The Hofstaðir Archaeofauna
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The Keeping and Milking of Sheep in the Old Subsistence Economy of Scandinavia, Iceland and Northern Europe
THE KEEPING AND MILKING OF SHEEP IN THE OLD SUBSISTENCE ECONOMY OF SCANDINAVIA, ICELAND AND NORTHERN EUROPE Jon Bergsftker SHEEP IN EARLY SOCIETIES Archaeologists believe that sheep are associated with the pioneer cultivators in Northern European hunting cultures, and·that as domestic animals they may be considered part of the Northern European farm from earliest times (Brondsted 195 7. I. 262). At Neolithic dwelling sites in Western Norway, sheep bones are identified with refuse from meals (Hagen 1962. 35; Myhre 1967. 33-34), whilst the use of wool for clothes is confirmed from Bronze Age finds in Scandinavia (Brondsted 1958. II. 119-120). There is also reason to believe that the milk-giving qualities of domestic animals have been known from early times. Perforated pottery vessels from both Bronze Age and Iron Age Scandinavia are thought to have been used in the production of cheese (Rank 1966. 44-47). But there is no real evidence to suggest a development from general sheep keeping to selective sheep-breeding in prehistoric times in Northern Europe - whether for wool or for meat. The prehistoric sheep - descendants of which, in historic times, were found in e.g. Iceland and the Farnes, in the Norwegian spael.sau or short-tailed sheep, and in the Swedish tantras (country breed)-were kept equally for their milk, wool and mutton. Non-specialised use of the sheep belongs primarily to a subsistence economy where sheep-keeping is based on an individual's personal needs rather than on a concept of produce for sale. Only gradually, as a community becomes more stratified and sections of the population find themselves without sheep, does a more deliberate policy of sheep-keeping appear, linked to commerical and economic factors. -
Þingvellir National Park
World Heritage Scanned Nomination File Name: 1152.pdf UNESCO Region: EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA __________________________________________________________________________________________________ SITE NAME: Þingvellir National Park DATE OF INSCRIPTION: 7th July 2004 STATE PARTY: ICELAND CRITERIA: C (iii) (vi) CL DECISION OF THE WORLD HERITAGE COMMITTEE: Excerpt from the Report of the 28th Session of the World Heritage Committee Criterion (iii): The Althing and its hinterland, the Þingvellir National Park, represent, through the remains of the assembly ground, the booths for those who attended, and through landscape evidence of settlement extending back possibly to the time the assembly was established, a unique reflection of mediaeval Norse/Germanic culture and one that persisted in essence from its foundation in 980 AD until the 18th century. Criterion (vi): Pride in the strong association of the Althing to mediaeval Germanic/Norse governance, known through the 12th century Icelandic sagas, and reinforced during the fight for independence in the 19th century, have, together with the powerful natural setting of the assembly grounds, given the site iconic status as a shrine for the national. BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS Þingvellir (Thingvellir) is the National Park where the Althing - an open-air assembly, which represented the whole of Iceland - was established in 930 and continued to meet until 1798. Over two weeks a year, the assembly set laws - seen as a covenant between free men - and settled disputes. The Althing has deep historical and symbolic associations for the people of Iceland. Located on an active volcanic site, the property includes the Þingvellir National Park and the remains of the Althing itself: fragments of around 50 booths built of turf and stone. -
Newsletter - Fall 2017, Volume 22, Issue 2
