Check List 10(3): 562–573, 2014 © 2014 Check List and Authors Chec List ISSN 1809-127X (available at www.checklist.org.br) Journal of lists and distribution

Checklist of Platyhelminthes, , Nematoda pecies

S and Arthropoda parasitizing penguins of the world

of

Martha L. Brandão, Juliana Moreira and José L. Luque * ists L

Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Curso de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Departamento de Parasitologia . Caixa Postal 74540, BR 465 - Km 47. CEP 23851-970. Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. [email protected]

* Corresponding author. E-mail: Abstract: A list of 108 species of metazoans parasites reported from penguins (Sphenisciformes) is provided, with information on their hosts, habitat and distribution. A total of 22 digeneans, 10 cestodes, 6 acanthocephalans, 31 , 15 and , 25 insects have been found on 18 species of penguins, with most parasites reported from Eudyptula minor. A host-parasite list is also provided.

10.15560/10.3.562

DOI:

Introduction Host–Parasite Database, a partial implementation of which Penguins are seabird that live only in the is now available on-line (Gibson et al. 2005). Secondly, Southern Hemisphere. They breed in climates that range searches of the Zoological Record, Biological Abstracts and from –60°C to +40°C, breeding farther south than any Helminthological Abstracts, Web of Knowledge, Google Scholar and the Scopus databases were undertaken up to right on the Equator in the Galápagos Island. Penguins October, 2013. canother be , found up toaround the latitude South ofAmerica, 77°33′ S. southern They also Africa, breed , New Zealand, and the islands of the subantarctic systematic arrangement of Gibson et al. (2002) and Jones (Davis 2007). et al.The (2005) checklist for ; follows Khalil the parasite et al. (1994) classification for Cestoda; and Anderson et al. (2009) for Nematoda; Amin (2013) for Aptenodytes, Eudyptes, Eudyptula, Megadyptes, Pygoscelis Acanthocephala; Gugliemone et al. (2010) for ; and andThere Spheniscus are six, clearlyall from defined the same genera family of extant Spheniscidae. penguins: WoRMS (2013) recognized 18 valid species of penguins. recent records. Some species are reconized by some authors as valid but ClayThe (1967) species for Insectaof parasites with aresome presented modifications in alphabetical based on others as subspecies only (Marchant and Higgns 1990; order, followed by hosts with its respective site of infection Sibley et al. 1990; del Hoyo et al. 1992). and localities, and the references in chronological The wild penguins are commonly parasitized order. We adopted the 18 recognized species by Birdlife International and International Union for Conservation (Phthiraptera), mites and ticks (Acari) (Murray et of Nature (IUCN), the global organization which is the al.by 1991; ectoparasites Clarke and such Kerry as fleas1993), (Siphonaptera), which may act liceas sponsor of the Red List of Threatened Species (Birdlife vectors of many diseases. Several endoparasites such as International 2013; IUCN 2010). trematodes, cestodes, acanthocephalans, nematodes and The parasite species names have been updated to agree coccidian can also be found on these organisms (Clarke with the recent literature, but inclusion in the parasite or and Kerry 1993; Duignan 2001; Barbosa and Palacios host lists does not imply that the authors necessarily agree 2009), causing damages more or less serious to the host with their validity. health. Information regarding to parasites and their This compilation is presented as parasite-host and host- associated hosts may be useful to studies on biodiversity, parasite lists. We have attempted to include information biogeography and also on host phylogeny. from all published reports. Here we provide a checklist of the metazoan parasites reported from penguins including the information on Results parasite distrution and site of infection. The information is An extensive survey of literary data, supplemented presented as parasite-host and host-parasite lists. by original data on helminths of Sphenisciformes, has revealed records of 110 species of metazoan parasites (85 Materials and methods This bibliographic review of metazoan parasites Digenea (22 spp.), Cestoda (10 spp.), Acanthocephala (7 reported from penguins was based on the information spp.),identified Nematoda to the (31 species spp.), level)Acarina of (15 the spp.), following Phthiraptera groups: collected from two main sources. Firstly, searches of the (17 spp.), Siphonaptera (8 spp.). Host–Parasite Catalogue of the Natural History Museum in Eudyptula minor presents the most rich parasite fauna London for 1920–1997 and, for the years 1988–2003, the with 30 species followed by Spheniscus magellanicus (28

562 Brandão et al. | Platyhelminthes, Acanthocephala, Nematoda and Arthropoda parasitizing Penguins species) and Eudyptes chrysocome (23 species) whereas Brazil (Brandão et al. 2013) Eudyptes Ascocotyle (Phagicola) sp. moseleyi and Spheniscus mendiculus. Spheniscus magellanicus, intestine, Rio de Janeiro, only five metazoan parasites were reported for Brazil (Brandão et al. 2013) Parasite-Host List Galactosomum angelae Pearson, 1973 Eudyptula minor, small intestine, Kangroo Island, South Platyhelminthes Australia (Pearson 1973; Obendorf and McColl 1980) Galactosomum sp. Class Eudyptula minor Island, Auckland, New Zealand (McKenna 2009) Order Diplostomida Olson, Cribb, Tkach, Bray & , unspecified site of infection, Tiritiri Littlewood, 2003 Family Hirudinellidae Dollfus, 1932 Hirudinella clavata (Menzies, 1791) Family Cyathocotylidae Mühling, 1898 Spheniscus humboldti Mesostephanus odhneri (Travassos, 1924) Lutz, 1935 Poland (Sulgostowska and Czaplinska 1987) Spheniscus magellanicus, intestine, Rio de Janeiro and , unspecified site of infection, Sergipe, Brazil (Brandão et al. 2013) Family Opisthorchiidae Looss, 1899 Metorchis coeruleus Braun, 1902 Family Diplostomidae Poirier, 1886 Spheniscus demersus, gall bladder and biliary ducts, Posthodiplostomum macrocotyle Dubois, 1937 Spheniscus magellanicus, intestine, Rio Grande do Sul, Metorchis orientalis Tanabe, 1920 Brazil (Brandão et al. 2013) unspecifiedSpheniscus locality demersus (Heinemann, gall bladder 1936) and biliary ducts,

