C E N T R U M 12 Gudsiyya Gulhuseyn Gambarova, PhD1

UDC: 811.512.162'373:615.89

STUDIMET DIAKRONIKE-DIALEKTOLOGJIKE TË LEKSIKONIT FOLK MJEKËSISË NË GJUHËN AZERBEJXHIANE

ДИЈАХРОНИСКИ-ДИЈАЛЕКТИЧКИ СТУДИИ НА ФОЛК МЕДИЦИН ЛЕКСИКОН НА АЗЕРБЕЈЏАНСКИОТ ЈАЗИК

DIACHRONIC-DIALECTOLOGICAL STUDY OF FOLK MEDICINE LEXICON IN THE

APSTRACT

Folk medicine () (lat.medicina gentilitia) has a strong place in the lives of all peoples of the world. Folk medicine has a very ancient history in the history of our people's welfare and culture. In the life of the Turkish people, it is understood as curative (turkechare) medicine. The lexical system belonging to folk medicine, according to its purely national character, is also national. This idea is also confirmed by ancient scientific sources. It is interesting to note that in the majority of medical publications written in the , is encountered the following sentence referring to the : There are two sciences: body science and religion science. As you can see, the science of the body is mentioned before the religious sciences. Hasan Effendi explains this in his book, “Gayatul-mutareqqi be tedbiri kulli-merez”: "They regarded the science of the body primarily because it is impossible to worship if the body is not healthy" [1, p.16]. Here, besides giving the author a great deal of importance in the field of medicine, the logic of

1 Institute of Linguistics named after Nasimi of ANAS Department of dialectology of , PhD in Philology, docent Azerbaijan, +994555651584 [email protected] 113

C E N T R U M 12 the famous phrase is also revealed: "A healthy spirit is in a healthy body". Religious science is a spiritual science and it is more important to people who are physically healthy. The high level of development of medical science in Azerbaijan is evident from this fact that in the Middle Ages there were “darush- shafa” (healing lodge) centers - treatment centers in most Azerbaijan's largest cities. In the historical sources of the twelfth century there are many sources in "Madrasayi-tibbi" founded by poet Afzaladdin 's uncle Kafiyaddin Omar Ibn Osman and "Darash-shafa" medical establishments in in the beginning of XIV century [1,p.17]. In these institutions along with azerbaijanian doctors, also worked many East's famous healer and . For example, Abu Ali Ibn Sina, one of the greatest doctors in the East, was engaged in medicine in Hamadan and created his famous works here. It should be noted that in the XIII century in Tabriz just 50 doctors and their five students were employed in “Rashidiyya” hospital belonging to Rashidaddin [1,p.17]. The book " in Azerbaijan" by K.I.Afandiyev states that the Azerbaijani doctors, who had special services in the development of medical science in the Middle Ages, were Mahmud Ibn Ilyas, Muhzabeddin Tabrizi, Abdul Majid Tabib, Ramazan Ibn Shaykh, Ali Lankarani, Mohammed Bargushadini, Abulfath Hakimi, Mevlana Hamzani, Shukrullah Shirvani, Doctor Alaiddin and dozens of others. The first scientific work has been dated to the 15th century. This work, titled “Acaibi-maxlugat” was written by Ahmed Bican in 1454. According to V.Adilov, sources refer to one another work written in the Azerbaijani language of the 15th century - Mahmud 's "Concise medicine" [1,p.17]. It can be mentioned names of Muhammad-Bargu- shadin "Tibbe nabawi", "Kitabi-tibbe" by Mohammed Yusif Shirvani in Azerbaijani in subsequent centuries. Among these works, the book "Kitabi-tibbe" (1712) by Mohammed Yusif Shirvani is more important. About 400 ancient manuscripts of medieval medical science are preserved at the Institute of Manuscripts named after M. of ANAS. Among them there are various manuscripts from the works of famous Abu Ali Ibn Sina the greatest image of medical science in the Oriental world, "The Law", to the writings of Turkic healers of the XIX century.

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C E N T R U M 12 The pure Turkic words used in manuscripts, terminological lexicon of medical character, prose language, syntactic structure, style are also valuable sources of linguistic research. Key words: Azerbaijani language, lexicology of the folk medicine, terminology, phraseological combinations

INTRODUCTION

The lexicon of folk medicine in our language is mainly based on Turkish origin, partly and Persian. The lexical system of folk medicine has been formed on the basis of the millennium life experience of our ancient people. The presence of borrowed language elements can be regarded as the result of certain socio-economic and cultural-historical mutual relations, rather than the "poverty" of the lexical fund of this language. The folklore medicine lexis of the Azerbaijani language is preserved in the epic "", the oldest oral heritage of our language, and in more ancient folklore samples as proverbs and sayings, phraseological units, bayaties, tale and epics. These are issues related to the period before writing. All national sources of written literary language - manuscripts, as well as classical written literature, as well as scientifically-written sources, have played the most reliable role of folk medicine lexicon. In folk medicine lexicon, both anatomical words and the names of diseases and medication - the lexicon of treatment is selected for its specificity. Groups of words according to their functionality; For the functionality of the folk medicine lexicon word groups are divided into two parts 1. active 2. passive. The active group of folk medicine lexicon is also divided into two parts: a) active words in a large circle; b) active words in a limited circle. General words include to active words in a large circle. Common words are included in spoken words, slangs, folk poetic words and phrases, as well as folk phraseology and etc. Dialectics, professional words, terms, jargon, and argo words include in active words in limited circles Passive words include archaic words and neologisms. B.Xalilov also includes here vulgar words, exotic words, barbarisms [15, p.23- 26].