Newsletter - Fall 2017, Volume 22, Issue 2 INSIDE THIS ISSUE Calendar 4 News in Brief 6 Color & Pattern Coding 7 Q & A Sheep Production 8 From the Archives 11 Sheepskin Tanning 12 Fiber Artists in Iceland 16 Washing Fleece 24 26 27 28 1 Icelandic Sheep Breeders of North America - Fall 2017, Volume 22, Issue 2 BOARD OF DIRECTORS PROGRAM COORDINATORS President: Webmaster: Elaine Clark 207-793-4640 Marjorie Jackson 573-294-7088 [email protected] [email protected] Vice-President: Librarian: Kathy Taft Boyden 802-244-5679 Connie Millard 573-294-7088 [email protected] [email protected] Secretary: E-list Moderator: Melissa Erlund 318-820-6643 Sondra Gibson 406-777-2334 [email protected] [email protected] Treasurer: Advertising Representative Marge Jackson Kathy Taft Boyden 802-244-5679 [email protected] [email protected] Members at Large: Historian: Terri Carlson 815-288-5886 Vanessa Riva 802-434-3953 [email protected] [email protected] Margaret Flowers 315-246-1178 Breed Promotion [email protected] Elaine Clark 207-793-4640 [email protected] Cassie Petrocelli 207-740-5110 [email protected] Membership Secretary: Rosemary Brown [email protected] NEWSLETTER Editor: Laura Walsh 517-513-1520 [email protected] Assistant Editor: Claire Moxon-Waltz [email protected] Layout Editor: Terri Carlson 815-288-5886 [email protected] Publisher: Natasha Paris 920-767-1108 [email protected] Cover photo: Submitted by Kathy Taft Boyden of Kind Horn Farm Kind Horn Farm is a certified organic farm located in the mountains of Central Vermont. They are in their 11th Interested in attending the board meetings as a read-only breeding season using traditional and AI to breed top-quality member? ISBONA members in good standing are welcome to do so. -
Early Religious Practice in Norse Greenland
Hugvísindasvið Early Religious Practice in Norse Greenland: th From the Period of Settlement to the 12 Century Ritgerð til M.A.-prófs Andrew Umbrich September 2012 U m b r i c h | 2 Háskóli Íslands Hugvísindasvið Medieval Icelandic Studies Early Religious Practice in Norse Greenland: th From the Period of Settlement to the 12 Century Ritgerð til M.A.-prófs Andrew Umbrich Kt.: 130388-4269 Leiðbeinandi: Gísli Sigurðsson September 2012 U m b r i c h | 3 Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 5 1.1 Scholarly Works and Sources Used in This Study ...................................................... 8 1.2 Inherent Problems with This Study: Written Sources and Archaeology .................... 9 1.3 Origin of Greenland Settlers and Greenlandic Law .................................................. 10 2.0 Historiography ................................................................................................................. 12 2.1 Lesley Abrams’ Early Religious Practice in the Greenland Settlement.................... 12 2.2 Jonathan Grove’s The Place of Greenland in Medieval Icelandic Saga Narratives.. 14 2.3 Gísli Sigurðsson’s Greenland in the Sagas of Icelanders: What Did the Writers Know - And How Did They Know It? and The Medieval Icelandic Saga and Oral Tradition: A Discourse on Method....................................................................................... 15 2.4 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ -
COURSE NOTES V0
Sheep in the Land of Fire and Ice Sauðfé í landi elds og ísa COURSE NOTES v0 Sheep in the land of Fire and Ice COURSE NOTES v0 Contents PART 1. COURSE INTRODUCTION SECTION 1.1 SHEEP IN THE LAND OF FIRE AND ICE About this course Meet the experts Navigating the course PART 2. SHEEP GRAZING IN THE NORTH SECTION 2.1 SHEEP GRAZING IN THE NORTH Grazing in Nordic regions Studying herbivory in the North – the need for coordinated research efforts SECTION 2.2 SHEEP GRAZING IN ICELAND Environmental conditions in Iceland How do these conditions influence the impacts of grazing? SECTION 2.3 SHEEP GRAZING CAN LEAD TO SOIL EROSION PART 3. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF SHEEP GRAZING IN ICELAND SECTION 3.1 ICELAND BEFORE SHEEP What Iceland could have looked like before human settlement SECTION 3.2 MODELLING THE ECOSYSTEM State and transition models SECTION 3.3 THEN, SHEEP ARRIVED Sheep over time: from landnám to our days SECTION 3.4 EFFORTS TO MITIGATE ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION PART 4. THE PRESENT AND THE FUTURE OF SHEEP GRAZING IN ICELAND SECTION 4.1 SHEEP IN ICELAND TODAY Current grazing systems in Iceland SECTION 4.2 CURRENT EFFORTS IN ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH Grazing research SECTION 4.3 SUSTAINABLE SHEEP GRAZING? The future of sheep grazing PART 5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS SECTION 5.1 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS USEFUL LINKS REFERENCES 2 Sheep in the land of Fire and Ice COURSE NOTES v0 Part 1. Course introduction Section 1.1 Sheep in the Land of Fire and Ice About this course Sheep in the Land of Fire and Ice is a short Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) about sheep grazing in Iceland. -
Would You Like to Receive a 2020 Catalog?
