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Azerbaijan Association of Medical Historians (Aamh) THE AZERBAIJAN ASSOCIATION OF MEDICAL HISTORIANS (AAMH) AZERBAIJAN MEDIEVAL MANUSCRIPTS HISTORY OF MEDICINE MEDICINAL PLANTS by FARID ALAKBARLI BAKU - NURLAN - 2006 Published with the desicion of the Scientific Council of the Institute of Manuscripts of the Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences. Editor: Betty Blair A 4702000000 N-098-2006 © - Farid Alakbarli, 2006 All rights reserved INTRODUCTION In 2005, several unique first attempt to create a gener- medieval medical manuscr- al work about this topic. ipts from Azerbaijan have be- The Institute of Manus- en included in the "Memory cripts of the Azerbaijan Natio- of the World Register" of nal Academy of Sciences has a UNESCO. Despite this achie- collection of 390 early medical vement, there is a huge defi- documents, which include 363 ciency of information concer- manuscripts dating from the ning the history of medicine 9th century. Most are written in in our country. Until now, Arabic - the literary script of the there has not been any book day. Of these, 70 are in the Ara- issued in English which is bic language, 71 in Turkic lan- devoted to the medieval med- guages (Azeri, Ottoman Tur- ical manuscripts of Azerbai- kish, Tatar, Kumyk, Uzbek), jan. The present edition is the and the remainder in Persian. UNESCO certificate documenting the acceptance of medieval man- uscripts of Azerbaijan into the Memory of the World Register. (July 29, 2005). UNESCO Director-General Koichiro Matsuura and Mrs Mehriban Aliyeva, UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador in Azerbaijan, during the nomination ceremony of Mrs Mehriban Aliyeva on 9 September 2004 at UNESCO Headquarters. The Manuscript Institu- dred years after the physi- te is fortunate to have some cian's death. Avicenna, born in unique treasures in their col- Bukhara (Uzbekistan), went lection. For example, we have on to do much of his medical one of the oldest copies of observation in Azerbaijan and "Canon of Medicine" (1030) by Iran. "Canon", an encyclopedic Ibn Sina, who was known in work in Arabic, is considered the West as Avicenna (980- to be the single, most famous 1037). The manuscript was book in medical history - both copied in 1143 about a hun- in the East and in the West. Each manuscript is popular style and intended unique. Usually, palace ru- not only for experts in the lers commissioned such field of history of medicine, manuscripts, and a few co- but for a wide range of rea- pies were issued by hand. ders. Therefore, manuscripts of The author expresses many medieval works are profound gratitude to the very rare now. Those in the Open Society Institute which Azeri Turkic language tend have provided the financial to be encyclopedic, but at support for the publication the same time, concrete and of this book, and also to brief. They also tend to be Betty Blair, editor of the more practical than theoret- Azerbaijan International Ma- ical and are drawn from a gazine, who carried out liter- variety of sources including ary editing of this work. Indian, Chinese, Arabic and Greek schools of medicine. Contact the author, Certainly one separate Dr. Farid Alakbarli at: book is not capable of cap- turing the entire range of Institute of Manuscripts of the questions related to the the- Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Istiglaliyyat street 8, ory and practice of medi- Baku- Az1001, Azerbaijan. cine in ancient and medi- E-mail: [email protected] eval Azerbaijan. The goal of this work is different. I have tried to provide readers with basic and general informa- tion about the history of he- aling practices in Azerbai- jan. This book is written in CHAPTER 1 HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN AZERBAIJAN § 1. H I S T O R I C A L S U R W A Y site in Azerbaijan have reve- aled a human skull with tra- ces of trepanning, which da- tes back to the 4th millenni- um BC. Similar skulls were found also in Ukraine and some other countries. The surgical operation was per- formed with a stone knife. This fact proves that early Azerbaijan is a coun- doctors from Azerbaijan try at the crossroads of nu- attempted difficult surgical merous cultures, religions operations. and civilizations. Therefore, ancient Azerbaijani medi- cine was influenced by vari- ous healing systems, such as Turkic, Iranian, Semitic and Greek medicine. Ancient inhabitants of Azerbaijan had certain kno- wledge in the field of medi- A human skull with traces of cine. Archeological excava- trepanning (Bronze Age) tions at the Chalaghan-Tepe The Guti King from Azerbaijan (3rd millennium BC) Sumerian work (left). Saffron, a favorite medicinal plant of the Sumerians, is used in the traditional med- icine o f Azerbaijan (center). This Sumerian tablet from the Guti Era (more than 4000 years old) contains the world's oldest-known medical handbook (right). During the 4th-1st mil- medical texts were collected in lennia BC, healing practices in temples and palaces in ancient ancient Azerbaijani tribes of Mesopotamia. [28] Who were an- Guti, Lullu (Lullubi) and Mannai cient Mesopotamians? Sume- were influenced by Sumerian, rians spoke a specific langu- Acadian, Babylonian and As- age, which slightly resembles syrian medicine. This process the Caucasian and Ural-Altaic became even more intensive languages, including modern in 2200 BC, when the warlike Azeri. [19] It is an agglutina- Guti tribe from Western tive language; in other words, Azerbaijan, conquered Meso- morphemes (word-units) are potamia and ruled it during a added (usually as suffixes) to century.