DOCSLIB.ORG

332 Ecstasy Intoxication: the Toxicological Basis For

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
332 Ecstasy Intoxication: the Toxicological Basis For REV. HOSP. CLÍN. FAC. MED. S. PAULO 58(6):332-341, 2003 ECSTASY INTOXICATION: THE TOXICOLOGICAL BASIS FOR TREATMENT Maristela Ferigolo, Adriana G. da S. Machado, Niara B. Oliveira and Helena M. T. Barros FERIGOLO M et al. - Ecstasy intoxication: the toxicological basis for treatment. Rev. Hosp. Clín. Fac. Med. S. Paulo 58(6):332-341, 2003. Youngsters are increasingly using 3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine, known as ecstasy, because it is wrongly believed that it does not induce harm. However, there are many reports of adverse effects, including acute intoxication, abuse potential, and possible neurotoxic effects. Therefore, health care providers need to promptly recognize the symptoms of systemic intoxication in order to initiate early treatment. The drug is used by the oral route for long hours during crowded dance parties. Acutely, ecstasy increases the release of serotonin and decreases its reuptake, leading to hypertension, hyperthermia, trismus, and vomiting. There is debate on whether recreational doses of ecstasy cause permanent damage to human serotonergic neurons. Ecstasy users showed a high risk of developing psychopathological disturbances. The prolonged use of ecstasy might induce dependence, characterized by tolerance and hangover. Acute ecstasy intoxication needs emergency-type treatment to avoid the dose-dependent increase in adverse reactions and in severity of complications. There are no specific antidotes to be used during acute intoxication. Supportive measures and medical treatment for each one of the complications should be implemented, keeping in mind that symptoms originate mainly from the central nervous system and the cardiovascular system. DESCRIPTORS: 3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine. Adverse effects. Substance-related disorders. Cognition. Hyperthermia. In 2001, an estimated 8.1 million also known as XTC, E, Adam, MDM subjective effects of MDMA in hu- (3.6%) Americans aged 12 or older had or “ drug of love”7. The behavioral ef- mans are not the same as those pro- tried ecstasy at least once in their life- fects of increased self-confidence, un- duced by LSD and because the drug times. This is more than the estimated derstanding and empathy, and an in- does not have a similar structure or 6.5 million (2.9 %) lifetime users in creased sensation of proximity and in- pharmacological activity to hallucino- 20001. The Brazilian National House- timacy with other people are described gens or psychedelic drugs, the term hold Survey on Psychoactive Drug Use mainly in uncontrolled studies. Com- “entactogens” meaning “entering in detected that 0.6% of respondents munication and personal relationship contact with yourself”10,11 was pro- aged 12 or older used ecstasy or other skills were also described to improve. posed to define a new pharmacologi- hallucinogens, meaning that 295,000 Euphoria and increased emotional and cal class. Also, a never-proven sexual Brazilians used this group of drugs at physical energy are presumed to occur enhancement action was cited by ex- least once in their lifetimes2. with this psychostimulant8-11. Since the perimental consumers12,13. However, Ecstasy or 3,4 methylene- ecstasy does not increase the excite- dioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a ment or the sexual desire in most of the 3-5 From the Psychoactive Substances synthetic amphetamine , the wide- Information Service, Division of users, and orgasms may be delayed due spread use of which since the 1980s Pharmacology, “Fundação Faculdade to higher awareness of sensory input, might be related to the exaggerated Federal de Ciências Médicas de Porto especially in men; it cannot be classi- Alegre”- Porto Alegre/RS, Brazil. declaration of possible therapeutic ef- Received for publication on fied as an agent to treat sexual fects by some authors6. This drug is June 16, 2003. dysfuctions12. Ecstasy can be more 332 REV. HOSP. CLÍN. FAC. MED. S. PAULO 58(6):332-341, 2003 Ecstasy intoxication: the toxicological basis for treatment Ferigolo M et al. easily classified as a psychostimulant, In Northern Hemisphere countries, PATTERNS OF ECSTASY USE since it has chemical and action simi- adolescents with a polydrug-use pat- larities with cocaine and ampheta- tern also consume ecstasy. The sub- Ecstasy was synthesized and pat- mines. According to the American Psy- stance is introduced later in a drug-use ented in Germany by Merck in 1914 chiatric Association, ecstasy may be sequence of legal and illegal sub- for appetite control. However, it was classified as a hallucinogen, due to its stances. The pattern of ecstasy use dif- never released in the market22, and the potential to occasionally induce hal- fers from the use of amphetamines; it scientific community ignored it until lucinations and “flashbacks” if used in is strongly associated with subcultural 1970. At that time, ecstasy was re- extremely high doses14. Certainly, in music preferences and house-party go- ported to produce “a controllable state the coming years, a better understand- ing and weakly associated with smok- of alteration of conscience with