Handbook of Neo-Punic Inscriptions

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Table of Contents Preface V Introduction XIII Bibliographical Abbreviations XVII Concordances XXI A Note On The History Of Neo-Punic Epigraphical Studies 1 1. Text from Egypt 8 Memphis 8 2. Texts from Libya 9 El-Amruni 9 Bir Gebira 11 Breviglieri (Ras ei-Hadagia) 11 Bu Khemmasc 12 Hr. Gen Rieime 12 Labdah (Lepcis Magna) 13 Misurata Marina 40 Mselleten 41 Al-Qusbat 41 Sabratha 44 Samet el-Crema 53 Saniat ben Howedi 53 Taglit 54 Tarhuna 54 Tripoli 55 Wadi el-Amud 58 Zaiuet el-Mahgiub 60 Table of Contents 3. Texts from Tunisia 62 Ain Barchouch - • • • 62 Ain Zakkar • • 62 Arg el-Ghazouani • • • • • • 64 Bcdja (Vaga) • • 64 Bir bou Rekba (Thinissut) 65 BirTlelsa • • 66 Bordj Bou Chateur (Utica) 68 Bordj Hclal • • • • 68 Bou Grara (Gigthis) 69 Carthage 69 Djebel Mansour (Gales) 73 Djebel Massoudj 74 El-Djem (Thysdrus) • 75 Dougga (Thugga) 75 Elles (Thigibba) 78 Gabes (Tacapes) 79 Ghzaizya 79 Hammam Derradji (Bulla Regia) 79 Hr. el-Aouin 80 Mr. el-Blida (Abitinae) 81 fir, Brighita (Sucubi) 81 fir. Djebbara 82 Hr. Drombi 83 Hr. Ghayadha 84 I Ir, Gticrgour (Masculula) 86 I Ir, Hammam Zouakra 89 I Ir. el-Hammi 89 f ir. Kasbat (Thuburbo Majus) 89 I Ir. Kranfir 90 Hr. Maktar (Mactar) 91 Hr. Mcded (Mklidi) 145 Hr. Mcdeine (Althiburus) 155 Hr. Mcrah (Suo) 159 Hr. Oum Guerguer 160 Mr. Sidi Khalifat (Pheradi Maius) 160 ilr- Z'an 161 El Kef 161 Kclibia (Clupea) 162 Kcsra (Chusira) 162 Ksar Lcmsa (Lirnisa) 162 Table of Contents IX Ksar Toual Zouameul (Vicus Maracitanus) 163 Ksour 164 Ksour Abd el-Melek (Uzappa) 164 Maghraoua 167 Metameur . 167 Sidi Ahmed el-Hachmi 167 Sidi Ali Belkassem (Thuburnica) 168 Sousse (Hadrumetum) 168 Tatahouine 175 Teboursouk (Thibursicu Bure) .175 Thibar 182 Zaghouan (Ziqua) 182 Tunisia GU . 182 4. Texts from Algeria 191 Ain ei-Kebch 191 Ain Youssef 191 Les Andalouses (Castra Puerorum?) 192 Arseu 192 Cherchel (lol Caesarea) 193 Constantine (Cirta) 196 Dellys (Rusuccuru) 225 Gouraya (Gunugu) pottery marks 226 Guelma (Calama) 228 Hr. Bou Atfan 244 Kef Bezioun (Zattara) 245 Kef Smaar (Columtiata) 246 Khallik 246 Kheneg (Tiddis) 246 Ksiba Mraou (Civitas Popthensis) 247 Oudjel (Uzelis) 249 Qalat Abi s-Siba 249 Souk Arrhas (Thagaste) 252 Takembrit (Siga) 252 Tenes 252 Tiffech (Tipasa in Numidia) 253 Tipasa (in Mauretania) 253 Tirekbine . 253 X Table of Contents 5. Texts from Morocco 255 Banasa - • • 255 Meiilla 255 Thamusida • • • • • • 256 Volubilis • 256 Morocco OU 258 6. Text from Greece 260 Delos 260 7. Texts from Malta and Pantelleria 261 Malta 261 Pantelleria 267 8. Texts from Sicily 269 Favignana 269 Grotta Regina 269 Palermo 270 Sicily OU 270 9. Texts from mainland Italy 272 Pompei 272 Rome 273 10. Texts from Sardinia 274 Antas 274 Cagliari 274 Capo di Pula 274 Chia 275 Olbia 276 S. Antioco 276 Tharros 282 Villaperucciu 283 Table of Contents XI 11. Texts from Spain 284 Almeria 284 Cartagena 284 Ibiza 284 Malaga 285 Mallorca 286 Villaricos 287 12. Text from Wales 289 Holt 289 13. Coins with Neo-Punic legends 290 Appendices Onomasticon 313 Vocabulary . 381 Bibliography 411.

