Socio-economic aspects of Nabugabo satellite lakes, fisheries and their implications for management

Item Type book_section

Authors Lubuulwa, M.; Namisi, P.

Publisher Wetlands Inspection Division

Download date 28/09/2021 19:26:28

Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/35583 A compilation of

Scientific Information on

Nabugabo Ramsar Site,

Proceedings ofthe Scientific Conference held at Nabugabo in January, 2001

.;n'. ~ .~~.: ~"ST~ Tl1E REPUBLIC OF UGANDA (0

Edited by:

Busulwa H., P. G. Mafabi and L. M. Ndawula

2005

The Nabugabo Ramsar Site Ig practices in SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF NABUGABO SATELLITE LAKES, FISHERIES AND THEIR I of the River IMPLICATIONS FOR MANAGEMENT

In: Conserving Lubuulwa M and P. Namisi bel) Columbia Fisheries Resources Research Institute, P.O.Box 343 Jinja. Email: [email protected]

fe: Sivicultural Abstract :al animals. In: & R. Fimbel). A number of fish species once native only to Lakes Victoria and Kyoga have considerably declined over the years, and in some cases disappeared, due to overexploitation, introduction of exotic species especially the Perch, and environmental degradation resulting from am habitats and human activities. Some of the species have been observed to survive in satellite lakes in the Victoria and Kyoga Lake basins. The Nabugabo satellite lakes contain the endemic Cichlid fish nAfrican fishes. species, and two haplochromine species previously found only in Lake Nabugabo. There is, therefore, need to conserve these species by ensuring sustainable use and management of the resources. ~Iearcut logging: -eshwat. Bioi. 39, The study revealed that the Nabugabo lakes provide a range ofsocio-economic benefits accruing from fishing, farming, logging, resort beach development and watering of animals. However, Amazon: A case although these activities impact on the lakes' ecosystems, the participation of resource users l. in management is limited because of the weak local management institutions operating on the lakes, hence the need to strengthen them through capacity building. It is recommended tting and burning that Government should work jointly with the beach committees and fishing community in a participatory way to eliminate the use of destructive fishing practices and control the other environment degrading activities. on epilithic algal . atchment logging. Keywords: Socio economic, livelihoods, merican Fisheries Introduction

Over the last decade, fisheries have risen to a very important position within concentration and the Ugandan economy. Besides its contribution to foreign exchange earnings and employment, about 60% of the people, mostly the rural poor, depend on fish protein to supplement their diet. With growing fishing pressure and human activities on large Lakes: Victoria, Kyoga, Albert and George, the fisheries are already showing signs ofoverexploitation and poor management. basin has very important 4 to 5 satellite lakes, including Lake Nabugabo the largest ofall and believed to have formed when the water level ofLake Victoria fell and a sand bar separated a portion of Lake Victoria about 4,000 years ago. The rest of the lakes (Kayanja, Kayugi and Manywa) are in the same , and are thought to have formed in the same way. Over the years, these