sen- ing of the drug’s effects will allow its ing and conduct problems19. Its use is sual and emotional harmony”, suggest- accurate classification. increasing in college students who also ing that it could be used as an Nowadays, MDMA is becoming the use marijuana, alcohol, have multiple adjuvant in psychotherapy8,9,25. In the center of discussion in both lay and sex partners, and spend more time so- beginning of the 1980s, MDMA be- scientific press for its abuse potential cializing than studying20. Gay/bi- came popular as a recreational drug26,27. and possible neurotoxic effects. In the sexual men who are MDMA users Around 1985, the USA Drug Enforce- beginning of the 1990s, it was banned (13% of the group) were found to be ment Administration (DEA) restricted as a therapeutic drug by the World younger, less educated, to have had the therapeutic use of MDMA, placing Health Organization15. Ecstasy was in- more male partners, more one night it on the list of forbidden substances troduced in Brazil around 1994. Since stands with men, to have unprotected and without clinical use due to its fre- 1997, ecstasy has been a topic of ques- anal sex with males, to have more gay/ quent abuse and to central nervous tioning for drug hot lines in Brazil16. In bisexual friends, and to have higher system serotonergic degenera- Brazil, ecstasy is sold at all-night dance levels of gay community participation tion22,24,28,29. Due to the expansion of parties attended by hundreds of thou- and affiliation than nonusers21. the illegal drug market and the belief sands of youngsters where loud techno Ecstasy has a reputation of being that the use of ecstasy for recreational music is played, and bright and pulsat- a safe drug; however, there are many purpose is safe, the number of cases of ing lights fill the environment. There is reports of adverse reactions associated toxicity related to ecstasy or to a mix- evidence that until now, the use of ec- with the drug, as described in other re- ture of substances sold as ecstasy has stasy has been limited to middle-class views3,22,16,23,24. The increasing popular- been increasing6. However, several sci- or upper-middle-class individuals in ity of ecstasy among youngsters entific reports confirm that ecstasy is Brazil, so that most people, including prompts the need for health care pro- potentially fatal, and therefore, precau- health care professionals, are unfamil- viders to quickly recognize the symp- tions should be taken to avoid the be- iar with the drug. However, ecstasy may toms of severe systemic intoxication ginning of its use by children and ado- be becoming more popular in Latin in order to initiate early treatment, with lescents30,31. America, following the pattern seen in rehydration and cooling in cases of Ecstasy is used orally and is sold as North America and Europe. The fact hyperthermia, for seizures, cardiac ar- tablets or capsules of several colors, that ecstasy is sold as a pill and is thus rhythmia, and for metabolic and elec- shapes, and sizes, containing from 50 extremely easy to use is a possible con- trolyte abnormalities. The need for to 150 mg of the drug. Sometimes it is tributing factor to the drug’s popular- more information on ecstasy seems to sold as a powdered substance to be ity17. In a recent survey in the city of be growing due to its increased use, mixed with beverages6,32,33. There are São Paulo, most ecstasy users were detectable by the higher number of re- descriptions of rectal use and intrana- shown to have attended universities ports of intoxication with ecstasy. sal use of the powdered MDMA34. The and use dance party events and the Therefore, the objective of this review street preparations are up to 90% pure34 Internet for entertainment. These indi- is to give a recent picture of the clini- and may also contain MDA, caffeine, viduals are equally distributed in het- cal effects of the drug and the conse- LSD, amphetamine, methamphetamine, erosexual and homosexual groups, with quences of drug use. We also reviewed mixture of amphetamines, paracetamol, respect to sexual orientation, and most some preclinical studies performed or ketamine and other nonidentified of them use piercing and tattoos. Ac- with experimental animals to elucidate substances34,35. Therefore, since quality cording to these individuals, the ex- clinical problem mechanisms and dis- control does not exist in the illicit drug perimental use of the drug occurred due cuss future prevention methods for market, consumers are subject to addi- to its easy acquisition18. long-term adverse outcomes of ecstasy. tional risk. When the typical recrea- 333 Ecstasy intoxication: the toxicological basis for treatment REV. HOSP. CLÍN. FAC. MED. S. PAULO 58(6):332-341, 2003 Ferigolo M et al. tional doses are used, MDMA is not wives, merchants, health professionals, mg and last from 2 to 4 hours3,26.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pharmacology and Toxicology of Amphetamine and Related Designer Drugs
