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The Hummingbird Creek Archaeological Site: an Ancient Hunting Camp in Alberta’S Central Rockies, Canada

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The Hummingbird Creek Archaeological Site: an Ancient Hunting Camp in Alberta’S Central Rockies, Canada The Hummingbird Creek Archaeological Site: An Ancient Hunting Camp in Alberta’s Central Rockies, Canada. by Timothy E. Allan B.A., MacEwan University, 2015 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS The Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies (Anthropology) The University of British Columbia (Vancouver) April 2018 © Timothy E. Allan, 2018 Abstract This thesis focuses on the significance of the Hummingbird Creek site (FaPx-1), a pre-contact archaeological site occupied between ~2,500 to 1,000 years ago, in the Alberta Rocky Mountains. This site yielded approximately 1,400 stone artifacts, including throwing spear (atlatl) projectile points, hide scrapers, expedient knives and production debris. I use geochemical (Portable X-Ray Fluorescence, pXRF) and mineralogical (Raman Spectroscopy) analytical methods on artifacts and source samples. I compared samples from local rock, and material gathered from a nearby procurement area, Pineneedle Creek, with artifacts found at FaPx-1. Carbonate diagenesis, and silica (SiO2) content were key attributes of artifacts, and we successfully associated some artifacts from FaPx-1 with Pineneedle Creek material. I infer that the local rock around FaPx-1 was virtually ignored, perhaps because of very low silica content. Based on expectations made through ethnographic examples of other montane hunter-gatherers, the material culture from FaPx-1 likely represents a specialized hunting camp; intended for staging hunting expeditions to areas known to yield successful hunts. Local Stoney First Nation traditional place names and oral accounts corroborate the interpretations of archaeological data and emphasize the need for Indigenous perspectives in Rocky Mountain archaeology in Alberta. This thesis incorporates material culture and geological analysis with a land-use and traditional knowledge interpretation and emphasizes the need for Indigenous perspectives in archaeological research. ii Lay Summary This thesis focuses on the significance of the Hummingbird Creek site (FaPx-1), a pre-contact archaeological site occupied between ~2,500 to 1,000 years ago, in the Alberta Rocky Mountains. This site yielded approximately 1,400 stone artifacts, including throwing spear (atlatl) projectile points, hide scrapers, expedient knives and production debris. Geochemical and mineralogical analytical methods demonstrate that the inhabitants of this site actively ignored local rock to make their tools, and brought in materials from elsewhere. Based on expectations made through ethnographic examples of other montane hunter-gatherers, the material culture from FaPx-1 likely represents a specialized hunting camp, intended for staging expeditions to areas known to yield successful harvests. Local Stoney First Nation traditional place names and oral accounts corroborate the interpretations of archaeological data and emphasize the need for Indigenous perspectives in Rocky Mountain archaeology in Alberta. iii Preface This dissertation is original, unpublished, and the result of collaborative work of several parties, led by the author, Timothy E. Allan. Rhy McMillian contributed greatly to the methodology, results, and interpretation of the raw material analysis, outlined in Chapter 3. iv Table of Contents Abstract ………………………………………………………………………………………….ii Lay Summary …………………………………………………………………………………...iii Preface …………………………………………………………………………………………...iv Table of Contents ………………………………………………………………………………..v List of Tables …………………………………………………………………………………...vii List of Figures …………………………………………………………………………………viii Acknowledgements ……………………………………………………………………………..ix Dedication ………………………………………………………………………………………..x Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………...1 1. Chapter One: Archaeology of the Rocky Mountains of Alberta……………………..3 2. Chapter Two: The Hummingbird Creek Site (FaPx-1) ………………………………9 2.1 FaPx-1 Discovery and Excavation ……………………………………………………….9 2.2 FaPx-1 Site Stratigraphy and Chronology……………………………………………….10 2.3 Lithic Analysis …………………………………………………………………………..11 2.4 Faunal Analysis…………………………………………………………………………..19 3. Chapter Three: Raw Material Analysis using Portable X-Ray Fluorescence and Raman Spectroscopy …………………………………………………………………..24 3.1 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………...24 3.2 Regional geology of the central Rockies ………………………………………………..24 3.3 Sampling strategy………………………………………………………………….……..25 3.4 Methods…………………………………………………………………………………..27 3.4.1 Portable X-Ray Fluorescence…………………………………………………..….27 3.4.2 Raman Spectroscopy ………………………………………………………...…….28 3.4.3 Quadratic Calibration of Si and Ca ..