Family Strigeidae Railliet, 1919 Metorchis pinguinicola Skrjabin, 1913 Cardiocephaloides physalis (Lutz, 1926) unspecifiedSpheniscus locality demersus (Heinemann, gall 1936)bladder and biliary Spheniscus demersus, duodenum, St. Croix Island, East ducts, South Africa, Russia (Skrjabin 1913; Heinemann Coast of South Africa (Horne et al. 2011; Randall and Bray 1936) 1983) Metorchis tener Kowalewski, 1903 Spheniscus humboldti Spheniscus demersus, gall bladder and biliary ducts, Playas V Región, Chile (Mann 1992) Spheniscus magellanicus, unspecified, intestine, Rio site Grande of infection, do Sul, Metorchis xanthostomus Creplin, 1846 Rio de Janeiro, Sergipe, Ubatuba beach, São Paulo, Brazil unspecifiedSpheniscus locality demersus (Heinemann, gall bladder 1936) and biliary ducts, (Lutz 1926; Fortes and Soares 1986; Prado et al. 2011; Brandão et al. 2013); Patagônia, Argentina (Diaz et al. 2010; Szidat 1964; Dubois 1968; Yamaguti 1971; Boero Familyunspecified Psilostomidae locality (Heinemann Looss, 1900 1936) et al. 1972b; Diaz et al. 2010); Uruguay (Lutz 1926; Pazos Ribeiroia ondatrae (Price, 1931) et al. 2003); Arauco, Dichato, Chile (Gonzalez-Acuña et al. Spheniscus magellanicus 2008a) La Plata Zoological Garden (Boero et al. 1972b) Cardiocephaloides sp. , unspecified site of infection, Spheniscus magellanicus, small intestine, Peninsula de Family Prosthogonimidae Lühe, 1909 Valdés, Chubut Province, Argentina (Pazos et al. 2003) Mawsonotrema eudyptulae Angel, 1973 Cotylurus variegatus Creplin, 1823 Eudyptula minor, liver, Goolwa, Brigthon beach, Victoria Spheniscus humboldti Coast, South Australia (Angel 1973; Harrigan 1991); Poland (Sulgostowska and Czaplinska 1987) Tasmania, Australia (Mawson et al. 1986) , unspecified site of infection, Order La Rue, 1957 Family Renicolidae Dollfus, 1939 Family Echinostomatidae Looss, 1899 Renicola sloanei Wrigth, 1954 Echinostoma sp. Eudyptes chrysolophus Eudyptula minor, intestine, Northland, New Zealand Edinburgh Zoo (Stunkard 1964) (Crockett and Kearns 1975) Eudyptes moseleyi, kidney,, unspecified British siteZoo ofand infection, South Stephanoprora uruguayense Holcman-Spector & Georgia (Wrigth 1954) Olagüe, 1989 Pygoscelis antarctica, kidney, British Zoo (Wrigth 1954) Spheniscus magellanicus, intestine, Rio de Janeiro and Pygoscelis papua, kidney, Edinburgh Zoo (Campbell Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Brandão et al. 2013) and Sloane 1943; Stunkard 1964) Spheniscus demersus, kidney, Edinburgh Zoo (Campbell Family Heterophyidae Leiper, 1909 and Sloane 1943; Stunkard 1964); kidney, East Coast of Ascocotyle (Ascocotyle) felippei Travassos, 1928 South Africa (Horne et al. 2011) Spheniscus magellanicus, intestine, Argentina (Boero et Renicola sp. al. 1972b) Eudyptula minor, liver, Victoria Coast, Australia Ascocotyle (Phagicola) longa Ransom, 1920 (Obendorf and McColl 1980); eggs in the gall bladder, Spheniscus magellanicus, intestine, Rio de Janeiro, Tasmania, Australia (Mawson et al. 1986)

563 Brandão et al. | Platyhelminthes, Acanthocephala, Nematoda and Arthropoda parasitizing Penguins

Class Cestoda Tetrabothrius sp. Unidentified cestode unspecifiedEudyptes locality moseleyi (Leiper, intestine, and AtkinsonBouvet Island, 1914) Antarctica Eudyptes schlegeli Tasmania, Australia (Mawson et al. 1986) Eudyptula minor, small intestine, Victoria Coast , unspecified site of infection, (Andersen(Obendorf and McCollLysfjord 1980); 1982) New South Wales and South Order Cyclophyllidea van Beneden in Braun, 1900 Australia, Australia (Mawson et al. 1986); Tiritiri Island, New Zealand (McKenna 2009) Family Dilepididae Railliet & Henry, 1909 Pygoscelis adeliae, intestine, Ardley Island, peninsula Parorchites zederi Baird, 1853 Fildes, Rey Jorge Island, South Shetland, Antarctica (Fredes Aptenodytes forsteri, intestine, Antarctica (Prudhoe et al. 2008) 1969; Holloway and Cunningham 1992) Pygoscelis papua, intestine, Peninsula Munita, Paraiso Pygoscelis antarctica, intestine, Deception Islands, Bay, Antarctica (Fredes et al. 2007) South Shetlands (Vidal et al. 2012) Spheniscus humboldti Pygoscelis papua, intestine, South Shetlands, Antarctica Chile (Mann 1992; Gonzalez-Acuña et al. 2008a) (Ippen et al. 1981; Cielecka et al. 1992; Georgiev et al. Unidentified Tetrabothridae, unspecified site of infection, 1996); King George Island, Antarctica (Diaz et al. 2013) Aptenodytes patagonicus Tasmania, Australia (Mawson et al. 1986) Order Tetrabothriidea Baer, 1954 Eudyptula minor , unspecified site of infection, Coast, Australia (Mawson et al. 1986) Family Tetrabothriidae Linton, 1891 , unspecified site of infection, Victoria Tetrabothrius eudyptidis Loennberg, 1896 Phylum Acanthocephala Eudyptes chrysocome, intestine, Falkland Islands (Keymer et al. 2001) Unidentified acanthocephalan Spheniscus humboldti, large intestine, San Antonio, Megadyptes antipodes, stomach, New Zealand (Ranum Chile (González-Acuña et al. 2008a) and Wharton 1996) Spheniscus magellanicus, large intestine, Cobquecura, Chile (González-Acuña et al. 2008a) Class Meyer, 1931 Tetrabothrius joubini Railliet & Henry, 1912 Pygoscelis antarctica Order Polymorphida Petrochenko, 1956 South Shetlands (Cielecka et al. 1992); South Shetlands (Georgiev et al. 1996) , unspecified site of infection, Family Meyer, 1931 Tetrabothrius lutzi Parona, 1901 bullosum (v. Linstow, 1892) Eudyptula minor Pygoscelis papua, small intestine, Elephant Island, Tasmania, Australia (Prudhoe 1969) Antarctica (Hoberg 1986); intestine (immature), King Spheniscus magellanicus, unspecified, intestine, site Peninsula of infection, Valdés, George Island, Antarctica (Diaz et al. 2013) Argentina (Pazos et al. 2003; Diaz et al. 2010); intestine, Corynosoma hamanni Linstow, 1892 Talcahuano, Cobquecura, Chile (González-Acuña et al. Pygoscelis adeliae, intestine, Antarctica (Holloway and 2008a); small intestine, Zoo La Plata, Argentina (Boero Bier 1967) et al. 1972a); intestine, Ilha Comprida, São Paulo, Brazil Pygoscelis papua, immature in intestine, King George (Prado et al. 2011) Island, Antarctica (Diaz et al. 2013) Tetrabothrius pauliani Joyeux & Baer, 1954 Corynosoma pseudohamanni Zdzitowiecki, 1984 Aptenodytes patagonicus Pygoscelis antartica, intestine, South Shetland, Antarctica (Prudhoe 1969) Antarctica (Dimitrova et al. 1996) Pygoscelis antarctica, intestine,, unspecified Deception site of infection, Island, Pygoscelis adeliae, intestine, Antarctica (Zdzitowiecki South Shetlands (Vidal et al. 2012); small intestine, South 1991) Shetlands (Georgiev et al. 1996); intestine, Bouvet Island, Corynosoma shackletoni Zdzitowiecki, 1978 Pygoscelis papua, small intestine, King George Pygoscelis papua Island and Elephant Island, Antarctica (Hoberg 1986); AntarcticaSouth Atlantic (Prudhoe Ocean 1969)(Andersen and Lysfjord 1982) intestine, King George Island, Antarctica (Diaz et al. Tetrabothrius pellucidus, unspecified Nybelin, site1929 of infection, Sub 2013) Spheniscus magellanicus Corynosoma sp. Juan Fernández, Chile (Nybelin 1929) Eudyptula minor, intestine, South Australia (Mawson Tetrabothrius wrightii Leiper, unspecified & Atkinson, site 1914 of infection, et al. 1986); Tiritiri Island, New Zealand (McKenna 2009) Aptenodytes forsteri Pygoscelis antartica, immature in gastrointestinal tract, South Shetlands, Antarctica (Vidal et al. 2012) Aptenodytes patagonicus, unspecified, small siteintestine, of infection, Crozet Pygoscelis papua, intestine, Macquarie Island, between Archipelagounspecified locality(Fonteneau (Prudhoe et al. 2011)1969) New Zealand and Antarctica (Edmonds 1954) Eudyptes chrysocome, intestine, Falkland Islands Spheniscus magellanicus, stomach and intestine, (Keymer et al. 2001) Península de Valdez, Argentina (Boero et al. 1972b; Diaz Pygoscelis adeliae et al. 2010)