'mgabo Ramsar Site The Nabugabo Ramsar Site 161 lakes, known to support important fisheries and other economic activities and 4. Examine to be of important socio-cultural values, and their surrounding environments strengthen have been encroached upon as a result of human activities. The fish stocks and species diversity of the lakes are declining rapidly and this will threaten Methods the livelihoods as well. Despite their importance, however, these lakes have previously attracted less attention from socioeconomic scientists and there is Two surveys we dire need for socioeconomic studies. from October to of whom 88 wer A number offish species, some ofwhich were found only in Lake Victoria have the other 3 lakes. been depleted through over-exploitation, introduction ofexotics especially Nile Kituti, Kaziru an perch and environmental degradation. Some ofthese fishes have been observed lakes, people weT to survive in satellite lakes in the Victoria and Kyoga lake basins. According to head fishermen (C Ogutu-Ohwayo, 1993, the first fishery surveys of Lake Nabugabo showed that were held using s the most important commercial fish species were P aethiopicus, B. docmac, ofviews, and bala: S. intermedius, C. gariepinus, 0. esculentus and 0. variabilis. Eight of the fishermen, fishmo 21 other fish species found in the lake were haplochromines, 5 of which were administered to thf endemic. When and several tilapiine species were introduced in Lake study area. Five ke Nabugabo, many ofthe native species disappeared. The Naqugabo satellite lakes semi-structured qu contain the endemic Cichlid fish species, 0. esculentus and two haplochromine taking place aroun< species previously found only on Lake Nabugabo. These satellite lakes are separated from Lake Nabugabo by extensive swamps. Against this background, Table I: Lakes and La there is need to protect the lakes by ensuring sustainable use of the resources through instituting a managerial framework that caters for the interests ofall the Lake stakeholders. The Nabugabo system was proposed as a Ramsar site. One ofthe criteria s,uch a wetland should fulfill is supporting rare, endangered, vulnerable Nabugabo or enderpic species of plants or animals. These satellite lakes have endemic species and, therefore, qualify to be protected as a Ramsar site. Kayanja Objective ofthe Study Kayugi In order to support the establishment ofthe Ramsar site, research was undertaken, to assess the socio-economic aspects ofthe fisheries ofLake Nabugabo and its ReSUlts and DisCUi sister satellite lakes, Kayanja, Kayugi and Manywa and the implications for management. This would provide a basis upon which resource users would be Socio-demographics made aware oftheir commitment to wise use and management ofthe resources. The specific objectives were: The ethnic compositi 1. Identify activities taking place around the lakes. as the dominant tribe I 2. Identify the socio-economic and cultural values attached to the lakes. others respectively. A 3. Identify socio-economic and environmental problems facing the lake and least 91 % ofthe respc the resource users.

The Nabugabo Ramsar Site 162 The Nabugabo Ramsar Site activities and 4. Examine eXIstmg local institutions for effective initiation and/or environments strengthening ofco-management. le fish stocks , will threaten Methods se lakes have LS and there is Two surveys were conducted on Lake Nabugabo and its sister satellite lakes from October to December 2001. Some 100 respondents were interviewed, of whom 88 were randomly selected from Lake Nabugabo and the rest from : Victoria have the other 3 lakes. Three landing sites were visited on Lake Nabugabo, namely ~specially Nile Kituti, Kaziru and Luwafu (See Table 1). At the different landing sites and been observed lakes, people were mobilised with the help of Local Council 1 Chairmen and ;. According to head fishermen (Gabungas). Thereafter, focus group discussions of 6-8 people )0 showed that were held using semi-structured interviews. To ensure a wider representation 'AS, B. docmac, ofviews, and balanced contribution to the topics the groups consisted ofelders, 5. Eight of the fishermen, fishmongers and farmers. A key informant questionnaire was also ofwhich were administered to the local leaders, as a way ofgetting general information on the oduced in Lake study area. Five key informant interviews were conducted, involving the use of '0 satellite lakes semi-structured questionnaires. Observations were also made of the activities hap10chromine taking place around the lakes. ellite lakes are lis background, Table 1: Lakes and Landing Sites Visited on the Study )f the resources terests ofall the Lake Landing Site Attendance at Focus Group site. One ofthe Discussions ~red, vulnerable Nabugabo Luwafu 8 s have endemic Kaziru 6 Kituti 6 Kayanja 6 Kayugi 6

was undertaken, Results and Discussion labugabo and its implications for Socio-demographics ~ users would be ofthe resources. The ethnic composition of the communities on the lakes include the Baganda as the dominant tribe (84%) on the lake followed by Nyarwanda, Nyanko1e and others respectively. About 57% of the fishers are married and 40% single. At 1to the lakes. least 91 % ofthe respondents have undergone primary school education. cing the lake and

Nabugabo Ramsar Site The Nabugabo Ramsar Site 163 Activities Based on the Lakes'Ecosystem on the lakt Lake Nabugabo with gillne

