Sitcom, Crisis Y Sociedad Norteamericana: Análisis De La Ficción Televisiva Estadounidense Desde Los Años 80 Hasta La Actualidad

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Sitcom, Crisis Y Sociedad Norteamericana: Análisis De La Ficción Televisiva Estadounidense Desde Los Años 80 Hasta La Actualidad UNIVERSITAT DE VALÈNCIA Facultat de Filologia, Traducció i Comunicació Departament de Teoria dels Llenguatges i Ciències de la Comunicació Programa de Doctorado en Comunicación Sitcom, crisis y sociedad norteamericana: análisis de la ficción televisiva estadounidense desde los años 80 hasta la actualidad TESIS DOCTORAL PRESENTADA POR: Paloma Corpas Culebras DIRIGIDA POR: Dr. Manuel de la Fuente Soler VALENCIA, ENERO 2017 ÍNDICE 0. Agradecimientos…………………………………………………………………...….7 1. Introducción…………………………………………………………………………...9 1.1. Hipótesis………………………………………………………………………....………..10 1.2. Objetivos………………………………………………………………………………….12 1.3. Justificación………………………………………………………………………….........13 2. Metodología…………………………………………………………………..……...15 3. La sitcom clásica y contemporánea: definiciones y características…………………...17 3.1. Profundizando en la sitcom: comparativa y problematización de su significado…….….....25 3.2. Naturaleza y funciones del humor en la comedia de situación……………………….........43 3.2.1. Teorías clásicas del humor: teoría de la superioridad, teoría del alivio y teoría de la incongruencia………………………………………………………………........……………46 3.2.2. Tipos de humor: clasificación, significados y funciones……………………………..........…47 4. Origen de las sitcoms……………………..………………………………...………...49 4.1. Aparición de las primeras sitcoms……………………………………………………....…50 4.2. McCarthy y el comunismo: el uso de Hollywood como advertencia anticomunista…..…..52 4.3. La comercialización de la televisión y sus funciones respecto a la sociedad de masas.........58 4.3.1. La televisión como herramienta política y la fiebre del American dream: venta de un espejismo……………………………………………………………………………………...59 4.3.2. La televisión como principal causante de las necesidades de consumo……………………….72 4.3.3. La televisión como medio de control ideológico sobre las mayorías silenciosas…………......77 5. Prosperidad y decadencia de la sitcom: la técnica de la hibridación como muerte y resurrección del formato……………………………………………………………..81 3 6. Análisis de los contenidos cómicos en las actuales cadenas norteamericanas..……...109 6.1. El caso de las tres grandes cadenas: ABC, NBC y CBS……………………………..….109 6.2. Las cadenas temáticas: búsqueda de la especialización en el género cómico……...…....116 6.3. Otras cadenas de interés………………………………………………………………..119 6.4. Cadenas de comedia infantil………...……………………………………………….....124 6.5. La comedia en la animación: distinción de los contenidos dirigidos al público adulto y al público infantil………………………………………………………………….…128 7. El movimiento feminista y su influencia en la representación de la mujer en la industria cinematográfica y televisiva……………………………………………....137 7.1. La libertad disfrazada: búsqueda y creación de la mujer perfecta……………………..….144 7.2. Estudio de la evolución del personaje femenino en las sitcoms a través de Peggy: ejemplo práctico del desafío de los roles de género en Matrimonio con hijos…....…...….149 7.3. La sitcom como herramienta para la visibilidad de los derechos de las mujeres……….....158 7.4. Análisis de la posición que adoptan los personajes femeninos en las comedias contemporáneas: Big Bang Theory, Modern Family y New Girl…………………….…..161 7.5. Intercambio de roles entre la mujer heterosexual y la homosexual: nuevo marco de seguridad sobre el que construir el personaje femenino en series contemporáneas….…...168 8. Aparición y evolución del personaje homosexual en la sitcom……………….……..189 8.1. Tipos de representación homosexual en pantalla……………….………………………..196 8.2. La visible invisibilidad de la homosexualidad en Big Bang Theory, Modern Family y New Girl…………………………………………………................................................202 8.3. Elementos que influyen en la aceptación de uno mismo como persona homosexual y el papel que cumple la televisión…………………………………………………….…..208 8.4. La presencia homosexual en la programación infantil: ¿homosexualizar o educar?..........211 9. Análisis de la evolución del tipo de conflicto y su modo de resolución en la sitcom...221 9.1. Los distintos niveles de conflicto: internos, personales y extrapersonales………….…....222 9.2. Estudio comparativo de los conflictos y su posterior resolución en la primera temporada de Big Bang Theory, Modern Family y New Girl frente a La hora de Bill Cosby…….... .227 4 10. Amor incondicional de la sitcom por la crítica social, política y autocrítica…..……249 10.1. La crítica en las comedias contemporáneas: Big Bang Theory, Modern Family y New Girl………………………………………………………………………………252 10.2. Antítesis: La hora de Bill Cosby y Matrimonio con hijos……..….……………….…..259 11. Análisis cualitativo de tres comedias de situación contemporáneas: Big Bang Theory, Modern Family y New Girl…………………………………………...