[39] As a result, Gutis modify the meaning of words. became familiar with Acadian The Guti-Lullubi languages and Sumerian medicine. were very specific (non-Irani- Thousands of cuneiform an and non-Semitic), too. [24] The Guti lestine. tribes from Later, Gutis and Lullu- Azerba ijan bis created a number of little widely used kingdoms in Eastern and We- such medical stern Azerbaijan including and aromatic Mannai, Andia, Uishdish, Gi- herbs which lzan, Allabria. [9, 22] Medici- the Sumerians ne in Mannai (9th-6th cen- and Acadians turies BC) had common fea- had used such tures with Assyrian medi- as lavender, cine. According to Assyrian laden, myrrh, sources, fruits, cereals and sesame, dates, medicinal herbs were sent to saffron, onion, Nineveh from the mountains King of garlic. Some of Azerbaijan. Therefore, so- Mannai, Image massage and me Assyrian medicines were on an ancient medical oils we- created on the basis of herbs, bowl. Eastern Azerbaijan re imported by wine and oils, which were (Iran), 8th cen- the Gutis from imported from Mannai and tury BC. ancient Egypt, other small states of present- Syria and Pa- day Eastern Azerbaijan (Iran). Mannai Silver Beaker (center) for taking drinks and medicines. An eagle's head (left) and bracelet made of gold were used in magic and magical therapy (7th century BC). Found in Hasanlu and Ziviyeh, Eastern Azerbaijan (Iran). 1 2 3 4 1, 2. Ceramic jugs with images of God and Goddess for storage of ritual drinks and liquid medicines (5th c. BC). Found in Khinisli and Karatepe archeological sites, Azerbaijan Republic. 3, 4. It was believed that pictures of ram horn on vessels protect people from diseases (4th c. BC). Found in Mingachevir, Azerbaijan Republic. Assyrian medicine had ched by new elements. Now, a great impact on the healing it was based not only on the practices in this region. Ho- Lullubi-Guti and Meso- wever, in the mountainous potamian medical traditions, areas, Guti and Lullubey but also on Iranian healing used their own folk treatment practices. This syncretism in methods applying herbs, medicine dominated in the milk products and spices Median (Mede, Mada, Ma- soaked in wine. Herbal wines dai) state, which existed in were used against indiges- Eastern Azerbaijan and Cen- tion, diarrhea, weakness and tral Iran in the 7th-6th centu- other diseases. ry BC. During the 1st millenni- During rule of the king um BC, a number of Iranian Kiaksar, Medes created the tribes from Central Asia mo- Median Empire which inclu- ved to Azerbaijan, settled ded the entire Iran and Ba- here and gradually mixed with bylonia and bordered with local population. [29] They Asia Minor in the West and introduced Arian traditions Afghanistan in the East. It of healing. As a result, medi- was the greatest state of that cine in Azerbaijan was enri- time. [20] Therefore, Media and lites and Hippocrates. [16, 17, 18] Medes are mentioned in the Acording to Mary Boy- Bible. In this period, medical ce: "Zoroastrianism is the old- theory was based on the Zo- est of the revealed world-reli- roastrian conception of four gions, and it has probably had holy elements (fire, water, more influence on mankind, earth and air). directly and indirectly, than Thus, the teaching abo- any other single faith." [13] ut the four Holy elements orig- Zoroastrianism was so inated by the Zoroastrians influential in Azerbaijan that deeply influenced the Greek almost all medieval Arabian philosopy. [25, 41] and Persian historians includ- In the period of 6th-5th ing Yakut al-Hamavi (1179- centuries BC, these scholarly 1229) and others considered doctrines were adopted and Azerbaijan as the native land developed by such great Greek of Zoroaster. [42] scholars as Empedocles, Herac- These statues of Goddesses of Fertility (1st c. BC - 2nd c. AD) were found in Khinisli and Garibli archeological cites (Azerbaijan Rebublic). It was believed that they are able to heal infertility and reproductive disorders. 1 2 3 1.This Bronze Deer (1st century BC) was used in magical therapy as an amulet against malicious spirits (found in Mingachevir, Azerbaijan Republic). 2, 3. Zoroastrian bronze incense burners for dezinfection of houses (4th-6th centuries AD). Caucasian Albania Kingdom (Northern Azerbaijan). Median priests recom- main treatment methods mended cleanliness and rit- included surgery, medicinal ual hygiene which played a herbs and magic ("word, great role in the prevention herbs and knife" in Avesta).
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