………………………………………………29 3.5 Results …………………………………………………………………………………...30 3.5.1 Raman Results ………………………………………………………………….....30 3.5.2 pXRF Results ……………………………………………………………………...31 3.6 Discussion ……………………………………………………………………………….33 3.7 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………35 4. Chapter Four: Stoney Place names and Montane Hunter-Gatherers ……………...37 4.1 Montane Hunter-Gatherers ……………………………………………………………...37 v 4.2 Stoney place names and oral accounts from the Hummingbird Region ………………...38 4.3 Summary of Interpretation of FaPx-1 …………………………………………………...40 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………………...42 Bibliography …………………………………………………………………………….……...44 Appendices………………………………………………………………………………………50 Appendix A. Raman Results …………..……………………………………………………..….50 Appendix B. pXRF Results …………………..…………………………………………...…….52 vi List of Tables Table 1. Sites dated between 2,000 – 3,000 C14 BP within the Alberta Rocky Mountains. .……..5 Table 2. Radiocarbon dates from FaPx-1. ……………………………………………….………11 Table 3. Distribution of stone artifacts FaPx-1. …………………………………………………13 Table 4. Raw Materials of all stone artifacts by Level at FaPx-1. ………………………………17 Table 5. Raw materials of tools by level at FaPx-1. …………………………………………….18 Table 6. Breakdown of identified specimens from FaPx-1. …………………………………….20 Table 7. Breakdown of faunal remains from FaPx-1. …………………………………………...20 Table 8. Summary of Raman results, error values are 1SD of the sample population. …………31 Table 9. Summary of pXRF; error values are 1SD of the sample population. SiO2 was calculated from Si ppm (x 2.1393); CaCO3 was calculated from Ca ppm (x 2.5). …………………………32 Table 10. Summary of interpretation of raw material preference represented at FaPx-1 using geochemical and mineralogical data. n= number of artifacts associated with that locality. …….35 Table 11. Stoney place names of landscape features near FaPx-1; information was provided by Barry Wesley, Bighorn Stoney Nation. …………………………………………………………40 vii List of Figures Figure 1. Archaeological sites dated 2,000 – 3,000 C14 BP within the Alberta Rocky Mountains.4 Figure 2. Overview of national parks, traditional territory claims, and modern reserve land in the Alberta Rocky Mountains. …………………………………………………………….………….8 Figure 3. Overview of FaPx-1; FaPx-2; and FaPx-3. …………………………………………….9 Figure 4. FaPx-1 stratigraphy. …………………………………………………………………..11 Figure 5. Count and percent of assemblage of complete flakes by cortex amount. …………….14 Figure 6. Count and percent of assemblage of complete flakes by number of dorsal scars. ……15 Figure 7. Projectile points from layer E (1071) and G (653). …………………………………...17 Figure 8. Positively identified elk (Cervus canadensis) distal tibia fragment from level G (2968); arrows pointing to green broken edge. …………………………………………………………..22 Figure 9. Examples of cobbles collected for analysis; a-b) South Ram; c) Pineneedle Creek. …26 Figure 10. Example of South Ram and Pineneedle Creek samples (left), with clipped and peak-fit example (right) fit peaks in red. …………………………………………………………………28 Figure 11. % weight of SiO2 and CaCO3 of South Ram (red), Pineneedle Creek (blue) and FaPx- 1 artifacts (grey). ………………………………………………………………………………...32 Figure 12. Rb and Zr boxplots of South Ram (red); Pineneedle (blue); and FaPx-1 artifacts (grey). ……………………………………………………………………………………………33 Figure 13. Scatterplot of FWHM of P2 and Max Height of P1. ………………………………...34 Figure 14. Ratio Variable plot of P2 FWHM / Center vs Zr ppm / SiO2 %wt. …………………34 viii Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge my supervisory committee, David Pokotylo and Andrew Martindale, for their input, support, and patience working with me throughout this project. I would also like to thank Darryl Bereziuk, for introducing me to this project, assisting me with essential fieldwork funding through the Heritage Resources Management Branch, Alberta, Culture and Tourism, running radiocarbon dates, and approving my student research permit. I would like to thank Todd Kristensen, for his unending intellectual support and encouragement, and assistance in the field. I would also like to thank Laura Golebiowski, Aboriginal Heritage; Bill Snow, Barry Wesley, and Seona Abraham, Stoney Nation, for facilitating the visit of Stoney Elders, whom I was able to meet before the excavations in 2017 began. I would like to thank Barry Wesley, Bighorn Chiniki Stoney Administration, specifically for the conversations he and I had throughout 2017 and 2018, and the knowledge he shared with me, and his offer to assist me to better understand the Hummingbird region. Katie Vit, Devon Tremain, Brynn Gillies and Peter Kirchmir were essential in the analysis of artifacts and cataloging. Mauray Toutloff, Museum of Anthropology, and Patricia Ormerod, Laboratory of Archaeology were both essential in providing lab space and use of Museum of Anthropology facilities. I would like to thank Rhy McMillan, Pacific Centre of Isotope and Geochemical Research,
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