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C E N T R U M 12 Part of the folk medicine lexicon has already become a common national character. For example, today everyone understands the lexical meaning of words such as scabs, wounds, acne, cramps, coughs, fever- flicker and so on. These words have already become general character. The common lexicon is also a lexicon, which is not specifically related to any particular style, and has no synonyms in the language and is always used by all. Such words are language units used in daily spoken language, not characterized by any workmanship or style limitations, understandable by everybody. Common units are put on individual- style units. Common words - folk medicine sometimes metaphorized in the folk language. It is also an interesting language fact, based on ancient beliefs and faith of the people. For example, among people is called in such way: cancer –zəhrimar, tumor diseases–yaman, measles –mübarək, –incə dərd, to have too much to eat - kəkliyi azmaq, floral disease –gül xəstəliyi and so on. Interestingly, the same situation is observed in classical poetry examples. In the lexicon of folk medicine, common words are very varied in terms of their semantics, their way of formation, structure and character. When considering the semantics of medical lexicon, it turns out that the occurrence of these words has been related to several reasons: 1. In terms of view, a) color, b) volume, c) length; 2. In terms of characteristic a) quality, b) quantity 3. for place: a) for body members b) according to internal organs.

1. THE FOLK MEDICINE LEXICON, CALLED THE VIEWPOINT

Çiçək/çiçəx' (chickenpox//varicella) – This type of infection disease, called by appearance, is called even as floral disease in Tabriz dialect [18, p.163]. As a result of the disease, the skin of the person is covered with red slippers. There are two types of floral disease in nature: chickenpox and smallpox. Qurdağız (wolf-mouse syndrome) - Looks like the wolf’s mouth. This disease is considered a congenital palate problem and is recovered surgically. Dovşandodaqlıq (Hare-lip, cleft lip) - Apparently, there is a cleft between lip (upper lip), congenital defect. Disease is eliminated surgically in modern medicine.

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C E N T R U M 12 Məxmərək (Rubella) – Appearance of velvety looks usually happens during food poisoning. The name of the disease is derived from the suffix "-rək" which form the degree of adjective and the word “məxmər” (velvet). The meaning of the word is “velvet”, “like velvet”. Xiyərək (ecballium) – it is swollen of gland in cucumber form in twist of thigh. The name of the disease is derived from the "xiyar" and the sufix "–rək" which form comparative degree of adjective. The meaning of the word means "like cucumber, as cucumber". In folk medicine, this illness is healed stroking the patient by heated rolling- pin to the problem place. Yastıdabanlıq (flat heel) flat heel is a congenital defect. The name of the disease is structurally compound. Because of the fact that the feet of the patients are flat, they are experiencing the problem of crawling. Doctors are able to improve the patient's condition by various orthopedic means.

2. THE FOLK MEDICINE LEXICON, CALLED THE COLORS:

Qızılca/qızılcıq (measles) – infectious disease name is given according to the red color of the skin surface. The word golden means red as an ancient Turkic word. The suffix "–ca/-cıq" is a formation diminution of meaning. According to the people's beliefs, "measles" is a blessing for all people over their lives. If a person does not have measles during his life, he should even have it after die in the grave. According to people's beliefs, the person who produces gold or wear red clothes and wear gold, spends his illness lightly. It is good if a stranger does not see such a patient. People regard it as a taboo and call it as "mübarək /nübarək" and do not consider it a disease. Sarılıq (Jaundice// icterus) Jaundice is the name of bodkin’s disease in scientific medicine. The name of the disease should be regarded as a substantiation of adjective. As can be seen from the name, the main symptom of the disease is related to the problem of bile secre- tion and characterized by the skin surface and the eyelids yellowing. In folk medicine, the bite is fed to eliminate such patients. Then they tell the patient and disgust it. Ala (vitiligo) in folk medicine is called as whiting of the skin, also wetylacia. Occasionally, this disease is called skin irritation.