    Pharmacology and Toxicology of Amphetamine and Related Designer Drugs U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES • Public Health Service • Alcohol Drug Abuse and Mental Health Administration Pharmacology and Toxicology of Amphetamine and Related Designer Drugs Editors: Khursheed Asghar, Ph.D. Division of Preclinical Research National Institute on Drug Abuse Errol De Souza, Ph.D. Addiction Research Center National Institute on Drug Abuse NIDA Research Monograph 94 1989 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration National Institute on Drug Abuse 5600 Fishers Lane Rockville, MD 20857 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, DC 20402 Pharmacology and Toxicology of Amphetamine and Related Designer Drugs ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is based upon papers and discussion from a technical review on pharmacology and toxicology of amphetamine and related designer drugs that took place on August 2 through 4, 1988, in Bethesda, MD. The review meeting was sponsored by the Biomedical Branch, Division of Preclinical Research, and the Addiction Research Center, National Institute on Drug Abuse. COPYRIGHT STATUS The National Institute on Drug Abuse has obtained permission from the copyright holders to reproduce certain previously published material as noted in the text. Further reproduction of this copyrighted material is permitted only as part of a reprinting of the entire publication or chapter. For any other use, the copyright holder’s permission is required. All other matieral in this volume except quoted passages from copyrighted sources is in the public domain and may be used or reproduced without permission from the Institute or the authors.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 4: MDMA
    MDMA 4 ERROL YUDKO (±)3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “Ecstasy,” E, Adam, X, XTC) is a methamphetamine analogue. It has hallucinogenic, psychostimu- lant, and multiple behavior-altering activities (Green et al., 1995). Although it was discovered serendipitously in 1912 by Merck Pharmaceuticals, its use as a psychotherapeutic/recreational drug was unknown until the late 1970s. By the early 1980s, as the popularity of the “rave party” increased so did use of MDMA. In 1985, prior to its classification as a Schedule I drug, it was being evaluated for its use in psychotherapy. A fearful Congress and Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) successfully petitioned for its classifica- tion as a Schedule I compound with no evidence that it was at all harmful. Recreational use of MDMA has been on the rise for the past 20 years (Peroutka, 1987; Schuster et al., 1998; Pope et al., 2001). Increases in the rate of MDMA use have continued despite reductions in the use of other substances (Johnston et al., 2001a,b). This is an international trend (Abraham et al., 1998; Hibell et al., 2000; McPherson and Afsarifard, Chapter 3 of this book). Although there have been occasional deaths indirectly caused by the use of MDMA (Henry et al., 1992), it is widely considered by its users to be a “safe” drug. The illusion of safety stems from lack of the obvious negative effects that other amphetamine-type compounds induce. MDMA does not cause an increase in aggressive behavior, and its users do not experience paranoid schizophrenia. According to the Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) less than 0.3% of drug-related emergency room visits are due to MDMA.
    [Show full text]
  • Ce4less.Com Ce4less.Com Ce4less.Com Ce4less.Com Ce4less.Com Ce4less.Com Ce4less.Com
    Hallucinogens And Dissociative Drug Use And Addiction Introduction Hallucinogens are a diverse group of drugs that cause alterations in perception, thought, or mood. This heterogeneous group has compounds with different chemical structures, different mechanisms of action, and different adverse effects. Despite their description, most hallucinogens do not consistently cause hallucinations. The drugs are more likely to cause changes in mood or in thought than actual hallucinations. Hallucinogenic substances that form naturally have been used worldwide for millennia to induce altered states for religious or spiritual purposes. While these practices still exist, the more common use of hallucinogens today involves the recreational use of synthetic hallucinogens. Hallucinogen And Dissociative Drug Toxicity Hallucinogens comprise a collection of compounds that are used to induce hallucinations or alterations of consciousness. Hallucinogens are drugs that cause alteration of visual, auditory, or tactile perceptions; they are also referred to as a class of drugs that cause alteration of thought and emotion. Hallucinogens disrupt a person’s ability to think and communicate effectively. Hallucinations are defined as false sensations that have no basis in reality: The sensory experience is not actually there. The term “hallucinogen” is slightly misleading because hallucinogens do not consistently cause hallucinations. 1 ce4less.com ce4less.com ce4less.com ce4less.com ce4less.com ce4less.com ce4less.com How hallucinogens cause alterations in a person’s sensory experience is not entirely understood. Hallucinogens work, at least in part, by disrupting communication between neurotransmitter systems throughout the body including those that regulate sleep, hunger, sexual behavior and muscle control. Patients under the influence of hallucinogens may show a wide range of unusual and often sudden, volatile behaviors with the potential to rapidly fluctuate from a relaxed, euphoric state to one of extreme agitation and aggression.