Majority of the respondents (66%) reported fishing as their main activity. The Lake Kayu activity is carried out for both subsistence and commercial purposes and is the main source of income. The Lake has three main landing sites with no Farming is permanent settlements. There are approximately 100 fishermen and 95 boats activities il mainly of the "parachute" type. Nile perch, Tilapia and the haplochromines goods. Likt were the most common types offish landed. Average catches per week ofNile numbering, perch and Tilapia were 1,050 kg and 850 kilograms respectively. However, the andProtopt most commonly caught (64% of respondents) and consumed (86%) fish was 15kgs respe tilapia followed by Nile perch. Common method of propulsion for the fishing fishermen u boats was hand paddling and the common gear types were gillnets of 3.5" to home ConsUl 7" and hooks of number 6 to 8. This situation applies to the rest of the sister slowly bein~ lakes. Lake ManYH The second most important income-earning activity is crop farming. This is mainly done upland away from the lake. Other activities include livestock Farming of ( keeping, charcoal burning, brick making, and tourism. The youth are heavily upland. The fi involved in the fishing, brick-making and charcoal burning activities, whereas it is the elderly who are engaged in farming activities, according to the key Values Attach informants. Unlike Kayugi and Kayanja, Lake Nabugabo is also a tourist attraction site. Owners of beach establishments benefit from tourism, while at The Nabugah the sarpe time community members benefit from the employment opportunities which are assc created. There are four active beach establishments on the lake, some ofwhich have recreational activities like swimming and boat racing and they also have Fish Marketin conference facilities. With development ofresort beaches, there is rising concern on how waste disposal is managed because ofthe danger of the effluent ending The fisheries i: up in the lake. the fishers (94~ middlemen whl Lake Kayanja for Nile perch 1 700 to 900 per 1 Productive activities carried out on Lake Kayanja are mainly crop farming and and they prefer livestock keeping, which are done upland from which the people derive their Protopterus and livelihood. Watering of animals at the lake is also common and is done once market, with Ni a day by those involved. Fishing is carried out but at subsistence level by just strong preferenc a few fishermen. There are about 3 fishermen and the common type of fish haplochromines caught were Tilapia, with an average of 10kgs per week. Others included the haplochromines and Protopterus. Two boats of the "parachute" type operate

164 The Nabugabo Ramsar Site The Nabugabo RamsQ/ on the lake and the common method ofboat propulsion reported was paddling, with gillnets and hooks as the main fishing gears.

Lake Kayugi lin activity. The purposes and is Farming is the main income earning activity on Lake Kayugi while the other 19 sites with no activities include fishing and fish trade, brick making and trade in other en and 95 boats goods. Like on Lake Kayanja, only a few fishermen are engaged in fishing, haplochromines numbering about 7. The lake and the common types of fish caught are Tilapia per week ofNile and Protopterus, with the average quantities caught per week being 40kgs and ly. However, the l5kgs respectively. It was reported that boats are not used on the lake; instead I (86%) fish was fishermen use rafts locally known as "ebiboobo". Fish caught is mainly for m for the fishing home consumption, with just a few for sale. From observations, the swamps are illnets of 3.5" to slowly being encroached on by farmers. rest of the sister Lake Manywa

farming. This is Farming of crops and livestock keeping are the main activities carried out lnclude livestock upland. The fishing activities on the lake are carried out on a small scale. youth are heavily ctivities, whereas Values Attached to the Lakes xding to the key is also a tourist The Nabugabo lakes have several values both socio-economic and cultural tourism, while at which are associated with them. l1ent opportunities

'he Nabugabo Ramsar Site The Nabugabo Ramsar Site 165 ------

Other Socio-economic Values

Othersocio-economic values associated with the lake ecosystems are as the clan heac follows: to the lake; f i) The surrounding wetland environment provides a hunting ground, the lake. especially for wetland antelopes (Sitatunga) and birds for game meat. ii) Water is used for domestic purposes and watering animals. Problems FlJ iii) Grass is used for grazing animals and thatching houses. iv) Reeds are used for building and firewood. The major prl v) Papyrus is used for making mats, fish traps and baskets. vi) Palms are used for making rafts, hats, baskets, mats and for house i) Waterp construction. of the 1, vii) Trees are used for house construction and firewood. true ofl ii) Useofil Social and Cultural Values rampant the dang Information on the social and cultural values of these lakes was obtained iii) Declinin through focus group discussions and key informant interyiews, especially with lakes, wi the village elders. to be in severe, ~ It was reported that the three lakes have a variety ofsocial and cultural values (Bagrus) attached to them by the local communities. Firstly, Lake Nabugabo is said to stocks ane be a "female" lake; women are not allowed to fish nor bathe in it. Specific parts and the in of the lakeside were designated for cultural rituals. Traditionally, there was a for the otJ tree called "Karinzi", which was used as a cultural site for a woman called the fact th "Nabugabo" in charge of performing rituals for the lake. It was reported that be perforn people who were fishing during those days used to take some of their catches iv) Loss ofcu to the spirits as a sign of appreciation. After the woman died, the tree was cut . Different ( down and presently; some ofthe locals attribute the declining lake productivity 'tycoon' f to the cutting ofthis tree. protecting was reporte At Kayanja, it was reported that the lake belonged to the "Kasimba" clan. Some have respe l time back, the clan members were expected to perform cultural rituals as a way 'tycoon'm of pleasing the spirits of the lake. It was believed that once the rituals were performed, the lake productivity would increase. It was also reported that, as It was observed part ofthe "lake culture" the tycoon method offishing was forbidden. swamp near the Ie the landing sites ( Lake Kayugi, a relatively small lake, has a multiplicity of cultural values. Traditionally, it was the responsibility ofthe 'Ngo' Clan, one ofthe clans making up the Buganda Kingdom, to perform rituals for the lake but with the death of

