facts: This introduced decidu- Central America region & Central America ous tree flourishes in coastal areas. It This commercial tree Fun Facts: Fun Facts: Found in damp coastal is uncertain where it originated as it has many uses. The seed pods areas and lands that have been has been so widely spread. The fruit produce cotton-like fluff which is degraded by farming. are edible and leaves change color used as alternative to down. Its bark before falling. and seeds also have some commer- cial use. Flowers are frequented by honeybees.

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Hippomane mancinella Margaritaria nobilis Andira inermis Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Family name: Family name: Family name: Fabaceae Manjini, Manchineel Mil-bwanch; Mille Local name: Local name: Local name: Angelin, Anjlen, Range: Native to Caribbean & Branches Cabbage Tree Tropical Americas Caribbean and Tropical Range: Range: Native southern Mexico Fun Facts: Known as beach apple, Americas and Central America, introduced to be careful around this tree, although Fun Facts: A fast growing orna- Caribbean, Florida, Africa. endangered it is considered on of mental tree that can be used in Fun Facts: This nitrogen-fixing the most poisonous trees in the landscaping and good for reestab- tree produces beautiful pink flowers. world. All parts of the tree are lishing woodlands, it produces a Its wood can be used for lumbar and toxic. bright blue fruit. its bark is known to have various medical properties.

Hymenaea courbaril Delonix regia Haematoxylum campechianum Fabaceae Fabaceae Family name: Family name: Family name: Fabaceae Coubaril, Koubawi, Flamboyant, Shak- Local name: Local name: Local name: Campech, Kanpèch, Locust, Kas, Stinktoe shak tree, Flame tree Logwood, Bloodwood Caribbean and Tropical Endemic to Madagascar, but Range: Range: Range: Tropical Americas Americas introduced to tropical and subtropi- Fun Facts: The wood produces a Fun Facts: A tropical hardwood cal regions around the world. versatile dye, used on textiles and used in furniture and flooring, the Fun Facts: Notable for its fern- paper, common during the1600 fruit of Coubaril has a rich edible like leaves and vibrant display of - 1800’s. Also a source of haematox- pulp high in starch and protein, a flowers, the flamboyant bursts into ylin, today it is used in histology for major food in indigenous popula- colour during the summer months, staining. tions. from about May to September.

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Inga laurina Lonchocarpus Pentaphyllus Sabinea carinalis Family name: Fabaceae Family name: Fabaceae Family name: Fabaceae Local name: Pois doux, Pwa-dou, Local name: Savonnèt Local name: Bwa Kwaib, Carib Sacky-sac, Guama Range: Native to South & Central Logwood Range: Caribbean and Tropical America and the Caribbean. Range: Endemic to Dominica Americas Fun Facts: The nectar from the Fun Facts: This is Dominica’s Fun Facts: Used as a shade tree on blossoms of this tree used by honey- national flower, selected around the coffee and cocoa plantations, the bees makes great honey. time of the island’s independence Pois doux is also nitrogen fixing (1978). It is grows along the dry benefiting any plants closely sur- west coast and flowers during the rounding it. months of February to April.

Gliricidia sepium Leucaena leucocephala Erythrina variegata Fabaceae Fabaceae Family name: Family name: Family name: Fabaceae Glory Cedar, Quick- Zing-Zing Local name: Local name: Local name: Immortelle, Tiger’s stick Range: Endemic to Mexico, but claw, Indian Coral Tree, Sunshine Range: Native to Mexico and Cen- invasive in areas. It is found in trop- Tree tral America. ical and subtropical regions around Range: Native to Tropical Regions Fun Facts: This fast growing tree the world. of the Pacific, found throughout the was used to shade crops such as cof- Fun Facts: Although the young tropics fee. But its many uses include slope pods are edible by humans, the Fun Facts: A prized ornamental stabilization, living fences, fodder legume is high in protein and used tree, the Immortelle produces beau- and firewood. primarily as fodder for livestock. tiful scarlet or crimson flowers from about January to June.

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Ficus citrifolia Bursera Simaruba Samanea saman Family name: Moraceae Family name: Burseraceae Family name: Mimosaceae Local name: Figuier, Fijyé, Stran- Local name: Copperwood , Naked Local name: Saman, Raintree gler Fig, Wild banyantree Indian, Tourist Tree, Gommier Range: Caribbean and tropical Range: Native to Caribbean and wouj, Gommier barrier, Peel-bark Americas Tropical Americas Gommier Fun Facts: A large shade tree, the Fun Facts: Beginning as an epi- Range: Native to tropical Americas leaves fold together during the night phyte, the ficus attaches to other Fun Facts: This fast growing and in wet weather. Because of this, trees, strangling them as it grows. deciduous & wind tolerant tree, rain is able to fall through allowing The fruit are such an important gets its name because of its peeling, grass to grow right up to the trunk. part of the diet of so many species shiny bark. it is considered a Tropical keystone species.

Calliandra tergemina Tabebuia heterophylla Spathodea campanulata Bignoniaceae Bignoniaceae Family name: Mimosoideae Family name: Family name: White Cedar, Pòwyé African Tulip, Pipee Local name: Powderpuff plant, Local name: Local name: Bread & Cheese or Bwa Ravine Senk-Fèy Tree, Flame-of-the-Forest Native to the West Indies Native to tropical dry forests Range: Native to South & Central Range: Range: America Fun Facts: A very hardy and low of Africa. Introduced worldwide maintenance tree, the White cedar Considered among the Fun Facts: A flowering tree in the Fun Facts: pea family, it is valued for its attrac- can be seen in all over the island, es- most invasive species in the world, tive foliage and showy year-round pecially in coastal areas. It produces the Spathodea was introduced for its flowers. attractive pink flowers. ornamental value, due to its bright, showy flowers.

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Cananga odorata Solanum torvum Phoradendron trinervium Solanaceae Family name: Annonaceae Family name: Family name: Viscaceae Wild eggplant Local name: Ylang Ylang Local name: Local name: Mistletoe, Angled Native to Tropical Americas Range: Native to Southeast Asia Range: Mistletoe but also prevalent in tropical regions Fun Facts: Produces an unim- Range: Native to tropical Americas around the world. pressive flower, the Ylang Ylang Fun Facts: A parasitic plant, the is known for its sweet smell. Fun Facts: Spreads rapidly on mistletoe obtains minerals and Eessential oils created from the disturbed lands, the fruit is eaten water from its host plant. plant are used in aromatherapy. In in various cuisines. It is high in some cultures such as Indonesia, the iron and also contains medicinal flowers are placed on the beds of properties. It is also used Haitian newlyweds. voodoo rituals.

Coilostylis ciliaris Dioscorea alata Odontonema nitidum Family name: Orchidaceae Family name: Dioscoreaceae Family name: Acanthaceae Local name: Eye lash Orchid, Local name: White yam Local name: Zye Kwab Fringed Star Orchid Range: Native to Asia Range: Native to West Indies Range: Native to Caribbean Fun Facts: Brought over to Domi- Fun Facts: A common evergreen Fun Facts: Pollinated by the moth nica during the African slave trade, found in forests around the island, Pseudosphinx tetrio or frangipani the White yam appears purple or the bark of the Zye Kwab is used in hornworm. white and can grow wild. It is also local medicine to treat fresh cuts. attractive as an ornamental plant.

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Anthurium grandifolium Stachytarpheta jamaicensis Piper amalago Araceae Verbenaceae Family name: Family name: Family name: Piperaceae Elephant’s Ears, Wild Venvenn, Jamaican Local name: Local name: Local name: Mal Estomac Anthirium vervain, Range: Native to Tropical Americas Native to Lesser Antilles Native to Caribbean Range: Range: Fun Facts: Known to have various Fun Facts: Grows in the wild and is Fun Facts: Used in traditional medical properties, it is used to treat found in dry coastal forests as well medicine to treat and control blood pimples. as rainforests. Unlike the colourful pressure & blood sugar levels, anthirium, the inflorescence of the Venvenn is also known to induce Grandifolium a lot more subtle. miscarriages.

Consolea sp. Agave sp. Aloe vera Asparagaceae Xanthorrhoeaceae Family name: Cactaceae Family name: Family name: Agave Aloe Local name: Cactus Local name: Local name: Native to Tropical and Arid Widely cultivated world- Range: Native to Caribbean and Range: Range: Florida Americas wide Agave are succulents just Used as an ornamental Fun Facts: Consolea contains 10 Fun Facts: Fun Facts: recognized species found in the like most cacti and aloe, although plant, in cosmetics and in alterna- Caribbean. They thrive in arid not related to either of them. They tive medicine. The Aloe is locally regions of the island. The spines of grow wild along the cliffs and dry used against sunburns and as a juice the cacti are modified leaves which areas of the west coast. The flowers, to aid in digestion. help to protect against water loss leaves, stalks and rosettes are edible. and defending against predators (herbivores).

14 THE FLORA, FAUNA & MARINE LIFE OF SECRET BAY Fruit Trees FLORA

Genipa americana Morinda Citrifolia Vangueria madagascariensis Rubiaceae Family name: Family name: Rubiaceae Family name: Rubiaceae Genip Common name: Local name: Cheese Fruit ,Kòwòsòl Common name: Tamarind des Local name: Genip, Marmalade Zonbi, Pain Killer, Pangkila, Noni Indes, Tamawen dézenn Box Range: Native to Southeast Asia Local name: Native to South & Central Range: and Australia Range: Native to African continent America and the Caribbean. Fun Facts: Belongs to the same Fun Facts: Produces a large brown/ Fun Facts: The edible fruit is family as coffee, the leaves, fruit orange edible fruit with chocolate prepared in a variety of ways, but and roots are supposed to have like flavour. if the juice is left to oxidize, it will health benefits. The bark produces a permanently stain the skin black. brown-purplish dye.

Coffea arabica Theobroma cacao Mangifera indica Family name: Rubiaceae Family name: Sterciliaceae Family name: Anacardiaceae Local name: Arabica Coffee Local name: Cocoa tree, Kako Common name: Mango Range: Native to Yemen and Range: Native to Tropical Americas Local name: Mango Ethiopia Fun Facts: The seed of the cocoa Range: Native to India and Pakistan Fun Facts: Coffee in Dominica used pod can be sucked raw, but to make Fun Facts: There are a number of to be solely cultivated by the French cocoa or chocolate as we know it, varieties of mango consumed locally. during the European colonization of they must first be roasted. Popular They are usually eaten raw, but can the island. use in Dominica is in the form be made into juice and chutney. of Cocoa tea which is boiled and combined with sugar, milk, coconut cream, spices and/or taloma.

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Spondias dulcis Artocarpus altilis Melicoccus bijugatus Anacardiaceae Moraceae Family name: Family name: Family name: Sapindaceae Golden Apple, Pom- Breadfruit Local name: Local name: Local name: Kennip, Chennèt me-Cythere; Pom-sitè Native to South Pacific Range: Range: Native to Tropical Americas Native to Polynesia and To eat the breadfruit, Range: Fun Facts: Fun Facts: The fruit is opened by Melanesia, introduced to tropical it can be boiled, roasted or fried. biting the skin and sucking on the areas around the world Locally, it is eaten in salads, stews or seed inside. The juice of the fruit Fun Facts: Can be eaten raw but lo- with Saltfish. stains and was used by Amerindians cally is usually consumed as a juice. as a dye.

Tamarindus indica Annona muricata Annona reticulata Family name: Caesalpinaceae Family name: Annonaceae Family name: Annonaceae Local name: Tamarind, Tamawen Local name: Soursop, Kòwòsòl Local name: Cachiman, Custard Range: Native to Tropical Africa Range: Native to Caribbean and apple, Bullock’s Heart Fun Facts: Locally, Tamarind is Central America Range: Native to Caribbean and boiled with sugar and made into a Fun Facts: The soursop grows well Central America juice or a treat known as Tamarind in the dry coastal areas of Dominica. Fun Facts: The fruit is consumed by Balls. The pulp is consumed fresh or eating the sweet pulp. blended to make juice.