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Phylum Nematoda intestine, Baía de Guanabara, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro (Santos 1984, Campos et al. 2013); São Paulo (Prado et al. Unidentified 2011); Vitória, Espirito Santo (Ederli et al. 2009), Brazil; Eudyptula minor Península de Valdez, Argentina (Pazos et al. 2003; Garbin Coast, Australia (Mawson et al. 1986) et al. 2007; Diaz et al. 2010); , unspecified site of infection, Victoria Contracaecum plagiaticium Lent & Freitas, 1948 Class Adenophorea Chitwood, 1958 Spheniscus magellanicus, oesophagus, stomach and intestine, Rio de Janeiro (Campos et al. 2013) Order Enoplida Filipjev, 1929 Contracaecum prevosti Tchéprakoff, 1966 Aptenodytes forsteri, stomach, Antarctica (Tchéprakoff Superfamily Trichinelloidea Railliet, 1916 1966) Contracaecum spheniscus Boero & Led, 1970 Family Trichuridae Railliet, 1915 Eudyptes chrysocome, intestine, Argentina (Boero et al. Capillaria sp. 1972b) Eudyptula minor Spheniscus magellanicus Island, New Zealand (McKenna 2009) La Plata’s Zoo, Argentina (Garbin et al. 2007); intestine, , unspecified site of infection, Tiritiri Argentina (Boero and Led 1970;, unspecified Boero et siteal. 1972b) of infection, Class Inglis, 1983 Contracaecum spiculigerum (Rudolphi, 1809) Eudyptula minor, stomach, Victoria Coast, Tasmania Order Ascaridida Skrjabin & Shulz, 1940 and South Australia, Australia (Obendorf and McColl 1980; Mawson et al. 1986) Superfamily Ascaridoidea Railliet & Henry, 1915 Contracaecum variegatum (Rudolphi, 1809) Spheniscus demersus Family Anisakidae Skrjabin & Karokhin, 1945 South Africa (Fagerholm et al. 1996) Anisakis sp. Contracaecum sp. , unspecified site of infection, Eudyptula minor Aptenodytes forsteri, New South Wales and South Australia, Australia (Johnston Island, Antarctica (Mawson 1953) and Mawson 1942) , larvae, unspecified site of infection, Aptenodytes patagonicusunspecified site of infection, Heard Contracaecum antarcticum Johnston, 1938 Heard Island, Antarctica (Mawson 1953) Pygoscelis adeliae Eudyptes chrysocome, , unspecified site of infection, subantarctic (Mawson 1953) Heard Island, Antarctica (Mawson 1953) Contracaecum eudyptes, unspecifiedJohnston & Mawson, site of 1953 infection, Eudyptes pachyrhynchusunspecified site of infection, Eudyptes chrysocome, digestive tract, Auckland Island, Tasmania, Australia (Mawson et al. 1986) New Zealand (Johnston and Mawson 1953) Eudyptula minor, intestine,, unspecified Victoria siteCoast, of infection,Southern Megadyptes antipodes, digestive tract, Australia Australia (Harrigan 1991; Weeks 1982) (Johnston and Mawson 1953) Pygoscelis papua, stomach, Isla Ardley, península Fildes, Contracaecum eudyptulae Johnston & Mawson, 1953 isla Rey Jorge, Arquipélago Shetland del Sur, Antarctica Eudyptula minor, digestive tract, Australia (Johnston (Fredes et al. 2006); stomach, Munita-Bahía Paraíso and Mawson 1942) (Fredes et al. 2007) Contracaecum heardi Mawson, 1953 Spheniscus humboldti, gastrointestinal tract, Pelluhe, Aptenodytes forsteri, Chile (Gonzaléz-Acuña et al. 2008a) Island, Australia (Mawson 1953) Spheniscus magellanicus Aptenodytes patagonicusunspecified site of infection, Heard South Africa (Fagerholm et al. 1996); oesophagus and Heard Island, Australia (Mawson 1953); oesophagus and stomach, Península Valdez, Mar, unspecified del Plata, Argentina site of infection, (Pazos stomach, Crozet Archipelago, (Fonteneauunspecified etsite al. of2011) infection, et al. 2003) Eudyptes chrysolophus Stomachus sp. Heard Island, Australia (Mawson 1953) Eudyptes schlegeli, stomach, Macquarie Island, Australia Pygoscelis papua , unspecified site of infection, (Mawson 1953) Island, Australia; Crozet Archipelago (Johnston and Pygoscelis papua, stomach, Macquarie Island, Australia Mawson 1942) , unspecified site of infection, Heard (Mawson 1953) Spheniscus magellanicus, gastrointestinal tract, Pelluhe, Terranova piscium (Johnston & Mawson, 1943) Chile (Gonzáles-Acuña et al. 2008a) Eudyptes schlegeli Contracaecum osculatum (Rudolphi, 1802) Macquarie Island, Australia (Mawson 1953) Aptenodytes forsteri Terranova sp. , unspecified site of infection, infection, Antarctic Region (Johnston and Mawson 1945) Eudyptes schlegeli Pygoscelis adeliae , immature, unspecified site of Macquarie Island, Australia (Mawson 1953) infection, Antarctic Region (Mawson 1953) Unidentified anisakid, larvae unspecified site of infection, Contracaecum pelagicum, immature, Johnston unspecified& Mawson, 1942 site of Eudyptes chrysocome Spheniscus humboldti, gastrointestinal tract, Penco, Tasmania, Australia (Mawson et al. 1986) Cobquecura, San Antonio, Chile (González-Acuña et al. , unspecified site of infection, 2008a) Family Ascarididae Baird, 1853 Spheniscus magellanicus, oesophagus, stomach and Ascaridia sp.

