It's Funny, Cause It's True

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It's Funny, Cause It's True IT’S FUNNY, CAUSE IT’S TRUE Humor in US-amerikanischen und deutschen Comedy-Serien als Spiegel gesellschaftlich- kultureller Strukturen im Unterhaltungsfernsehen Masterarbeit zur Erlangung des Mastergrades an der Kultur- und Gesellschaftswissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Salzburg am Fachbereich für Kommunikationswissenschaft Gutachter: Dr. Sascha Trültzsch-Wijnen eingereicht von Kathrin Brandstetter Salzburg, 26. August 2014 Masterarbeit SS 2014 Kathrin Brandstetter | 0820483 DANKSAGUNG "A lot of people come up here and thank Jesus for this award. I want you to know that no one had less to do with this award than Jesus." Kathy Griffin, Emmy Acceptance Speech 2007 Tja. Betrachtet man die Finalisierung dieser Masterarbeit als einen Fernsehaward, könnte ich ebenfalls behaupten, dass Jesu Anteil daran relativ gering ausfällt. Gott sei Dank kenne ich aber einige Menschen, die für mich eine Art „Jesus-Funktion“ in dieser Phase übernommen haben. Die Menschen, denen Dank für ihre tatkräftige und/oder moralische Unterstützung beim Schrei- ben dieser Masterarbeit gebührt, sollen diesen hier in aller Form erhalten. Zuallererst möchte ich meinen Eltern danken, ohne die ich nie in den Genuss gekommen wäre, eine Masterarbeit mit 403.673 Zeichen zu schreiben. Sie haben mir die Türen zu meinem Studium geöffnet und mir den Weg in eine Zukunft geebnet, in der ich bei der Arbeit sogar Spaß haben kann. Ihr Interesse für mein Studium und letztendlich die Finalisierung meiner Arbeit haben mich stets motiviert. Mama, ich hab schon 159 Seiten. Papa, ich bin stolz, dass ich nun endlich eine Antwort auf deine verlässlich wiederkehrende Frage habe: Ja, ich bin fertig. Dass ich diesen Satz nun endlich laut und öffentlich aussprechen kann, habe ich außerdem noch zwei anderen Menschen in meinem Leben zu verdanken. Elke und Peter sind die „Monica und Chandler“ in meiner ganz persönlichen „Friends“-Sitcom. Ihre großartige Hilfe, vor allem in der kräfteraubenden, durch steigendes Schlafdefizit stimmungsvariablen Endphase des Schreibens, hat die Finalisierung meiner Arbeit in ihrer potenziellen Bestform möglich gemacht. Mein Dank aus vollstem Herzen gebührt auch den vielen Menschen, die mein Studium zu einem wunderbaren Lebensabschnitt gemacht haben, auf den ich immer voller Freude und mit einem Hauch von Wehmut zurückblicken werde, allen voran Kathi, Tanja und Chrisi. I Masterarbeit SS 2014 Kathrin Brandstetter | 0820483 EIDESSTATTLICHE ERKLÄRUNG Hiermit versichere ich, Kathrin Brandstetter, geboren am 8. 8. 1990 in Linz, dass ich die Grund- sätze wissenschaftlichen Arbeitens nach bestem Wissen und Gewissen eingehalten habe und die vorliegende Masterarbeit von mir selbständig verfasst wurde. Zur Erstellung wurden von mir keine anderen als die angegebenen Quellen und Hilfsmittel ver- wendet. Ich versichere, dass ich die Masterarbeit weder im In- und Ausland bisher in irgendei- ner Form als Prüfungsarbeit vorgelegt habe und dass diese Arbeit mit der dem Begutachter vor- gelegten Arbeit übereinstimmt. Salzburg, am 26. August 2014 _______________________________________________________________________ Kathrin Brandstetter Matrikelnummer 0820483 II Masterarbeit SS 2014 Kathrin Brandstetter | 0820483 KURZFASSUNG Die vorliegende Masterarbeit widmet sich dem Zusammenhang zwischen der Erzeugung von Humor in TV-Comedyserien und den kulturell-gesellschaftlichen Strukturen sowie Humorkultu- ren ihrer Entstehungsländer. Untersuchungsgegenstand ist hierfür zum einen "Türkisch für An- fänger" aus Deutschland und zum anderen das US-amerikanische Format "Modern Family". Nach den grundlegenden Begriffsdefinitionen von Humor und Kultur und der Einbettung dieser Untersuchung in den aktuellen kommunikationswissenschaftlichen Forschungsstand wird deren theoretisches Fundament aus den Bereichen der Humortheorien sowie der Cultural Studies ge- bildet: Die verschiedenen Entstehungsweisen und Funktionen von Humor sind für das Erkennen, Nachvollziehen und Interpretieren der ausgewählten Handlungssequenzen aus den Comedyse- rien wertvoll. Die von Hofstede aufgestellten und im Rahmen des Forschungsprojekts GLOBE weiterentwickelten Kulturdimensionen dienen einerseits der Einordnung der inhaltlichen The- men der Comedyserien (wie z.B. Migration, Sexualität, Toleranz oder Erziehung) in die Kulturen ihrer Produktionsländer, andererseits auch dem Vergleich zwischen den beiden Serien bzw. Kulturen. Die Autorin stützt sich dabei auf die kommunikationswissenschaftlichen Methoden von Mikos, Korte und Trültzsch und entwickelt in ihrer kontextualisierten Inhaltsanalyse eigene Kate- goriensysteme und Analysebögen, welche sowohl die Mikrostrukturen in humorvollen Szenen herausarbeiten, als auch deren Makroebene als Bezugsrahmen zu übergeordneten Themen und zum