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Psidium guajava Syzygium malaccense Syzygium Jambos Myrtaceae Myrtaceae Family name: Family name: Family name: Myrtaceae Pommerak Local name: Guava, Gwiyav Local name: Local name: Pomme Rose, Rose Range: Tropical and Subtropical Range: Native to Malaysia Apple, Plum Rose regions Produces a vibrant pink/ Fun Facts: Range: Native to Southeast Asia Found all over the purple flower and the dark red fruit Fun Facts: Fun Facts: Used similarly to the island, the guava is used in many is consumed raw or made into jams. Pommerak, the rose apple is not as ways. In traditional medicine, all Popular with fruit bats and birds. vibrant and the fruit is tarter. parts of the plant aid in various aliments. The fruit are eaten either ripe or unripe and are used to make jams, juice and other treats.

Averrhoa Carambola Cocos nucifera Persea americana Family name: Oxalidaceae Family name: Palmae Family name: Lauraceae Local name: Carambola, Five Local name: Coconut Local name: Avocado, Zaboka Fingers, Star Fruit Range: Native to Tropical Regions Range: Native to Mexico and Cen- Range: Native to Southeast Asia Fun Facts: Coconut water, a tral America Fun Facts: The fruit is consumed refreshing drink obtained from a Fun Facts: Consumed in salads, fresh, or made into a juice and jams. young drupe, is also used as a chaser drinks or as a spread, during Inde- It is also used in salads. to rum or whiskey. Coconut milk is pendence, the Zaboka is combined obtained from the meat of an older with Farine to make Farine Balls. drupe. It is used in curries, treats such as coconut cheese and tablet.

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Passiflora laurifolia & edulis Hibiscus Heliconia caribaea Malvaceae Heliconiaceae Family name: Passifloraceae Family name: Family name: Hibiscus Heliconia Local name: Pomme de liane Local name: Local name: Native to Tropical and Sub- Native to Tropical Americas Range: Native to Tropical Americas Range: Range: Produces edible fruit tropical Regions aronnd the world Fun Facts: Hummingbirds and Fun Facts: some bats feed on the nectar and from the passionfruit family. Eaten Fun Facts: Although used in land- fresh or made into juice and jams. scaping for it’s showy flowers, the help to pollinate the plant. hibiscus is known to have various medicinal properties. Locally the leaves of the hibiscus can be ground up and used as a shampoo.

Bougainvillea Ixora coccinea Caesalpinia pulcherrima Rubiaceae Family name: Nyctaginaceae Family name: Family name: Fabaceae Ixora, star flower, Local name: Bougainvillea Local name: Local name: Pride of Barbados, Red Flame of the woods Range: Native to South America Bird of Paradise Native to Pacific Fun Facts: The bougainvillea, Range: Range: Native to Tropical America One of the most pop- known for its bright colours can Fun Facts: Fun Facts: An ornamental plant grow as a vine, shrub or tree. The ularly used plants in landscaping. used in landscaping. flower itself is small and usually Flowers year round white, but the assortment of colours associated with the plant are infact bracts, which is a specialized leaf.

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Allamanda cathartica Nerium oleander Plumeria Apocynaceae Apocynaceae Family name: Apocynaceae Family name: Family name: Oleander Frangipani Local name: Allamanda Local name: Local name: Widely cultivated Native to Tropical Americas Range: Native to Tropical Americas Range: Range: A popular shrub to use Related to the Oleander, Fun Facts: An ornamental plant Fun Facts: Fun Facts: commonly used in landscaping. The in landscaping due to it’s colourful flowers are either yellow or pink flowers year round. However it is and can grow as a shrub or vine. a very toxic plant to humans and other animals.

Tradescantia spathacea Codiaeum variegatum Bambusa vulgaris Poaceae Family name: Commelinaceae Family name: Euphorbiaceae Family name: Bamboo Local name: Boatlily, Cradle of Local name: Croton Local name: Native to China and Mad- Moses Range: Native to South Pacific Range: agascar Range: Native to Central America Fun Facts: An ornamental plant

Fun Facts: An attractive foliage commonly used in landscaping, Fun Facts: plant popular in landscaping. comes in yellow and pink.

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Dypsis lutescens Cymbopogon Vetiveria zizanioides Arecaceae Family name: Family name: Poaceae Family name: Poaceae Golden Palm, Bamboo Local name: Local name: Lemon grass Local name: Vetiver Palm Range: Native to Pacific Range: Native to Asia Native to Madagascar Range: Fun Facts: A grass cultivated for Fun Facts: Has a number of uses, Fun Facts: its culinary and medical uses. It including erosion control and slope contains the species citronella grass stabilization, and as thatch. The used to make citronella oil. Intro- Kalinago use vetiver to make mats duced to Dominica and is currently and baskets. invasive.

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FAUNA THE FLORA, FAUNA & MARINE LIFE OF SECRET BAY.

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An Island rich in natural beau- ty and with an abundant of un- disturbed land, there are diverse groups of animals that happily thrive here.

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There are about 188 species of avifauna who call Dominica home. Feeding on fruits, nectar, insects, crustaceans and fish, look for them on the sea shore, in the trees, soar- ing through the sky or even bounc- ing off the balcony of your room. The birds found in and around Secret Bay nest here because the environment suits them and there is a rich food supply. The carolers of daytime, they will sing to you from Pelecanus occidentalis Sterna maxima sunrise to sundown, giving way to Pelecanidae Sternidae the night. Family name: Family name: Local name: Brown Pelican Local name: Royal Tern Status: Common Status: Common Fun Facts: The Pelecanus occiden- Fun Fact: The Sterna maxima talis is the state bird of Louisiana defecates on the rim of its nest in and the national bird of the Turks a shallow depression near the sea and Caicos (Pelecanus occidentalis). coast so that it will harden to pre- vent flooding (Royal Tern).

Sterna antillarum Fregata magnificens Egretta caerulea Ardeidae Family name: Sternidae Family name: Fregatidae Family name: Little Blue Heron Local name: Least Tern Local name: Magnificient Frigate Local name: Common Status: Common/Migrant Bird Status: This is the only species Fun Facts: The Sterna antillarum Status: Very common Fun Facts: in its family that has two distinct nests on sandy beaches making it Fun Facts: Charles Darwin named a resident throughout many of the the Fregata magnificens “the condor color morphs for mature and Caribbean islands (Least Stern). of the ocean” due to its incredible immature birds. The mature bird is wingspan. (Magniicent Frigatebird). blue and the immature bird is white. (Egretta Caerulea).

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Butorides virescens Nyctanassa violacea Bubulcus ibis Ardeidae Family name: Family name: Ardeidae Family name: Ardeidae Green Heron Local name: Local name: Yellow Crowned Local name: Cattle Egret Very Common Status: Night Heron Status: Very Common The Butodnides vires- Fun Facts: Status: Common Fun Facts: The Bubulcus ibis gets cens obtained its more common Fun Facts: During breeding season its common name, Cattle Egret, known name, Green Heron, for its the Nyctanassa violecea grows long from habituating alongside herds of green cap and back (Green Heron white feathers from the crown of cattle (Cattle Egret (Bubulcus Ibis)). (Butorides Virescens)). its head (Yellow-crowned Night-heron (Nyctanassa Violacea)).

Calidris minutilla Tyrannus dominicensis Quiscalus lugubris Scolopacidae Tyrannidae Family name: Family name: Family name: Icteridae Least Sandpiper Grey Kingbird Local name: Local name: Local name: Carib Grackle Common Very Common Status: Status: Status: Very Common The Calidris minutilla The Tyrannus dominicen- Fun Facts: Fun Facts: Fun Fact: The Carib Grackle enjoys have a high-pitched songlike call sis is a fearless bird, demonstrating human company and for this reason made by the males on breeding aggressive and territorial behavior is often found at touristic hotels. grounds (Least Sandpiper). during breeding season. (Johnson). (Quiscalus Lugubris).

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Elaenia martinica Myiarchus oberi Cinclocerthia ruficauda Tyrannidae Family name: Family name: Tyrannidae Family name: Mimidae Caribbean Elaenia Local name: Local name: Lesser Antillean Local name: Brown Trembler Very Common Status: Flycatcher Status: Very Common When these birds get Fun Facts: Status: Common Fun Facts: The Cinclocerthia excited, they pull down their crown Fun Facts: The Myiarchus oberi are ruicauda obtained its commonly feathers to the side, revealing a commonly known as the Lesser An- known name, Brown Trembler, white-yellow stripe in the middle. tillean Flycatcher for catching their from its color and by the drooping (Caribbean Elaenia). prey while flying. (La Force, 2011). of its wings, followed by a strong trembling. (Bouglouan).

Margarops fuscatus Allenia fusca Turdus plumbeus Turdidae Family name: Mimidae Family name: Mimidae Family name: Red-Legged Thrush Local name: Pearly-Eyed Thrasher Local name: Scaly-Breasted Local name: Fairly Common Status: Fairly Common Thrasher Status: The Red-Legged Thrush, Fun Facts: Found on many of the Status: Fairly Common Fun Fact: can be considered as the Caribbean’s Caribbean islands, the Pearly-eyed Fun Facts: Native to the lesser Thrasher is known to nest in bush- antilles, the Alleniafusca is the one equivalent to the American Robin, es, trees and coffee plantations. An only member in the Allenia genus as they share many similar habits. aggressive omnivore, it’s diet ranges (Bouglouan). from berries to small crabs and other birds nestlings.

26 THE FLORA, FAUNA & MARINE LIFE OF SECRET BAY Birds FAUNA

Vireo altiloquus Saltator albicollis Coereba flaveola Vireonidae Thraupidae Family name: Family name: Thraupidae Family name: Black-Whiskered Bananaquit Local name: Local name: Lesser Antillean Local name: Vireo Saltator Status: Very Common Common Found throughout the Status: Status: Common Fun Facts: Found in theTropical Caribbean, the Bananaquit feeds on Fun Facts: Fun Facts: There are two different Americas, this is the Caribbean subspecies of the Lesser Antillean nectar as well as the juices of sweet version of the American songbird, Salator, the Guadelupensis found fruits. It is part of the group of birds the Red-eyed Vireo. (Kaufman). in Guadeloupe and Dominica, and Tiaris (grassquits) which are oth- the Albicollis in Martinique and St. erwise known as Darwin’s finches. Lucia (Lesser Antillean Saltator). (Bananaquit)

Tiaris bicolor Loxigilla noctis Setophaga petechia Family name: Thraupidae Family name: Thraupidae Family name: Parulidae Local name: Black-faced Grassquit Local name: Lesser Antillean Local name: Yellow Warbler Status: Very Common Bullfinch Status: Very Common Fun Facts: The Black Faced Status: Very common Fun Facts: A small bird, the Yellow Grassquit is a close relative of Fun Facts: A common bird Warbler’s range extends from Darwin’s finches (Black-faced throughout the Lesser Antilles, male North America to northern South Grassquit). At a glance they can be plumage is black with a reddish America. mistaken for a female Lesser Antil- throat and lores, whereas the female lean Bullfinch. is warm grey with reddish brown wings. (Lesser Antillean Bullinch).

