Journal of Research in Ecology An International Scientific Research Journal

ORIGINAL RESEARCH A look at the geological attractions of south east of Iran in order to achieve the sustainable development

Authors: ABSTRACT: 1 Abdollah Yazdi If an area has geological attractions and necessary infrastructures 2 Zahra Shafei and prepared for tourism, geotourism can have a direct effect on sustainable 3 Fatemeh Shabani development, employment and improvement of the local economy situation. Geological attractions and sustainable economic development are some branches of geotourism. Therefore, South East of Iran (Sistan and Baluchistan Province) is selected

for study because of having valuable geological heritage and lack of necessary Institution: economic development. Including unique geological phenomenon, this area showed 1. Young Researchers and Elite Club, Kahnooj Branch, novel sights of geomorphologic attractions in an accessible range. Attractions like Islamic Azad University, semi-active volcanoes of Taftan and Bazman, standing the bulk of Iran’s mud Kahnooj, Iran. volcanoes in this area with variant beautiful shapes, huge sand dunes of Loot desert, Chabahar Bay, Miniature Mountains, Ladiz cave, Khaje Mountain and tens of other 2. Department of Geology, natural landscapes convert this area to one of the most unique geotourism areas in Faculty of Sciences, Islamic the world. Introducing the above attractions, this article tries to attract the attention Azad University, North of responsible persons and researchers more towards the importance and role of Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran. geotourism in this area. Providing guidelines to develop the geotourism in this area, 3. Department of Geology, we hope that some steps are taken towards overall development of this province. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. Keywords: Geotourism, Sistan and Baluchistan Province, mud volcanoes, miniature mountains.

Corresponding author: Abdollah Yazdi

Article Citation:

Abdollah Yazdi, Zahra Shafei and Fatemeh Shabani A look at the geological attractions of south east of Iran in order to achieve the Email Id sustainable development Journal of Research in Ecology (2016) 4(1): 124-136

Journal of Research in Ecology in Research of Journal Dates: Received: 25 May 2016 Accepted: 23 June 2016 Published: 22 July 2016 Web Address: http://jresearchbiology.com/ This article is governed by the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/ documents/EC0105.pdf licenses/by/4.0), which gives permission for unrestricted use, non-commercial, distribution and reproduction in all medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Journal of Research 124-136 | JRE | 2016 | Vol 4 | No 1 in Ecology An International www.ecologyresearch.info Scientific Research Journal

Yazdi et al., 2016

INTRODUCTION Iran has a beautiful nature, diverse climates and Figure 2. Taftan volcano’s morphology in four main areas rich in unique phenomenon of the earth science and directions (Source: Google Earth) surveying these attractions are necessary for more identification of them as well as geotourism development phenomenon as well as understanding the way of their (Yazdi, 2012). Therefore, according to this matter Sistan forming and evolution (Amrikazemi, 2009). and Baluchistan Province (South East of Iran) are one of As far as the given definitions, geotourism is not the prone areas in geotourism field that include a only a novel section in the tourism market, but also complex of geological unparalleled attractions; we considering a guideline for serving the maintenance of surveyed and introduce these attractions in this article. the nonliving life and ecological development. Most of Undoubtedly, principal development of tourism in this geotourism spectators are not just geologists but also province will have direct effect on economic growth. they are helpers of the nature. Therefore, geotourism attempts to make the land stay-in besieged via formation RESEARCH METHODOLOGY and defining geosites (a place that has unusual shapes The methodology used in the present article is and thought-provoking geological and geomorphological descriptive and analytic. Different library specimens and manners) and geoparks (a place that has one or numerous satellite images were interpreted and analyzed for the exclusive geological phenomenon as well as substantial studied areas and fields that are used for this purpose. natural and cultural fascinations) and prevent the Geotourism concept geological heritage via. humans (Yazdi et al., 2014). Geotourism has a specific periphery in-which Geotourism and sustainable development geological tourism is on its center of attraction World Commission on Environment and (Newsome and Dowling, 2006) and is surveying the Development was held on 1987 in the conference of complications related with the ground, geomorphological “Our common future” and defined sustainable situation, geostructural phenomena and their tourism development as: “a development that meets the needs of capability. From the assumption of Gates (2006), the current generation without harming the future geotourism means “tourism in geological landscapes”. generation’s needs” (Raftar, 2012). Sustainable Therefore, it can be said that geotourism is an important development is the most important accessories that have and conscious tourism in the nature with the objective of the main role of tourism programming since the most of visiting and recognizing the geological functions and tourism’s development projects are according to the attractions and activities related to the natural environment, geosites, cultural works and heritage. Therefore, countries that has diverse geological phenomenon can be more successful in economic incomes and sustainable development if they proceed to attract geotourists and universal registration of geosites and geoparks. Sistan and Baluchistan