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C E N T R U M 12 Qızıl yel (red wind// Erysipelas) is named after the name of the infectious skin disease in folk medicine. Due to the fact that the disease appears to be a red spot on the skin and it is characterized by a delay of time, the name of the “yel” (wind) is completely replaced. People's medicine is treated with mixing the red sandalwood powder with water and wounding it. Göy öskürək (Whooping cough) (lat.Pertussis)- though Who- oping cough is associated with the cough's character (making boost), at first glance, the person makes a color impression. As we know, in our language, the multifaceted character of the word “göy” emerges in meaningful words, such as "göynəmək", "göyümək" (burning of fire- wood or charcoal) on the basis of “göy” morph. In addition, the word "göycə" in Goychay and Imishli accents is used in the infant lambs as a disease name [4, p.187]. Among the people, this disease is called "inağ". In folk medicine is treated with donkey milk. Qara yara – (Black wound)(eschar) - The second name of the Siberian ulcer in folk medicine and in the Azerbaijani folk medicine lexicon. Such kind of wound is mainly infected with animal disease. In contact with a sick animal, the disease can cause a person. Sarı yara (yellow scabs)- Disease is called the color of the skin and is so juicy. People's medicine is treated with various wound healing agents. Ağ ciyər – (weak of will / faint-hearted) is accepted as general used word, termed "öfkə"/"anger" in ancient Turkic, medieval scripts. At the present time, the "öfkə/öpgə/öpkə/ökbə" versions are used in both the human and animal's lungs [4, p.386]. In folk phraseology, this word is said with one emphasis, which means cowardice. What degree of cowardice is associated with the lungs, of course, is a matter of linguistics, although it is a subject matter of medicine. Qara ciyər (greek. hepar, lat. Jecur)– this word, which has already gained literary language, is found in ancient language samples as well as in some of our dialects and accents, especially in the western and northwestern regions in the form as "bağır" [4, p.35]. There is a very phraseological unit in our tongue that proves the ancientness of the word "bağır": bağrı çatlamaq, bağrı başı yanmaq, zəhri -bağrı yarıl- maq, bağrının başına od düşmək etc. Ağ qan – (Leukemia) is the expression of leucocyte (plasma) in folk language. Even leukemia is called white blood disease among the people. It is also interesting for the public to describe the course of the

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C E N T R U M 12 disease in such a phrase: Ağ qan qırmızı qanı yeyir. (white blood eats red blood). Ağ (corneal ulcer//pinguecula) – in the general lexicon of folk medicine, this word is already symbolized and serves to name a few diseases. Ağ (white) – eye disease. Among the people phrase was processed as well as "gözünə ağ gəlmək, gözünə ağ düşmək, gözünə ağ dammaq". It is no coincidence that saying “Bir şagird ki, ustadına kəm baxa, Onun gözlərinə ağ damar-damar” – A.Alasgar meant the blotting of eyes as sense of illness, and meant the meaning of blindness. Qara qan (Sickle cell). Venous blood is called qara qan (black blood) in a lively public speaking language and folk medicine. The blood that is darker in color than the arterial blood differs from the chemical composition in terms of oxygen rich in blood. In the lively folk language, there are some interesting phrases related to this word: qanı qaralmaq (to wear out someone’s nerves / to fray someone’s ner- ves) –get angry; qanıqara (blooming)-angry, crashing, ürəyindən qara qanlar axmaq (be agitated) –be worried, be alarmed etc. Qara su (Uveitis) - is a dialect variant of “glaucoma” in scientific medicine. Although this word does not refer to color, it is evident that the word "qara" (black) is polysemy. This term was well protected in the cursing suc as gözünə qara su gəlsin! In one of the ghazals of Nasimi cursing to his opponent lover say:- Buduna çıxsın ufalar, gözünə həm qara su.Tutulsun dilü qulağın bir neçə daş dişinə [26, p.51]. Qara qızdırma (Black fever //Dumdum fever) (lat. febiris, pyrexia)– The disease is so named due to the length. The great Turkologist M.Kashkari was the first linguist who noted the polysemy of the word “qara” (black) first in Turkish. It is very interesting that some of these words are completely different from modern languages. For example: kara kuş - customer star; kara kuş –tip of tussilago; kara ot – a poisonous grass imported from ; kara yağ – oil etc. [16. IV . p.246-247]. Boz (trachoma) – In the folk medicine trachoma disease is called this way. It is caused by the distortion of the eye. The curse gözü bozarsın! is related to this. Bozvurması is used as "sheep disease" in the Culfa accent. Most likely, “boz” (grey) is eye disease (Graves' disease) [4, p.63]. Part of the folk medicine lexicon is related to the nature of the disease. The quality of the disease, the duration of the disease - quantity, place of occurrence and so on may include.