Copy Link

Recommended publications

ARCHITECTURE in MAURETANIAN TINGITANA (N.) Architectural
THE CLASSICAL REVIEW 495 discussion is provided by this very informative, albeit technical, contribution. The appen- dix, consisting of amphorae stamps from the Laecanii workshop, completes the corpus of these stamps, addressed by Bezeczky on several occasions in his research about their wide distribution and Istrian production. Taking into consideration the difficulties arising from the excavation and finds handling ‘strategies’, Bezeczky’s volume manages to further our knowledge of this key Adriatic site, providing, since most of the analysed materials are imports in the region, ample data for comparative and distribution studies relevant for the wider Mediterranean. Readers are informed, by both the papers and the catalogue, about the occurrences of amphorae that have seldom been identified on the eastern Adriatic, such as Gaulish, Sicilian as well as early eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea types. The material is expertly analysed, offer- ing a firm ground for further research about this assemblage or amphorae distribution in general. Moreover, as the publication of pottery and ceramics assemblages from the eastern Adriatic has not always followed the numerous field research projects, an addition to the very few published corpora is welcome. Despite some editorial and contextual glitches (e. g. if there is a section dedicated to epigraphy, why has not all the epigraphy related data been assembled there?), deriving from the unfortunate events during the last phases of the volume’s preparation, as well as minor geographical inconsistencies and spelling errors, the volume is informative, with up-to-date references and richly illustrated. The interpret- ational inaccuracies, mostly related to the site’s architecture and nature, can be overcome by a critical evaluation on the part of the reader, thus not diminishing the work as a whole.
[Show full text]
Roman Algeria, the Sahara & the M'zab Valley 2022
Roman Algeria, the Sahara & the M’Zab Valley 2022 13 MAR – 2 APR 2022 Code: 22203 Tour Leaders Tony O’Connor Physical Ratings Explore Ottoman kasbahs, Roman Constantine, Timgad & Djemila, mud-brick trading towns of the Sahara, Moorish Tlemcen, & the secret world of the Berber M'Zab valley. Overview Join archaeologist Tony O'Connor on this fascinating tour which explores Roman Algeria, the Sahara & the M'Zab Valley. Explore the twisting streets, stairs, and alleys of the Ottoman Kasbah of Algiers and enjoy magnificent views across the city from the French colonial Cathedral of Notre-Dame d'Afrique. Wander perfectly preserved streets at the UNESCO World Heritage sites of Roman Djémila and Timgad, empty of visitors and complete with stunning mosaics, full-size temples, triumphal arches, market places, and theatres. At Sétif gaze upon one of the most exquisite mosaics in all of the Roman world – The Triumph of Dionysus. Engage with Numidian Kings at the extraordinary tombs of Medracen and the 'Tomb of the Christian' along with the ambitions of Cleopatra and Mark Antony at their daughter’s former capital of Caesarea/Cherchell. Explore the Roman 'City of Bridges', Constantine, encircled by the dramatic gorge of Wadi Rummel. Wander the atmospheric ruins of the Roman towns of Tipaza and Tiddis: Tipaza overlooks the Mediteranean, while Tiddis perches on a hillside, overlooking the fertile lands of Constantine. Walk the Algerian 'Grand Canyon' at El Ghoufi: a centre of Aures Berber culture, Algerian resistance to French colonial rule, inscriptions left behind by the engineers of Emperor Hadrian himself, and photogenic mud-brick villages clustering along vertiginous rocky ledges.
