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Diachronic-Dialectological Study of Folk Medicine Lexicon in the Azerbaijani Language

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Diachronic-Dialectological Study of Folk Medicine Lexicon in the Azerbaijani Language C E N T R U M 12 Gudsiyya Gulhuseyn Gambarova, PhD1 UDC: 811.512.162'373:615.89 STUDIMET DIAKRONIKE-DIALEKTOLOGJIKE TË LEKSIKONIT FOLK MJEKËSISË NË GJUHËN AZERBEJXHIANE ДИЈАХРОНИСКИ-ДИЈАЛЕКТИЧКИ СТУДИИ НА ФОЛК МЕДИЦИН ЛЕКСИКОН НА АЗЕРБЕЈЏАНСКИОТ ЈАЗИК DIACHRONIC-DIALECTOLOGICAL STUDY OF FOLK MEDICINE LEXICON IN THE AZERBAIJANI LANGUAGE APSTRACT Folk medicine (traditional medicine) (lat.medicina gentilitia) has a strong place in the lives of all peoples of the world. Folk medicine has a very ancient history in the history of our people's welfare and culture. In the life of the Turkish people, it is understood as curative (turkechare) medicine. The lexical system belonging to folk medicine, according to its purely national character, is also national. This idea is also confirmed by ancient scientific sources. It is interesting to note that in the majority of medical publications written in the Middle Ages, is encountered the following sentence referring to the prophet: There are two sciences: body science and religion science. As you can see, the science of the body is mentioned before the religious sciences. Hasan Effendi explains this in his book, “Gayatul-mutareqqi be tedbiri kulli-merez”: "They regarded the science of the body primarily because it is impossible to worship if the body is not healthy" [1, p.16]. Here, besides giving the author a great deal of importance in the field of medicine, the logic of 1 Institute of Linguistics named after Nasimi of ANAS Department of dialectology of Azerbaijan, PhD in Philology, docent Azerbaijan, Baku +994555651584 [email protected] 113 C E N T R U M 12 the famous phrase is also revealed: "A healthy spirit is in a healthy body". Religious science is a spiritual science and it is more important to people who are physically healthy. The high level of development of medical science in Azerbaijan is evident from this fact that in the Middle Ages there were “darush- shafa” (healing lodge) centers - treatment centers in most Azerbaijan's largest cities. In the historical sources of the twelfth century there are many sources in "Madrasayi-tibbi" founded by poet Afzaladdin Khaqani's uncle Kafiyaddin Omar Ibn Osman and "Darash-shafa" medical establishments in Tabriz in the beginning of XIV century [1,p.17]. In these institutions along with azerbaijanian doctors, also worked many East's famous healer and physician. For example, Abu Ali Ibn Sina, one of the greatest doctors in the East, was engaged in medicine in Hamadan and created his famous works here. It should be noted that in the XIII century in Tabriz just 50 doctors and their five students were employed in “Rashidiyya” hospital belonging to Rashidaddin [1,p.17]. The book "History of Medicine in Azerbaijan" by K.I.Afandiyev states that the Azerbaijani doctors, who had special services in the development of medical science in the Middle Ages, were Mahmud Ibn Ilyas, Muhzabeddin Tabrizi, Abdul Majid Tabib, Ramazan Ibn Shaykh, Ali Lankarani, Mohammed Bargushadini, Abulfath Hakimi, Mevlana Hamzani, Shukrullah Shirvani, Doctor Alaiddin and dozens of others. The first scientific work has been dated to the 15th century. This work, titled “Acaibi-maxlugat” was written by Ahmed Bican in 1454. According to V.Adilov, sources refer to one another work written in the Azerbaijani language of the 15th century - Mahmud Shirvan's "Concise medicine" [1,p.17]. It can be mentioned names of Muhammad-Bargu- shadin "Tibbe nabawi", "Kitabi-tibbe" by Mohammed Yusif Shirvani in Azerbaijani in subsequent centuries. Among these works, the book "Kitabi-tibbe" (1712) by Mohammed Yusif Shirvani is more important. About 400 ancient manuscripts of medieval medical science are preserved at the Institute of Manuscripts named after M.Fuzuli of ANAS. Among them there are various manuscripts from the works of famous Abu Ali Ibn Sina the greatest image of medical science in the Oriental world, "The Law", to the writings of Turkic healers of the XIX century. 114 C E N T R U M 12 The pure Turkic words used in manuscripts, terminological lexicon of medical character, prose language, syntactic structure, style are also valuable sources of linguistic research. Key words: Azerbaijani language, lexicology of the folk medicine, terminology, phraseological combinations INTRODUCTION The lexicon of folk medicine in our language is mainly based on Turkish origin, partly Arabic and Persian. The lexical system of folk medicine has been formed on the basis of the millennium life experience of our ancient people. The presence of borrowed language elements can be regarded as the result of certain socio-economic and cultural-historical mutual relations, rather than the "poverty" of the lexical fund of this language. The folklore medicine lexis of the Azerbaijani language is preserved in the epic "Book of Dede