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P EM No FR PREPUBLIC MBARGOED Ot for Public RIDAY EMBARGOED Not for public release before FRIDAY, JANUARY 9, 2015, AT 10:00 A.M. (EDT) PREPUBLICATION COPY: UNCORRECTED PROOFS Post-Vietnam Dioxin Exposure in Agent Orange–Contaminated C-123 Aircraft Committee to Evaluate the Potential Exposure to Agent Orange/TCDD Residue and Level of Risk of Adverse Health Effects for Aircrew of Post-Vietnam C-123 Aircraft Board on the Health of Select Populations PREPUBLICATION COPY – UNCORRECTED PROOFS THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This study was supported by Contract/Grant No. VA241-P-2024 between the National Academy of Sciences and the Department of Veterans Affairs. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project. International Standard Book Number 0-309-0XXXX-X Additional copies of this report are available for sale from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Keck 360, Washington, DC 20001; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313; http://www.nap.edu. For more information about the Institute of Medicine, visit the IOM home page at: www.iom.edu. Copyright 2015 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America The serpent has been a symbol of long life, healing, and knowledge among almost all cultures and religions since the beginning of recorded history. The serpent adopted as a logotype by the Institute of Medicine is a relief carving from ancient Greece, now held by the Staatliche Museen in Berlin. Suggested citation: IOM (Institute of Medicine). 2015. Post-Vietnam Dioxin Exposure in Agent Orange-Contaminated C-123 Aircraft. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. PREPUBLICATION COPY – UNCORRECTED PROOFS PREPUBLICATION COPY – UNCORRECTED PROOFS The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. www.national-academies.org PREPUBLICATION COPY – UNCORRECTED PROOFS COMMITTEE TO EVALUATE THE POTENTIAL EXPOSURE TO AGENT ORANGE/TCDD RESIDUE AND LEVEL OF RISK OF ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECTS FOR AIRCREW OF POST-VIETNAM C-123 AIRCRAFT ROBERT F. HERRICK (Chair), Harvard School of Public Health ROBERT CANALES, University of Arizona KENNY S. CRUMP, Independent Consultant MELISSA GONZALES, University of New Mexico JOHN C. KISSEL, University of Washington LINDA A. MCCAULEY, Emory University CLIFFORD P. WEISEL, Rutgers University IOM Staff MARY BURR PAXTON, Co-study Director, Senior Program Officer JENNIFER A. COHEN, Co-study Director, Program Officer HEATHER L. CHIARELLO, Research Associate FREDERICK J. ERDTMANN, Director, Board on the Health of Select Populations PREPUBLICATION COPY – UNCORRECTED PROOFS v REVIEWERS This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council's Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report: Richard A. Fenske, University of Washington Michael A. Gallo, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey—Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Melissa J. Perry, George Washington University Martin A. Philbert, University of Michigan Dale Sandler, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Lauren Zeise, California Environmental Protection Agency Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Kristine M. Gebbie, Flinders University of South Australia. Appointed by the National Research and the Institute of Medicine, she was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution. PREPUBLICATION COPY – UNCORRECTED PROOFS vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This report was greatly enhanced by the participants of the workshop that was held as part of this study. The Committee would like to acknowledge the efforts of those who gave presentations and who provided materials to the committee during the course of the study’s information-gathering period: Wesley Carter (C-123 Veterans Association), Jeffrey Driver (RiskScience.net), Patrick Finley (Sandia National Laboratories), Harry Heist II (Air Mobility Command Museum, Dover, Delaware), Peter Kahn (AESOP, Rutgers University), Peter Lurker (Germantown Consultants, LLC), Thomas McKone (University of California, Berkeley), William Nazaroff (University of California, Berkeley), Brian Nicklas (National Air and Space Museum Archives), Thomas Sinks (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry), Jeanne Stellman (Columbia University), and Alvin Young (A.L. Young Consulting, Inc.). The information that was provided helped to set the stage for fruitful discussions in the closed session that followed. The Committee greatly appreciates the contribution of Roberta Wedge (IOM) in providing experienced, but fresh eyes to the report. The committee would also like to acknowledge and thank Chensheng (Alex) Lu (Harvard School of Public Health) for his participation as a committee member before resigning in September 2014. PREPUBLICATION COPY – UNCORRECTED PROOFS ix CONTENTS Acronyms and Abbreviations xiii Summary 1 1 Introduction 9 2 TCDD: Physiochemical Properties and Health Guidelines 13 3 Air Force Use of the C-123 Provider: Background and Sampling Data 23 4 Evaluation of Assessments of Possible Exposure of AF Reservists from Service in ORH C-123s 39 5 Summary of Findings 59 References 65 APPENDIXES A Public Agendas from Committee Meetings 71 B History and Sampling of C-123s in USA After Spraying Herbicides in Vietnam 75 C Committee Biographies 83 PREPUBLICATION COPY – UNCORRECTED PROOFS xi ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4,5-T 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid ADI acceptable daily intake AF (USAF) US Air Force AFB Air Force Base AFHS Air Force Health Study AFMSA Air Force Medical Support Agency AMARC Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Center AMARG Aerospace Maintenance
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