THE FLORA, FAUNA & MARINE LIFE OF SECRET BAY 27 Birds FAUNA

Eulampis holosericeus Eulampis jugularis Orthorhyncus cristatus Trochilidae Family name: Trochilidae Family name: Trochilidae Family name: Antillean Crested Local name: Green-Throated Carib Local name: Purple-Throated Local name: Hummingbird Status: Common Carib Common Fun Facts: A visually striking bird, Status: Fairly Common Status: Found throughout the Green-Throated Carib is the Fun Facts: Endemic to the Lesser Fun Facts: largest hummingbirds in the Lesser Antilles, the Purple-Throated the Lesser Antilles, the Antillean Antillies. (Eulampis holosericeus). Carib is named for the distinctive Crested Hummingbird is one of the purple patch on its throat and chest. few hummingbirds to have a crest - (Johnson). which are used for display purposes. (Orthorhyncus critatus).

Zenaida aurita Patagioenas squamosa Columbina passerina Family name: Columbidae Family name: Columbidae Family name: Columbidae Local name: Zenaida Dove Local name: Scaly-Naped Pigeon Local name: Common Ground Status: Common Status: Common Dove Fun Facts: Similar to the Mourn- Fun Facts: Found throughout the Status: Common ing Dove of North & Central Amer- Caribbean, the Scaly-Naped Pigeon Fun Facts: Widespread throughout ica, the Zenaida Dove prevalent in is named for its maroon coloured the tropical Americas, the Common the lesser antilles, is commonly but scaly-like plumage around its neck. Ground Dove consumes over 2,500 incorrectly referred to as a Turtle (The Scaly-naped Pigeon). seeds a day in order to meet its Dove. It is Anguilla’s national bird body’s energy demands (Common (Hunter, 2013). Ground-Dove).

28 THE FLORA, FAUNA & MARINE LIFE OF SECRET BAY Birds FAUNA

Coccyzus minor Coccyzus americanus Chaetura martinica Cuculidae Family name: Family name: Cuculidae Family name: Apodidae Mangrove Cuckoo Local name: Local name: Yellow-billed Cuckoo Local name: Lesser Antillean Swift Common Status: Status: Common winter migrant Status: Common The Mangrove Cuckcoo Fun Facts: Fun Facts: If their nests are threat- Fun Facts: A highly aerial bird, has four toes, two forward and ened by a predator, the yellow-billed the Lesser Antillean Swift is native two backwards, as opposed to the cuckoo will create a distraction to the Lesser Antillean Island’s of more standard three forward and whereby one bird will lure the Dominica, Guadeloupe, Martinique, one backward toe arrangement. predator away, while the other bird Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent. (Mangrove Cuckoo). remains to ensure the nest’s safety. (Lesser Antillean Swift). (Yellow-billed Cuckoo).

Crotophaga ani Tyto alba Buteo platypterus Family name: Cuculidae Family name: Tytonidae Family name: Accipitridae Local name: Smooth-Billed Ani Local name: Barn Owl Local name: Broad-Winged Hawk, Status: Common Status: Fairly Common Mal-fini Fun Facts: A ground feeder native Fun Facts: Barn Owls eat their prey Status: Common to the tropical Americas, one mem- whole and then cough up pellets Fun Facts: The Broad-Winged ber of a group of Smooth-Billed Ani instead of passing the remains Hawk migrates in large flocks, will serve as a lookout for predators, through their excretory system. known as a “kettle”. Their local while the other members of this (Barn Owl). name “mal-fini” translates to “bad species forage for food. (Smooth- finish”. (Broad-winged Hawk). billed Ani).

THE FLORA, FAUNA & MARINE LIFE OF SECRET BAY 29 Insects FAUNA

Dominica is home to wide variety of insects including 11 species of stick insects and 55 species of butterfly, two of which are endemic to the island. Insects may be at times a nuisance and unsettling to those unaccustomed, but each plays a role in its environment. Whether the predator or prey, the pollinator or scavenger, they add to the biodiver- sity of Secret Bay and where birds are the musicians of daytime, insects Junonia coenia Battus polydamas make up orchestra of the night. Family name: Nymphalidae Family name: Nymphalidae Local name: Caribbean Buckeye Local name: Polydamas Swallowtail Habitat: Open areas with low vege- Habitat: Open areas with low vege- tation and bare ground tation and bare ground Fun Facts: Eyespots serve to startle Fun Facts: In the tropics, this or distract predators, especially butterfly flies throughout the year in young birds. (Caribbean Buckeye) several generations. (Swallowtail)

Phoebis sennae Dryas iulia Ascia monuste Family name: Nymphalidae Family name: Nymphalidae Family name: Nymphalidae Local name: Cloudless Sulphur Local name: Flambeau Local name: Great Southern White Habitat: Open spaces with low Habitat: Open spaces, clearings and Habitat: Open spaces with low vegetation and bare ground paths vegetation and bare ground Fun Facts: Lives in a wide range, Fun Facts: The caterpillar feeds Fun Facts: This is migrating species from Canada to South America. on the passionfruit vines. As a travels during it’s lifetime in one (Cloudless Sulphur) butterfly it is active throughout direction and never returns. (Great the day and long lived, making it a Southern White) popular choice for butterfly houses. (Flambeau)

30 THE FLORA, FAUNA & MARINE LIFE OF SECRET BAY Insects FAUNA

Anartia jatrophae Agraulis vanillae Memphis dominicana Family name: Nymphalidae Family name: Nymphalidae Family name: Nymphalidae Local name: White Peacock Local name: Gulf Fritillary Local name: Godman’s Leaf Habitat: Open areas with low Habitat: Open areas with low Habitat: Open areas with low vegetation and bare ground vegetation and bare ground vegetation and bare ground Fun Facts: The males are territo- Fun Facts: This butterfly is known Fun Facts: Endemic to the lesser rial. They are aggressive towards to migrate over the Gulf of Mexico Antilles. (Godman’s Lea) other insects and White Peacock which is how it got it’s common males in an area typically 15 meters name. (Gulf Fritillary) in diameter that contains larval host plants. (White Peacock)

Danaus plexippus Tettigoniidae Dynastes hercules Family name: Nymphalidae Common name: Katydids, bush Family name: Scarabaeidae Local name: Monarch Butterfly crickets, long-horned Grasshopper Local name: Hercules Beetle Habitat: Open areas with low Habitat: Open areas with low Habitat: Open areas with low vegetation and bare ground vegetation and bare ground vegetation and bare ground Fun Facts: A migratory butterfly, Fun Facts: These nocturnal plant Fun Facts: Native to the rainforest’s Monarchs were transported to the eaters are sometimes mistaken for of the Tropical Americas, this is the International Space Station and bred true grasshoppers which have much largest of its species. The larval stage there. (Monarch) shorter antennae. Resembling leaves lasts for about 1 - 2 years tunneling to avoid predation, the katydid through rotting wood. (Hercules generate continuous songs known Beetle) as trills. (Katydids).

THE FLORA, FAUNA & MARINE LIFE OF SECRET BAY 31 Crabs FAUNA

Decapods crustaceans can be found in the sea, freshwater and on land. These creatures have 10 limbs (claws included), and usually walk sideways. Preferring to hunt and scavenge at night or in the shade, crabs avoid the sun to prevent from drying out. During the island’s independence, when hunting season for crabs is open, crab backs and crab callaloo is a popular dish eat. Coenobita clypeatus Gecarcinus ruricola Family name: Coenobitidae Family name: Gecarcinidae Local name: Solda, Caribbean Local name: Kwab, Black Land Hermit Crab Crab, Zombie Crab Range: Tropical islands Range: Caribbean Habitat: Coastal areas Habitat: From coastal areas to high Fun Facts: The Hermit Crab wears altitudes. a variety of shells, the most common Fun Facts: These omnivorous being the shell of the West Indian scavengers can live far from the sea Top Snail. (Solda) and at high altitudes. After mating, a mass migration of females returns to the sea to release their fertilized eggs. (Kwab)

Cardisoma guanhumi Ocypode quadrata Family name: Gecarcinidae Family name: Ocypodidae Local name: Blue Land Crab, Kobo Local name: Atlantic Ghost Crab, Range: Americas Touloulou Blan Habitat: Burrows in coastal areas Range: Americas and estuaries Habitat: Beaches Fun Facts: Able to reach sizes of Fun Facts: These crabs burrow in 35cm/14in, these slow-growing the sand of beaches just above the crabs require more than 60 molts high water mark. Compound eyes which are about 3 times more than allow for 360o vision. (Touloulou other species of crab. (Kobo) Blan)

32 THE FLORA, FAUNA & MARINE LIFE OF SECRET BAY Reptiles FAUNA

Dominica has the privilege of be- ing one of the few Caribbean islands to retain its original amphibian and reptilian fauna over the last couple centuries. There are 17 species of reptiles known to exist and 4 of am- phibians, none of which are poison- ous. Reptiles differ from amphibians because they lack an aquatic larval stage, and amphibians tend to be found near a source of water. Liophis juliae Boa constrictor, B. c. nebulosa Family name: Colubridae Family name: Boidae Local name: Julia’s ground snake Local name: Boa, Dominican Range: Endemic to Dominica & Clouded Boa Guadeloupe Range: Caribbean and Tropical Habitat: Lives in burrows or natu- Americas ral shelters and is found all over the Habitat: Lives in burrows, prefers island, except highest elevations. to live in the rainforests. Fun Facts: L.j.juliae is endemic to Fun Facts: Can reach lengths of 3 Dominica, and if provoked releases - 13 ft, females are the larger of the a foul smelling. two sexes. Nocturnal creatures they feed on small mammals and birds.

Alsophis antillensis Iguana delicatissima Ameiva fuscata Family name: Colubridae Family name: Iguanidae Family name: Teiidae Local name: Racer Snake, kouwes Local name: Lesser Antillean Local name: Ground lizard, Abòlò zega Iguana, Leza Range: Endemic to Dominica Range: Endemic sub-species to Range: Endemic to Lesser Antilles Habitat: Scrub woodland and Lesser Antilles Habitat: Scrub woodland, rainfor- rainforests. Look for them on the Habitat: Found all over the island, ests and swamps. Look for them on ground. except highest elevations. branches, rocks and cliffs. Fun Facts: These omnivorous Fun Facts: Can reach a meter in Fun Facts: An endangered species, foragers are usually seen during the length, and feeds on lizards and Delicatissima is found on the IUCN hottest part of the day. Traditionally small rodents, the Dominican Red List and legally protected from used by the indigenous Kalinago population is considered an endemic hunting. (Iguana) people in a stew to remedy certain subspecies and very rare. (Kouwes) illnesses. (Abolo)

THE FLORA, FAUNA & MARINE LIFE OF SECRET BAY 33 Reptiles & Amphibians FAUNA

Hemidactylus mabouia Anolis oculatus Mabuya mabouya Family name: Gekkonidae Family name: Dactyloidae Family name: Scincidae Local name: House Gecko, Local name: Dominican Anole, Local name: Skink Mabouya Zandoli or Tree lizard Range: Endemic to Lesser Antilles Range: Caribbean and Americas Range: Endemic to Dominica Fun Facts: Although found on Fun Facts: Nocturnal lizards, the Fun Facts: Found in most environ- other islands, it is most widespread Mabouya are usually found urban ments around the island, a Zandoli on Dominica in coastal regions and environments, often seen near light present in the home was considered cultivated areas in higher elevations. fixtures where they can catch the by the Kalinago as a good sign. The (Skink) variety of insects attracted to the throat fan of a male is bright yellow light. (Mabouya) or orange and is used for sexual or territorial purposes. (Zandoli)

Eleutherodactylus martinicensis Eleutherodactylus johnstonei Family name: Eleutherodactylidae Family name: Eleutherodactylidae Local name: Tink Frog, Gounouj Local name: Antilles coqui, Whis- Range: Endemic to Lesser Antilles tling Frog Fun Facts: As with all Eleuthero- Range: Endemic to the Lesser dactylus, there is no tadpole stage. Antilles Instead eggs develop directly into Fun Facts: Widespread and like small froglets. (Tink Frog) the Tink Frog, lives in most forest ranges across the island. (Whistling Frog)

34 THE FLORA, FAUNA & MARINE LIFE OF SECRET BAY Mammals FAUNA

There are very few native mam- mals found on the island, but there are 10 species of bats. Bats use echolocation which allows them to navigate and forage in the dark, living on a diet of fruit, nectar, insects and fish. In some villages on the island, bats, agouti and even manicou are eaten.