Korkut", the oldest oral heritage of our language, and in more ancient folklore samples as proverbs and sayings, phraseological units, bayaties, tale and epics. These are issues related to the period before writing. All national sources of written literary language - manuscripts, as well as classical written literature, as well as scientifically-written sources, have played the most reliable role of folk medicine lexicon. In folk medicine lexicon, both anatomical words and the names of diseases and medication - the lexicon of treatment is selected for its specificity. Groups of words according to their functionality; For the functionality of the folk medicine lexicon word groups are divided into two parts 1. active 2. passive. The active group of folk medicine lexicon is also divided into two parts: a) active words in a large circle; b) active words in a limited circle. General words include to active words in a large circle. Common words are included in spoken words, slangs, folk poetic words and phrases, as well as folk phraseology and etc. Dialectics, professional words, terms, jargon, and argo words include in active words in limited circles Passive words include archaic words and neologisms. B.Xalilov also includes here vulgar words, exotic words, barbarisms [15, p.23- 26]. 115 C E N T R U M 12 Part of the folk medicine lexicon has already become a common national character. For example, today everyone understands the lexical meaning of words such as scabs, wounds, acne, cramps, coughs, fever- flicker and so on. These words have already become general character. The common lexicon is also a lexicon, which is not specifically related to any particular style, and has no synonyms in the language and is always used by all. Such words are language units used in daily spoken language, not characterized by any workmanship or style limitations, understandable by everybody. Common units are put on individual- style units. Common words - folk medicine sometimes metaphorized in the folk language. It is also an interesting language fact, based on ancient beliefs and faith of the people. For example, among people is called in such way: cancer –zəhrimar, tumor diseases–yaman, measles –mübarək, tuberculosis –incə dərd, to have too much to eat - kəkliyi azmaq, floral disease –gül xəstəliyi and so on. Interestingly, the same situation is observed in classical poetry examples. In the lexicon of folk medicine, common words are very varied in terms of their semantics, their way of formation, structure and character. When considering the semantics of medical lexicon, it turns out that the occurrence of these words has been related to several reasons: 1. In terms of view, a) color, b) volume, c) length; 2. In terms of characteristic a) quality, b) quantity 3. for place: a) for body members b) according to internal organs. 1. THE FOLK MEDICINE LEXICON, CALLED THE VIEWPOINT Çiçək/çiçəx' (chickenpox//varicella) – This type of infection disease, called by appearance, is called even as floral disease in Tabriz dialect [18, p.163]. As a result of the disease, the skin of the person is covered with red slippers. There are two types of floral disease in nature: chickenpox and smallpox. Qurdağız (wolf-mouse syndrome) - Looks like the wolf’s mouth. This disease is considered a congenital palate problem and is recovered surgically. Dovşandodaqlıq (Hare-lip, cleft lip) - Apparently, there is a cleft between lip (upper lip), congenital defect. Disease is eliminated surgically in modern medicine. 116 C E N T R U M 12 Məxmərək (Rubella) – Appearance of velvety looks usually happens during food poisoning. The name of the disease is derived from the suffix "-rək" which form the degree of adjective and the word “məxmər” (velvet). The meaning of the word is “velvet”, “like velvet”. Xiyərək (ecballium) – it is swollen of gland in cucumber form in twist of thigh. The name of the disease is derived from the "xiyar" and the sufix "–rək" which form comparative degree of adjective. The meaning of the word means "like cucumber, as cucumber". In folk medicine, this illness is healed stroking the patient by heated rolling- pin to the problem place. Yastıdabanlıq (flat heel) flat heel is a congenital defect. The name of the disease is structurally compound. Because of the fact that the feet of the patients are flat, they are experiencing the problem of crawling. Doctors are able to improve the patient's condition by various orthopedic means. 2. THE FOLK MEDICINE LEXICON, CALLED THE COLORS: Qızılca/qızılcıq (measles) – infectious disease name is given according to the red color of the skin surface. The word golden means red as an ancient Turkic word. The suffix "–ca/-cıq" is a formation diminution of meaning. According to the people's beliefs, "measles" is a blessing for all people over their lives. If a person does not have measles during his life, he should even have it after die in the grave. According to people's beliefs, the person who produces gold or wear red clothes and wear gold, spends his illness lightly.
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