[Show full text]
Federal Register/Vol. 84, No. 159/Friday, August 16, 2019/Rules
Federal Register / Vol. 84, No. 159 / Friday, August 16, 2019 / Rules and Regulations 41909 PART 71—DESIGNATION OF CLASS A, imposed pursuant to an agreement cultural patrimony of Algeria is in B, C, D, AND E AIRSPACE AREAS; AIR between the United States and Algeria jeopardy from the pillage of TRAFFIC SERVICE ROUTES; AND that has been entered into under the archaeological material representing REPORTING POINTS authority of the Convention on Cultural Algeria’s cultural heritage dating from Property Implementation Act. The final approximately 2.4 million years up to ■ 1. The authority citation for part 71 rule amends CBP regulations by adding 250 years ago, including material continues to read as follows: Algeria to the list of countries which starting in the Paleolithic period and Authority: 49 U.S.C. 106(f), 106(g); 40103, have a bilateral agreement with the going into the Ottoman period (19 40113, 40120; E.O. 10854, 24 FR 9565, 3 CFR, United States to impose cultural U.S.C. 2602(a)(1)(A)); (2) that the 1959–1963 Comp., p. 389. property import restrictions. The final Algerian government has taken rule also contains the Designated List measures consistent with the § 71.1 [Amended] that describes the types of Convention to protect its cultural ■ 2. The incorporation by reference in archaeological material to which the patrimony (19 U.S.C. 2602(a)(1)(B)); (3) 14 CFR 71.1 of FAA Order 7400.11C, restrictions apply. that import restrictions imposed by the Airspace Designations and Reporting DATES: Effective Date: August 14, 2019. United States would be of substantial benefit in deterring a serious situation of Points, dated August 13, 2018, and FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For pillage and remedies less drastic are not effective September 15, 2018, is legal aspects, Lisa L.
[Show full text]
J. E. H. Spaul I.A.M. 2,250 = Ae 1967, 655 And
J. E. H. SPAUL I.A.M. 2,250 = AE 1967, 655 AND THE IDENTIFICATION OF COLONIA BABBA aus: Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 103 (1994) 191–201 © Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH, Bonn 191 I.A.M. 2,250 = AE 1967,655 AND THE IDENTIFICATION OF COLONIA BABBA Part I. Where was Colonia Iulia Babba Campestris? Only one of the many "Inscriptions Antiques du Maroc, tome 2, inscriptions latines" mentions the colony of Babba, a town whose location has been and still is the subject of controversy. No. 250 is therefore the only epigraphic pointer which we have to help in bringing this controversy to an end. But before examining the inscription, it is appropriate to review the historical and literary pointers and the previous attempts to locate Babba. It is generally accepted that Colonia Iulia Babba Campestris was one of the three colonies established by Octavian in western Mauretania (Mauretania Tingitana) for men discharged after the Battle of Actium. The original reference to Babba Campestris occurs in the Elder Pliny's Natural History, 5, 1, 5. Pliny has already mentioned one of the three colonies, Colonia Iulia Zilil Constantia, and after describing Lixus, he continues: "Ab Lixo XL millia passuum in mediterraneo altera Augusti colonia est Babba, Iulia Campestris appellata, et tertia Banasa XXXV millia passuum Valentia cognominata: ab ea XXXV millia passuum Volubile oppidum tantumden a mari utroque distans." This seems simple; forty miles inland from Lixus is another Augustan colony, Babba, called Iulia Campestris, and a third, 35 miles further, Banasa, with the surname Valentia; from there, a further 35 miles, is Volubilis, a town which is equidistant from both the seas, the Atlantic and Mediterranean.