166 The Nabugabo Ramsar Site

The Nabugabo Ramsar ~ lsystems are as the clan head, the rituals are no longer performed. Women are forbidden to go to the lake; fishing after sex is considered a taboo and boats are not allowed on lunting ground, the lake. . Ir game meat. lIs. Problems Facing the Lakes

The major problems (Fig. I) reported were:-

; and for house i) Water plants locally known as 'Nakasagazi' are said to be reducing the size of the lake, particularly the open waters for fishing. This is particularly true ofLake Nabugabo. ii) Use ofillegal and destructive fishing methods such as tycoon are becoming rampant, although efforts have been made to sensitise fishermen about the dangers associated with the practice. :es was obtained iii) Declining fish stocks and species diversity are reported on all the three s, especially with lakes, where the catch levels and composition are no longer as they used to be in the past. On Lake Nabugabo the problem is said to be more severe, with original fish species like Nzere (Schilbe) and Ssemutundu ld cultural values (Bagrus) are slowly disappearing. Fishermen attribute the declining fish hugabo is said to stocks and species diversity to the use ofillegal fishing methods and gears n it. Specific parts and the introduction ofthe Nile perch; a predator species, in the lake. As nally, there was a for the other two lakes, the declining fish stocks is mainly attributed to r a woman called the fact that cultural rituals attached to lake productivity, have ceased to was reported that be performed. Ie of their catches iv) Loss ofcultural identity, where the three lakes once had a diverse culture. i, the tree was cut . Different cultural taboos i.e. not bathing in the lake, no practicing the ~ lake productivity 'tycoon' fishing method and not fishing after sex, had elements of protecting the water quality of lakes and minimising effort. However, it was reported that, presently, some members ofthe communities no longer ;imba" clan. Some have respect for these taboos and this explains the increase in the use of ral rituals as a way 'tycoon' method. :e the rituals were o reported that, as It was observed that farmers on Lake Kayugi are slowly encroaching on the :Orbidden. swamp near the lake. There is also deforestation and charcoal burning at one of the landing sites on Lake Nabugabo. of cultural values. ofthe clans making It with the death of he Nabugabo Ramsar Site

The Nabugabo Ramsar Site 167 60 .,..,------.., 40

50 30

40 20

30 10 'E CD 20 f::! CD Q. 0 ~ -c 10 Q) Qr~ o L... ~ 0 Decl)ning fish stock Loss of cu"ure others . Source: Survey data Illegal fishing meth Nakasagazi None Fig. 2: Problems Fa4 Figure 1: Problems Facing the Lakes Management Intel ChalleDges to the Resource Users In order to address t of the fishing COffij As the resource base changes, different problems have tended to affect the below: resource users (Fig. 2). The main problems faced are low incomes resulting from poor fish catches, theft of gears, inadequate capital and lack of market. The poor fish catches are due to a decline in fish stocks and catching ofjuvenile i) Putting tough€ ii) Restoration 01 fish and fish which are breeding in nursery grounds. Theft ofgears is rampant and usually occurs at night when nets are set overnight. Due to inadequate any other meal iii) Restocking the capital, the fishers are unable to invest more in the fishery. When their nets iv) Formation and are stolen or lost, they cannot afford to buy more nets as they are expensive. Some of the fishermen do not have ready market for their fish due to the poor management. v) Restoration at roads leading to some ofthe landing sites. The fish traders' problem is mainly payment of high taxes. They complained that they are taxed twice both at the conservation 01 beaches and also at the market centres. Opinion was sought 0 5uggestions put forw: Other issues raised by resource users concerned frequent conflicts with the were for the continued different government officials who did not implement regulations in a proper was also recognized tl way or solicited bribes. They were also often displaced by developers since was constrained by p< their landing sites were not gazetted. for fishers, which coul

