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An Approach for Defining, Assessment And Section II: Vulnerabilities within the settings of monuments and sites: understanding the threats and defining appropriate responses Section II : Identifier la vulnérabilité du cadre des monuments et des sites – Menaces et outils de prévention CREATIVITY AND THE SETTINGS OF MONUMENTS AND SITES IN THAILAND : CONFLICTS & RESOLUTION KLINKAJORN Karin / Thailand Lecturer,Department of Urban and Regional Planning at King Mongkut’s Institute of technology Ladkrabang Introduction master plan such as developing Ratchadamnoen Klang Avenue into a “Thai-style Champs Ellysees” and On the 5th September 2004, one day before Apirak transforming Khlong Lod into “a Thai-style Li Jiang,” a Kosayodhin took office as the sixth elected governor of unique Chinese town nurtured by water from the mountains. th Bangkok, the Nation newspaper published an open letter to On the 25 December 2004, the Cabinet has approved this him on the need to capitalize on cultural assets of the old 10 billion baht program and assigned the NESDB to carry inner city of Bangkok—Krung Rattanakosin. The writer out the plan as a part of the economic growth stimulation challenged the new governor to revive Krung Rattanakosin plan. The Crown Property Bureau, which owns most of the to reflect “its grand spiritual heritage, which is unmatched land and buildings on both sides of Ratchadamnoen Klang anywhere else in this world” so that he would be recorded as Avenue, has also agreed with the plan. Thus these buildings the city’s greatest governor in history (The Nation, 5 will be preserved and developed into cultural centers, September 2004). museums, art galleries, theaters, shopping malls, international trade exhibition centers, IT business centers, luxury hotels, restaurants, duty free shops, luxury offices, The writer states that Apirak would have to build a service apartments, and tourist centers. Underground number of world-class museums and renovate the city’s metro-lines will be provided. It was estimated that this landmark buildings, monuments, statues and temples so that program could attract one million tourists, who come visit the city will become the “centre for the highest religious, the Grand Palace annually, to the area. royal, state and public ceremonies” and re-emerge as the “cultural center of Southeast Asia and beyond.” There should be cultural and research centers for all aspects of The master plan represents not only the latest attempt of Thai culture as well as Buddhism. More facilities should be Thai authorities to commodify monuments, sites and their built for the performing arts. The ministries or agencies settings in Rattanakosin precinct into prime tourist attraction, should make a sacrifice by moving out of Krung Rattankosin but also the crisis of heritage conservation in Thailand. The so that their buildings could be turned into museums and most destructive part of the plan, however, is not the attempt other cultural centers. All the temples, monuments and to develop buildings along both sides of Ratchadamnoen statues should be renovated so that they are clean and Avenue; but it is the attempt to remove and/or redevelop the pleasant to visit. An aquarium should be built to enhance a so-called “surrounding area” and its residents into something network of attractions. This might help attract tourists to that they have never been. The plan paid least attention, spend time longer in Krung Rattanakosin (instead of an only appreciation and respect to the value and authenticity of the one day tour). Then Thai parents could bring their children settings of monuments and sites. to the museums and other cultural or musical events in Old Bangkok so that they would grow up knowing about their The master plan has provoked strong opposition from the roots and history, and find inspiration from their heritage. universities, concerned scholars, local residents and the This is, the writer claimed, the best way to improve the press; and led to further rounds of public trial and repression. quality of life in Bangkok. Many have argued that the plan would rapidly “turn an old living city into a dead one” and “turn the sacred capitol into These ideas were not originated form the writer’s own a Disney style historical theme park.” Moreover, Bangkok is daydreaming fantasy. Actually, many of them were derived the role model of development of Thailand. What had been from “The Master Plan for Land Development: done in Bangkok would be copied to do so in many parts of Ratchadamnoen Road and Surrounding Area” of the the country. This will bring greater threats to cultural National Economic and Social Development Board heritage and its settings nationwide. (NESDB). On the front page of the newspaper, accompanied with the “Call for Renaissance” headline, there was a How have heritage conservation practices transformed to colorful image illustrating some creative ideas based on the be destructively innocent like this? How have we gone this Monuments and sites in their setting-Conserving cultural heritage in changing townscapes and landscapes