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Spheniscus magellanicus, gastrointestinal tract, Penco, Spheniscus humboldti, heart, Japan Zoo (Sano et al. Chile (González-Acuña et al. 2008a) 2005) Paronchocerca straeleni Chabaud & Ball, 1964 Order Spirurida Chitwood, 1933 Spheniscus mendiculus, heart, Galápagos (Chabaud and Ball 1964) Unidentified microfilariae Spheniscus mendiculus, blood, Galápagos Islands Superfamily Strongyloidea Railliet & Henry, 1915 (Merkel et al. 2007) Family Syngamidae Leiper, 1912 Superfamily Acuarioidea (Railliet, Henry & Sisoff, Cyathostoma phenisci Baudet, 1937 1912) Spheniscus demersus, tracheae and air sacs, South Africa (Kanarek et al. 2013) Family Acuariidae Railliet, Henry & Sisoff, 1912 Cosmocephalus obvelatus (Creplin, 1825) Phylum Arthropoda Eudyptes chrysocome, oesophagus, Saporo Zoo, Japan (Azuma et al. 1988) Class Arachnida Lamarck, 1815 Spheniscus magellanicus, oesophagus, Chabut, Argentina (Diaz et al. 2001) Order Acarina Nitzsch, 1818 Cosmocephalus sp. Spheniscus humboldti Family Argasidae Canestrini, 1890 Playas V Región, Chile (Mann 1992) Ornithodoros (Alectorobius) amblus Chamberlin, 1920 Stegophorus macronectes, unspecified(Johnston & site Mawson, of infection, 1942) Spheniscus humboldti, nests, Peru (Hoogstraal et al. Eudyptes chrysocome 1985; Smith et al. 2008) Heard Island, Antarctica (Mawson 1953) Ornithodoros (Alectorobius) capensis Neumann, 1901 Eudyptes chrysolophus, unspecified site of infection, Eudyptula minor, nests, coast of Victoria, Australia Heard Island, Antarctica (Mawson 1953) (Kohls 1957; Murray et al. 1991) Pygoscelis antarctica, stomach,, unspecified Deception site Island, of infection, South Spheniscus demersus, nests, islands off Cape Province, Shetlands, Antarctica (Vidal et al. 2012) South Africa (Kohls 1957; Hoogstraal et al. 1985) Pygoscelis papua Ornithodoros (Alectorobius) spheniscus Hoogstraal, Island, Antarctica (Mawson 1953); oesophagus and Wassef, Hays & Keirans, 1985 stomach, King George, unspecifiedIsland, Antarctica site of (Diaz infection, et al. 2013) Heard Spheniscus humboldti, resting area and caves inhabited Streptocara sp. by the species, Peru (Hoogstraal et al. Pygoscelis adeliae, stomach, Ardley Island, peninsula site of infection, Chile (González-Acuna et al. 2008b) Fildes, Rey Jorge Island, South Shetland, Antarctica (Fredes Ornithodoros (Alectorobius) yunkeri 1985); unspecified et al. 2008) Spheniscus mendiculus, nest, Galapagos islands (Keirans Pygoscelis papua, stomach, Ardley Island, peninsula 1984; Hoogstraal et al. 1985, Dietrich et al. 2010) Fildes, Rey Jorge Island, South Shetland, Antarctica (Fredes et al. 2006) Family Dermanyssidae Kolenati, 1859 Synhaemantus sp. Liponyssoides eudyptulae Fain & Holloway, 1993 Eudyptes chrysocome, stomach, Falkland Island, South Eudyptula minor, nest, New Zealand (Fain and Galloway Atlantic (Keymer et al. 2001) 1993; Bishop and Heath 1998)

Superfamily Filarioidea Maggenti, 1982 Family Oudemans, 1939 sp. Unidentified Filaroidea Eudyptula minor Eudyptula minor, heart, South Australia (Mawson et al. Zealand (Wilson 1964; Bishop and Heath 1998) 1986) , unspecified site of infection, New Family Murray, 1877 Superfamily Railliet & Henry, 1915 Amblyomma parvitarsum Neumann, 1901 Spheniscus magellanicus Family Travassos, 1924 Praia do Cassino, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Becker et al. wetzeli Schimidt, 1965 1997) , unspecified site of infection, Aptenodytes patagonicus, oesophagus and stomach, auritulus group Crozet Archipelago, Antarctica (Fonteneau et al. 2011) Aptenodytes patagonicus Eudyptes chrysocome, proventriculus, Kerguelen New Zealand (Dumbleton 1953; Bishop and Heath 1998; Islands, Antarctica (Schmidt 1965) Dietrich et al. 2010) , unspecified site of infection, Pygoscelis papua, glandular stomach, King George Eudyptes robustus Island, Antarctica (Diaz et al. 2013) Zealand (Heath 2010; Dietrich et al. 2010) Eudyptula minor , unspecified site of infection, New Family Onchocercidae (Leiper, 1911) Zealand (Bishop and Heath 1998; Dietrich et al. 2010) Dirofilaria immitis (Leidy, 1856) Megadyptes antipodes, unspecified site of infection, New