Dasyprocta leporina Didelphis marsupialis Common name: Dasyproctidae Family name: Didelphidae Local name: Agouti, Red-rumped Local name: Manicou, Common Agouti opossum Range: South America, Caribbean Range: Central & South America, Fun Facts: A known seed disperser, Lesser Antilles the Agouti is very shy and lives in Fun Facts: Nocturnal creatures, burrows among tree roots and in the Manicou eats a wide variety of the ground. (Agouti) foods and live for about 2 - 3 years. (Manicou)

Brachyphylla cavernarum Sturnira lilium Tadarida brasiliensis Phyllostomidae Molossidae Family name: Family name: Phyllostomidae Family name: Antillean fruit-eating Mexican free-tailed Local name: Local name: Little yellow-shoul- Local name: bat, Antillean cave bat dered bat bat, Brazilian free-tailed bat Native to Caribbean Native to Americas Range: Range: Native to Tropical Americas Range: The Antillean cave bat, These insectivore bats Fun Facts: Fun Facts: Th is bat is a frugiv- Fun Facts: will as a group, leave it’s roost one ore, which means it’s preferred roost in large groups found primar- hour after sunset and return just food source is fruit. As with all ily in caves, but will also inhabit before dawn. (Antillean cave bat) frugivores, they are important fruit buildings and hallow trees. (Mexican dispersers. (Little yellow-shouldered free-tailed bat) bat)

THE FLORA, FAUNA & MARINE LIFE OF SECRET BAY 35 Mammals FAUNA

Noctilio leporinus Molossus molossus Monophyllus plethodon Phyllostomidae Family name: Noctilionidae Family name: Molossidae Family name: Lesser Antillean Long- Local name: Mexican Bulldog, Local name: Velvety free-tailed bat, Local name: Greater bulldog bat, Fisherman Bat Pallas’s mastiff bat Tongued Bat, Insular single leaf bat Native to Lesser Antillies Range: Native to Tropical Americas Range: Native to Tropical Americas Range: The long-Tongued Bat Fun Facts: This fish eating bat is Fun Facts: This long tailed bat can Fun Facts: able to catch it’s prey by detecting be seen at dusk, flying through the is part of a family of bats known as water ripples they make using air as it feeds on moths, beetles and New World Leaf-nosed bats - found echolocation. flying ants throughout the Tropical Americas.

Pteronotus davyi Artibeus jamaicensis Ardops nichollsi Family name: Mormoopidae Family name: Phyllostomidae Family name: Phyllostomidae Local name: Davy’s naked-backed Local name: Jamaican Fruit-Eating Local name: Lesser Antillean Tree bat Bat Bat Range: Native to Tropical Americas Range: Native to Tropical Americas Range: Native to Lesser Antillies Fun Facts: A small cave dwelling Fun Facts: Common within the bat Fun Facts: Resides amongst the and insect eating bat cave at Secret Bay branches of trees, the Tree bat is the only member of the genus Ardops.

36 THE FLORA, FAUNA & MARINE LIFE OF SECRET BAY FAUNA

THE FLORA, FAUNA & MARINE LIFE OF SECRET BAY 37 FAUNA

MARINE LIFE THE FLORA, FAUNA & MARINE LIFE OF SECRET BAY.

38 THE FLORA, FAUNA & MARINE LIFE OF SECRET BAY FAUNA

Rich and diverse, the marine life in the waters around Secret Bay flourishes. With so many species of fish, sea creatures and coral, there is no telling what treats awaits the underwater explorer.

THE FLORA, FAUNA & MARINE LIFE OF SECRET BAY 39 Fish MARINE LIFE

Fish play such an important role in their ecosystem, and by getting to know them allow us to understand their relation to their biological communities.

Scarus Taeniopterus Scarus Taeniopterus Scaridae Family name: Scaridae Family name: Princess Parrotfish Local Name: Princess Parrotfish Local Name: (Intermediate) (Adult) Habitat: Grazing on reef structure Size: 12 in Fun Facts: Common with parrot- Habitat: Grazing on reef structure fish, the intial phases are nowhere Fun Facts: Princess Parrotfish are near as beautiful as those developed named for their very strong beak into adult phase. like mouth, which is used to grind up coral.

Sparisoma Viride Sparisoma Viride Sparisoma Aurofrenatum Family name: Scaridae Family name: Scaridae Family name: Scaridae Local Name: Stoplight Parrotfish Local Name: Stoplight Parrotfish Local Name: Redband Parrotfish Initial Phase (Adult) Size: 10 in Size: 10 in Size: 2 ft Habitat: Grazing on reef Habitat: Grazing on reef structure Habitat: Grazing on reef structure Fun Facts: Scraps chunks out of Fun Facts: Young Stoplight Par- Fun Facts: Named for the bright the coral and processes it into sand! rotfish have a completely different yellow spot on mature males. Parrotfish create much of the worlds colouration from those in the Adult beaches. phase.

40 THE FLORA, FAUNA & MARINE LIFE OF SECRET BAY Fish MARINE LIFE

Clepticus parrae Thalassoma bifasciatum Halichoeres garnoti Labridae Labridae Family Name: Family Name: Labridae Family Name: Creole Wrasse Yellow Head Wrasse Local Name: Local Name: Bluehead Wrasse Local Name: Size: 8 in Male Size: 6 in Mid Water Reef top Habitat: Size: 4 in Habitat: The wrasse changes Fast swimmers that Fun Facts: Habitat: Close to the reef Fun Facts: colour during it’s lifetime. In this Fun Facts: Seen here is the male seldom stay still. photo the Creole Wrasse is being bluehead wrasse surrounded by cleaned by a Juvenile Spanish lots of females. They are eating Hogfish. damelfish eggs.

Stegastes Partitus Microspathodon Chrysurus Microspathodon Chrysurus Family Name: Pomacentridae Family Name: Pomacentridae Family Name: Pomacentridae Local Name: Bi colour damselfish Local Name: Yellowtail Damsel Local Name: Yellowtail Damsel Size: 3 in Intermediate Adult Habitat: On the reefs Habitat: Hiding on the reef Fun Facts: The characteristic Fun Facts: Very territorial and will Fun Facts: Juveniles have beautiful yellow tail on the adult sets it apart nip divers and swimmers who come cobalt blue spots on a dark blue from other Damsels. too close. background.

THE FLORA, FAUNA & MARINE LIFE OF SECRET BAY 41 Fish MARINE LIFE

Apogon Maculatus Priacanthus Cruentatus Ocyurus Chrysurus Priacanthidae Lutjanidae Family Name: Apogonidae Family Name: Family Name: Glass Eye Snapper Yellowtail Snapper Local Name: Flame Fish Local Name: Local Name: : 10 in 2 ft Size: 2 in Size Size: Hide in dark recesses Pelagic swimmer Habitat: Dark recesses of the reef Habitat: Habitat: Will retreat and hide Swims either along or in Fun Facts: Forage at night. Fun Facts: Fun Facts: when it sees snorkelers. loose schools.

Chromis multilineata Pseudupeneus maculatus Pempheris schomburgki Family Name: Pomacentridae Family Name: Mullidae Family Name: Pempheridae Local Name: Brown Chromis Local Name: Yellow Goatfish Local Name: Glassy Sweepers Size: 3 in Size: 8 in Size: 4 in Habitat: Mid water Habitat: Grazing over sandy Habitat: Dark caves Fun Facts: The most common bottom Fun Facts: This is a rarely seen fish filter feeder in Dominica and it the Fun Facts: Uses two barbels to but quite common in the Secret Bay prefered prey of Lionfish. search for small prey in the sand or area. Look under the arch and by rubble. the bat cave.

42 THE FLORA, FAUNA & MARINE LIFE OF SECRET BAY Fish MARINE LIFE

Atherinidae Haemulon Haemulon Flavolineatum Atherinidae Haemulidae Family Name: Family Name: Haemulidae Family Name: Silversides French Grunt Local Name: Local Name: Grunt Juvenile Local Name: 1 in 8 in Size: Size: 1 in Size: Very dense schools under In schools usually in shade Habitat: Habitat: Close to reefs Habitat: the ledges of reefs Fun Facts: Very common in the Fun Facts: Quite prevelant around Secret Bay area, over many seen Fun Facts: Very shy and difficult to Secret Bay, seen swimming between around the outer rocks. approach. Here seen with a parasitic the reefs. isopod attached.

Haemulon Chryargyreum Gramma Loreto Bodianus Rufus Family Name: Haemulidae Family Name: Grammatidae Family Name: Labridae Local Name: Small Mouth Grunt Local Name: Fairy Basslet Local Name: Spanish Hogfish Size: 8 in Size: 2 in Size: 12 in Habitat: Schools usually in shade Habitat: Under dark ledges Habitat: Close to the reef of reefs. Fun Facts: They wait quietly and Fun Facts: Juviniles act as cleaner Fun Facts: Very shy and difficult to then pop out from the dark areas. fish and can often be seen cleaning approach. other fish.

THE FLORA, FAUNA & MARINE LIFE OF SECRET BAY 43 Fish MARINE LIFE

Equetus lanceolatus Equetus punctatus Equetus punctatus Family Name: Sciaenidae Family Name: Sciaenidae Family Name: Sciaenidae Local Name: Jack-knife fish Local Name: Spotted Drum Local Name: Spotted Drum Juvenile Juvenile Size: 8 in Size: 4 in Size: 2 in Habitat: Reef Habitat: overhangs and under coral Habitat: Reef Fun Facts: Hide in secluded areas Fun Facts: Can often be seen in the Fun Facts: Beautiful flowing dorsal but comes out to feed at night. sand under ledges along the reefs fin and tail. edge.

Myripristis jacobus Epinephelus guttatus Amblycirrhitus pinos Holocentridae Serranidae Family Name: Family Name: Family Name: Cirrhitidae BlackBar Soldierfish Red Hind Local Name: Local Name: Local Name: Red Spotted Hawkfish 5 in 12in Size: Size: Size: 2 in Dark recesses of reef Rest on reef on pectoral Habitat: Habitat: Habitat: Perch on the reef A nocturnal fish that fins Fun Fact: Fun Facts: Will move to new area leaves the safety of the reef only at Fun Fact: Very shy and swims if threatened, but usually not very night. to the nearest hiding hole when far away. approached.

44 THE FLORA, FAUNA & MARINE LIFE OF SECRET BAY Fish MARINE LIFE

Serranus tigrinus Scorpaena plumieri Bothus lunatus Scorpaenidae Bothidae Family Name: Serranidae Family Name: Family Name: Spotted Scorpion fish Peacock Flounder, Local Name: Harlequin bass Local Name: Local Name: 12 in Plate fish Size: 3 in Size: Rests on bottom using 12 in Habitat: Close to reef Habitat: Size: camoflauge to snap up prey. Sandy bottom, blends in. Fun Facts: The smallest member of Habitat: the bass family. Fun Facts: Produces a highly pain- Fun Fact: Born with eyes on either ful venom if stepped on. Treat with side of its head, as it ages one eye hot water immediately. migrates over so they have two eyes on the same side.