168 The Nabugabo Ramsar Site The Nabugabo Ramsar Site 40

30

20

10 c:: -CD ~ CD a. 0

ers Source: Survey data None Fig. 2: Problems Facing the Resource Users

Management Interventions andStrategies

In orderto address the threats to the lake ecosystems as outlined above, members of the fishing communities have made different suggestions as ,summarized tended to affect the below: w incomes resulting and lack of market. i) Putting tougher restrictions on those found using illegal fishing methods. Icatching ofjuvenile ii) Restoration of the lake by removing Nakasagazi weed manually or by :1 of gears is rampant any other means. t. Due to inadequate iii) Restocking the lake with more Nile perch. lery. When their nets iv) Formation and strengthening of local beach committees to help in the s they are expensive. management. Ir fish due to the poor v) Restoration and strengthening of the cultures associated with the rs' problem is mainly conservation ofthe lake resources. LXed twice both at the Opinion was sought on the appropriate strategies to implement the management 'iuggestions put forward by the resource users. A proportion: '(43%) of fishers ent conflicts with the were for the continued Government control ofthe fisheries resource. However, it egulations in a proper was also recognized that this traditional management approach by Government d by developers since was constrained by poor supervision, corruption by officials and lack of trust for fishers, which could only continue to hinder its success.

The Nabugabo Ramsar Site The Nabugabo Ramsar Site 169 offish and WOl Other fishers were of the opinion that resource management responsibility fishery activitil be left to beach committees. However, the open access nature of the resource and poor institutional structure and capacity could lead to destruction of the In a bid to exec resource. ways. The mair

The majority of the fisherfolk communities were of the view that Government i) Due to pc and beach committees should work jointly for sustainable management of and get in the resource. This should be backed up by enabling legal framework, conflict ii) Lack of I management mechanisms and clearly defined roles, which could enhance culprits. fisheries and socio-economic values. Majority of the fishermen on Lake iii) Poor cO-OJ Nabugabo depend on fishing for food and as their main source of income landings a and employment. For others, it is their only source of income. If they are not activities 0 involved in the management of the fisheries, they would be affected as their iv) Social ties livelihood depends on it. Already, local management institutions exist with rules and n beach committees on Lake Nabugabo handling most of fisheries conflicts. among ther Cases that are beyond their jurisdiction are referred to the Local Councils of v) Limited po the areas. There exist some useful cultural values that are -important for the operations.

conservation ofthe resource as well and some ofthese could be incorporated in vi) Due to the I the co-management framework through by-laws. landing site vii) Conflict of Local Institutions for Resource Management management