[Show full text]
Federal Register/Vol. 86, No. 13/Friday, January 22, 2021/Rules
Federal Register / Vol. 86, No. 13 / Friday, January 22, 2021 / Rules and Regulations 6561 (i) Secondary Retention Feature (Safety email: [email protected], or go to: Background Wire) https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/cfr/ ibr-locations.html. The Convention on Cultural Property Before further flight after completing the Implementation Act, Public Law 97– actions required by paragraph (h) of this AD, Issued on December 28, 2020. 446, 19 U.S.C. 2601 et seq. (hereinafter, install the secondary retention feature (safety Lance T. Gant, wire) on the airplane PPC lever and the PPC ‘‘the Cultural Property Implementation assembly. Director, Compliance & Airworthiness Act’’), implements the 1970 United Division, Aircraft Certification Service. Note 1 to paragraph (i): Paragraph j. of M7 Nations Educational, Scientific and Aerospace SA26 Series Maintenance Manual [FR Doc. 2021–01332 Filed 1–21–21; 8:45 am] Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Temporary Revision 4–02, dated July 22, BILLING CODE 4910–13–P Convention on the Means of Prohibiting 2020, contains information related to and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export installation of the secondary retention feature and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural (safety wire). DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND Property (823 U.N.T.S. 231 (1972)) (j) Alternative Methods of Compliance SECURITY (hereinafter, ‘‘the Convention’’). (AMOCs) Pursuant to the Cultural Property U.S. Customs and Border Protection (1) The Manager, Safety Management Implementation Act, the Government of Section, Small Airplane Standards Branch, the United States entered into a bilateral FAA, has the authority to approve AMOCs DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY agreement with the Government of the for this AD, if requested using the procedures Kingdom of Morocco (Morocco) to found in 14 CFR 39.19.
[Show full text]
The Monumental Villa at Palazzi Di Casignana and the Roman Elite in Calabria (Italy) During the Fourth Century AD
The Monumental Villa at Palazzi di Casignana and the Roman Elite in Calabria (Italy) during the Fourth Century AD. by Maria Gabriella Bruni A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Classical Archaeology in the GRADUATE DIVISION of the UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Committee in Charge Professor Christopher H. Hallett, Chair Professor Ronald S. Stroud Professor Anthony W. Bulloch Professor Carlos F. Noreña Fall 2009 The Monumental Villa at Palazzi di Casignana and the Roman Elite in Calabria (Italy) during the Fourth Century AD. Copyright 2009 Maria Gabriella Bruni Dedication To my parents, Ken and my children. i AKNOWLEDGMENTS I am extremely grateful to my advisor Professor Christopher H. Hallett and to the other members of my dissertation committee. Their excellent guidance and encouragement during the major developments of this dissertation, and the whole course of my graduate studies, were crucial and precious. I am also thankful to the Superintendence of the Archaeological Treasures of Reggio Calabria for granting me access to the site of the Villa at Palazzi di Casignana and its archaeological archives. A heartfelt thank you to the Superintendent of Locri Claudio Sabbione and to Eleonora Grillo who have introduced me to the villa and guided me through its marvelous structures. Lastly, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my husband Ken, my sister Sonia, Michael Maldonado, my children, my family and friends. Their love and support were essential during my graduate
[Show full text]
The Building Stone of the Roman City of Lixus (NW Morocco): Provenance, Petrography and Petrophysical Characterization
Citation: Ajanaf, T., Goméz-Gras, D., Navarro, A., Martín-Martín, J.D., Rosell, J.R., Maate., A., 2020. The building stone of the Roman city of Lixus (NW Morocco): provenance, petrography and petrophysical characterization. Geologica Acta, 18.13, 1-16. DOI: 10.1344/GeologicaActa2020.18.13 The building stone of the Roman city of Lixus (NW Morocco): provenance, petrography and petrophysical characterization T. Ajanaf1 D. Gómez-Gras2 A. Navarro3 J.D. Martín-Martín*4 J.R. Rosell3 A. Maate1 1Département de Géologie, Faculté des Sciences-Tétouan, Université Abdelmalek Essaadi Maroc Avenue de Sebta, 93003 Tétouan, Maroc. Ajanaf E-mail: [email protected] 2Departament de Geologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain. Gómez-Gras E-mail: [email protected] 3Departament de Tecnologia de l’Arquitectura, Escola Politècnica Superior d’Edificació de Barcelona, UPC 08028 Barcelona, Spain. Navarro E-mail: [email protected] 4Departament de Mineralogia, Petrologia i Geologia Aplicada, Facultat de Ciències de la Terra, Universitat de Barcelona (UB) 08028 Barcelona, Spain. Martín-Martín E-mail: [email protected] *Corresponding author ABSTRACT The characterization of building materials is a key tool to assess deterioration processes and improve potential restoration works of archaeological sites. The aim of this paper is to identify and characterize the most important building stones used in the construction of the Roman city of Lixus (Larache, Morocco) by means of petrographic and petrophysical techniques. Based on the visual analysis of the monuments, three major building stones (i.e. lithotypes) have been identified: i) Oligocene sandstones, ii) Quaternary sandstones and iii) Quaternary conglomerates.