Synodus intermedius Diodon holocanthus Lactophrys triqueter Family Name: Synodontidae Family Name: Diodontidae Family Name: Ostraciidae Local Name: Sand Diver Local Name: Balloonfish, porcu- Local Name: Smooth Trunkfish Size: 12 in pinefish Size: 8 in Habitat: Seabed Size: 12 in Habitat: reef top Fun Facts: These are active preda- Habitat: Hide in dark recesses or on Fun Facts: Can be seen using their tors waiting on the sand in ambush. grassy bottoms elongated mouth to blow water into Fun Facts: When under extreme crevices to flush out prey. stress, the Balloonfish will inflate itself which is often fatal for them.

THE FLORA, FAUNA & MARINE LIFE OF SECRET BAY 45 Fish MARINE LIFE

Acanthurus bahianus Acunthurus chirurgus Chaetodon capistratus Family Name: Acanthuridae Family Name: Acanthuridae Family Name: Chaetodontidae Local Name: Ocean surgeonfish Local Name: Doctor Fish Local Name: Foureye Butterflyfish Size: 12 in Size: 10 in Size: 6 in Habitat: schooling algae grazer Habitat: Reef and sandy bottom Habitat: reef top on reef Fun Facts: Swim in schools that Fun Facts: They eat individual coral Fun Facts: Named for the scalpel all stop together to graze a section polyps with their long snout. like fins visibile on the tail which of reef. they use in self defense.

Chaetodon aculeatus Abudefduf saxatilis Holacanthus ciliaris Pomacanthidae Family Name: Chaetodontidae Family Name: Pomacentridae Family Name: Queen Angel Local Name: Longsnout Butter- Local Name: Sargeant Major Local Name: 1 ft flyfish Size: 5 in Size: Reef top Size: 3 in Habitat: Mid water Habitat: Named for the blue royal Habitat: Reef Fun Fact: A very common mid Fun Fact: water feeder. Often seen protecting crown on the forehead. Very shy fish. Fun Fact: Solitary and secretive fish purple mats of their eggs. but are fairly common.

46 THE FLORA, FAUNA & MARINE LIFE OF SECRET BAY Fish MARINE LIFE

Gobiosoma evelynae Aulostomus maculatus Selar crumenophthalmus Family Name: Gobiidae Family Name: Carangidae Family Name: Carangidae Local Name: Sharknose Goby Local Name: TrumpetFish Local Name: Scad Size: 1 in Size: 2 ft Size: 10 in Habitat: Rests on reef Habitat: All over the reef looking Habitat: fast moving schools seen in Fun Facts: These are cleaner fish for prey the valleys around the reef and one of the few gobies you will Fun Facts: Will drift head down Fun Facts: Quite common in the see in the area. Often seen in large to look over coral, also will hide areas between reefs on the outside cleaning stations. behind parrotfish to make sneak ledge at Secret Bay. attacks on prey.

Gymnothorax miliaris Gymnothorax funebris Echidna catenata Muraenidae Muraenidae Family Name: Family Name: Family Name: Muraenidae Goldentail Moray Spotted Moray Local Name: Local Name: Local Name: Chain Moray 2 ft 3 ft Size: Size: Size: 18 in Under ledges and in Under ledges and in Habitat: Habitat: Habitat: Under ledges and in crevices crevices crevices During daytime you Often seen pumping wa- Fun Facts: Fun Fact: Fun Fact: The most beautiful of the will only see their head in crevices. ter over their gills by opening and moray eels. Found in crevices and Opens and close mouth to breath. closing their mouth. Not aggressive often in shallow rocks. unless provoked.

THE FLORA, FAUNA & MARINE LIFE OF SECRET BAY 47 Fish MARINE LIFE

Myrichthys breviceps Family Name: Ophichthidae Local Name: Sharptail SnakeEel Size: 2 ft Habitat: Out on the reef Fun Facts: Although it looks more like a snake, it is the eel family. It has gills and breaths underwater. There are no sea snakes in the Caribbean.

48 THE FLORA, FAUNA & MARINE LIFE OF SECRET BAY Sea Creatures MARINE LIFE

Among the reef, rocks and coral, or within the depths of water, crea- tures of the bay visit, live and feed. The depths of the Secret Bay allow for an assortment of creatures, some bizarre and others intriguing, some shy and others unfazed.

Delphinus sp. Physeter macrocephalus Family Name: Delphinidae Family Name: Physeteridae Local Name: Dolphins Local Name: Sperm Whale Size: Ranges Size: Can reach up to 67ft Habitat: Anywhere in the open Habitat: Anywhere in the open ocean ocean Fun Facts: Sometimes seen out in Fun Facts: Sperm whales have been the channel, there are a variety of spotted in the waters just off the dolphins such as the short-beaked Secret Bay property. common dolphin and who live in the Caribbean waters.

Eretmochelys imbricata Sepioteuthis sepioidea Hippocampus erectus Cheloniidae Loliginidae Family Name: Family Name: Family Name: Syngnathidae Hawksbill Turtle Reef Squid Local Name: Local Name: Local Name: Lined Seahorse 3 ft 12 in Size: Size: Size: 4 in Sitting on the reef, swim- Shallows around reef Habitat: Habitat: Habitat: Wrapped around vertical ming mid water or breathing on the Fun Facts: Look for them in mid corals surface water. They will point at you so Fun Facts: Rarely seen by snorkel- Fun Facts: Turtles must surface to they can squirt away at high speed. ers, keep an eye on sea whips, sea breath air, you will see them as they rods or rope spnges where they are keep an eye out for predators while found with theit tails wrapped for on the surface. security.

THE FLORA, FAUNA & MARINE LIFE OF SECRET BAY 49 Sea Creatures MARINE LIFE

Panulirus argus Mithrax cinctimanus Mithrax spinosissimus Cheloniidae Cheloniidae Family Name: Palinuridae Family Name: Family Name: Banded Clinging Crab Channel Clinging Local Name: Spiny lobster Local Name: Local Name: 2 in Crab Size: 2 ft Size: Found in and around reefs 1 in Habitat: Found around coral reefs Habitat: Size: Often live in association Found in and around reefs Fun Facts: In the day they will hide Fun Facts: Habitat: in reef crevices and holes. They with giant anemones. Fun Facts: The largest of the Carib- come out at night to hunt. bean reef crab species

Stenorhynchus seticornis Ancylomenes pedersoni Percnon gibbesi Family Name: Inachidae Family Name: Palaemonidae Family Name: Plagusiidae Local Name: Arrow crab Local Name: Pederson’s shrimp Local Name: Nimble Spray Crab Size: 3 in Size: 1 in Size: 1 in Habitat: Found in and around reefs Fun Facts: Lives within a host Habitat: Found in and around reefs Fun Facts: Named after their anemone, usually the corkscrew. Fun Facts: Often found hiding pointed head, they are scavengers under the protective spines of sea of the reef. urchins.

50 THE FLORA, FAUNA & MARINE LIFE OF SECRET BAY Sea Creatures MARINE LIFE

Stenopus hispidus Ophiothrix suensonii Linckia guildingi Ophiothricidae Ophiothricidae Family Name: Stenopodidae Family Name: Family Name: Sponge Brittle Star Common Comet Star Local Name: Banded cleaner Local Name: Local Name: shrimp, Banded coral shrimp (day only) Size: 8 in 4 in This sea star is often Size: 1 in Size: Fun Facts: This sea star has long seen with missing arms and not Fun Facts: Lives within a host Fun Facts: anemone, usually the corkscrew. If spindly arms covered in brittle only will it make a new arm but the you slowly extend your fingers they liking spines. They spend the day broken off arm will make a new will give you a manicure! on gorgonians, firecoral or sponges, sea star. emerging fully at night to feed.

Luidia alternata Astrophyton muricatum Astrophyton muricatum Family Name: Ophiuridae Family Name: Gorgonocephalidae Family Name: Gorgonocephalidae Local Name: Banded Sea Star Local Name: Giant Basket Star Local Name: Giant Basket Star Size: 12 in (Closed during the day) Size: 2 ft when it opens its arms Fun Facts: During the day this sea Size: 2 ft when it opens its arms Fun Facts: This sea star spends the star burrows into the sand, it is Fun Facts: This sea star spends the day balled up, and only opens at most likely to be seen at night when day balled up, and only opens at night to a lace like pattern of filter it comes out. night to a lace like pattern of filter feeding arms. feeding arms.

THE FLORA, FAUNA & MARINE LIFE OF SECRET BAY 51 Sea Creatures MARINE LIFE

Echinometra viridis Diadema antillarum Tripneustes ventricosus Family Name: Echinometridae Family Name: Diadematidae Family Name: Toxopneustidae Local Name: Reef Urchin Local Name: Black Urchin Local Name: West Indian Sea Egg Size: 2 in Size: 8 in Size: 5 in Fun Facts: A nightfeeder, this sea Fun Facts: Can pierce the skin and Fun Facts: Often found on flat areas star feeds on algae. cause painful wounds. Treat for of sea grass, this sea egg will partial- surface infection but let any deeply ly bury themselves in the sand. imbedded spines dissolve.

Condylactis gigantea Lebrunia danae Bartholomea annulata Actiniidae Aiptasiidae Family Name: Family Name: Aliciidae Family Name: Giant anemone Corkscrew Anemone Local Name: Local Name: Branching Anemone Local Name: 12 in 6 in Size: Fun Facts: Looks like brown Size: Fun Facts: The anemone has classic matted tentacles with white piping. Fun Facts: The corkscrew anemone long tentacles usually housing 1 or 2 They retract by day but the tentacles is always a good place to find Snap- species of shrimp. extend at night to filter from passing ping shrimp and Perdersons shrimp. currents.

52 THE FLORA, FAUNA & MARINE LIFE OF SECRET BAY Sea Creatures MARINE LIFE

Bispira brunnea Spirobranchus giganteus Notaulax occidentalis Family Name: Sabellidae Serpulidae Family Name: Sabellidae Social Feather Duster Family Name: Feather Duster Local Name: Local Name: Christmas Tree Local Name: Worm Worm Worm Size: 1 in 1 in Size: 1 in Colonies of these small Size: Will retract when ap- Fun Facts: Fun Facts: If a swimmer passes too Fun Facts: but pretty worms vary in colour close to the Christmas tree worm, proached by swimmers. It will then from yellow to pink to violet. they will retract in the blink of an remeerge after a short while. eye. They will emerge a few minutes later.

Notaulax occidentalis Notaulax occidentalis Polychaetes Family Name: Sabellidae Family Name: Sabellidae Family Name: Polychaetes Local Name: Yellow Fan wWrm Local Name: Feather Duster Local Name: Bristleworm Size: 1 in Worm Size: 1in - 6 in Fun Facts: Obvious yellow colour, Size: 1 in Fun Fact: A wide variety of species using its gills to extract both nutri- Fun Facts: Will retract when ap- the Bristleworm are excellent ents and oxygen from the water. proached by swimmers. It will then scavengers. remeerge after a short while.

THE FLORA, FAUNA & MARINE LIFE OF SECRET BAY 53 Sea Creatures MARINE LIFE

Hermodice carunculata Niphates erecta Aplysina insularis Family Name: Amphinomidae Family Name: Niphatidae Family Name: Aplysinidae Local Name: Bearded Fireworm Local Name: Purple Rope Sponge Local Name: Yellow Tube Sponge Size: 6 in Size: 4 ft Size: 4 ft Fun Facts: When threatened, the Fun Facts: Prefers to inhabit walls Fun Facts: Inhabits reefs at all fine hairs along their bodies can and sloping reefs, but it can be seen depths. Look inside the tubes for break off in your skin causing a on the side of rocks around Secret small gobies and shrimp. burning sensation. Do Not Touch! Bay.