Would you like to receive a 2020 catalog? There will be a $5 shipping fee to cover the cost of postage on all mailed catalogs. Return this card along with a check for $5 made payable to Maryland Sheep & Wool Festival to PO Box 99, Glenwood, MD 21738, or order a catalog online at www.sheepandwool.org. There will be a $25 charge on any check returned for any reason. Please send me a 2020 Festival Catalog Please Print Clearly Name Address City State Zip Phone # or email Check if this is a change of address. I have enclosed a check for $5 per catalog to cover shipping. Number of catalogs ordered _____. I have enclosed a donation of $_____. Total enclosed $ __________. The Forty-Sixth Annual May 4 & 5, 2019 Howard County Fairgrounds Sponsored by The Maryland Sheep Breeders Association Cover art by Bart Walter Artist information on page 40 Cover design by Ashton Design The Maryland Sheep & Wool Festival is presented by the Maryland Sheep Breeders Association, Inc., a not for profit organization. The Festival’s purpose is to educate the public about sheep and wool. The Festival is organized and conducted by volunteers from the sheep breeding and fiber arts communities. Maryland Sheep & Wool Festival PO Box 99, Glenwood, MD 21738 410-531-3647 www.sheepandwool.org Festival Location: Howard County Fairgrounds 2210 Fairgrounds Road, West Friendship, MD 21794 2020 Festival Dates: May 2 & 3 CONTENTS Festival Map ........................................2 Sheep Breeds Display .....................118 2019 Sheep & Wool Festival Sheep Shearing Demonstrations -
Social-Ecological Resilience in the Viking-Age to Early-Medieval Faroe Islands
City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 9-2015 Social-Ecological Resilience in the Viking-Age to Early-Medieval Faroe Islands Seth Brewington Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/870 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] SOCIAL-ECOLOGICAL RESILIENCE IN THE VIKING-AGE TO EARLY-MEDIEVAL FAROE ISLANDS by SETH D. BREWINGTON A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Anthropology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The City University of New York 2015 © 2015 SETH D. BREWINGTON All Rights Reserved ii This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in Anthropology to satisfy the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. _Thomas H. McGovern__________________________________ ____________________ _____________________________________________________ Date Chair of Examining Committee _Gerald Creed_________________________________________ ____________________ _____________________________________________________ Date Executive Officer _Andrew J. Dugmore____________________________________ _Sophia Perdikaris______________________________________ _George Hambrecht_____________________________________ -
The First Settlers of Iceland: an Isotopic Approach to Colonisation
The first settlers of Iceland: an isotopic approach to colonisation T. Douglas Price1 & Hildur Gestsdottir´ 2 The colonisation of the North Atlantic from the eighth century AD was the earliest expansion of European populations to the west. Norse and Celtic voyagers are recorded as reaching and settling in Iceland, Greenland and easternmost North America between c. AD 750 and 1000, but the date of these events and the homeland of the colonists are subjects of some debate. In this project, the birthplaces of 90 early burials from Iceland were sought using strontium isotope analysis. At least nine, and probably thirteen, of these individuals can be distinguished as migrants to Iceland from other places. In addition, there are clear differences to be seen in the diets of the local Icelandic peoples, ranging from largely terrestrial to largely marine consumption. Keywords: Iceland, colonisation, settlement, isotopes, strontium, human migration, enamel Introduction An extraordinary series of events began in the North Sea and North Atlantic region around the eighth century AD. Norse raiders and settlers from Scandinavia, better known as the Vikings, began expanding to the west, settling in the British Isles and Ireland, including the smaller groups of islands, the Orkneys, Shetlands, Hebrides and the Isle of Man. Stepping across the North Atlantic, Norse colonists reached the Faeroe Islands by around AD 825, Iceland by around AD 875 and Greenland by around AD 895 (Figure 1). Both Iceland and the Faeroe Islands were uninhabited at the time of the Norse colonisation. The Norse also settled briefly in North America at L’Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland, around AD 1000 (Jones 1986; Wallace 1991). -
Featured Landowner: Poor Orphan Creamery
Featured Landowner: Poor Orphan Creamery When Lark Gilmer bought a home in the Basque of France she learned sheep could be milked and she could use that milk to make cheese. by Jodie DeLay Extension External Relations Coordinator, Montana State University Grade school kids are her favorite; when they visit the tasting prohibitive, but that didn’t stop her. She researched state and room they “get it,” says Lark Gilmer of Poor Orphan Creamery. federal law and various funding opportunities and started Gilmer is a cheesemaker, a shepherd, a photographer, an down a path that only someone, she says, “with a border entrepreneur, a grant-writer, an innovator, an agricultural collie mentality, unwilling to let go,” would undertake. enthusiast, a mentor, and an educator. She is the founder and Montana law requires property owners to manage noxious owner of Montana’s first sheep dairy and Grade A portable weeds and applies penalties for violations (MCA 7-22-21). milking parlor. Gilmer observed that people were coming to Montana in hopes Born in Minnesota, Gilmer always had a love for sheep. Her of a country lifestyle and purchasing tracts of land that they career as a commercial photographer took her to England often didn’t have the time or knowledge to care for. Rather and France. There, she looked for opportunities to care for than buying her own land, she approached landowners and sheep, helping to lamb and learning from shepherds. In Oxford, offered to run her sheep on their land to help them meet weed she experienced cheesemaking with one of Britain’s leading management requirements for a lease agreement of one dollar. -