    [Show full text]
  • Application of High Resolution Mass Spectrometry for the Screening and Confirmation of Novel Psychoactive Substances Joshua Zolton Seither [email protected]
    Florida International University FIU Digital Commons FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations University Graduate School 4-25-2018 Application of High Resolution Mass Spectrometry for the Screening and Confirmation of Novel Psychoactive Substances Joshua Zolton Seither [email protected] DOI: 10.25148/etd.FIDC006565 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd Part of the Chemistry Commons Recommended Citation Seither, Joshua Zolton, "Application of High Resolution Mass Spectrometry for the Screening and Confirmation of Novel Psychoactive Substances" (2018). FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 3823. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3823 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University Graduate School at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Miami, Florida APPLICATION OF HIGH RESOLUTION MASS SPECTROMETRY FOR THE SCREENING AND CONFIRMATION OF NOVEL PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in CHEMISTRY by Joshua Zolton Seither 2018 To: Dean Michael R. Heithaus College of Arts, Sciences and Education This dissertation, written by Joshua Zolton Seither, and entitled Application of High- Resolution Mass Spectrometry for the Screening and Confirmation of Novel Psychoactive Substances, having been approved in respect to style and intellectual content, is referred to you for judgment. We have read this dissertation and recommend that it be approved. _______________________________________ Piero Gardinali _______________________________________ Bruce McCord _______________________________________ DeEtta Mills _______________________________________ Stanislaw Wnuk _______________________________________ Anthony DeCaprio, Major Professor Date of Defense: April 25, 2018 The dissertation of Joshua Zolton Seither is approved.
    [Show full text]
  • NIDA Drug Supply Program Catalog, 25Th Edition
    RESEARCH RESOURCES DRUG SUPPLY PROGRAM CATALOG 25TH EDITION MAY 2016 CHEMISTRY AND PHARMACEUTICS BRANCH DIVISION OF THERAPEUTICS AND MEDICAL CONSEQUENCES NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON DRUG ABUSE NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES 6001 EXECUTIVE BOULEVARD ROCKVILLE, MARYLAND 20852 160524 On the cover: CPK rendering of nalfurafine. TABLE OF CONTENTS A. Introduction ................................................................................................1 B. NIDA Drug Supply Program (DSP) Ordering Guidelines ..........................3 C. Drug Request Checklist .............................................................................8 D. Sample DEA Order Form 222 ....................................................................9 E. Supply & Analysis of Standard Solutions of Δ9-THC ..............................10 F. Alternate Sources for Peptides ...............................................................11 G. Instructions for Analytical Services .........................................................12 H. X-Ray Diffraction Analysis of Compounds .............................................13 I. Nicotine Research Cigarettes Drug Supply Program .............................16 J. Ordering Guidelines for Nicotine Research Cigarettes (NRCs)..............18 K. Ordering Guidelines for Marijuana and Marijuana Cigarettes ................21 L. Important Addresses, Telephone & Fax Numbers ..................................24 M. Available Drugs, Compounds, and Dosage Forms ..............................25
    [Show full text]
  • 4-Fluoroamphetamine (4-FA) Critical Review Report Agenda Item 4.3
    4-Fluoroamphetamine (4-FA) Critical Review Report Agenda Item 4.3 Expert Committee on Drug Dependence Thirty-ninth Meeting Geneva, 6-10 November 2017 39th ECDD (2017) Agenda item 4.3 4-FA Contents Acknowledgements.................................................................................................................................. 4 Summary...................................................................................................................................................... 5 1. Substance identification ....................................................................................................................... 6 A. International Nonproprietary Name (INN).......................................................................................................... 6 B. Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) Registry Number .......................................................................................... 6 C. Other Chemical Names ................................................................................................................................................... 6 D. Trade Names ....................................................................................................................................................................... 6 E. Street Names ....................................................................................................................................................................... 6 F. Physical Appearance ......................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Keeping Youth Drug Free PDF 3.87 MB
    Keeping Youth DRUG FREE Keeping Youth DRUG FREE U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Center for Substance Abuse Prevention Acknowledgments Electronic Access and Copies of Publication This publication was prepared for the Substance This publication may be downloaded or ordered at Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration http://store.samhsa.gov. Or call SAMHSA’s Store (SAMHSA) by the Center for Substance Abuse at 1-877-SAMHSA-7 (1-877-726-4727) Prevention (CSAP) under contract number (English and Español). HHSS277201600001C, with SAMHSA, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Recommended Citation David Lamont Wilson served as the Government Project Officer. Keeping Youth Drug Free. HHS Publication No. (SMA) 17-3772. Rockville, MD: Center for Substance Abuse Prevention, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disclaimer Services Administration, 2017. The views, opinions, and content of this publication are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect Originating Office the views, opinions, or policies of SAMHSA or HHS. SAMHSA complies with applicable Federal civil rights Center for Substance Abuse Prevention, Substance laws and does not discriminate on the basis of race, Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, color, national origin, age, disability, or sex. SAMHSA 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20857. cumple con las leyes federales de derechos civiles HHS Publication No. (SMA) 17-3772. aplicables y no discrimina por motivos de raza, color, First printed 2002. Revised 2017. nacionalidad, edad, discapacidad o sexo. Public Domain Notice All material appearing in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced or copied without permission from SAMHSA.