Elysia crispata Pinna carnea Discosoma sanctithomae Family Name: Plakobranchidae Family Name: Pinnidae Family Name: Discosomidae Local Name: Lettuce Sea Slug Local Name: Amber Pen Shell Local Name: Warty Corallimorph Size: 2 in Size: 6 in Size: 4 in Fun Facts: Very common at all Fun Facts: These can grow up to Fun Fact: Often looks like weird depths including very shallow wa- 30cm long, but most of it is hidden mats on the seafloor, but is actually ter. Look for the bright blue ones! beneath the sand. a cross between anemone and coral.

54 THE FLORA, FAUNA & MARINE LIFE OF SECRET BAY Coral MARINE LIFE

It is sometimes easy to think that coral is inorganic, but these marine invertebrates live in colonies of pol- yps and take years to become the coral reefs you see today. The can live in a range of depths from a few feet to thousands of feet. The reefs provide a place for marine life to flourish and are crucial to preserve. Observe but don’t touch.

Diploria strigosa Montastraea cavernosa Family Name: Mussidae Family Name: Montastraeidae Local Name: Brain coral Local Name: Giant Star Coral Size: Can reach up to 6ft in diameter Size: Can reach up to 5ft in diameter Fun Fact: Resembling a human Fun Facts: Polyps are retracted in brain, these long living corals can be the day but extend at night causing found all around the reef. the Giant Star coral to appear differently.

Porites porites Millepora alcicornis Millepora alcicornis Milleporidae Milleporidae Family Name: Poritidae Family Name: Family Name: Blade Fire Coral Branching Fire Coral Local Name: Finger Coral Local Name: Local Name: Can reach up to 20in tall Can reach up to 20in tall Size: Lobes can be about 1in wide Size: Size: There can be branching, Feeds on plankton. Fun Facts: Look like fingers stick- Fun Fact: Fun Fact: Do ing up to the surface. encrusting or blade fire coral. Do not touch! It will leave a burning not touch! It will leave a burning painful rash. painful rash.

THE FLORA, FAUNA & MARINE LIFE OF SECRET BAY 55 Coral MARINE LIFE

Millepora alcicornis Gorgonia flabellum Gorgonia ventalina Milleporidae Gorgoniidae Family Name: Family Name: Family Name: Anthothelidae Encrusting Fire Coral Venus Seafan, West Local Name: Local Name: Local Name: Purple sea fan Can reach up to 20in tall Indian sea fan Size: Size: Can reach up to 5ft , It will Can reach up to 5ft Fun Fact: Do not touch! Size: Fun Fact: They like to live in leave a burning painful rash. Fun Fact: They like to live in areas shallow areas where there is lots of where there is lots of water move- water movement to help with filter ment to help with filter feeding. feeding.

Erythropodium caribaeorum Plexaura homomalla Antillogorgia bipinnata Family Name: Anthothelidae Family Name: Plexauridae Family Name: Gorgoniidae Local Name: Encrusting gorgonian Local Name: Black Sea Rod, Carib- Local Name: Seaplume Size: Ranges bean sea whip Size: Can reach up to 22in Fun Fact: Likes shallow reefs where Size: Can reach up to 14in high Fun Fact: Rapid growing corals, the polyps can feed but can grow at Fun Fact: Looks like branching they can be purple, grey or yellow. depths up to 25 meters. trees but are actually colonial filter- feeding animals.

56 THE FLORA, FAUNA & MARINE LIFE OF SECRET BAY Coral MARINE LIFE

Rhodophyta Valonia ventricosa Family Name: Poritidae Family Name: Valoniaceae Local Name: Red Lettuce Algae Local Name: Sea Pearls Size: Varies Size: Can grow up to 1.6in in Fun Facts: A very pretty red algae diameter often seen on near the bottom of Fun Facts: Actually an algae, they reefs. are the largest single cell organism in the marine or terrestrial world.

THE FLORA, FAUNA & MARINE LIFE OF SECRET BAY 57 FAUNA

APPENDICES THE FLORA, FAUNA & MARINE LIFE OF SECRET BAY.

58 THE FLORA, FAUNA & MARINE LIFE OF SECRET BAY FAUNA

THE FLORA, FAUNA & MARINE LIFE OF SECRET BAY 59 Uncommon Animals of Secret Bay APPENDICES

BIRDS: Sterna hirundo Andea herodias Sterna sandvicensis Anous minutus Sula leucogaster Arenaia interpres Tringa lavipes Ceryle torquata Tringa melanoleuca Ceryle alcyon Troglodytes aedon Charadrius semipalmatus Turdus nudigenis Chordeiles gundlachii Contopus latirostris CRABS: Cypseloides niger Fresh water crab, Guidonia dentata Dendroica plumbea Red-Foot Crab, Grapsus grapsus Egretta tricolor, Tricolored Heron Dendroica stuata Egretta garzetta MAMMALS: Egretta tricolor Opossum, Didelphis marsupialis Euphonia musica Falco peregrinus LIZARDS: Falco sparverius House Gecko, Hemidactylus mabouia Gallinula choropus Tree Gecko, Thecadactylus rapicauda Geotrygon montana Hiundo rustica AMPHIBIANS: Larus atricilla Skink, Mabuya bistriata Mniotilta varia Pandion haliaetus SNAKES: Progene dominicensis Boa Constrictor, Constrictor nebulosus Riparia riparia Grove Snake, Liophis juliae Pandion haliaetus, Osprey, Fish Seiurus noveboracensis Worm Snake or Blind Snake, Ty- Hawk Sterna dougallii phlops dominicana

Grapsus grapsus, Red-Foot Crab Guidonia dentata, Fresh water crab Thecadactylus rapicauda, Tree Gecko

60 THE FLORA, FAUNA & MARINE LIFE OF SECRET BAY Photos Cited APPENDICES

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Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Arrow Crab”, Marine Life Photography and information. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Balloonfish”, Marine Life Photography and information. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Banded Cleaner Shrimp”, Marine Life Photography and information. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Banded Clinging Crab”, Marine Life Photography and infor- mation. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Banded Seastar”, Marine Life Photography and information. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Black Sea Rod”, Marine Life Photography and information. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Blackbar Soldierfish”, Marine Life Photography and informa- tion. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Blade Fire Coral”, Marine Life Photography and information. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Bluehead Wrasse”, Marine Life Photography and information. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Brain Coral”, Marine Life Photography and information. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Branching Firecoral”, Marine Life Photography and informa- tion. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Bristle Worm”, Marine Life Photography and information. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Caribbean Spiny Lobster”, Marine Life Photography and 62 THE FLORA, FAUNA & MARINE LIFE OF SECRET BAY Photos Cited APPENDICES information. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Chain Moray”, Marine Life Photography and information. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Channel Clinging Crab”, Marine Life Photography and infor- mation. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Christmas Tree Worm”, Marine Life Photography and infor- mation. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Coral Banded Shrimp”, Marine Life Photography and infor- mation. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Corkscrew Anemone”, Marine Life Photography and informa- tion. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Creole Wrasse”, Marine Life Photography and information. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Doctor Fish”, Marine Life Photography and information. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Encrusting Firecoral”, Marine Life Photography and informa- tion. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Fairy Basslet”, Marine Life Photography and information. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Feather Duster”, Marine Life Photography and information. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Feather Duster”, Marine Life Photography and information. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Finger Coral”, Marine Life Photography and information. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Flame Fish”, Marine Life Photography and information. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Flying Gurnard”, Marine Life Photography and information. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Foureye Butterfly Fish”, Marine Life Photography and infor- mation. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “French Grunt”, Marine Life Photography and information. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Giant Anemone”, Marine Life Photography and information. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Giant Basket Star (Day /Closed)”, Marine Life Photography and information. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Giant Basket Star (Night / Open)”, Marine Life Photography and information. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Giant Star Coral”, Marine Life Photography and information. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Glasseye Snapper”, Marine Life Photography and information. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Glassy Sweepers”, Marine Life Photography and information. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Goldentail Moray”, Marine Life Photography and information. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Grunt Juvenile”, Marine Life Photography and information. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Harlequin Bass”, Marine Life Photography and information. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Jack Knife”, Marine Life Photography and information. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Lettuce Seaslug”, Marine Life Photography and information. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Lined Seahorse”, Marine Life Photography and information. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Longsnout Butterfly Fish”, Marine Life Photography and information. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Nimble Spray Crab”, Marine Life Photography and informa- tion. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Ocean Surgeon Fish”, Marine Life Photography and informa- tion. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Peacock Flounder”, Marine Life Photography and informa- tion. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Princess Parrotfish (Adult)”, Marine Life Photography and information. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Princess Parrotfish (Intermediate)”, Marine Life Photography and information. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Purple Rope Sponge”, Marine Life Photography and informa- THE FLORA, FAUNA & MARINE LIFE OF SECRET BAY 63 Photos Cited APPENDICES

tion. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Queen Angelfish”, Marine Life Photography and information. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Red Lettuce Algae”, Marine Life Photography and informa- tion. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Redband Parrotfish”, Marine Life Photography and informa- tion. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Redhind”, Marine Life Photography and information. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Redspotted Hawkfish”, Marine Life Photography and informa- tion. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Reef Squid”, Marine Life Photography and information. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Reef Urchin”, Marine Life Photography and information. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Sand Diver”, Marine Life Photography and information. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Sargeant Major”, Marine Life Photography and information. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Scad”, Marine Life Photography and information. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Sea Pearls”, Marine Life Photography and information. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Sea Plume”, Marine Life Photography and information. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Sharknose Goby”, Marine Life Photography and information. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Sharptail Snakeeel”, Marine Life Photography and informa- tion. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Silversides”, Marine Life Photography and information. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Smooth Trunkfish”, Marine Life Photography and informa- tion. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Spanish Hogfish”, Marine Life Photography and information. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Sponge Brittle Star”, Marine Life Photography and informa- tion. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Spotted Drum Juvenile”, Marine Life Photography and infor- mation. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Spotted Drum”, Marine Life Photography and information. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Spotted Moray”, Marine Life Photography and information. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Spotted Scorpion Fish”, Marine Life Photography and infor- mation. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Trumpet fish”, Marine Life Photography and information. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Turtle”, Marine Life Photography and information. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Venus Seafan”, Marine Life Photography and information. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Warty Corallimorph”, Marine Life Photography and informa- tion. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “West Indian Sea Egg”, Marine Life Photography and informa- tion. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Yellow Fanworm”, Marine Life Photography and information. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Yellow Goatfish”, Marine Life Photography and information. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Yellow Head Wrasse”, Marine Life Photography and informa- tion. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Yellow Tube Sponge”, Marine Life Photography and informa- tion. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Yellowtail Damselfish (Intermediate)”, Marine Life Photogra- phy and information. Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti, “Yellowtail Snapper”, Marine Life Photography and informa- tion. James Steakley - Own work, “Cymbopogon” CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?cu- rid=26580842 64 THE FLORA, FAUNA & MARINE LIFE OF SECRET BAY Photos Cited APPENDICES