kulturellen Kontext miteinbeziehen. Es zeigt sich, dass auf der einen Seite die verarbeiteten Themen und die Art und Weise der Hu- morgenerierung in den Comedyserien Rückschlüsse auf die Kultur der Produktionsländer zulas- sen; auf der anderen Seite ermöglichen die kulturellen Hintergründe der Produktion und Rezep- tion erst die Generierung von Komik als funktionierenden Kommunikationsprozess. Die Master- arbeit bestätigt hier den wechselseitigen Zusammenhang zwischen einer Gesellschaft und ihres Medienprodukts und zeigt insofern, wie sich eine Kultur durch den Humor in Comedyserien aus- drücken kann. III Masterarbeit SS 2014 Kathrin Brandstetter | 0820483 ABSTRACT This master thesis discusses the relationship between the generation of humor in television comedy series, and the social and cultural structures in the countries in which they were pro- duced. The two sitcoms "Modern Family" from the US and "Türkisch für Anfänger" from Germa- ny were chosen as testing objects. After defining the terms 'humor' and 'culture', and the embedding of this work into an actual communication study, its theoretical foundation is based on humor theories and cultural studies. The miscellaneous functions and generations of humor help to identify, understand and interpret the selected scenes of the sitcoms. The cultural dimensions, established by Hofstede and advan- ced by the GLOBE project allow a classification of the sitcoms' topics, such as migration, sexua- lity, tolerance or education, into the cultures of their production countries, as well as a compari- son between both sitcoms respectively between both cultures. This study leans on proven me- thods of communication science by Mikos, Korte and Trültzsch, and develops its own analytical categories and spreadsheets, which emphasises the microstructures in humorous scenes, and also includes their macrolayers to connect to superior topics and cultural contexts. It is shown that the occuring topics and the way of generating humor in the two chosen sitcoms informs conclusions about the German and American cultures; whereas the cultural back- grounds of both the production and the reception side enable the generation of humor as a func- tioning process of communication between both sides. Therefore the master thesis confirms the interaction between a society and its media product, and indicates how a culture can express itself through humor in sitcoms. IV Masterarbeit SS 2014 Kathrin Brandstetter | 0820483 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 1 EINLEITUNG 1 2 FORSCHUNGSSTAND 5 2.1 Zum Verhältnis von Kultur – Humor - Medien 6 2.1.1 Humor und Kultur 8 2.1.2 Humor und Medien 16 2.2 Situation Comedies 22 2.2.1 Historischer Abriss – Comedy im Wandel 24 2.2.2 Die Entstehung der Sitcom 26 2.2.3 Zur Entwicklung von Comedy-Serien im US-amerikanischen und deutschen Fernsehen 27 3 THEORETISCHE GRUNDLAGEN 29 3.1 Humortheorien 29 3.1.1 Überlegenheits- und Aggressionstheorien 30 3.1.2 Inkongruenztheorien 32 3.1.3 Entspannungs- und Abfuhrtheorien 35 3.1.4 Humorfunktionen 36 3.2 Cultural Studies 38 3.2.1 Kulturtypologien 44 3.2.2 Vergleich der deutschen und US-amerikanischen Kultur 49 4 METHODIK 53 4.1 Analysedimensionen komischer Strukturen 54 4.1.1 Komische Mikrostrukturen 54 4.1.2 Komische Makrostrukturen 56 4.2 Die Methoden der Film- und Fernsehanalyse – ein Überblick 58 4.2.1 Film- und Fernsehanalyse nach Lothar Mikos 61 4.2.2 Filmanalyse nach Helmut Korte 64 4.3 Methode zur kontextualisierten Analyse 66 4.3.1 Vergleichsfolie Deutscher Humor 66 4.3.2 Vergleichsfolie US-amerikanischer Humor 69 4.4 Analyseschema 70 V Masterarbeit SS 2014 Kathrin Brandstetter | 0820483 5 DIE ANALYSE 75 5.1 Modern Family 76 5.1.1 Die Figuren – „Modern Family“ 76 5.1.2 Die Analyse – „Modern Family“ 77 5.2 Türkisch für Anfänger 92 5.2.1 Die Figuren – „Türkisch für Anfänger“ 92 5.2.2 Die Analyse – „Türkisch für Anfänger“ 93 5.3 Vergleichende Analyse im kulturellen Kontext 104 5.3.1 Themen und kulturell-gesellschaftliche Strukturen 105 5.3.2 Serienvergleich anhand der Themenstruktur 107 5.3.3 Einordnung der Themen in Kulturdimensionen 110 6 FAZIT UND AUSBLICK 113 7 BIBLIOGRAPHIE 115 8 FILMOGRAPHIE 122 8.1 Modern Family 122 8.2 Türkisch für Anfänger 123 8.3 Diverse 123 9 ANHANG 124 VI Masterarbeit SS 2014 Kathrin Brandstetter | 0820483 1 EINLEITUNG „It’s funny, cause it’s true!“ – Wie kann etwas lustig sein, nur weil es wahr ist? Der Titel dieser Arbeit ist nicht nur ein Zitat der Serienfigur Sheldon Cooper aus „The Big Bang Theory“, son- dern fasst die Grundannahme der folgenden Untersuchung in einem Satz zusammen. Ein Satz, der gleichzeitig auch einen Kausalzusammenhang zwischen dem, was komisch ist, und dem, was wahr ist, konstituiert. „Wahrheit“ ist in diesem Sinn als eine Art von Wissen zu verstehen, das von beiden Polen des Kommunikationsprozesses,
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