Figure 1. Situation of Sistan and Baluchistan province The vast province of Sistan and Baluchistan are in Iran country (AITO, 2016 ) located in the South East of Iran with more than 11% of 125 Journal of Research in Ecology (2016) 4(1): 124-136 Yazdi et al., 2016

Figure 3. Removal of sulfur steams and gas in south- eastern part of Taftan volcano (GSMEI, 2016; Banki.ir, 2016)

the total area of the country with 187,502 square kilometers. Regarding geological coordinates, it is Figure 5. Public appearance of Miniature Mountains between 25°.3ꞌ and 31°.9ꞌ latitude and 58°.9ꞌ and 63°.20ꞌ (dl3.upload.ir .com) longitude. This is the largest province in Iran and is is increased from the north to the south and reaches to its adjacent with the provinces of South Khorasan, Kerman, maximum amount between Iranshahr-Koohak (Bootorab, Hormozgan, Oman Sea and countries of Afghanistan and 2006). Pakistan. Water boarder of this province with Oman Sea Geotourism potentials of the studied area is 320 Km and land border of it with Afghanistan and According to the specific geology and climate Pakistan (1100 Km) (Figure 1). condition, the studied area has a diverse morphology that Overview of the geology and physical geography of converts it to one of the country’s geotourism poles. Sistan and Baluchistan province Having these attractions besides the protected areas, In geology studies, Iran’s East area is usually cultural and historical centers, ecological situation of the surveyed as an independent unit. This area was isolated area etc. increase the richness of the province tourism from the sea in the late of third geological era because of and all of these matters convert it to an uncommon place. organic movements and Lime scale build of marine that The following geological attractions were surveyed. type are stacked in it at first and then sediments with Mountains relatively coarse and fine materials are stacked in it. The Taftan volcano southern part of the province (Makran) is one of the Taftan volcano peak is placed in 50 Km of areas that is under the gradual subsidence because of Kash’s north in geographical coordinates 28°.36ꞌ latitude large thickness of sandy clay sediments that its depth and 61°.36ꞌ longitude. Its height from the sea level is reaches to 1 Km. Accordingly, the Indian Ocean’s crust 3940 m and 2000 m towards adjacent plains (Figure 2). slope into the ground under this area that is one of the causes for creating a lot of mineral water springs and mud volcanoes in this area. Heights of Sistan and Baluchistan belonged to the second and third periods of geology and its stones are often Lime and plaster. According to the geologists, some mountains of this province (like Taftan volcano) belong to the late third era and early fourth era. Width of the province’s mountains

Figure 4. Bazman volcanoes morphology in four main Figure 6. Khaje Mountain and its surrounding directions (Source: Google Earth) monuments (ANOBAININ, 2007)

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surrounding lands is about 2100 m. Its main cone is Stratovolcano that its lavas exit from several craters. The basement of this volcano is too complex and belongs to Jazmorian old block. Bazman volcano is considered as Figure 7. Garashkhan Mountain (Face Mountain) in one of Iran’s semi-active volcanoes like Taftan and Sistan and Baluchistan near Taftan hillside. Damavand (Emami, 2000). The above mentioned Taftan is placed on a sedimentary and igneous basis that conditions cause Taftan and Bazman to convert one of belongs to upper cretaceous and eocene. The the tourism attractions of this area and attract a lot of sedimentary section of the volcano basis includes flysch researchers and interested ones (Figure 4). and limes containing Alveolin and Nummulite and its Miniature Mountains igneous parts are formed by ultrabasic (ophiolite) stones. In Chabahar road towards Gowatr port, in a Taftan volcanic activity was principally explosive at first distance of 40 Km, one of the most beautiful mountain and finally lava (Emami, 2000). scenery and Iran roads can be seen with the names of Taftan includes numerous peaks. The name of its Merrikhi, Miniature, Aria, Calani and Bad land. These northern peak is Ziarat mountain, the name of eastern heights include gypsum-bearing marls, sandstone layers peak is Sobh mountain, the southern peak is Madar and aquatic fossils. Because of the loose marl units and mountain and the western peak is Nar mountain. There is severe performance of wind erosion as well as seasonal a semi-active crater in the south east of Taftan peak that showers, beautiful shapes are created in them and the some sounds like blasting are heard of it and constantly most beautiful ones can be seen in the area of Lipar- steam and sulfur gases are released of it. Moreover, in beris, Konarak- Chabahar road towards Parak-e Hutan other places of Taftan peak, sulfide and hydrogen gas are and near kambel village and Gurankash (Figure 5). These released intangibly (Figure 3). mountains are Iran’s most prominent geomorphological Bazman Volcano effects since there is no sample of it in other area of Iran Bazman volcano mountain is located in the north with this volume and beauty. of Jazmorian ditch in the geographic coordinates of Khaje Mountain 28°.40ꞌ latitude and 60° longitude in 120 Km of Khash’s The main basaltic mountain in the distance of 30 west and Bazman city is located in southeastern hillside. Km of Zabol south west within a smooth plain Its height from the sea level is 3490 m and from the influences the flat topography of this area and is famous