…...263 11.1. El contexto histórico-cultural y su importancia en la producción de ficciones……......263 11.2. Análisis de Big Bang Theory……………………………………………….………....270 11.2.1. Antecedentes que han sido determinantes para la creación de Big Bang Theory………...271 11.2.2. Construyendo personajes: análisis físico y psicológico…………………………………274 11.2.3. ¿Sólo música e imágenes?: el opening como fuente informativa para el telespectador….283 11.3. Análisis de Modern Family……………………….……………..……………………285 11.3.1. Antecedentes que han sido determinantes para la creación de Modern Family.......……..286 11.3.2. Construyendo personajes: análisis físico y psicológico………….……………………...289 11.3.3. ¿Sólo música e imágenes?: el opening como fuente informativa para el telespectador….305 11.4. Análisis de New Girl………………………………………………………………….307 11.4.1. Antecedentes que han sido determinantes para la creación de New Girl…………………308 11.4.2. Construyendo personajes: análisis físico y psicológico…………………………………311 11.4.3. ¿Sólo música e imágenes?: el opening como fuente informativa para el telespectador.....321 11.5. Lugares en los que se desarrollan las tres series cómicas……………………….……..322 11.6. Imágenes y significados: lo que se muestra no es lo que se percibe………..…….....…326 11.7. Factores determinantes que han influido en su éxito: la audiencia activa como verdadero indicador del éxito de una serie……………………………………………332 12. Las comedias de situación y su relación con la cultura popular……………….…...355 12.1. Influencia de las series cómicas Big Bang Theory, Modern Family y New Girl sobre la cultura popular y viceversa……………………………………….………….360 12.2. Panorama televisivo actual: ¿cultura de masas o cultura de nichos?..............................371 5 13. Conclusiones………………………………………………………………………375 13.1. Conclusiones generales…………………………………………………………….…375 13.2. Conclusiones de las hipótesis………………………………………………....………426 13.3. Limitaciones de la investigación……………………………………………………...446 13.4. Propuestas para futuras investigaciones………………………………………………447 14. Bibliografía………………………………………………………………………..449 6 0. Agradecimientos Esta tesis doctoral no habría sido posible sin el apoyo y la ayuda que he recibido a través de distintas personas e instituciones. Es por ello que me gustaría agradecer a la Universidad de Valencia, centro educativo que me ha dado la oportunidad de formarme y de llegar lo más lejos posible en mi campo de estudios, que es la comunicación. Gracias a su extenso fondo bibliográfico y a la predisposición de docentes y empleados de administración se ha podido realizar esta tesis doctoral. Durante el mes de noviembre del año 2016 tuve la oportunidad de realizar una estancia de investigación en la Universidad Nacional de Tres de Febrero de Buenos Aires (Argentina), lo que me sirvió para tener acceso a los fondos bibliográficos y reforzar mi estudio sobre crisis y cultura. Esta estancia la hice en el seno del Proyecto Europeo Cultural Narratives of Crisis and Renewal (H2020-MSCA-RISE-2014), inscrito en el marco Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions y dirigido por los profesores Jorge Catalá Carrasco y Patricia Oliart. Es por ello que quería agradecer tanto a la universidad como a los miembros del equipo de investigación y al proyecto, por un lado, la adquisición de conocimientos y toda la información que pude recoger para la consolidación de esta tesis doctoral y, por otro lado, el enriquecimiento personal que esto ha significado para mí. Quiero agradecer enormemente a mi director de tesis, Manuel de la Fuente Soler, quien me ha ayudado en innumerables ocasiones y ha participado de forma activa en toda esta aventura académica. Entre los dos fuimos capaces de escoger un tema que no sólo pudiera ser de interés personal, sino que también pudiera despertar el interés general. Sin su tutela habría sido imposible la realización de este trabajo, por lo que siempre le estaré agradecida. Dejando a un lado el aspecto académico, también quisiera agradecerle su paciencia y dedicación respecto a mi persona, puesto que en mis peores estados anímicos propios del estrés que puede generar una investigación de esta envergadura, ha sabido ser la calma y el positivismo que necesitaba. A dos de mis amigas más cercanas, Verónica Gutiérrez Sapena y Lydia García Leiva, quienes no son fáciles de ver para tomar café pero que siempre se dejan encontrar cuando más las necesitas. Gracias Verónica por tantos años de amistad y por haber sabido escucharme y ayudarme durante todo este largo camino que ha supuesto el doctorado, porque por más que dijeras que no sabías qué decir, para mí siempre has sido un punto de apoyo. Gracias Lydia por encontrar siempre las palabras exactas que necesito escuchar 7 cuando el agobio me supera. Eres una de esas pocas personas que realmente me entiende y con la que puedo abordar cualquier tema. A mi querida amiga Sara Trujillo Muñoz, compañera de alegrías
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