Kgrabe (Own work),“Delphinidae” [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons Kowloonese, “Artocarpus altilis” [GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html) or CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://cre- ativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/)], via Wikimedia Commons La Force, Nicole. “Say Hi to the Lesser Antillean Flycatcher (Myiarchus Oberi Sanctaeluciae) Pipirite Gros Tête.” St. Lucia Forestry Department Environmental Education Unit. 4 Oct. 2011. Web. 8 June 2015. Magentic Manifestations - Own work, “Ixora coccinea” CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index. php?curid=41370635 Marc Ryckaert (MJJR), “Agave” - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?cu- rid=7209445 Mark Stevens from Warrington, UK (Mabuya mabouya) “Skink” [CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licens- es/by/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons Mullookkaaran (Own work), “Hibiscus” [CC BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons Patrice78500 (Own work), “Anthurium grandifolium” [CC BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by- sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons Peter A. Mansfeld, “Consolea” [CC BY 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0)], via Wikimedia Com- mons Photo, By Luisovalles - Own work, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=9464209 Photo, By Renesis - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6425091 Pinus (Own work), “Allamanda” [CC BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons Riba (Own work), “Ficus citrifolia” [GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html) or CC BY-SA 3.0 (http://cre- ativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons Sky99 - Own work, “Passiflora laurifolia” CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?cu- rid=19192692 Stan Shebs, “Caesalpinia pulcherrima” [GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html), CC BY-SA 3.0 (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0) or CC BY-SA 2.5 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5)], via Wikimedia Commons Tauʻolunga (Own work), “Pimenta racemosa” [GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html), CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/) or CC BY-SA 2.5-2.0-1.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licens- es/by-sa/2.5-2.0-1.0)], via Wikimedia Commons Terry Ross derivative work: Snowmanradio, “Pandion_haliaetus_-fish_-Texas-8.jpg”, [CC BY-SA 2.0 (http://cre- ativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons Thomas Brown, “Gecarcinus ruricola” [CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons W, “Thcadactylus rapicuda” [GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html) or CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creative- commons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/)], via Wikimedia Commons W, “Äbolo” Postdlf from [GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html) or CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecom- mons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/)], via Wikimedia Commons W, “Julia’s Ground Snake” Postdlf from [GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html) or CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/)], via Wikimedia Commons W, “Kouwes” Postdlf from [GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html) or CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creative- commons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/)], via Wikimedia Commons Wouter Hagens (Own work), “Spathodea” [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons Yercaud-elango - Own work, “Vetiveria zizanioides” CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index. php?curid=37868201 Yuri Ribeiro Sucupira (Own work), “Bamboo” [CC0], via Wikimedia Commons

THE FLORA, FAUNA & MARINE LIFE OF SECRET BAY 65 Work Cited APPENDICES

Agave, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agave&oldid=713079459 (last visited Apr. 11, 2016). Allamanda, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allamanda&oldid=698877216 (last visited Apr. 8, 2016). Allenia fusca, http://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/portal/species/overview?p_p_spp=559596, (last visited Mar. 20, 2016). Aloe vera, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aloe_vera&oldid=713798175 (last visited Apr. 11, 2016). Amber Pen Shell, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and information. Anartia jatrophae, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anartia_jatrophae&oldid=710674457 (last visited Apr. 7, 2016). Andira inermis, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andira_inermis&oldid=652697457 (last visited Mar. 25, 2016). Annona muricata, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annona_muricata&oldid=705652780 (last visited Apr. 8, 2016). Annona reticulata, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annona_reticulata&oldid=709474004 (last visited Apr. 8, 2016). Anthurium grandifolium, http://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthurium_grandifolium&oldid=95477580 , (last visited Mar. 20, 2016). Antilles coqui, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antilles_coqui&oldid=709844268(last visited Apr. 6, 2016). Antilles racer, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antilles_racer&oldid=630095259(last visited Apr. 6, 2016). Arrow Crab, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and information. Artocarpus altilis, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artocarpus_altilis&oldid=681133006 (last visited Apr. 8, 2016). Ascia monuste, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ascia_monuste&oldid=709924282 (last visited Apr. 7, 2016). Atlantic ghost crab, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_ghost_crab&oldid=703948038 (last visited Apr. 6, 2016). Averrhoa carambola, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Averrhoa_carambola&oldid=696631474 (last visited Apr. 8, 2016). Avocado, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avocado&oldid=713941442 (last visited Apr. 8, 2016). Balloonfish, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and information. Bamboo, http://www.guaduabamboo.com/species/bambusa-vulgaris, (last visited Mar. 20, 2016). Bananaquit. The Website of Everything. Web. 15 June 2015. Banded Cleaner Shrimp, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and infor- mation. Banded Clinging Crab, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and informa- tion. Banded Seastar, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and information. Barn Owl. All About Birds. Web. 16 June 2015. Battus polydamas, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battus_polydamas&oldid=712981347 (last visited Apr. 7, 2016). Black Sea Rod, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and information. Blackbar Soldierfish, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and informa- tion. Black-faced Grassquit, The Website of Everything. Web. 29 June 2015. Blade Fire Coral, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and information. Bluehead Wrasse, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and information. Boa constrictor, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boa_constrictor&oldid=713534676 (last visited Apr. 6, 2016).

66 THE FLORA, FAUNA & MARINE LIFE OF SECRET BAY Work Cited APPENDICES

Bougainvillea, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bougainvillea&oldid=710957842(last visited Apr. 8, 2016). Brain Coral, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and information. Branching Firecoral, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and informa- tion. Bristle Worm, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and information. Broad-winged Hawk, The Peregrine Fund. Web. 15 June 2015. Brown Pelican (Pelecanus Occidentalis), Information on Brown Pelican - Encyclopedia of Life.” Encyclopedia of Life. Web. 8 June 2015. Bubulcus ibis, http://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/portal/species/overview?p_p_spp=113916, (last visited Mar. 20, 2016). Bursera simaruba, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bursera_simaruba&oldid=689284434 (last visited Mar. 25, 2016). Buteo platypterus, http://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/portal/species/overview?p_p_spp=126836, (last visited Apr. 7, 2016). Butorides virescens, http://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/portal/species/overview?p_p_spp=114236(last visited Mar. 20, 2016). Byrsonima coriacea, http://www.keularts.com/flora/trees/115.html (last visited Mar. 20, 2016). Caesalpinia pulcherrima, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caesalpinia_pulcherrima&ol- did=712713229 (last visited Apr. 8, 2016). Calidris minutilla, http://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/portal/species/overview?p_p_spp=152661, (last visited Mar. 20, 2016). Calliandra tergemina, http://www.photomazza.com/Calliandra-tergemina-var-emarginata, (last visited Mar. 20, 2016). Cananga odorata, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cananga_odorata&oldid=704557830 (last visited Apr. 8, 2016). Cardisoma guanhumi, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cardisoma_guanhumi&oldid=681552289 (last visited Apr. 6, 2016). Caribbean Elaenia, BirdForum. Web. 8 June 2015. Caribbean hermit crab, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caribbean_hermit_crab&ol- did=694423196 (last visited Apr. 6, 2016). Caribbean Spiny Lobster, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and information. Casearia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Casearia&oldid=684154813 (last visited Mar. 25, 2016). Cattle Egret (Bubulcus Ibis), Wildscreen Arkive. Web. 8 June Ceiba pentandra, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ceiba_pentandra&oldid=705964949 (last visited February 20, 2016) Chaetura martinica, http://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/portal/species/overview?p_p_spp=227931, (last visited Mar. 20, 2016). Chain Moray, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and information. Channel Clinging Crab, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and infor- mation. Christmas Tree Worm, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and infor- mation. Cinclocerthia ruficauda, http://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/portal/species/overview?p_p_spp=559916, (last visited Mar. 20, 2016). Clusia minor, https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clusia_minor&oldid=76928790 (last accessed 21 March 2016). Coccoloba pubescens, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coccoloba_pubescens&oldid=541702107 (last

THE FLORA, FAUNA & MARINE LIFE OF SECRET BAY 67 Work Cited APPENDICES

visited Mar. 21, 2016). Coccoloba uvifera, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coccoloba_uvifera&oldid=707142905 (last visited Mar. 21, 2016). Coccyzus americanus, http://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/portal/species/overview?p_p_spp=202456 (last visited Mar. 21, 2016). Coccyzus minor, http://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/portal/species/overview?p_p_spp=202776, (last visited Apr. 7, 2016). Coconut, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coconut&oldid=714163629 (last visited Apr. 8, 2016). Codiaeum variegatum, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Codiaeum_variegatum&oldid=683744004 (last visited Apr. 8, 2016). Coereba flaveola, http://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/portal/species/overview?p_p_spp=581516 (last visited Mar. 21, 2016). Coffea arabica, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coffea_arabica&oldid=713801323 (last visited Apr. 8, 2016). Coilostylis ciliaris, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coilostylis_ciliaris&oldid=590821110 (last visited Mar. 25, 2016). Columbina passerine, http://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/portal/species/overview?p_p_spp=173781 (last visited Mar. 21, 2016). Common Ground-Dove, All About Birds. Web. 15 June 2015. Consolea, http://cactiguide.com/cactus/?genus=consolea, (last visited Mar. 20, 2016). Coral Banded Shrimp, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and informa- tion. Corkscrew Anemone, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and informa- tion. Creole Wrasse, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and information. Crotophaga ani, http://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/portal/species/overview?p_p_spp=205336 (last visited Mar. 21, 2016). Cymbopogon, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cymbopogon&oldid=710039267(last visited Apr. 8, 2016). Delonix regia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Delonix_regia&oldid=708331074 (last visited Mar. 25, 2016). Dioscorea spp, http://www.lennoxhonychurch.com/heritage.cfm?Id=324 (Last visited, Mar 30 2016 ) Doctor Fish, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and information. Dominican Anole, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dominican_Anole&oldid=707827481 (last visited Apr. 6, 2016). Dominican ground lizard, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dominican_ground_lizard&ol- did=686925702 (last visited Apr. 6, 2016). Dryas iulia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dryas_iulia&oldid=710764661 (last visited Apr. 7, 2016). Dypsis lutescens, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dypsis_lutescens&oldid=712441490 (last visited Apr. 8, 2016). Egretta caerulea, http://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/portal/species/overview?p_p_spp=113436 (last visited Mar. 21, 2016). Elaenia martinica, http://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/portal/species/overview?p_p_spp=425961 (last visited Mar. 21, 2016). Eleutherodactylus martinicensis, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eleutherodactylus_martinicensis&ol- did=672490214 (last visited Apr. 6, 2016). Encrusting Firecoral, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and informa- tion. Erythrina variegata, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erythrina_variegata&oldid=678090025 (last

68 THE FLORA, FAUNA & MARINE LIFE OF SECRET BAY Work Cited APPENDICES visited Mar. 25, 2016). Eugenia ligustrina, http://www.keularts.com/flora/trees/571.html, (last visited Mar. 20, 2016). Eulampis holosericeus, http://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/portal/species/identification?p_p_spp=25022, (last visited Mar. 20, 2016). Eulampis Holosericeus, Neotropical Birds. Web. 22 June 2015. Eulampis jugularis, http://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/portal/species/overview?p_p_spp=240251, (last visited Mar. 20, 2016). Fairy Basslet, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and information. Feather Duster, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and information. Feather Duster, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and information. Ficus citrifolia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ficus_citrifolia&oldid=709501124 (last visited Mar. 25, 2016). Finger Coral, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and information. Flame Fish, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and information. Flying Gurnard, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and information. Foureye Butterfly Fish, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and infor- mation. Fregata magnificens, http://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/portal/species/overview?p_p_spp=110396, (last visited Mar. 20, 2016). French Grunt, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and information. Gecarcinus ruricola, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gecarcinus_ruricola&oldid=684310276 (last visited Apr. 6, 2016). Genipa Americana, http://www.rain-tree.com/genipap.htm#.Vwfw6qQrKUk (last visited Mar. 21, 2016). Giant Anemone, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and information. Giant Basket Star (Day /Closed), Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and information. Giant Basket Star (Night / Open), Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and information. Giant Star Coral, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and information. Glasseye Snapper, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and information. Glassy Sweepers, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and information. Gliricidia sepium, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gliricidia_sepium&oldid=708030806 (last visited Mar. 25, 2016). Goldentail Moray, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and information. Green Heron (Butorides Virescens), Wildscreen Arkive. Web. 8 June 2015. Grunt Juvenile, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and information. Gulf fritillary, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gulf_fritillary&oldid=712973651 (last visited Apr. 7, 2016). Haematoxylum campechianum, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haematoxylum_campechianum&ol- did=688331592 (last visited Mar. 25, 2016). Harlequin Bass, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and information. Heliconia caribaea http://ntbg.org/plants/plant_details.php?plantid=5839 (last visited Mar. 21, 2016). Hercules beetle, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hercules_beetle&oldid=710455653 (last visited Apr. 7, 2016). Hibiscus, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hibiscus&oldid=713346693 (last visited Apr. 8, 2016). Homalium racemosum, http://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Homalium+racemosum (last visited Mar. 25, 2016). Hunter, Fact. “Zenaida Dove - National Bird of Anguilla.” Bird’s Lifestyle. 11 Feb. 2013. Web. 15 June 2015. Hymenaea courbaril, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hymenaea_courbaril&oldid=682123041 (last