[Show full text]
Sustainability and ‘The Fall of the Western Roman Empire’: Grain, Labor Markets, and Military Policies
Sustainability and ‘The Fall of the Western Roman Empire’: Grain, Labor Markets, and Military Policies Master’s Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Brandeis University Graduate Program in Ancient Greek and Roman Studies Dr. Cheryl Walker, Advisor In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in Ancient Greek and Roman Studies by Hunter M. Bruno May 2018 Copyright by Hunter Bruno © 2018 ABSTRACT Sustainability and ‘The Fall of the Western Roman Empire’: Grain, Labor Markets, and Military Policies A thesis presented to the Graduate Program in Ancient Greek and Roman Studies Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Brandeis University Waltham, Massachusetts By Hunter M. Bruno The issue of societal sustainability is relevant to both modern and ancient civilizations. Ancient Rome was defined and influenced by the issue of sustainability because it was integral to the fundamental structure of the Roman society. In the 5th Century CE, the fall of the Western Roman Empire took place because of consequences that resulted from the issue of sustainability. The societal factors of grain production, military policy, and labor markets all served to influence the sustainability of the Roman West. Roman military policy defined the nature of the Roman economy and established the type of labor system that it employed. Free and unfree labor markets structured the agrarian economy and formed the Roman system of internal taxation and rent collection. Local and commercial grain producers were relied upon to maintain the populations of the Roman West, uphold the Roman military, and sustain the growing servile populations.
[Show full text]
Les Musées De Sites Archéologiques Appréhendés En Tant Que Vecteurs
Les musées de sites archéologiques appréhendés en tant que vecteurs de développement local à travers trois études de cas préfigurant la mise en valeur opérationnelle du site de Chellah Marc Terrisse To cite this version: Marc Terrisse. Les musées de sites archéologiques appréhendés en tant que vecteurs de développement local à travers trois études de cas préfigurant la mise en valeur opérationnelle du site de Chellah. Archéologie et Préhistoire. Université du Maine, 2011. Français. NNT : 2011LEMA3006. tel- 00654271 HAL Id: tel-00654271 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00654271 Submitted on 21 Dec 2011 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. *#"#1+2'L0#1 INTRODUCTION GENERALE ............................................................................................ 5 PREMIERE PARTIE - L’EVOLUTION DES CONCEPTS D’ARCHEOLOGIE, DE MUSEE ET DE TOURISME ................................................................................................ 10 I- L’archéologie et les musées fruits du mouvement intellectuel de la Renaissance .......
[Show full text]
Map 28 Mauretania Tingitana Compiled by M
Map 28 Mauretania Tingitana Compiled by M. Euzennat, 1995 Introduction Map 1a Fortunatae Insulae Map 28 Mauretania Tingitana The Mediterranean coast of Mauretania was regularly visited from the seventh century B.C. onwards, first by Phoenician (later Carthaginian) sailors on their way west to Spain. At the same time, the merchants of Gades (Map 26 D5) explored the Atlantic coast as far as the island of Mogador, today firmly identified as Cerne (Map 1a C2), which served as a trading station for two centuries as well as from time to time thereafter. The map attempts to reflect the current views of geologists and geographers on the nature of the physical landscape in antiquity, particularly in the Atlantic coastal plains (Desanges 1978, 111-12, 134; Euzennat 1989, 98-103; EncBerb 20 Gharb). Little is known of the organization of the interior, occupied by warlike Moorish tribes, before the middle of the second century B.C. when it came to be ruled by King Bocchus and his descendants. Eventually, in 33, the entire kingdom of Mauretania somehow passed to the Romans, who established three colonies, Zilil, Babba (unlocated) and Banasa, spread out between Tingi and the Oued Sebou (ancient Sububus fl.), and sited in part to strengthen links with the two principal centers of the south, Sala and Volubilis. In 25 B.C. Augustus reconstituted the kingdom of Mauretania for Juba. In A.D. 40, however, after the death of Juba’s son Ptolemy, it was divided into two Roman provinces, Mauretania Caesariensis to the east and Mauretania Tingitana to the west.