    [Show full text]
  • Toxicology Reference Material
    toxicology Toxicology covers a wide range of disciplines, including therapeutic drug monitoring, clinical toxicology, forensic toxicology (drug driving, criminal and coroners), drugs in sport and work place drug testing, as well as academia and research. Those working in the field have a professional interest in the detection and measurement of alcohol, drugs, poisons and their breakdown products in biological samples, together with the interpretation of these measurements. Abuse and misuse of drugs is one of the biggest problems facing our society today. Acute poisoning remains one of the commonest medical emergencies, accounting for 10-20% of hospital admissions for general medicine [Dargan & Jones, 2001]. Many offenders charged with violent crimes, or victims of violent crime may have been under the influence of drugs at the time the act was committed. The use of mind-altering drugs in the work place, or whilst in control of a motor vehicle places others in danger [Drummer, 2001]. Performance enhancing drugs in sport make for an uneven playing field and distract from the core ethic of sportsmanship. Patterns of drug abuse around the world are constantly evolving. They vary between geographies; from one country to another and even from region to region or population to population within countries. With a European presence, a wide reaching network of global customers and distributors, and activate participation in relevant professional societies, Chiron is well positioned to develop and deliver relevant, and current standards to meet customer demand in this challenging field. Chiron AS Stiklestadvn. 1 N-7041 Trondheim Norway Phone No.: +47 73 87 44 90 Fax No.: +47 73 87 44 99 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.chiron.no Org.
    [Show full text]
  • Caffeine Alters the Behavioural and Body Temperature Responses to Mephedrone Without Causing Long-Term Neurotoxicity in Rats
    Caffeine alters the behavioural and body temperature responses to mephedrone without causing long-term neurotoxicity in rats Short title: Caffeine and mephedrone co-administration SE Shortall, AR Green, KCF Fone, MV King* School of Life Sciences, Medical School, Queen’s Medical Centre, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH *Corresponding author. Tel.: +44 1158 230154; fax: +44 1158 230142 Email: [email protected] (M.V. King) 1 Abstract Administration of caffeine with 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) alters the pharmacological properties of MDMA in rats. The current study examined whether caffeine alters the behavioural and neurochemical effects of mephedrone, which has similar psychoactive effects to MDMA. Rats received either i.p. saline, mephedrone (10mg/kg), caffeine (10mg/kg) or combined caffeine and mephedrone twice weekly on consecutive days for three weeks. Locomotor activity (days 1 and 16), novel object discrimination (NOD, day two), elevated plus maze (EPM, day eight) exploration, rectal temperature changes (day nine) and prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle (PPI, day 15) response were assessed. Seven days after the final injection, brain regions were collected for measurement of 5- hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), dopamine and their metabolites. Combined caffeine and mephedrone further enhanced the locomotor response observed following either drug administered alone, and converted mephedrone-induced hypothermia to hyperthermia. Co- administration also abolished mephedrone-induced anxiogenic response on the EPM but had no effect on NOD or PPI. Importantly, no long-term neurotoxicity was detected following repeated mephedrone alone or when co-administered with caffeine. In conclusion, the study suggests a potentially dangerous effect of concomitant caffeine and mephedrone, and highlights the importance of taking polydrug use into consideration when investigating the acute adverse effect profile of popular recreational drugs.