Assessment ofthe management of the resource base for the lakes revealed that However, the loca: only Lake Nabugabo had some leadership institutions, specifically put in place much on the fish r to cater for sustainable use ofresources. The other lakes, due to limited fisheries however, reported activities, leadership institutions were not in place except the Local Councils objective ofprotect (LCs) for the respective villages. The Landing Management Committee (LMC) on Lake Nabugabo consists of the Chairman, Vice Chairman, Secretary, Conclusions and Treasurer, Information, Defense, Health and Advisor. LMC was said to be the only local-based institution mandated to act on behalf of the Government The Nabugabo lakl in relation to fisheries management. However, in some cases Local Councils activities ofwhich fi (LC I) could intervene where a problem occurred offwater. most important and. hippo grass (vossia) Landing Management Committees are put in place through a democratic process, it reduces the open ~ where the fishermen are given the opportunity to elect capable personnel among one ofthe challenge1 themselves, under the supervision ofthe Fisheries Officer. The committees are to loss ofenvironmel expected to play a number of roles, geared towards the management of the lake. The main roles are to arrest fishers who use wrong fishing gears; ensure that all fishers pay the required revenues at the beaches; ensure that fishers use . the appropriate gear sizes and fishing methods; supervise the size and quality The Nabugabo Ramsar Site 170 The Nabugabo Ramsar Site offish and work in collaboration with the Fisheries Department with respect to It responsibility fishery activities. of the resource :struction of the In a bid to execute these roles, however, LMCs are constrained in a number of ways. The main constraints are as follows: hat Government i) Due to poverty and corruption, local leaders are at times compromised management of and get involved in illegal fishing or are bribed by law breakers. nework, conflict ii) Lack of local based security personnel to ensure timely arrest of the culprits. I could enhance lermen on Lake iii) Poor co-ordination with the Fisheries Department as their visits to the ource of income landings are often irregular, making it hard for them to co-ordinate the e. If they are not activities of the LMCs. affected as their iv) Social ties inhibit execution of duties, as the people meant to enforce set utions exist with rules and regulations tend to fear to arrest culprits due to social relations .sheries conflicts. among themselves. Jocal Councils of v) Limited powers; as the LMCs have had no legal backing in their important for the operations. be incorporated in vi) Due to the open access policy; wrong doers keep on shifting from one landing site to another. vii) Conflict of interests between the LMCs and the LCs over fisheries management issues. lakes revealed that However, the local management of resources on Lake Nabugabo has focused fically put in place much on the fish resource than on any other environmental resource. It was, to limited fisheries however, reported that a few institutions have recently come up with the he Local Councils objective ofprotecting the lake and ensure sustainable resource utilization. Committee (LMC) airman, Secretary, Conclusions and Recommendations lC was said to be of the Government The Nabugabo lakes offer opportunities for a number of socio-economic ses Local Councils activities ofwhich fishing, farming, charcoal burning and brick-making are the most important and directly impact on the lakes' ecosystem. Encroachment by hippo grass (Vossia) is one ofthe major problems faced by the fishermen, since democratic process, it reduces the open waters for fishing. Rampant use ofillegal fishing methods is lIe personnel among one ofthe challenges making the management ofthe lake difficult and leading The committees are to loss of environmental, social and economic values ofthe lakes. management of the ishing gears; ensure lsure that fishers use the size and quality The Nabugabo Ramsar Site 171 The Nabugabo Ramsar Site Management institutions present on the lake are weak but fishers and the ECONOl' wider community are willing to co-operate with Government and other service providers under a co-management framework. WE

It is, therefore, recommended that local management institutions on the lakes be strengthened for co-management through capacity building. In this connection, Government and other service providers should be encouraged to Wetland lnspect work together in a participatory way to restore the lake through measures to remove the weed, control environmental degrading activities and prevention of Abstract illegal fishing methods. Furthermore, opportunities presented within the local cultures and traditions be explored and seized for conservation of the satellite Planning and devel< forces at play in the· lake resources. be chosen Over alten

References The Nabugabo Ram classified into rural p Greenwood, P.". (1965). The cichlid fishes of Lake Nabugabo, Uganda. Bulletin ofthe British Museum Ramsar site SUpports ofNatural History (Zoology) 12(9): 313-357 200 per hectare per y, Ogutu-Ohwayo, R. (1990). The decline in the native fishes of Lakes Victoria and Kyoga (East Africa) Wetlands valuation i: and the impact of the introduced species, especially the Nile perch, L'ates niloticus and , Oreochromis niloticus. Environmental Biology ofFishes 27:81-96 management easier b) political, social, cultu Ogutu-Ohwayo, R. (1993). The effects ofpredation by Nile perch, Lates Niloticus L., on the fish ofLake zoned as: no change in Nabugabo, with suggestions for conservation of endangered endemic cichlids. Conservation rural natural flora and Biology Volume 7, No.3. areas, and optimisatior

Trewavas, E. (1933). Scientific results ofthe Cambridge Expedition to East African Lakes, 1930-31. II. The cichlid fishes. Journal ofthe Linnaean Society (Zoology) 38:309-341. Key words: Worthington.E. B. (1932a). A report on the fisheries ofUganda investigated by the Cambridge Expedition to the East African Lakes, 1931-1932. Crown agents for the colonies, London, England.

Worthington, E. B. (1932b). Scientific results ofthe Cambridge Expedition to East African Lakes 1930­ Introduction 31. I. General introduction and station list. Journal ofthe Linnaean Society 38: 99-119 Economists define '" willing to pay less t market prices are th some commodities, economic valuation i services provided by

Wetlands like man) attributes many of w use values are direct indirect and relate to 1

The Nabugabo Ramsar Site ; 172 The Nabugabo Ramsar- Site