Figure 8. Condition of Gowatr and Chabahar Gulfs Figure 9. Condition of Gowatr Gulf towards Pakistan in the south of Iran (Source: Google Earth) and Oman coast (Source: Google Earth)

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Figure 10. The appearance of Omega or Horseshoe Figure 12. Iranian short-snout alligator (Gando) Bay of Chabahar in Oman Sea’s coast (Google Earth) (NCMS, 2016)

with the name of Khaje, Rostam and Owsheyda Gulfs mountain. Its approximate height is 609 m; within Gowatr Gulf Hirmand lake as an island in fruitful seasons (Tavakoli It is a semicircular gulf in the extreme south-east and Hedayati, 2008), (Figure 6). of Iran, alongside a small village called Gowatr with the Garashkhan Mountain (Face Mountain) approximate area of 435 Km that 165 Km of it belongs to Garashkhan Mountain with approximate height Iran and the rest of it belong to Pakistan. Gowatr of 400 m from the surrounding lands are located near appellation is from “Gowat” term that in local language Taftan Mountain. This mountain is one of the most means “Wind” since this area was faced with monsoon important heights of Iran for climbing sport. It is winds from different directions and gradually was called especially easy to access and is near the road. The length Gowatr. Several rivers enter to Gowatr like Bahookalat, of its wall for climbing is near 200 m and because of its Dashtyari and Bahoor in Iran as well as Nahrdasht in high roughness that is like semi-profile of human, it is Pakistan (Figures 8 and 9). known as Face mountain (Figure 7). One of the unique specifications of Gowatr gulf Other heights of this province are Beyrak is that a part of its southwestern margin forms the Mountain (tribes regional), Malek Siahkooh (joint border southern ground part of Iran country and Pasabandar of Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan), Bamposht Mountain village is located on it. Other geomorphological and Pirsooran mountains (separating Lut desert and phenomena of this area are small gulfs with the names of Baluchistan). Bahoo, Kalani and Gowatr in southwestern of Gowatr

Figure 13. Some parts of Hirmand River Figure 11. Bahookalat River and area (EWC, 2016) (Danakhabar, 2016; GT, 2016; NB, 2016; AT, 2016)

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Figure 16. Created bubble in outgoing flowers of Tang Figure 14. Hirmand catchment (TP, 2016) mud volcano (TJ, 2015)

gulf that locally named Khoor (Negaresh, 2005). This is Rivers probably due to collision of river and sea waves and it Bahookalat River has caused erosion that created a beautiful landscape. This is one of the most important and rich of According to its temperate climate, it is a suitable habitat water in Baluchistan area that causes biological for migratory birds. prosperity and development. This river is created by Chabahar Gulf connection of three rivers of Sarbaz, Kaju and Gorgoroo The length of Chabahar gulf is 17 Km with the and passes Bahookalat fields with north-south direction width of 20 Km and maximum depth of 20m in the gulf’s and enters to Bahoo bay and then Gowatr gulf near crater and it is the biggest gulf in Oman sea coast Gowatr port (Figure 11). (Mohamadi et al., 2006). Commercial and transit gulfs of One of the specifications of this river is the Chabahar and Konarak in the east and west of Chabahar existence of Iranian short-snout alligators with the name gulf are the biggest Iranian gulfs of Oman sea, too. of Gando in the ponds alongside the rivers of Kaju and Moreover, chabahar is connected to the eastern point of Sarbaz that makes this area as a safe habitat for living of Iran Gowatr port via an asphalted road with 50 Km these animates (Figure 12). Its scientific name is length (Figures 8 and 10). Natural geysers and flattened- Crocodylus palustris and now it is the biggest creeping bodies trees of temples’ fig are another attraction of this of Iran that is the surviving of Mesozoic era crocodiles area, too. with some changes (Negaresh, 2006).