    [Show full text]
  • New Psychoactive Substances in Australia
    NEW PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES IN AUSTRALIA Rachel Sutherland BSocSc (Hons, Criminology) A thesis in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre School of Public Health and Community Medicine Faculty of Medicine University of New South Wales November 2018 i THESIS/DISSERTATION SHEET Surname/Family Name Sutherland Given Name/s Rachel Anne Abbreviation for degree as give in the University calendar PhD Faculty Medicine School School of Public Health and Community Medicine Thesis Title New psychoactive substances in Australia Abstract 350 words maximum: (PLEASE TYPE) Over the past decade, countries worldwide have observed the rapid emergence of substances collectively referred to as ‘new psychoactive substances’ (NPS). To date, hundreds of NPS have been identified; however, for the most part very little is known about these substances. The exponential growth of NPS, combined with uncertainty regarding potential harms, has generated considerable concern amongst policy makers and there is international consensus regarding the need for ongoing monitoring and research into the NPS market. However, much of the research conducted in this area originates from Europe and the United States, with Australian-specific studies relatively scarce. This thesis aimed to address this gap in Australian specific studies using two data sources: the 2013 National Drug Strategy Household Survey (NDSHS: a general population prevalence survey) and the Ecstasy and related Drugs Reporting System (EDRS: a national survey of high frequency psychostimulant consumers). Specifically, this thesis aimed to: 1) determine if there was a distinct group of exclusive Australian NPS consumers; 2) examine rates of use of different classes of NPS amongst people who use other illicit substances; 3) examine the motivations associated with NPS use; and 4) explore the purchasing and supply patterns of NPS consumers.
    [Show full text]
  • Alcohol and Drug Services Study (ADSS), 1996-1999: [United States]
    Alcohol and Drug Services Study (ADSS), 1996-1999: [United States] United States Department of Health and Human Services. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Office of Applied Studies Questionnaire for Phase III In-Treatment Methadone Follow-Up Terms of Use The terms of use for this study can be found at: http://datafiles.samhsa.gov/terms-use-nid3422 OMB: 0930-0180 Exp. Date: 04/30/2000 ALCOHOL AND DRUG SERVICES STUDY PHASE III CLIENT FOLLOWUP QUESTIONNAIRE ROUND 1 Notice: The information entered on this form will be handled in the strictest confidence and will not be released to unauthorized personnel. The confidentiality of this information is protected by Section 301(d) of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 241(d)). This research is authorized under Section 505 of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 290aa-4). _______________________________________________________________________________________ LANGUAGE VERSION: 01 Client ID: ATTACH LABEL Interviewer: |__|__|__| Date: |__|__| |__|__| |__|__| Time Began: |__|__| : |__|__| am............... 1 pm............... 2 Time Ended: |__|__| : |__|__| am............... 1 pm............... 2 Outcome: |__| Client Type: Discharged ............................ 1 In treatment ........................... 2 _______________________________________________________________________________________ NOTIFICATION TO RESPONDENT OF ESTIMATED BURDEN Public burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1-1/2 hours per response, including time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding the burden estimate, or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to: SAMHSA Reports Clearance Officer, Room 16-105, Parklawn Building, 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20857.
    [Show full text]
  • Orientação Sobre a Classificação Genérica De Substâncias Proscritas
    Orientação sobre a classificação genérica de substâncias proscritas CLASSE ESTRUTURAL DAS FENILETILAMINAS Sumário 1. Introdução .................................................................................................................................................... 2 1. O que são as Novas Substâncias Psicoativas (NSP)?..................................................................... 3 2. Classificação genérica como estratégia de controle das NSP .................................................... 5 3. Inclusão da classificação genérica para a classe de NSP das feniletilaminas ............................ 6 4. Classificação genérica das feniletilaminas - VERSÃO COMENTADA .................................... 10 5. Exemplos práticos de aplicação da classificação genérica .......................................................... 14 6. Exceções à classificação genérica das feniletilaminas .................................................................. 23 Anexo I - Descrição dos possíveis substituintes ................................................................................... 27 Anexo II - Exemplos de NSP notificadas ao Sistema de Alerta Prévio do Escritório das Nações Unidas sobre Drogas e Crime (UNODC) e que se enquadram na classificação genérica das feniletilaminas da Portaria SVS/MS n° 344/98 ........................................................................................ 31 Anexo III - Exemplos de NSP notificadas ao Sistema de Alerta Prévio do UNODC e que NÃO se enquadram na classificação genérica das
    [Show full text]