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New Zealand (Bishop and Heath 1998; Dietrich et al. 2010) Ingrassia eudyptula Mironov & Proctor, 2008 Ixodes eudyptidis Maskell, 1885 Eudyptula minor, skin, Australia (Mironov and Proctor Eudyptes pachyrhynchus 2008) New Zealand (Dumbleton 1953; Bishop and Heath 1998; Dietrich et al. 2010) , unspecified site of infection, Class Insecta Linneus, 1758 Eudyptula minor (Murray et al. 1991) Order Phthiraptera Haeckel, 1896 Megadyptes antipodes, unspecified site of infection, Australia New Zealand (Heath 2010) Family Philopteridae Burmeister, 1830 Ixodes kohlsi Arthur, 1955, unspecified site of infection, Austrogoniodes antarcticus Harrison, 1937 Eudyptula minor, nests, Australia (Arthur 1955); Pygoscelis adeliae external ear canal, Victoria Coast, Australia (Obendorf and V Coast; Ross I, Antarctica (Harrison 1937); New Zealand McColl 1980) (Pilgrim and Palma 1982), unspecified site of infection, George Ixodes percavatus Neumann, 1906 Austrogoniodes bicornutus Kéler, 1954 Eudyptula minor, nest, Australia (Arthur 1955; Dietrich Eudyptes chrysolophus et al. 2010) Heard Island, Antarctica (Kéler 1954) Ixodes uriae White, 1852 Austrogoniodes bifasciatus, unspecified (Piaget, 1885) site of infection, Aptenodytes fosteri Pygoscelis adeliae Macquarie Island, Australia (Major et al. 2009) V Coast, Antarctica (Clay 1967) Aptenodytes patagonicus, unspecified, neck and sitehead of(adults) infection, and Spheniscus humboldti, unspecified site of infection, George lower parts (larvae), Possession Island, Crozet Archipelago, Chile; New Zealand (Banks and Palma 2003) southern Indian Ocean (Frenot et al. 2001; Gauthier-Clerc Spheniscus magellanicus, unspecified site of infection, et al. 2003); Macquarie Island, Australia (Major et al. Saquarema/RJ, Brazil (Valim et al. 2004); Praia do Pontal, 2009); New Zealand (Dumbleton 1953; Bishop and Heath Arraial do Cabo/RJ, Brazil , (Rodrigues-Guimarães unspecified site of infection, et al. 1998) 2009); São Paulo, Brazil (Guimarães 1938); Praia do Eudyptes chrysocome Cassino/ Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Valim et al. 2009; Brum New Zealand (Bishop and Heath 1998); Macquarie Island, and Becker 2002); Isla Hornos, Chile; Gypsy Cove, East Australia (Major et al. 2009), unspecified site of infection, Falkland Island (Banks and Palma 2003); Argentine Zoo Eudyptes chrysolophus (Clay 1967); Santo Deseado, Argentina (Guimarães 1938); Subantarctic (Nutall 1984) Massatierra, Juan Fernandes, Chile (Thompson 1938); Eudyptes pachyrhynchus, unspecified site of infection, Falkland Island, South Atlantic (Keymer et al. 2001) New Zealand (Dumbleton 1953; Bishop and Heath 1998) Austrogoniodes brevipes (Giebel, 1876) Eudyptes robustus , unspecified site of infection, Aptenodytes patagonicus Zealand (Dumbleton 1961; Murray et al. 1991; Bishop and Kerguelen Islands, southern Indian Ocean (Kéler 1952) Heath 1998) , unspecified site of infection, New Austrogoniodes concii (Kéler,, unspecified 1952) site of infection, Eudyptes sclateri Eudyptes chrysocome Zealand (Dumbleton 1953; Bishop and Heath 1998) Crozet Island, southern Indian Ocean; Heard Island, Eudyptes schlegeli, unspecified site of infection, New Antarctica; Tristan da Cunha,, unspecified Gough Island, site south of infection, Atlantic Macquarie Island, Australia (Murray et al. 1967; Nutall Ocean; Australia; New Zealand (Kéler 1952) 1984; Murray et al. 1991), unspecified site of infection, Eudyptes chrysolophus Eudyptula minor Antipodes Island, New Zealand (Clay 1967) Zealand (Murray et al. 1991; Bishop and Heath 1998) Eudyptes moseleyi , unspecified site of infection, Megadyptes antipodes, unspecified site of infection, New da Cunha (Kéler 1952; Hänel and Palma 2007) New Zealand (Dumbleton 1953; Bishop and Heath 1998) Eudyptes pachyrhynchus, unspecified site of infection, Tristan Pygoscelis adeliae, Antarctic, unspecified Peninsula site (Benoit of infection, et al. Otago, New Zealand (Kéler 1952); Tasmania (Green and 2009) Palma 1991) , unspecified site of infection, Pygoscelis papua Eudyptes robustus Australia, New Zealand and subantarctic Islands (Murray Zealand (Pilgrim and Palma 1982) et al., 1991) , unspecified site of infection, Eudyptes sclateri, unspecified site of infection, New Spheniscus magellanicus, plumage, Falklands (Keymer Antipodes and Campbell Island, New Zealand (Clay 1967) et al. 2001) Megadyptes antipodes, unspecified site of infection, Ixodes sp. New Zealand (Pilgrim and Palma 1982) Eudyptes chrysocome, plumage, Falklands (Keymer et Austrogoniodes cristati Kéler,, unspecified 1952 site of infection, al. 2001) Eudyptes chrysocome Tristan da Cunha (Kéler 1952); Falkland Island, South Family Laelaptidae Berlese, 1892 Atlantic (Keymer et al. , 2001); unspecified Zoo Hamburg site of infection,(Eichler Haemolaelaps (= Androlaelaps) pachyptilae Zumpt & 1941); Heard Island, Antarctica; Tristan da Cunha, south Till, 1956 Atlantic Ocean; Macquarie Island, Australia; Antipodes Eudyptula minor, nest, New Zealand (Fain and Galloway Island, New Zealand (Clay 1967); Tasmania (Green and 1993; Bishop and Heath 1998) Palma 1991) Eudyptes chrysolophus Family Xolalgildae Dubinin, 1953 New Zealand (Pilgrim and Palma 1982) , unspecified site of infection, 567 Brandão et al. | Platyhelminthes, Acanthocephala, Nematoda and Arthropoda parasitizing Penguins