Section II: Vulnerabilities within the settings of monuments and sites: understanding the threats and defining appropriate responses Section II : Identifier la vulnérabilité du cadre des monuments et des sites – Menaces et outils de prévention far? How are we going to be? Taking a look back at the (Kingswalk Avenue), which was constructed in three phases evolution of cultural heritage conservation in Thailand might respectively: Ratchadamnoen Nok (the outer part), help understand the situation as a whole, of where things are Ratchadamnoen Klang (the middle part) and moving and how they will evolve. Then a resolution might Ratchadamnoen Nai (the inner part). The king had be possible to emerge. assimilated two contrasting forms of urbanism, indigenous and western, into the symbolic capital represented by Krung The Early Stage of Heritage Conservation in Rattankosin (Shiranan 1989: 384). Siam New roads expanded the urban precinct far beyond its After the reign of King Taksin of Krung Thonburi fortified walls and moats. The centers of urban life had (1767-1782), King Rama I (reigned: 1782-1809) founded transformed into European style administrative headquarters Krung Rattanakosin as a rebirth of Krung Sri and commercial centers, housed in European style buildings. Ayutthaya—which had prospered for over four The Grand Palace and the Emerald Buddha Temple became centuries—on the east bank of Chao Phraya river. From its all the remained of the faded image of Ayutthaya. The establishment as the capital of Siam, Krung Rattanakosin construction of railroads and highways led to the had been the pre-eminent focus of Chakri dynasty’s development of new villages and urban centers, and legitimizing symbols and rituals. In the mid-nineteenth facilitated contact with urban centers. Only traditional century, however, the threats of imperial powers of Europe village settlement and towns in remote localities still to Siamese sovereignty had urged the monarchs to seek ways retained their traditional form and structure. Urban centers to identify their states and societies as distinct territorial and and rural settlements were brought closer under the control historical entities more explicitly (Askew 1996: 187). The of the central government (Valibhotama 1989: 363). early efforts to construct “Siamese cultural identity” seems to be of King Rama IV (reigned: 1851-1868), who The king’s efforts to reshape Krung Rattanakosin as the rediscovered the ancient city-state of Sukhothai, along with modern capital of a royal absolutist state “was paralleled by the stone throne and the famous pillar of initiatives towards defining Siam as a territorial nation state Ramkhamhaeng—the key artifact which inscribes a story of with a discernible and continuous history” (Askew 2002a: his dynasty and the paternalism of Sukhothai. His first steps p.286). In 1874 Rama V opened the first public museum were to initiate a task of listing, collecting and describing manily to exhibit the royal collection of King Rama IV, and prime cultural objects and monuments, and to create a small other objects of general interest, at the Concordia Pavilion of 1 museum of Siamese “ancient artifacts” for visiting European the Grand Palace. In 1907 provincial officials of Siam were dignitaries “in order to authenticate the culture, unity, to search for old inscriptions and artifacts by the king’s continuity, and legitimacy of the Siamese state and its order. rulers” (Askew 1996: 188). Through his attempts to reinforce religious identity and the legitimacy of Chakri King Rama VI (reigned: 1910-1925) continued to dynasty, he also sponsored the conservation of some early modernize Siam through cultural identification with past religious monuments, such as the reconstruction of Phra achievements of the Siamese. In 1912 Rama VI founded the Phathom Chedi in Nakhon Pathom in 1853. Fine Arts Department, a key institution for conservation and interpretation of ancient artifacts, monuments and sites in During the reign of King Rama V (1968-1910), the later time. In 1916 the king appointed Prince Damrong appearance of Krung Rattanakosin began to change as the Rajanuphab to head the National Library. Prince Damrong king embraced the new icons of modern European wrote extensively on the history of the ancient towns and architecture, urbanism and monarchical rituals, which added cities, especially Sukhothai. In 1924 the Archeological modernity to the royal dispensation (Askew 2002a: 286). In Service was established and placed under the control of the 1897, after his return from Europe for an observation tour, National library. Its early efforts were to excavate and study Rama V decided to build a grand scale royal residence, the ancient sites of Lopburi and Ayutthaya. The known as Dusit palace, in Western fashion. In order to Archeological Service also produced a definitive edition of prevent incongruous clashes with the Grand Palace and its setting, the new palace was constructed outside the city (1.5 1 In 1907, The museum was relocated to its present site, the "Palace kilometers to the north at Thung Som Poi).
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