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13 Policy Matters.Qxp Table of contents Letter from the Chair.................................................................................... M. Taghi Farvar.................... 3 Taking history and culture seriously............................................................... The editors.......................... 4 Section I: Conservation as cultural and political practice Conservation as cultural and political practice................................................ Ken MacDonald.................... 6 Protection de la nature et identités culturelles en France................................ Christian Barthod................. 18 The tiger, the pangolin, and the myths of Panthera tigris amoyensis – past, Chris present, and future...................................................................................... Coggins............................... 26 Kirsten Anderrson & The historical origins of modern forestry policy in Bolivia................................ Diego Pacheco..................... 40 Colonialism, hunting and the invention of “poaching” in the 19th and 20th Centuries..................................................................................................... Bill Adams........................... 50 Conservation of dryland biodiversity by mobile indigenous people— Chachu Ganya, Guyo Haro & the case of the Gabbra of Northern Kenya..................................................... Grazia Borrini-Feyerabend..... 61 Continuidad y discontinuidad culturales en el manejo ambiental de tres Juan Mayr & diferentes ecosistemas en Colombia.............................................................. Guillermo Rodríguez............. 72 History, culture and participatory marine conservation in a Brazilian fishing community................................................................................................... Patricia Pinto da Silva........... 86 The Bawarias of India: from hunters to “green gards”?.................................. Bahar Dutt......................... 98 La Somma: forest management, new “ruralness” and agro-tourism in the uplands of Umbria (Central Italy).................................................................. Patrizio Warren.................... 106 Ideas, history and continuity in the practice of power— the case of wildlife management in Zambia................................................................................ Ilyssa Manspeizer................ 116 The cultural politics of conservation encounters in the Maya biosphere reserve, Guatemala...................................................................................... Juanita Sundberg................. 125 Tensions and paradoxes in the management of transboundary protected areas.......................................................................................................... William Wolmer.................... 137 Section II: A “cultural approach” to conservation? Why history and culture matter—a case study from the Virgin Islands Crystal Fortwangler & Marc National Park............................................................................................... Stern................................... 148 La propriété collective et la mobilité pastorale en tant qu’alliées de la conser- Adama Ly & vation—expériences et politiques innovatrices au Ferlo (Sénégal).................... Maryam Niamir Fuller........... 162 History, Culture, and Conservation: in search of more informed guesses about whether “community-based conservation” has a chance to work..................... Jim Igoe.............................. 174 Development Dilemmas and Administrative Ambiguities: Terracing and Land Use Planning Committees in North Pare, Tanzania.......................................... Michael Sheridan................. 186 The Shompen of Great Nicobar Island (India)— between “development” and dis- Suresh Babu & appearance...................................................................................................... Denys P. Leighton.. 198 A layered homeland: history, culture and visions of development......................... Susan Delisle......... 212 Social science researchas a tool for conservation—the case of Kayan Mentarang Cristina National Park (Indonesia).................................................................................. Eghenter............... 224 Can traditions of tolerance help minimise conflict? An exploration of cultural fac- tors supporting human-wildlife coexistence......................................................... Francine Madden... 234 Claudine Les contrats sociaux traditionnels (dina) et le transfert de gestion des ressources Ramiarison & naturelles renouvelable (GELOSE)—une alliance clé pour la conservation et le Tiana Eva développement durable à Madagascar................................................................ Razafindrakoto...... 242 Lala Jean Culte des ancêtres joro et sauvegarde des espèces menacées d’extinction à Rakotoniaina & Madagascar...................................................................................................... Johanna Durbin..... 248 Section III: Understanding and measuring biocultural diversity Cultures and conservation: bridging the gap....................................................... Luisa Maffi............ 256 John R. Stepp, S. Cervone, H. Castaneda, A. Lasseter, G. Stocks Development of a GIS for Global Biocultural Diversity.......................................... & Y. Gichon........... 267 David Harmon & The IBCD: a measure of the world's bio-cultural diversity.................................... Jonathan Loh........ 271 Biodiversity conservation, communication and language- is English a solution, a problem or both?.............................................................................................. Lars Softestad...... 281 Section IV: New resources from CEESP members Grazia Borrini- Feyerabend and Short review of “Contested Nature”.................................................................... Ellen L. Brown....... 284 Jacques Revue de « Conservation de la Nature et Développement»................................. Grinevald.............. 286 “Short review of “The Mountains of the Mediterranean World”............................. David Pitt.............. 289 Short review of “Against Extinction”................................................................... Dan Brockington.... 291 Short review of “Anthropology and History in Franche-Comté”............................. David Pitt.............. 293 Short review of “Handbook of Mangroves in the Philippines”................................ Lawrence Liao....... 294 Numerous announcements of new books, articles and newsletters....................... various authors...... 296 LETTER FROM THE CHAIR OF CEESP M Taghi Farvar Dear CEESP members and partners, Once again, after Policy Matters No. 10 on Let me point your attention to the contacts Sustainable Livelihoods and Co-manage- details of the CEESP members and partners ment of Natural Resources (2002) and no. who generously shared their thoughts with 12 on Community Empowerment for all of us by compiling and offering the Conservation (2003), we are going to print papers collected here. I hope there will be with a special issue of our Journal edited by exchanges among many of them and you, the CMWG Chair and colleagues. The sub- the readers, and fruitful collaboration in the ject of this issue— History, culture and con- field. Indeed, if history and culture vis-à-vis servation— is a formidable one, and I must conservation are not new subjects, much is commend all the members and partners still to be learned to unfold all their poten- who have produced the engrossing papers tial and many pathways for action are point- collected here. ed at here. I am proud to see that our Journal contin- This issue is being prepared for the 3d ues to be a forum where we explore and World Conservation Congress in Bangkok debate relatively innovative subjects within (Thailand) November 2004. We hope it will IUCN. Indeed, it is part of the philosophy contribute to highlighting there the benefits and mandate of our Commission to stimu- of an approach to conservation that is histo- late the attention of the Union on important ry and culture conscious. And we hope that, subjects that, for one reason or another, in the months to follow, such an approach may not be enjoying a spotlight at a partic- will also be promoted and sustained mean- ular moment in time. This does not mean, ingfully in the field. I am proud to say that however, that they are not of momentous CEESP is committed to the theme of consequences for conservation… as you can “Culture and Conservation” as a part of its easily find out by going through this vol- new mandate. Warm wishes to all the read- ume. ers! Policy Matters 13, November 2004 3 EDITORIAL Taking history and culture seriously international meetings and in professional debates and onservation constituencies increasingly need to literature: “…the protection of parks requires a top C down approach.”1 “Let us not ‘politicise’ conservation!”, confront the history of “nature” and a variety of local 2 “We need impartial research and detached scepti- cultural practices and rights. In the so-called global cism, not advocacy!”.3 North, historically marginalised groups won at least some of their struggles and can today speak their con- Why so much resistance to embedding conservation in cerns loud and clear. The same cannot be said for the history, culture and social concerns? Why so little so-called global South. The
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