Eudyptes moseleyi Macquarie Island, Australia (Palma and Horning 2002) da Cunha, South Atlantic Ocean (Kéler 1952) Eudyptes schlegeli Eudyptes pachyrhynchus, unspecified site of infection, Tristan Macquarie Island, Australia (Harrison 1937) New Zealand (Pilgrim and Palma 1982) Pygoscelis antartica, unspecified site of infection, Eudyptes robustus , unspecified site of infection, Georgia Zoo; South Shetlands (Clay 1967) Zealand (Pilgrim and Palma 1982) Pygoscelis papua , unspecified site of infection, South Eudyptes schlegeli, unspecified site of infection, New Island, South Atlantic; London Zoo (Clay 1967) Macquarie Island, Australia (Clay 1967); New Zealand Austrogoniodes mawsoni, unspecified Harrison, site of 1937 infection, Falkland (Pilgrim and Palma 1982);, unspecified Tasmania site(Green of and infection, Palma Aptenodytes forsteri 1991) McMurdo Sound, Antarctica (Harrison 1937); New Zealand Eudyptes sclateri, New Zealand (Clay 1967) (Pilgrim and Palma 1982), unspecified site of infection, Austrogoniodes demersus (Kéler, 1952) Austrogoniodes strutheus Harrison, 1915 Eudyptes chrysolophus Eudyptes chrysocome Argentine Zoo probably contamination (Clay 1967) London Zoo (Clay and Rothschild 1938) Eudyptes schlegeli , unspecified site of infection, Eudyptes chrysolophus, unspecified site of infection, Argentine Zoo probably contamination (Clay 1967) London Zoo (Clay and Rothschild 1938) Spheniscus demersus, unspecified site of infection, Eudyptes schlegeli , unspecified site of infection, Dassen and Dyer Island, South Africa (Kéler 1952; Banks Macquarie Island, Australia (Harrison 1937) and Palma 2003) , unspecified site of infection, Eudyptes sclateri , unspecified site of infection, Spheniscus magellanicus Macquarie Island, Australia (Harrison 1937) Argentine Zoo probably contamination (Clay 1967) Spheniscus demersus, unspecified site of infection, Spheniscus mendiculus , unspecified site of infection, London Zoo (Clay and Rothschild 1938) Rábida and Isabela Island, Galápagos (Banks and Palma Spheniscus mendiculus, unspecified site of infection, 2003) , unspecified site of infection, Galápagos (Harrison 1937) Austrogoniodes gressitti Clay, 1967 Austrogoniodes vanalphenae, unspecified Banks & Palma, site of 2003 infection, Eudyptes chrysolophus Megadyptes antipodes South Shetlands, Antarctica (Clay 1967) New Zealand (Banks and Palma 2003) Pygoscelis antarctica , unspecified site of infection, Austrogoniodes waterstoni, unspecified (Cummings, site 1914) of infection, Anvers Island and South Shetlands, Antarctica (Clay 1967) Eudyptes sclateri Pygoscelis papua , unspecified site of infection, Macquarie Island, Australia (Harrison 1937) Georgia and Antarctica (Clay 1967) Eudyptula minor , unspecified site of infection, Austrogoniodes hamiltoni, unspecified Harrison, site 1937 of infection, South Island, Australia (Kéler 1952); inaccessible sites to the Eudyptes chrysocome , Victoria Coast,, unspecified Australia site(Obendorf of infection, and FurneaxMcColl Macquarie Island, Australia (Harrison 1937); Antipodes 1980); New Zealand (Pilgrim and Palma 1982); Tasmania Island, New Zealand (Clay, 1967) unspecified site of infection, (Green and Palma 1991) Eudyptes pachyrhynchus Austrogoniodes sp. Macquarie Island, Australia (Harrison 1937) Eudyptes chrysocome Eudyptes robustus , unspecified site of infection, Falklands (Keymer et al. 2001) Macquarie Island, Australia (Palma and Horning 2002) Eudyptes moseleyi , unspecified site of infection, Eudyptes schlegeli, unspecified site of infection, da Cunha (Hänel and Palma 2007) Macquarie Island, Australia (Clay 1967); Tasmania (Green Nesiotinus demersus, unspecified Kellogg, site 1903 of infection, Tristan and Palma 1991) , unspecified site of infection, Aptenodytes patagonicus Eudyptes sclateri Kerguelen Islands, Southern Indian Ocean (Kéler 1952); Macquarie Island, Australia (Clay 1967) New Zealand (Pilgrim and Palma, unspecified 1982); Macquarie site of infection, Island, Austrogoniodes keleri, Clay, unspecified 1967 site of infection, Australia (Banks et al. 2006) Eudyptes chrysocome Falkland Island (Clay 1967; Keymer et al. 2001) Order Siphonaptera Latreille, 1825 Eudyptes chrysolophus, unspecified site of infection, South Shetlands (Clay 1967) Family Pygiopsyllidae Wagner, 1939 Pygoscelis papua , unspecified site of infection, Island, London Zoo (Clay 1967) Pagipsylla galliralli (Smit, 1965) Austrogoniodes macquariensis, unspecified siteHarrison, of infection, 1937 Falkland Eudyptes schlegeli, nest, New Zealand (Smit 1979; Eudyptes chrysocome Bishop and Heath 1998) Macquarie Island, Australia (Harrison 1937); Zoo Hamburg (Eichler 1941); Falkland Island,, unspecified South Atlantic site of (Keymer infection, et Family Rhopalopsyllidae Oudemans, 1909 al. 2001) Parapsyllus australiens Rothschild, 1909 Eudyptes chrysolophus Eudyptula minor Heard Island, Antarctica; South Shetlands (Clay Coast, Australia (Obendorf and McColl 1980) 1967) , unspecified site of infection, Parapsyllus heardi , deunspecified Meillon, 1952site of infection, Victoria Eudyptes pachyrhynchus Eudyptes chrysocome Macquarie Island, Australia (Clay 1967) Australia, New Zealand and subantarctic Islands (Murray Eudyptes robustus , unspecified site of infection, et al. 1991) , unspecified site of infection,

, unspecified site of infection, 568 Brandão et al. | Platyhelminthes, Acanthocephala, Nematoda and Arthropoda parasitizing Penguins