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C E N T R U M 12 a) quality-related - qızılcanın əbəsi – complications of measles; şirin yara – a wound (Karvansaray, Salyan); bişməcə/pişməcə – in folk medicine it means scalding of body skin from heat, especially in children; bulaşma - is an illness, usually means as a transient disease. Büzməcə is a disease in newborn babies used in Lerik accent (in oral). Çaş is widely used in folk medicine as "çəp göz" (grass eye) and is regarded as rude word. Interestingly, in the same sense, the word "çeşi" is used in Zaqatala. In our opinion, this word is related to the Persian word for "çesm". The word "Çeşmex" also came from here. Interes- tingly, in Meghri, as anatomical term is an expression of the animal's nose: -Qoyunin çeşmeyinnən qan aldı dayım [4, p.92]. Qabar (qbura //oqbra or qbur) -The root of the word "qabar" is used in the meaning as “coarse" - "solid, harsh". It has already become into general word. Döyənək (blister) -The root of the word is derived from the verb "to beat, to touch the same point" and was derived with the help of lexicon "-ənək”. In the live public speaking language is used as a synonym for the word "qabar". Uçuq (herpes simplex) –is an opposite term-"herpes" in medi- cine that used in folk medicine. It has already had a nation-wide chara- cter. In a lively public speaking language, the verb (blister) uçuqlamaq is used to describe "the processing that event on the skin". It is possible to realize that the root of the word uç(maq) corresponds to the modern meaning of "collapse, deterioration". Pullu dəmrov (Psoriasis) is used to describe the condition of the disease as a result of its skin condition. According to the quantity: Ekiz (twin) The word "ekiz" is derived from two numbers accor- ding to the origin, and "-z" is the sum total, i.e. the quantitative symbol. Üçəm (triple) – Three-dimensional "-em", which is derived from the three-dimensional, is a lexical reference characterizing a broader meaning. Onikibarmaq bağırsaq (lat. Duodenum) means "twelve finger- length intestines" according to the size of the intestinal. Cüt gətirmək (born twin) is pronounced in the Qazakh dialect as "cüt yətirməx' and means twin born. Doqquzdon (lat. Lonicera) -the term "doguzdon" in Imishli folk medicine lexicon describes the type of wound: -Uşağ vaxtı qıçıma doqquzdon çıxıb, o:n yeridi bı [4, p.134].

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C E N T R U M 12 b) according to the place of the disease The use of the name of the body by people as one of the methods of expression in the terminology of the public language lexicon of the Azerbaijani language is clearly observed in such examples: qulaqdibi, qoltuğaltı, donuzboyun, dilbaş (malın dilində əmələ gələn yara), qılbaş.

GROUPS OF WORDS ACCORDING TO THE SCOPE OF APPLICATION

A large part of folk medicine lexicon is dialect-specific medicine. These words refer to both human and animal diseases, as well as human and animal physiology. Such words can be attributed to professional lexicology. Of course, the thought expressed in such a case can’t cover all the words. When you look closely, such words are purely dialect. As a result of the research, it is clear that here is also observed archaic words in our modern literary language. For example: sayru, bağır, öfgə, baş, em, unmaq, ağu, baş etc. As a result of the research it is clear that the synonymic richness of folk medicine lexicon at the dialect level is particularly striking. This is perhaps due to the particularity of each tribe's specific lifestyle, out- look, and the specific methods of medical medicine. One more intere- sting aspect is that it can’t co-ordinate some of this lexical units in the literary language. For example: daban (heel)in Qakh accent means chest; a:va –temple, qutu – kidney; In Sheki dialect göbələk means kidney; in accent qutqu means kidney and etc. [4]. Somatism is of interest in research as the ancient words in the language. In the lexical fund of the dialectology of Azerbaijan attracts attention with the richness of somatism. It is clear from the research that somatism are lexical units that act most effectively in speech-making process after the verbs in terms of lexical-sense meaning. Semantic pe- culiarity allows you to benefit from somatisms in language from point of view synonymy, homonymy, antonyms, and phraseology and so on. Somatisms are very active in word formation. That is, they are the most effective tool for derivative and compound words. The "arsenal" of Azerbaijani dialects and accent allows revealing a new dimension of somatisms. This is due to the richness of the somatisms more than literary language. The features of tribal language, which are the cause of synonymous in language, also manifest itself in this regard. In this case, the comparative study of tribal elements with the literary language