[Show full text]
The Frontiers of the Roman Empire (FRE) – a Transnational and Transcontinental Project
The Frontiers of the Roman Empire (FRE) – A transnational and transcontinental project Informal Conference Online meeting – 11.02.2021 B U N D E S D E N K M A L A M T With the support of the World Heritage Centre ICOMOS International and Radboud University Nijmegen (NL) Welcome and introduction CLAUDIA REINPRECHT (AT) & MECHTILD RÖSSLER (UNESCO) Objectives . Understand the Frontiers of the Roman Empire . Explore their significance and meaning for today . Inform about the process of nominating frontier sections as a series of World Heritage properties under a unifying framework ‘Frontiers of the Roman Empire World Heritage Cluster’ . Understand the potential for closer international cooperation . Build a coalition for intensified cooperation and filing further transnational nominations of frontier sections Programme 1. Frontiers of the Roman Empire (FRE): Origin and development 2. From a single property to a transnational project . Evolution of the dossier and Thematic Study . Overview of inscribed frontier sections . Overview of nominations in the pipeline . Overview of existing structures of cooperation 3. Questions and answers 4. Working together: next steps and way ahead 5. Conclusion Frontiers of the Roman Empire (FRE) RENÉ PLOYER (AT) The Roman Empire The Roman Empire History and extent Hadrian’s Wall (United Kingdom) Bonn (Germany), reconstruction Upper German-Raetian Limes (Germany), reconstruction Tulln (Austria) Olt river valley (Romania) Biskra (Algeria) Bir um Ali (Tunisia) Falacro (Egypt) Qasr al-Bashir (Jordan) Dura Europos (Syria) The location of frontiers The purpose of frontiers . protect the empire . control of movement . a membrane through which Roman ideas and artefacts percolated into the outside world, and, in return, brought goods and products into the empire The importance of the FRE .
[Show full text]
Paper Sample Riga
International Cartographic Association Commission on Cartographic Heritage into the Digital 14th ICA Conference Digital Approaches to Cartographic Heritage Conference Proceedings ISSN XXXX-XXXX - Thessaloniki, Greece, 8-10 May 2019 _____________________________________________________________________________________ Lyudmila Filatova1, Dmitri Gusev2, Sergey Stafeyev3 Iterative Reconstruction of Ptolemy’s West Africa Using Modern GIS Analysis Keywords: Claudius Ptolemy, ancient geography, GIS analysis, historical cartography, georeferencing Summary: The multifaceted and challenging problem of reconstructing Claudius Ptolemy’s map of ancient West Africa from the numeric coordinate data and other information found in his seminal ‘Geography’ and visualizing the results in modern projections using popular and powerful GIS tools, such as ArcGIS and Google Earth, is addressed by the authors iteratively. We apply a combination of several old and new techniques ranging from tradi- tional toponymic analysis to novel modifications of cluster analysis. Our hybrid human- machine method demonstrates that Ptolemy’s information on West Africa is a compilation of data from three or more sources, including at least one version or derivative of The Periplus of Hanno. The newest iteration adds data for three more provinces of Ptolemy’s Libya — Mauretania Caesariensis, Africa and Aethiopia Interior— to Mauretania Tingitana and Libya Interior investigated in an earlier, unpublished version of the work that the late Lyudmila Filatova had contributed to as the founder of our multi-year project. The surviv- ing co-authors used their newest digital analysis methods (triangulation and flocking with Bayesian correction) and took into account their recent finds on Ptolemy’s Sinae (Guinea/Senegal, where Ptolemy had placed fish-eating Aethiopians). We discuss some of the weaknesses and fallacies of the earlier approaches to the problem.
[Show full text]