Parapsyllus humboldti Jordan, 1942 uriae; (P) Austrogoniodes concii, A. cristati, A. hamiltoni, A. Spheniscus humboldti, on the birds and in their nests, macquariensis Peru (Smith et al. 2008) Eudyptes schlegeli: Parapsyllus jacksoni Smit, 1965 Stomachus sp., Terranova piscium, Terranova sp.; (AC) Eudyptula minor Ixodes uriae; (P) Austrogoniodes(C) Unidentified cristati, A. cestode;demersus (N), A. Zealand (Smit 1964; Bishop and Heath 1998) hamiltoni, A. macquariensis, A. strutheus; (S) Pagipsylla Parapsyllus longicornis, unspecified (Enderlein, site 1901) of infection, New galliralli Eudyptes chrysocome Eudyptes sclateri: (AC) Ixodes uriae; (P) Austrogoniodes Australia, New Zealand and subantarctic Islands (Murray concii, A.cristati, A. hamiltoni, A. strutheus, A. waterstoni et al. 1991); Falklands (Keymer, unspecified et al. 2001) site of infection, Eudyptula minor: (D) Echinostoma sp., Eudyptula minor Galactosomum angelae, Galactosomum sp., Mawsonotrema New Zealand and subantarctic Islands (Smit 1964; Murray eudyptulae, Renicola sp.; (C) Tetrabothrius lutzi, Tetrabothrius et al. 1991; Bishop and, unspecified Heath 1998) site of infection, Australia, Corynosoma sp.; (N) Megadyptes antipodes Anisakis sp., Capillaria sp., Contracaecum eudyptulae, C. Australia, New Zealand and subantarctic Islands (Murray spiculigerumsp., Unidentified, Contracaecum Tetrabothridae; (A) et al. 1991) , unspecified site of infection, Eulaelaps sp., Haemolaelaps Parapsyllus magellanicus Jordan, 1938 (= Androlaelaps) pachyptilae , sp., Ingrassia Unidentified eudyptula Filaroidea,, Ixodes Eudyptes chrysocome auritulusUnidentified group, nematode; I. eudyptidis (AC) , I. kohlsi, I. percavatus, I. Zealand (Smit 1965; Bishop and Heath 1998); Macquarie uriae, Liponyssoides eudyptulae, Ornithodoros capensis; (P) Island, Australia and Kerguelen, unspecified Islands site (Smit of infection, 1970) New Austrogoniodes waterstoni; (S) Parapsyllus australiens, P. Eudyptes chrysolophus jacksoni, P. longicornis Marion Island (Smit 1970) Megadyptes antipodes: Spheniscus magellanicus, unspecified, unspecied sitesite ofof infection, acanthocephalan; (N) Contracaecum eudyptes; (AC) Ixodes Falkland Island (Smit 1970) auritulus group, I. eudyptidis, I. uriae(A); (P) Austrogoniodes Unidentified Parapsyllus sp. concii, A. vanalphenae; (S) Parapsyllus longicornis Eudyptes chrysocome Pygoscelis adeliae: (C) Tetrabothrius wrightii, Falklands (Keymer et al. 2001) Tetrabothrius sp.; (A) Corynosoma hamanni, C. Spheniscus magellanicus, unspecified site of infection, pseudohamanni; (N) Contracaecum antarcticum, C. Falklands (Keymer et al. 2001) osculatum, Streptocara sp.; (AC) Ixodes uriae; (P) , unspecified site of infection, Austrogoniodes antarcticus, A. bifasciatus Host–Parasite List Pygoscelis antarctica: (D) Renicola sloanei; (C) Family Spheniscidae Bonaparte, 1831 Parorchites zederi, Tetrabothrius joubini, T. pauliani; Aptenodytes forsteri: (C) Parorchites zederi, (A) Corynosoma pseudohamanni, Corynosoma sp.; (N) Tetrabothrius wrightii; (N) Contracaecum heardi, C. Stegophorus macronectes; (P) Austrogoniodes gressitti, A. osculatum, C. prevosti, Contracaecum sp.; (AC) Ixodes uriae; macquariensis (P) Austrogonioides mawsoni Pygoscelis papua: (D) Renicola sloanei; (C) Parorchites Aptenodytes patagonicus: (C) Tetrabothrius pauliani; zederi, Tetrabothrius pauliani, Tetrabothrius sp.; (A) T. wrightii Contracaecum Corynossoma bullosum, C. hamanni, C. shackletoni, heardi, Contracaecum sp.; Tetrameres wetzeli; (AC) Ixodes Corynosoma sp.; (N) Contracaecum heardi, Contracaecum auritulus ,group; Unidentified I. uriae Tetrabothridae;; (P) Austrogoniodes (N) brevipes, sp., Stegophorus macronectes, Stomachus sp., Streptocara Nesiotinus demersus sp., Tetrameres wetzeli; (AC) Ixodes uriae; (P) Eudyptes chrysocome: (C) Tetrabothrius eudiptidis, Austrogoniodes gressitti, A. keleri, A. macquariensis T. wrightii; (N) Contracaecum eudyptes, C. spheniscus, Spheniscus demersus: (D) Cardiocephaloides physalis, Contracaecum sp., Cosmocephalus obvelatus, Stegophorus Metorchis coeruleus, M. orientalis, M. pinguinicola, M. macronectes, Synhaemantus sp., Tetrameres wetzeli, tener, M. xanthosomus, Renicola solanei; (N) Contracaecum Ixodes uriae, Ixodes variegatum, Cyathostoma phenisci; (AC) Ornithodoros sp.; (P) Austrogonioides concii, A. cristati, A. hamiltoni, (Alectorobius) capensis; (P) A. demersus, A. strutheus UnidentifiedA. keleri, A. macquariensis anisakid larvae;, A. strutheus (AC) , Austrogonioides Spheniscus humboldti: (D) Cardiocephaloides physalis, sp.; (S) Parapsyllus heardi, P. longicornis, P. magellanicus, Cotylurus variegatus, Hirudinella clavata; (C) Tetrabothrius Parapsyllus sp. eudyptidis, Tetrabothrius sp.; (N) Contracaecum pelagicum, Eudyptes chrysolophus: (D) Renicola sloanei; (N) Contracaecum sp.,Cosmocephalus sp., Dirofilaria immitis; Contracaecum heardi, Stegophorus macronectes; (AC) (AC) Ornithodoros (Alectorobius) amblus, Ornithodoros Ixodes uriae; (P) Austrogoniodes bicornutus, A. concii, A. (Alectorobius) spheniscus; (P) Austrogoniodes bifasciatus; cristati, A. demersus, A. gressitti, A. keleri, A. macquariensis, (S) Parapsyllus humboldti A. strutheus; (S) Parapsyllus magellanicus Spheniscus magellanicus: (D) Ascocotyle (Ascocotyle) Eudyptes moseleyi: (D) Renicola sloanei; (C) felippei, A. (Phagicola) longa, Ascocotyle (Phagicola) Tetrabothrius sp.; (P) Austrogoniodes concii, A. cristati, sp., Cardiocephaloides physalis, Cardiocephaloides sp., Austrogoniodes sp. Mesostephanus odhneri, Posthodiplostomum macrocotyle, Eudyptes pachyrhynchus: (N) Contracaecum sp.; (AC) Ribeiroia ondatrae, Stephanoprora uruguayense; (C) Ixodes eudyptidis, I. uriae; (P) Austrogonioides concii, A. Tetrabothrius eudiptidis, T. lutzi, T. pellucidus; (A) cristati, A. hamiltoni, A. macquariensis Corynosoma sp.; (N) Ascaridia sp., Contracaecum heardi, C. Eudyptes robustus: (AC) Ixodes auritulus group, Ixodes pelagicum, C. plagiaticium, C. spheniscus, Contracaecum sp.,