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C E N T R U M 12 allows clarify a number of issues. The most important of these is the historical-diachronic explanation of the root morphemes of somatisms. Thus, it is possible to bring about the semantic development and trans- formation of root morphemes. The synonymy richness of the dialects and accents in the lexicon is a very consistent indicator reflecting the vast majority of Turkic-speaking tribes participating in the formation of the Azerbaijani literary language. Based on estimates, we can say that the existing somatisms in the vocabulary fund of the literary language are much smaller than their multiplicity options. Additionally, it should be noted that here only –aq2 –ıq4 affixed somatizations are envisaged. This type of problem originates from com- bining somatisms into a common name for research purposes. Because "phonematic factor – q (-k) is the consonant, which connects the “-aq - ək–ıq –ik” affixes."-Q (-k)" is chosen as a morpheme in the Azerbaijani literary language and in derivative intensities. Sometimes it is observed that these sounds only create close syllable: sarı (-maq) –sarıq (isim); - sarı (sifət) –sarıq (adjective in some ) and etc. It should be noted that the "-q (-k)" affixed somatisms are majority two syllable. Hence, it is absurd that the suffixsial morpheme "-q" is one syllable, the structural semantic side of a syllable morphine seems interesting. The turkologist E.Sevortian writes that R.M.Melioranski notes in his master's thesis that in the ancient times of the Turkic languages, the separation of verb and nouns was more serious than that: the nouns and verbs [21, p.33]. In our opinion, there is more truth in the minds of the linguists, who call the Azerbaijani language as "language of verb". So basing our mind on the basis of a study of some -aq (-ıq) affective somatisms: Ayaq – Pronounsing as ayağ, əyağ, eyağ, ayax, əyax in the dialec- ts and accents of the Azerbaijani language, the word “ayaq” is con- nected to root forms (at, ay, az, ad) in . According to E.Sevor- tian, "ayaq” (foot) (- ay – ad – a – mak) means "insanın körpüsü’’ (bridge of man) [21, p.104]. It should be noted that the variants of the root morpheme of the word "ayaq” (foot) are identical in our dialects and accents: adda- ma/addamac/ addamaş (small cross to overcome water) (Zangibasar, , Qazakh, Gadabay, Shamkir, Tovuz); ayağçi (courier) (Sa- lyan) ; adax-adax (step by step) (); adax durmax (stand upright, take first step) (Mingachevir); ayqax (guide); aylanmaq (to go round)

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C E N T R U M 12 (Quba); ayaqüstü – waiter (Quba); atüstü (hurrying) (most accents) ; axsaq (crippled) (literally) etc. [22]. Various variants of the VC syllable type of the root “ayaq” soma- tism (ad/ at/ az/ əz) are used both in accents and in the literary language: addamaq (over); atdanmaq (leave); “Gəlinatdanma” (type of ethno- graphic music); atdanmaq (jump) ; atüstü (stand-up position of human); azmaq (go in the wrong way); yazmaq (be out of their own space of poultry); aza-təzə gəlib çatmaq (come accidentally) (Salyan); təzmək / dazımaq (escape of animals and birds) (Salyan) etc. In our view, the root morpheme of the word "daban" is also rela- ted to "ad" with reflection: da = ad. Thus, it also clarifies the issue of the root of other words dabrımaq (go fast), dəbərmək (move), davranış (action; attitude) so on. As well as in other words that are used in ac- cents as dəhrədavan (very browsing); güldavan (successful child, followed by a boy born); qaradavan (unlucky man) (Neftchala) etc., this morpheme remains. Interestingly, the morpheme ay - əy - ey of the word ayaq form the words as yayınmaq; qayıtmaq; caymaq (idiomatic go astray) sayır- bayır danışmaq – speeches, (Quba, Shahbuz) [4,p.422]; bayılmaq (syncope); səyrimək (muscle tremor); keyik/gazelle, as well as root morpheme at-et form structure-semantic base of the words as çatmaq; qatmaq (banish) (Neftchala); batmaq(spott the leg); getmək; yetmək (reach). Even the non-phonological significance of the C element in the formula (VC) of the "ay" root morpheme is observed in semantic stability: ay/az - yazmaq (get lost of poultry); əy/əz;walk; təzməx; təzix'məx' (frightening animals); təzdənməx '(leave) etc. V.Aslanov writes that "t / d" and interdental "z" change to "y" in the Azerbaijani language [2, II, p.21]. Hence, the morphemes ad/ at/ ay/ az are the same in semantic in terms of meaning. It is no coincidence that the function of the leg as an organ has led to its metaphorizm in the language. For example, ayaq vermək (o go to another department with a sudden stop in music); ayaq götürmək (come, move); ayağına gəlmək (to come); ölüm ayağı (end of life); başdan ayağa (from the beginning to the end); baş-ayaq (on the contrary); ayağı ağır (unlucky); ağırayaq (pregnant); adaxlama (first step of the child). As you can see, the " at, ay, az, ad " morphemes in the accents are preserved within the various words. The presence of these variants in different dialects and accents means the preservation of ancient tribal traits. It is interesting that the

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C E N T R U M 12 same situation has been recorded in other Turkic languages: ayaq- turkmen; ayak- türk, gagauz; azak/azax/ azak- bashqırd; ızak- atax- yakut; ayala/ ayalax- mongol etc. [21,p.103]. As the at- ad- ay- az changes in Turkic language and old scripts have created various variants of the word "ayaq” (foot) probably the "a" was replaced voice. In our view, the root of the word " ədük/ ətük " (shoe, boot), found in both M.Kashgari and "Book of Dede Korkut", is derived from the root morphemes of ad / at = əd / ət :- Ol ətük ettürdi (He repaired his boots [16, I , p.259]; büküm ətük (female shoes) [16, I , p.394]; -Basatı öginə qatdı, tutdu, ədüginin quncuna soqdı [25, p.101]. M.Kashgari writes: "I do not think this word is Turkic. But the kipchak and the people who follow them pronounce this so" [16, I, p.394]. One of the interesting aspects is the homonymy of the word "ayaq” (foot). In classical poetry, the word "ayaq” (foot) is understood in sense "goblet" in connection with the shape of the foot. In the archeo- logical excavations, the pots found in the form of foot confirm that. N.X.Maksyutova writes that the archaic word ayaq is used in senses çınayak təqəç, çınçınayak (china cup) – çini fincan in the eastern dialects of the Bashkir [17,p. 66]. Thus, the diachronic-dialectological aspects of some somatisms give rise to the following facts: - It is known that they are Oghuz or Kipchak origin; - Their scientific etymology becomes clear; - Their derivative aspects are studied; - Their semiology is investigated; - Stylistic possibilities of these sums are investigated on the basis of ancient Turkic written monuments and classical literary heritage; - The essence of the terminological function of some somatism is revealed, and so on.