THE FLORA, FAUNA & MARINE LIFE OF SECRET BAY 69 Work Cited APPENDICES

visited Mar. 25, 2016). Inga laurina, http://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Inga+laurina (last visited Mar. 25, 2016). Ixora coccinea, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ixora_coccinea&oldid=708189604 (last visited Apr. 8, 2016). Jack Knife, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and information. Johnson, Sibylle. “Grey Kingbird or Pitirre.” Beauty Of Birds. Web. 8 June 2015. Johnson, Sibylle. “Purple-throated Caribs - Hummingbirds.” Beauty Of Birds. Web. 22 June 2015. Julia’s ground snake, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julia%27s_ground_snake&oldid=713116967 (last visited Apr. 6, 2016). Junonia coenia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Junonia_coenia&oldid=633887303 (last visited Apr. 7, 2016). Kaufman, Kenn. “Black-whiskered Vireo.” Audubon. 13 Nov. 2014. Web. 8 June 2015. Least Sandpiper, All About Birds. Web. 8 June 2015. Least Tern, All About Birds. Web. 8 June 2015. Lesser Antillean Iguana, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lesser_Antillean_Iguana&ol- did=682367932 (last visited Apr. 6, 2016). Lesser Antillean Saltator, BirdForum. Web. 29 June 2015. Lesser Antillean Swift. (n.d.). Retrieved June 22, 2015. Lettuce Seaslug, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and information. Leucaena leucocephala, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leucaena_leucocephala&ol- did=710769201 (last visited Mar. 25, 2016). Lined Seahorse, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and information. List of butterflies of Dominica, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_butterflies_of_Dominica&ol- did=712943416 (last visited Apr. 7, 2016). Little Blue Heron (Egretta Caerulea), Wildscreen Arkive. Web. 8 June 2015. Lonchocarpus Pentaphyllus, http://ecflora.cavehill.uwi.edu/plantdetails.php?pid=1033&sn=Lonchocarpus+pen- taphyllus&cn=Savonette&gh=tree+or+tree-like (last visited Mar. 25, 2016). Longsnout Butterfly Fish, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and information. Loxigilla noctis, http://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/portal/species/overview?p_p_spp=633356 (last visited Mar. 25, 2016). Mabuya mabouya, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mabuya_mabouya&oldid=631286340 (last visited Apr. 6, 2016). Magnificent Frigatebird Videos, Photos and Facts, - Fregata Magnificens. Web. 8 June 2015. Manchineel, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manchineel&oldid=711745714 (last visited Mar. 25, 2016). Mangifera indica, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mangifera_indica&oldid=713689269 (last visited Apr. 8, 2016). Mangrove Cuckoo, All About Birds. Web. 15 June 2015. Margaritaria nobilis, http://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Margaritaria+nobilis (last visited Mar. 25, 2016). Margarops fuscatus, http://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/portal/species/overview?p_p_spp=559756(last visited Mar. 20, 2016). Melicoccus bijugatus, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melicoccus_bijugatus&oldid=711481218 (last visited Apr. 8, 2016). Monarch butterfly, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monarch_butterfly&oldid=713779878 (last visited Apr. 7, 2016). Morinda citrifolia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morinda_citrifolia&oldid=693031349 (last visited Apr. 8, 2016).

70 THE FLORA, FAUNA & MARINE LIFE OF SECRET BAY Work Cited APPENDICES

Myiarchus oberi, http://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/portal/species/overview?p_p_spp=477356, (last visited Mar. 20, 2016). Nerium, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nerium&oldid=713646311 (last visited Apr. 8, 2016). Nimble Spray Crab, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and informa- tion. Nyctanassa violacea, http://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/portal/species/overview?p_p_spp=115196, (last visited Mar. 30, 2016). Ocean Surgeon Fish, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and informa- tion. Odontonema nitidum, http://www.saintlucianplants.com/floweringplants/acanthaceae/odonniti/odonniti.html, (last visited Mar. 30, 2016). Orthorhyncus cristatus, http://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/portal/species/overview?p_p_spp=240571, (last visited Mar. 30, 2016). Orthorhyncus Cristatus, Neotropical Birds. Web. 22 June 2015. Passiflora laurifolia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passiflora_laurifolia&oldid=705729730 (last visited Apr. 8, 2016). Patagioenas squamosa, http://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/portal/species/overview?p_p_spp=169621, (last visited Mar. 30, 2016). Peacock Flounder, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and informa- tion. Pearly-eyed Thrasher (Margarops Fuscatus), NatureWatch NZ. Web. 8 June 2015. Pelecanus occidentalis, http://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/portal/species/overview?p_p_spp=108476, (last visited Mar. 30, 2016). Phoebis sennae, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phoebis_sennae&oldid=712965482 (last visited Apr. 7, 2016). Phoradendron, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phoradendron&oldid=676099164 (last visited Mar. 25, 2016). Pimenta racemosa, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pimenta_racemosa&oldid=636752514 (last visited Mar. 25, 2016). Piper amalago, https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piper_amalago&oldid=79271709 , (last visited Mar. 30, 2016). Pisonia gragrans, http://ecflora.cavehill.uwi.edu/plantdetails.php?pid=1581&sn=Pisonia+fra- grans+Dum.-Cours.&cn=&gh=, (last visited Mar. 21, 2016). Plumeria, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plumeria&oldid=709099770 (last visited Apr. 8, 2016). Princess Parrotfish (Adult), Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and information. Princess Parrotfish (Intermediate), Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and information. Psidium guajava, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Psidium_guajava&oldid=703748272 (last visited Apr. 8, 2016). Purple Rope Sponge, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and informa- tion. Queen Angelfish, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and information. Quiscalus lugubris, http://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/portal/species/overview?p_p_spp=669676, (last visited Mar. 30, 2016). Quiscalus Lugubris, Neotropical Birds. Web. 22 June 2015. Red Lettuce Algae, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and informa- tion. Redband Parrotfish, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and informa-

THE FLORA, FAUNA & MARINE LIFE OF SECRET BAY 71 Work Cited APPENDICES

tion. Redhind, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and information. Red-legged Thrush Turdus Plumbeus (LC), Focusing on Wildlife. Web. 8 June 2015. Redspotted Hawkfish, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and informa- tion. Reef Squid, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and information. Reef Urchin, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and information. Royal Tern, All About Birds. Web. 8 June 2015. Saltator albicollis, http://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/portal/species/overview?p_p_spp=659116, (last visited Mar. 30, 2016). Samanea saman, http://www.ntbg.org/plants/plant_details.php?plantid=10174 , (last visited Mar. 30, 2016). Sand Diver, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and information. Sargeant Major, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and information. Scad, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and information. Scaly-naped Pigeon, The Website of Everything. Web. 15 June 2015. Sea Pearls, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and information. Sea Plume, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and information. Setophaga petechia, http://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/portal/species/overview?p_p_spp=565516, (last visited Mar. 30, 2016). Sharknose Goby, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and information. Sharptail Snakeeel, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and information. Silversides, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and information. Smooth Trunkfish, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and information. Smooth-billed Ani, All About Birds. Web. 16 June 2015. Solanum torvum, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solanum_torvum&oldid=703403700 (last visited Mar. 25, 2016). Spanish Hogfish, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and information. Spathodea, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spathodea&oldid=710713195 (last visited Mar. 25, 2016). Spondias dulcis, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spondias_dulcis&oldid=709303064 (last visited Apr. 8, 2016). Sponge Brittle Star, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and informa- tion. Spotted Drum Juvenile, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and infor- mation. Spotted Drum, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and information. Spotted Moray, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and information. Spotted Scorpion Fish, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and informa- tion. Stachytarpheta jamaicensis, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stachytarpheta_jamaicensis&ol- did=701735318 (last visited Apr. 8, 2016). Sterna antillarum, http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=3278, (last visited Mar. 30, 2016). Sterna maxima, http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=3260, (last visited Mar. 30, 2016). Syzygium jambos, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syzygium_jambos&oldid=702906556, (last visited Mar. 30, 2016). Syzygium malaccense, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syzygium_malaccense&oldid=688050772, (last visited Mar. 30, 2016). Tabebuia heterophylla, http://floridata.com/Plants/Bignoniaceae/Tabebuia%20heterophylla/544 (Last visted Mar 30 2016) Tamarind, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamarind&oldid=712475615 (last visited Apr. 8, 2016).

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Terminalia catappa, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Terminalia_catappa&oldid=704478190 (last visited Mar. 25, 2016). Tettigoniidae, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tettigoniidae&oldid=712474027 (last visited Apr. 7, 2016). Theobroma cacao, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theobroma_cacao&oldid=712027423 (last visited Apr. 8, 2016). Tiaris bicolor, http://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/portal/species/overview?p_p_spp=630636, (last visited Mar. 30, 2016). Tradescantia spathacea, http://floridata.com/Plants/Commelinaceae/Tradescantia%20spathacea/752, (last visited Mar. 30, 2016). Tropical house gecko, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tropical_house_gecko&oldid=710827254 (last visited Apr. 6, 2016). Trumpet fish, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and information. Turdus plumbeus, http://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/portal/species/overview?p_p_spp=553996, (last visited Mar. 30, 2016). Turtle, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and information. Tyrannus dominicensis, http://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/portal/species/overview?p_p_spp=481996, (last visited Mar. 30, 2016). Tyto alba, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barn_owl&oldid=713980477 (last visited Apr. 7, 2016). Vangueria madagascariensis, http://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Vangueria+madagascariensis, (last visited Mar. 30, 2016). Venus Seafan, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and information. Vetiveria zizanioides, http://www.lennoxhonychurch.com/heritage.cfm?Id=289, (last visited Mar. 30, 2016). Vireo altiloquus, http://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/portal/species/overview?p_p_spp=510796, (last visited Mar. 30, 2016). Warty Corallimorph, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and informa- tion. West Indian Sea Egg, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and informa- tion. Yellow Fanworm, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and information. Yellow Goatfish, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and information. Yellow Head Wrasse, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and informa- tion. Yellow Tube Sponge, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and informa- tion. Yellow Warbler, Swartzentrover. Web. 12 June 2015. Yellow-billed Cuckoo, All About Birds. Web. 16 June 2015. Yellow-crowned Night-heron (Nyctanassa Violacea), Wildscreen Arkive. Web. 8 June 2015. Yellowtail Damselfish (Intermediate), Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photogra- phy and information. Yellowtail Snapper, Images Dominica, Simon Walsh & Arun Madisetti - Marine Life Photography and informa- tion. Zenaida aurita, http://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/portal/species/overview?p_p_spp=172661, (last visited Mar. 30, 2016).

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