569 Brandão et al. | Platyhelminthes, Acanthocephala, Nematoda and Arthropoda parasitizing Penguins

Cosmocephalus obvelatus; (AC) Amblyomma parvitarsum, Arthur, D.R. 1955. Ixodes kohlsi, a new species of from Australia. The ; (P) , ; Journal of Parasitology 10.2307/3273992). Ixodes uriae Austrogoniodes bifasciatus A. demersus Aznar, F.J., J.A. Balbuena, M. Fernández and J.A. Raga. 2001. Living (S) Parapsyllus magellanicus, Parapsyllus sp. 41(1): 18–23 (doi: Spheniscus mendiculus: (N) Paronchocerca Evans and J.A. Raga (ed.). Marine Mammals: Biology and Conservation. together: the parasites of marine mammals; pp. 385–423, in: P.G.H. straeleni Ornithodoros Azuma, H., M. Okamoto, M. Ohbayashi, Y. Nishine and T. Mukai. 1988. (Alectorobius) yunkeri; (P) Austrogoniodes demersus, A. CosmocephalusNew York: Kluwer obvelatus Academic/Plenum Publishers. strutheus, Unidentified microfilariae; (AC) collected from the esophagus of Rockhopper penguin, Eudyptes crestatus. Japanese Journal (Creplin,of Veterinary 1825) Research (Nematoda: Acuariidae) Banks, J.C. and R.L. Palma. 2003. A new species and new host records of Discussion Austrogoniodes 36(1): 73–77. Endoparasites were the richest group presenting New Zealand Journal of Zoology highest richness of species with 68 species of parasites, 10.1080/03014223.2003.9518325 (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Philopteridae)). from penguins Banks,(Aves: J.C., Sphenisciformes). R.L. Palma and A.M Paterson. 2006. Cophylogenetic 30(1): 69– while ectoparasites were represented by 40 species. The relationships75 (doi: between penguins and their chewing lice. Journal transmission of this group of parasites tends to be favored of Evolutionary Biology 10.1111/j.1420- 9101.2005.00983.x). by the feeding of the penguins, which consists mainly of 19(1): 156–166 (doi: their parasites, pathogens and diseases. Polar Biology intermediate hosts for these parasites. Barbosa, A. and10.1007/s00300-009-0640-3 MJ. Palacios. 2009. Health of ).Antarctic birds: a review of , squids and krill, the former (20), being one of the main(16) Becker, G.K., A.L. Silva-Filho, A.L. Sinkoc and J.G.W. Brum.32(8): 1095–1997. Spheniscus magellanicus Eudyptula minor Amblyomma1115 (doi: parvitarsum and Pygoscelis papua (14) present the richest helminth pingüim de Magalhães Spheniscus magellanicus (Sphenicidae) na Praia do Cassino, Rio Grande Neumann, do Sul, Brasil. 1901 Arquivos (Acari: do Ixodidae) Instituto emde Biologia distribution of the species and by the effort of the Benoit, J.B., G. Lopez-Martinez, M.A. Elnitsky, R.E. Lee Jr. and D.L. Denlinger. researcherscommunities. on Thesethe knowledge results mayof the be parasitic influenced fauna by of this the 2009. Increase64: 81–82. in feeding by the tick, Ixodes uriae, on Adélie penguins species and its health state, seeing that some of then can during a prolonged summer. Antarctic Science cause serious damages to the host. 10.1017/S0954102008001685). Birdlife International. 2012. The Birdlife Taxonomic 21(2): Checklist 151–152. Version (doi: The poorest parasite richness is found in E. moseleyi 5.1. Accessible at . and S. mendiculus. Eudyptes moseleyi has a restricted Captured on 20 December 2012. breeding range (Davis and Renner 2003), occurring just Bishop, D. M. and A.C.G.http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/info/taxonomy Heath. 1998. Checklist of ectoparasites of birds in New Zealand. Surveillance 10.1080/0 2 on seven islands with a total land area of 250 km , and 3014223.1982.10423876). the low number of parasitological studies in this species Boero, J.J. and J.E. Led. 1970. El25(Special parasitismo Issue): de 13–31la fauna (doi: autóctona. VI. a certainly plays an important role. Los parásitos de la avifauna argentina. 5 Jornadas de Veterinaria. University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina, 65–71. The phylogeny is an important factor that shows the Boero, J.J., J.E. Led and E. Brandetti. 1972a. El parasitismo de la fauna relationship among penguins’ species and helminths autóctona. Revista de Agronomía y Veterinária Boero, J.J., J.E. Led and E. Brandetti. 1972b. Algunos parasitos de la avifauna Argentina. Analecta Veterinaria 1(1): 17–29. same species of helminths among penguins of the same Brandão, M., J.L. Luque, T. Scholz and A. Kostadinova. 2013. New .(Poulin Notwithstanding and Morand 2004). all penguinsIt is more came frequent from to the find same the records and descriptions of digeneans 4(1):in the 17–32. Magellanic penguin family and also share some helminth species. Parasites are Spheniscus magellanicus Brazil. Systematic Parasitology 85(1) 10.1007/s11230- useful in information on host ecology, biogeography and 013-9410-2). (Aves: Sphenisciformes) on the coast of phylogeny (Raga et al. 2008; Gardner and Campbell 1992), Brum, J.G.W. and G.K. Becker. 2002. Austrogoniodes: 79–98 (doi: bifasciatus (Piaget, and also serve as indicators of current and historical (Spheniscus magellanicus) recolhido na Praia do Cassino, Rio Grande ecological relationships (Aznar et al. 2001). do1885) Sul, Brasil. (Mallophaga: Arquivos Philopteridae)do Instituto Biológico em Pingüim de Magalhães Recently Brandão et al. (2013) added 60% of the Campbell, J. and J.E.N. Sloane. 1943. On a possible new species of Renicola Magellanic penguin’s parasite fauna known so far, and parasitic in the kidneys of the king penguins 69(3): in the 109–110. Edinburgh Zoo. The Veterinary Journal this is a well studied species of penguin. Thus indicating Campos, S.D.E., B.B.N. Pereira, S. Siciliano, C.H.C. Costa, N.R.P. Almosny the necessity of the maintenance of information on the and B. Brener. 2013. Contracaecum99(2): 291. pelagicum and C. plagiaticium biodiversity of parasites of penguins, mainly at remote places like Antarctica. 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