Figure 17. Image of one of Pirgel mud volcano’s Figure 15. Napag mud volcano crater (WN7W, 2016) crater (TJ, 2015)

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Figure 18. Satellite picture of the maximum area of Figure 20. Diverse appearance of Jazmuriyan Lake in Hamoon Lake in rainy season ) MN, 2016) rainy and dry seasons (FBM, 2016; BB, 2013)

Hirmand River today flower therapy has a special status and a lot of Since Hirmand field has no groundwater; physicians find its effectiveness. Besides tourism, mud Hirmand river is the only agricultural water source of volcanoes are important in the field of treatment and can Sistan area. This river originated from Babayaghma and be useful in treating diseases of muscle, skin, Hendookosh heights in Afghanistan and after 1050 Km gastrointestinal etc. (Yazdi et al., 2012). Baluchistan enters to Iran (Figures 13 and 14) and divides to two mud volcanoes are young and their existence backed branches around the border. This river pours to Hamoon from 30 to 40 thousands years ago (Negaresh, 2001). lake in Sistan and Baluchistan finally. Mud volcanoes of this area are about 13 ones and their Other important rivers of this province are most important ones are Pirgel, Napag, Ain, Tang and Bampoor, Kahir, Mashkid, Rabech (Fonuj) and Talkhab. Balbolok (Figures 15, 16 and 17). Mud Volcanoes Lakes One of the unique Iran’s geomorphology Hamoon Lake phenomena that are mainly located in the south of Sistan Sistan plain with the largest freshwater lake of and Baluchistan province is mud volcanoes. These Iran’s east plateau has a unique condition. This lake effects are cone-like shapes similar to volcano that includes Hirmand Hamoons, Saberi and Poozak that are instead of lava, flower according with hydrocarbon gases located in the west, north and northeastern parts. The (like Methane), di oxide carbon and petroleum materials major part of Saberi and Poozak’s Hamoon is in exit from its crater (Yazdi et al., 2012). According to the Afghanistan and just a part of Saberi’s Hamoon is in Iran existence of substrates in the flower of mud volcanoes, (Figure 18).

Figure 19. Hamoon Lake ( RA, 2016) Figure 21. Ladiz Cave (Tishineh, 2016)

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Figure 22. Garbudar Cave (ID, 2016) Figure 24. Vast sand plains of Lut Desert (RM, 2016)

The total area of Hamoon is 5660 square Caves kilometer at the time of high water that 3830 square Ladiz Cave kilometer of it belongs to Iran (Negaresh, 2006). The It is in 10 Km of Mirjave and is considered one water volume of this lake is equal to the total volume of of the attractive areas of province according to its water in the reservoir dam of Dez, Sefidrood, Lar, surrounding beautiful herbal landscapes. According to Zayanderood, Karaj, Latyan, Zarrine Rood and Minab the good quality of its water, it has been used as an (Zabol university, 2001) (Figure 19). Hamoon lake is aqueduct from the past (Figure 21). considered as a permanent settlement for some birds and Garbudar Cave animals and a temporary one for others. This cave is located in 12 Km of Bazman city Jazmuriyan Lake around Garbudar village. Garbudar cave is not horizontal Jazmuriyan lake is located in 150 Km of Iran and becomes underground with a gentle slope and after Shahr’s west and the height of 350 m from open water about 55 m divides to two parts. Its body includes and is considered a young tectonic subsidence. Its extent metamorphic rocks (Figure 22). is 3300 square kilometer in rainy seasons; and because of Pose Cave specific climatic conditions, most part of it converts to It is in 114 Km of Zahedan’s south alongside salt pan and clay pan in the most time of the year (Figure Pose village. This cave shapes mainly in the sequence of 20). Bampoor and Halilrood are more important rivers shale and sandstone and its ceiling are surrounded by that pour to Hamoon. young conglomerates. This cave is an interesting sample of non-karst caves (Negaresh, 2006). Its main channel is

Figure 25. Beautiful ripple marks and dune of Lut Figure 23. Pose Cave (namnak.com ) (ytimg.com )