Reykjavík Unesco City of Literature
Reykjavík unesco City of Literature Reykjavík unesco City of Literature Reykjavík unesco City of Literature Reykjavík City of Steering Committee Fridbjörg Ingimarsdóttir Submission writers: Literature submission Svanhildur Konrádsdóttir Director Audur Rán Thorgeirsdóttir, (Committee Chair) Hagthenkir – Kristín Vidarsdóttir Audur Rán Thorgeirsdóttir Director Association of Writers (point person) Reykjavík City of Non-Fiction and Literature Trail: Project Manager Department of Culture Educational Material Reykjavík City Library; Reykjavík City and Tourism Kristín Vidarsdóttir and Department of Culture Esther Ýr Thorvaldsdóttir Úlfhildur Dagsdóttir and Tourism Signý Pálsdóttir Executive Director Tel: (354) 590 1524 Head of Cultural Office Nýhil Publishing Project Coordinator: [email protected] Reykjavík City Svanhildur Konradsdóttir audur.ran.thorgeirsdottir Department of Culture Gudrún Dís Jónatansdóttir @reykjavík.is and Tourism Director Translator: Gerduberg Culture Centre Helga Soffía Einarsdóttir Kristín Vidarsdóttir Anna Torfadóttir (point person) City Librarian Gudrún Nordal Date of submission: Project Manager/Editor Reykjavík City Library Director January 2011 Reykjavík City The Árni Magnússon Institute Department of Culture and Audur Árný Stefánsdóttir for Icelandic Studies Photography: Tourism/Reykjavík City Library Head of Primary and Lower Cover and chapter dividers Tel: (354) 411 6123/ (354) 590 1524 Secondary Schools Halldór Gudmundsson Raphael Pinho [email protected] Reykjavík City Director [email protected] -
Iceland's External Affairs in the Middle Ages: the Shelter of Norwegian Sea
FRÆÐIGREINAR STJÓRNMÁL & STJÓRNSÝSLA Iceland’s external affairs in the Middle Ages: The shelter of Norwegian sea power Baldur Þórhallsson , Professor of Political Science, University of Iceland Abstract According to the international relations literature, small countries need to form an alliance with larger neighbours in order to defend themselves and be economically sustainable. This paper applies the assumption that small states need economic and political shelter in order to prosper, economically and politically, to the case of Iceland, in an historical context. It analyses whether or not Iceland, as a small entity/country in the Middle Ages (from the Settle ment in the 9 th and 10 th centuries until the late 14 th century) enjoyed political and economic shelter provided by its neighbouring states. Admitting that societies were generally much more self-sufficient in the Middle Ages than in our times, the paper argues that Iceland enjoyed essential economic shelter from Norwegian sea power, particularly as regards its role in securing external market access. On the other hand, the transfer of formal political authority from Iceland to the Norwegian crown was the political price paid for this shelter, though the Icelandic domestic elite, at the time, may have regarded it as a political cover. The country’s peripheral location shielded it both from military attacks from outsiders and the king’s day-to-day interference in domestic affairs. That said, the island was not at all unexposed to political and social developments in the British Isles and on the European continent, e.g. as regards the conversion to Christianity and the formation of dynastic and larger states. -
Sheep Farming As “An Arduous Livelihood”
University of Alberta Cultivating Place, Livelihood, and the Future: An Ethnography of Dwelling and Climate in Western Greenland by Naotaka Hayashi A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Anthropology ©Naotaka Hayashi Spring 2013 Edmonton, Alberta Permission is hereby granted to the University of Alberta Libraries to reproduce single copies of this thesis and to lend or sell such copies for private, scholarly or scientific research purposes only. Where the thesis is converted to, or otherwise made available in digital form, the University of Alberta will advise potential users of the thesis of these terms. The author reserves all other publication and other rights in association with the copyright in the thesis and, except as herein before provided, neither the thesis nor any substantial portion thereof may be printed or otherwise reproduced in any material form whatsoever without the author's prior written permission. Abstract In order to investigate how Inuit Greenlanders in western Greenland are experiencing, responding to, and thinking about recent allegedly human-induced climate change, this dissertation ethnographically examines the lives of Greenlanders as well as Norse and Danes in the course of past historical natural climate cycles. My emphasis is on human endeavours to cultivate a future in the face of difficulties caused by climatic and environmental transformation. I recognize locals’ initiatives to carve out a future in the promotion of sheep farming and tree-planting in southern Greenland and in adaptation processes of northern Greenlandic hunters to the ever-shifting environment.