HOMONYMY AND POLYSEMY IN FOLK MEDICINE LEXICON;

There is a special place in the semantic system of the folk medi- cine lexicon of the Azerbaijani language to study homonyms and polysemy. Homonyms cover various speech parts at lexical level. From this point of view, the lexicon of the folk medicine of Azerbaijani

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C E N T R U M 12 language also gives interesting facts. As a result of the research it is clear that lexical homonyms examples are different in terms of stru- cture: consists of simple, derivative and compound words. However, it should be noted that it is difficult to determine the origin of some simple words. For example: an (spine) (Gadabay) – an (forehead) (Qazakh, Tovuz); bad (foot disease) (Fuzuli, Jabrayil) – bad (place of burning in drill houses) (Kalbajar); and so on.

SYNONYMY IN FOLK MEDICINE LEXICON;

As in the whole semantic system of the Azerbaijani language, synonymy of the folk medicine lexicon is also observed. Synonymic coloration is considered to be the richness of language in all cases. The synonymy in the medical lexicon of the Azerbaijani language is regar- ded as a sign language of various Turkish-speaking tribes that have played a role in the formation of this language. Hundreds of termi- nologies that can be considered as alternative to scientific medicine in the lexicon of the folk medicine of Azerbaijani language have been preserved. They cover different areas of medicine, types of diseases, names of medicinal plants, as well as anatomical lexicon, names of medical instruments and so on. For example: Wound types: şiş –yaman; ala-yeyilmə; yara-xora; dolama- qılbaş; il yarası-Bakı yarası; ağsuluğ-ağsul; çiban-kor çiban; yağır- basığ; itdirsəyi-uçuğ etc. Skin diseases: səpbə-səpgi (Salyan); kəpəy-quağ (Neftchala, Salyan); sızağ-civzə (Salyan) etc. Common cold: rükəm, sirkoy, şoba, tumo:, tumuğ, tumo:salım etc. Gynecological Diseases: uşaqlığ-beççədənnix' (); (pregnant) hamilə-boylu-ikicannı-həmləli (in majority accents) ; zahı/zaha-çiləli (Salyan); uşaqsalma -düşüh (Nakchıvan), ekiztayı-yalxı (Agcabadi, Tartar, Salyan) etc. Injury: laxşəg, ləkəntə/ləkənti; axsamaq; taytalamax /maytax /maytaxlamax /maytamax / maytarax; şikəst-mimar/ bemar, musdər; səqqət, şil, əcaz, əgərri, coynax; şebbə, mayıf etc. Disease, the word of the illness: alız/ alızdamax; azarnək- azarrı- azargəzdirən; buanqılamax-, bulaşma-çəmbərək; sayıl/ sayır/ sayrı; sagsökəl/ sağsoykəl; öləd /ölət; ötgün-ləxşəg; lət-lətdəmməx; hılıxlı- hillə/ hillət; yatıx-yıxılməg; zınc-zıncı etc.

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C E N T R U M 12 Names of healing medicinal herbs have a special place in the folk medicine lexicon of Azerbaijani language. People have benefited from the blessings of nature for thousands of years and have traditionally passed from generation to generation. Nine of the eleven species of climate in the world in Azerbaijan have caused the richness of the vegetation of this land. As a result of the research it was found out that a healing plant has some name in this region. One of the main stages of such a synonymic richness is the linguistic feature of various tribes of Turkish origin who lived in this area for millennia. The study of anatomical words and somatisms in the lexicon of the Azerbaijani language differs with its urgency. Because the names of the body members can be regarded as the oldest words. It should be noted that there is rich synonymies in somatisms. In general, the history-dialectological examination of the anatomical lexicon in the Azerbaijani language remains as an actual problem. They are attractive both synonymic and lexical in terms.