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Figure 28. Hara jungle (Around the Gowatr Gulf) Figure 26. Erosional shapes known as Dudkesh-e Jen (TM, 2016)

about 32 m and its sub-channel is about 2 m and Some believes that these sand pyramids are the approximately 20 m of its length is located under the biggest sand pyramids of the world but indeed they are in underground water and the rest of cave’s length is above third degree of the world since Chero Blanco sand plains the underground water’s level (Figure 23). in Peru with the height of 1176 m and Badian Jaran in Lut Desert Mongolia with the height of 550 m from the plain bottom The widest interior plateau hollow of Iran is Lut are longer (Yazdi, 2012). Beautiful ripple marks are seen desert that its east part is in Sistan and Baluchistan in the surface of these plains that are created because of province. This plain is full of the desert’s the wind (Figure 25). geomorphological effects and its universal records add Erosional Forms on its attractions. Largest Kaluts of the world, largest In the south and coast areas of the province, Nebkhas of the world, warmest point of the ground and beautiful volumes are created because of wind erosion etc., located in Lut desert. There is a large part of sand performance, seasonal showers, floodwater etc. that are plain more than 10763 square kilometer in the east too attractive. These shapes are mainly created in margin of central Lut that a vast part of it is located in sandstone and carbonate parts and sometimes created Sistan and Baluchistan province (Yazdi and shafiee, columns till the height of 64 m (known as Dudkesh-e 2012). The heights of these plains are diverse and Jen) and beautiful shapes known as Takht-e Div (Figures sometimes reach to 500 m (Figure 24). 26 and 27).

Figure 29. sample of Oman coast in Sistan and Figure 27. Erosional shapes known as Takht-e Div Baluchistan (INIOAS, 2016)

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Hara Jungle (Mangro) CONCLUSION Hara trees are expanded in Oman coasts According to the studies in this article, it is especially around Gowatr, Khoors and Bahookalat determined that contrary to the impression, South East of estuaries. The name of its kind is Avicenia Marina that Iran (Sistan and Baluchistan province) has a lot of their height reaches from 6 to 9 m. The leaves of these geotourism and ecotourism capacities for attracting trees act as refinery and pass the salts (Negaresh, 2005). interior and exterior tourists. New geology phenomena These trees grow mainly on fine sediment of the coast, are seen in this area that some of them are unique in Iran. estuaries and coastal marshes that are influenced by tidal In other side, an element that causes lack of tourism currents (Momeni, 1991). Hara jungles with sea lanes growth in this province up to now is non-providing of between them create beautiful landscapes (Figure 28). necessary infrastructures for implementing this important Baluchistan coast matter like lack of settlement centers around geosites, Generally, Oman coast divides to two groups of lack of expert human resources in geotrourism, weak rocks and fine-grained sediments. Fine-grained advertising, cultural- social barriers, security problems, sediments are mainly seen in Gowatr and Chabahar political unrests, transportation costs, etc. According to Bays, Khoors and Hara jungle. Rock coast are often wall the privation of this province as well as existence of -shapes and high. Their heights are from 1 to 100 m with valuable geotourism capabilities, we can use it as a new low cut (Figure 29). and advantageous opportunity for access to sustainable Specifications of Oman coast economic, social, environmental development as well as  The specifications of about 300 Km of beautiful employment for a large range of people. Therefore, the rock and low coast that are sometimes decorated relevant authorities should create employment and with green alga. sustainable development with principal programming  Too high waves due to strong monsoon winds in and activate geotourism’s capabilities of this area to summer that is ideal for surfing sport. prevent problems such s crimes, immigration,  The only marine Inselberg of Iran is located between unemployment, etc. Konarak and Pozm. Suggestions  The only Tombolo of Iran is around Tang port.  Along with the growth of geotourism industry in  The Raised Beaches from Jask, to krachi of Pakistan Sistan and Baluchistan province and access to (yearly 1 to 3 mm) in Iran is just in this area. different dimensions of sustainable development, the  The existence of 13 mud volcano in the coastal plain following guidelines are provided: of Oman sea.  Providing a comprehensive plan for geotourism  The existence of Hara jungles in Gowatr Bay’s development of Sistan and Baluchistan province. coast.  Classifying the geotourism centers according to their  Beautiful landscapes of dissolution cavities due to importance and act towards registering geosite as the waves’ hitting and erosion of sedimentary rocks well as universal or national geopark. in the coast.  Creating equipped amenities and residential centers  Too beautiful landscape of orange color of sun in besides geosites. sunrise and sunset in Oman Sea’s coast

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136 Journal of Research in Ecology (2016) 4(1): 124-136