THE NAMES OF MEDICAL INSTRUMENTS AND TOOLS IN FOLK MEDICINE LEXICON;

The names of medical instruments and means are also important in the folk medicine lexicon of Azerbaijani. It is impossible to imagine the nation's centuries-old trial. Since all the medical procedures and medications from the preparation of medicines and remedies are based on ancient oriental medicine traditions, their names are mainly national and eastern origin. The take blood for the purpose of performing various types of examinations and treatments, rash, healing various skin dise- ases, healing wounds, drowning, even successfully completes births, and so on. Thus, the lexicon of the folk medicine educators is also for- med. At present, some traditional methods of folk medicine are success- sfully applied in the Azerbaijani healthcare system as an alternative to scientific medicine. For example, it can be an example of bleeding, cramping, bloating, dropping, using medicinal herbal teas and more. The activity of intermediate doctors in the regions of Azerbaijan is still in progress. Their vocabulary is of interest to the Azerbaijani language and local dialects. For example, badkeş (Ganja, Qakh, Shahbuz), bardağ, damaratma-bleeding (İmishli), deqan- (Oghuz), dərmangah- pharmacy (Tabriz), əbrəvan- deck (Salyan), əbəçi- midwife (Borchalı),

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C E N T R U M 12 hadıxçı- midwife (Barda), həbəçi- midwife, həkimxana- hospital, xuyar/ xüyyər – sleeping pills, məzməzə- gargle, məməçi- midwife (Borchalı), nusqabənt- recipe, piltə- wick, (Ganja), sülux- lace, yağlıqara – smear and so on.

FIGURATIVE WORDS AND PHRASES IN FOLK MEDICINE LEXICON;

People's medicine has been enriched by live observations of the people for many years, from the people's experiences, from the words and phrases that has been created in this process. Although the lexical meaning of these words is literary, named forms are different. In addition to the words of slang in the language of the people, there are many imaginative words and phrases that are the product of creative thinking. These words are important for modern linguistic science, in particular the history of language and dialectological research. For example, as a result of research, some words are different from the modern meaning. Historically, the word "" also meant "stomach." Nowadays it is so in folk language: in combinations such as ürəyi bulanmaq (to turn someone inside out / to make someone puke), ürək- göbəyi düşmək (to get strongly / deadly frightened (of)) the word “ürək’’ (heart) means stomach. But the most interesting facts are observed in phraseological units and proverbs: For example: bağrı yarılmaq – to be afraid of, bağrı başı – heart, dalağı sancmaq –to feel, to notice etc. Although there are number of issues about phraseological units presented as somatic phraseology in linguistics, there are still unsettled issues about them. Investigating these phraseological units is also of interest to some of the causes of diseases in folk medicine and other issues. For example, medical information is included in “ürəyi düşmək, ödü yarılmaq, bağrı yarılmaq" (to tremble / to thrill) and ex- pressions that express "fright". In other words, such statements contain the folk knowledge about the dependence on the body of the causes of fear. In other words, such statements contain the folk knowledge about the dependence on the body of the causes of fear. Perhaps, in these statements, the codes of many scientific discoveries have been preserved and protected. The interpretation of the causes of images in combinations may also vary: azar gəzdirmək (to intrigue), matı-qutu qurumaq (to stand as though struck dumb), gözün bulağı (eyehole / eye- socket), kəkliyi azmaq (to have too much to eat (to overeat)), sarısın

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C E N T R U M 12 udmaq (to have the wind up) it is already obvious that the meaning of the words as mat-qut, bulaq, kəklik, sarı are different from the modern literary language. According to sources, the oldest manuscripts belonging to have been created in China 600 years before our era. Chinese physician Li-Shichyen (e. 1529-1546) described the characteristics of about 1500 medicinal herbs derived from plants in the book Funda- mentals of . In ancient India, there were also about 700 medicinal products, many of which were plant origin. , one of the most prominent physicians of the ancient times, described the plants of up to 200 species. In the middle of the first century CE, Roman physician Dioskorid described about 500 herbal plants [13, p.3]. One of the precious resources of the fertile land of Azerbaijan is healing plants. The medical-pharmacological knowledge gained by the people from time to time has been tested and passed to the list of national and spiritual values, finally applied and written. According to the results of the researches, almost 4200 plant species spread in Azerbaijan have medicinal properties. Currently, only 240 species are used in official medicine. Among the prominent scientists and doctors of Azerbaijan, Ibn Baytarin, Kafiyeddin Omar Osman, Zekeriyye Razi, Abu Rayhan Birunin, Ibn Mansurun, Ibn Kebir, Hasan ibn Shirvani, Mohammed Yusif Shirvani, Ibrahim ibn Zeynalabdin Nakhchivani, Mohammed Ettar Nakhchivani, Seyid Mohammed Momin and others have been incredibly great services. Among them Ibn Sina 900, Abu Rayhan Biruni 880, Ibn Mansur detailed description of about 500 medicines [13, p.4]. The use of medicinal plants has been developed not only in scientific works, but also in classical art linguistic samples. For exam- ple, medicine has been professionally set up in the famous poem “Khamsa” of the great Azerbaijani poet Nizami Ganjavi. The poet, referring to the scientific basis of medicine, clearly reflects his deep knowledge in this field. Doctor of medical sciences, I.K.Efendiyev, who has studied the history of medicine from the ancient times to the nineteenth century, writes that, as it is seen from his works, Nizami were acquainted with medicine. Referring to anatomy, physiology, , therapy, psychology, etc., the poet contributed greatly to these areas of science [8, p.107]. For example, in the poem "Khosrow and Shirin", in the following verse, Khosrow was saved by Mary's death:

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C E N T R U M 12 Necə ki, çəngi –Məryəmlə zahu qurtarır, Dünyalar şahı (da) Məryəmin cəngindən qurtardı [9]. In the folk medicine, "Changi-Mary" is a medical herb, designed to release pregnant women from birth. Here, Changi-Mary and Mary's changi are handled appropriately. In other words, Khosrow was saved from the hands of Mary, just as the pregnant woman was released from the grief of Mary. The "Seven Beauties" has created such a beautiful medical metaphor with yellow color, jaundice. Sarılıq azarı tutsa bir gözəl Lacivərdi köynək geyər əlbsəl [9]. In "Treasury of Mysteries" the treatment of the bile with vinegar draws attention to the poet's medical and philosophical views. Sənin sarı üzündə olan bu qədər səfraya Sənin qaşlarının sirkəsi təsir edə bilmədi [9]. In the poem "Isgandarname", Alexander says based on scientific considerations that the eye can not directly affect to human, where there is another secret. Alexander introduces peganum harmala (lat.peganum) for protection from evil eye in such a way: Üzərlik yaxarlar göz dəyən üçün Oda yaxıb –yandırar dərdi büsbütün [9]. Curative medicine has a special place in the spiritual wealth of the Azerbaijani people. The nation's thousands of years of natural remedies and tools are still important for today. The need for alternative medicine at the present stage of science and technology advancement is relevant for today. While some of these treatments and methods have been preserved in the works of Oriental medicine, some have kept to the present day in the oral memory of the people. Ancient and medieval centurial literary samples, the classic heritage preserved ancient medicine, and preserved its own terms.

CONCLUSION

We have come to the following conclusions from a small study in the folk medicine lexicon: - Oldest treatments of have been preserved in the oldest example of our oral literary language "Book of-Dede Korkut". - Old folklore has been protected ancient medicine methods of treatment.

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C E N T R U M 12 - Methods of ancient profession in their native sources has been tested in the (N.Ganjavi "Khamsa"), as well as in our classical art heritage. - The dynamics of development of folk medicine to scientific medicine has been taken into consideration. That is, we have seen evidence of this in the ancient "Medicine" scripts. - Culture of folk medicine of people has developed in both human and animal diseases. - The folk medicine lexicon covers anatomical words and the name of the disease, as well as the names of treatments and remedies. - Only Turkic words belonging to folk medicine lexicon have been studied in research. -The folk medicine lexicons has been studied for its active and passive. -The active words used in the large circle include common words. Here is included general words, spoken words, slangs, book words, poetic words, and so on. -Dialectics, professional words, terms, jargon, and argo words include in active words in limited circles. - As it turned out, part of the folk medicine lexicon has already gained national character: çiban, yara, qızılca (scab, wound, measles) etc. - Dialect options of folk medicine lexicon need special research. Their dialectal characters create rich synonym in our language. This also reflects the uniqueness of the tribes who have played a role in the alienation of our people. -We come to the conclusion that the words VC, CVC, CVCC syllables are dominated. – It turns out that words in VCV, CVCV, VCVC, CVCVC syllables are more coincidental. – In the formation of the derivative lexicon form of the folk medicine Turkic origin suffixes–ıq, -aq, -ı, -ma, -ma, -ca, -tı, -at, -ğın, -la, -lı, -ış, -çı, -lıq, -ca, -cıq, -lək etc. are playing a leading role. - The compound words in the folk medicine lexicon form in the following way: a) forming from the verb; b) forming from the noun; c) the first- side number; d) the first side forming from adjective. - Semantic features of folk medicine lexicon were included in the study. Correspond words in the literary language has been reflected to

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C E N T R U M 12 prove the homonymy of the words related to the same root. It turned out that some of those words were different from the present pronunciation: for example; an – fəqərə (verbertal), a:n –alın (forehead); baş-kəllə (head), baş –yara (wound); dalax –bədən üzvü (body part); da: lax etc. - The synonymy of the folk medicine lexicon requires special research: In the study, the synonymic sequence of the modern literary language is drawn in this study: yara-xora-qılbaş-dilbaş. –The folk medicine lexicon has a phraseological-specific lexica layer: azargözdirən, Bakı yarası, toyuq norluğu, onikibarmaq bağırsaq, qızıl yel, qarnı burnunda etc. – It should be noted that the formation of the image of the people's medicine in the lexicon was created and realized in the creative mind of the people.

Reviewers: Prof. dr. Mustafa Ibrahimi Doc. dr. Bashkim Aliji

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