HINDSIGHT Journal of Optometry History Publication of the Optometric Historical Society Volume 49  Number 3  July 2018 ON THE COVER The A.O.A. Messenger was the first official periodical HINDSIGHT: publication of the American Optometric Association Journal of Optometry History (AOA). The Messenger, intended improve the AOA’s July, 2018 communication with its members and other Volume 49, Number 3 constituents, began publication in November Hindsight: Journal of Optometry 1925. The Messenger was superceded by the History publishes material on A.O.A. Organizer in August 1929. The Journal of the American Optometric Association superceded the the history of optometry and Organizer in August 1930, producing 12 issues per related topics. As the official year until publication ceased in 2012. In June 2018, publication of the Optometric the AOA and The Archives & Museum of Optometry Historical Society (OHS), a completed a joint project to digitize all 83 volumes program of Optometry Cares®- of the JAOA/Optometry. Digital access to the The AOA Foundation, Hindsight archives of the journal will be available soon to AOA supports the mission and members. purpose of the OHS. Cover of the first A.O.A. Messenger, November 1925. Editor: Image courtesy of The Archives & Museum of Optometry. David A. Goss. OD, PhD School of Optometry Indiana University Bloomington, IN 47405 OHS Advisory Committee 2018 [email protected] Officers Irving Bennett, OD (2020) Contributing Editors: Ronald R. Ferrucci, OD (2021) [email protected] Irving Bennett, OD President 5551 Dunrobin Drive, #4208 [email protected] Linda Casser, OD (2021) Sarasota, FL 34238 [email protected] [email protected] R. Norman Bailey, OD, MPH (2020) Vice-President John C. Townsend, OD (2018) Kirsten Pourroy Hébert [email protected] The Archives & Museum [email protected] of Optometry Lynn M. Brandes, OD (2019) 243 North Lindbergh Boulevard Secretary-Treasurer George Woo, OD, PhD (2019) St. Louis, MO 63141 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Karla Zadnik, OD, PhD (2018) Members [email protected] Optometry Cares® - John F. Amos, OD (2019) The AOA Foundation [email protected] T. Joel Byars, OD Liaison to Heritage Services The official publication of the OHS, published quarterly since its beginning, Board of Directors was previously titled Newsletter of the Optometric Historical Society, 1970- [email protected] 1991 (volumes 1-22), and Hindsight: Newsletter of the Optometric Historical Society, 1992-2006 (volumes 22-37). Use of the current title, Hindsight: Journal Brittany Broombaugh of Optometry History, began in 2007 with volume 38, number 1. Back issues, Director indexes, and additional information about the journal are available at: [email protected] https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/hindsight/issue/archive. Kirsten Pourroy Hébert Heritage Services Specialist Manuscripts can be submitted for publication at the journal website (https:// The Archives & Museum scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/hindsight). Alternatively, a Microsoft of Optometry Word document can be submitted by email to the editor: [email protected]. [email protected] HINDSIGHT Journal of Optometry History 48 Publication of the Optometric Historical Society Volume 49  Number 3  July 2018 University of Waterloo TABLE OF CONTENTS

News 46 From the Editor 47 Articles 4 Reflections on the History of the 48 School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo Jacob Sivak & William Bobier A History of Some Optometric 52 Periodicals, Part 3 David A. Goss From the Archives Rare Ophthalmic Periodicals: 57 52 The Historiography of the Profession at Risk Optometric Journals Kirsten Hébert Miscellany 62 From the Museum The Anatomy of a Bespoke Exhibit: 64 Pre-Medical Institute 2018 Kirsten Hébert

64 From the Museum

HINDSIGHT: Journal of Optometry History 45 NEWS

BLAST FROM THE PAST 2018 WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY The OHS Blast from the Past was SUMMER INSTITUTE part of the Optometry’s Meeting® Continuing Education program for the On July 24, St. Louis high school first time this year. Dr. David Fleishman’s students interested in pursuing “Eyeglasses through the Ages” attracted careers in medicine visited The 25 attendees on June 21, 2018 and Archives & Museum of Optometry received excellent reviews. If you have as part of the Washington an idea for an upcoming Blast, or are University “Summer Institute.” interested in offering a course as CE at Ezelle Sanford, a historian from Optometry’s Meeting 2019, check out the COPE requirements Princeton University, brought at https://www.arbo.org/. The OHS annual business meeting 24 students to hear UMSL’s Dr. was also held on June 21 at the Denver Convention Center. Ed Bennett, O.D. lecture on the history of optometry. After the class, students came down to the Archives & Museum for a special exhibit. Read more in NATIONAL OPTOMETRY HALL this issue about the exhibit (Page 64)! OF FAME INDUCTEES 2018 Three optometrists were inducted OHS CELEBRATES ITS 50TH into the National Optometry ANNIVERSARY 2019 Hall of Fame at Optometry’s Meeting this June 2018. David In honor of the Optometric Historical Society’s 50th A. Cockrell, O.D., Lesley L. Walls, anniversary, we are seeking articles about the OHS history O.D. and Irwin Suchoff, O.D. and reminiscences from or about our founding members. If joined this prestigious list of you have something to contribute, please reach out to the optometrists who have advanced editor, Dr. David Goss at [email protected] by October 2018. the profession during a lifetime of We anticipate the issue will print in April of 2019. achievement. The NOHF, a program of Optometry Cares - The AOA Foundation, celebrates its 30th year in 2018. By honoring individuals for their contributions AMO WELCOMES NEW to the profession, the NOHF complements the missions of the OHS and the Archives & Museum of Optometry. Would UMSL INTERN you like to nominate an individual to the NOHF in 2019? The Archives & Museum of Optometry welcomes Taylour Visit http://www.aoafoundation.org/halloffame/ for more Arkfeld as our new University information. of Missouri - St. Louis graduate research assistant intern for the 2018-2020 terms. This is the fifth AMO REGISTRY UPDATE year of our collaboration with the UMSL Museum Studies program The Archives & Museum of Optometry has sent notices and Taylour is the fourth student to past donors of museum objects in an effort to update our we have hosted at Optometry object records. Keeping good collections registration records Cares. is a critical part of repository management and an important aspect of collections stewardship. If you receive a notice and have any questions, please feel free to contact us at [email protected].

46 Volume 49, Number 3, July 2018 FROM THE EDITOR DAVID A GOSS, OD, PHD

LET US HEAR FROM YOU Next year will mark the 50th As a member of the Optometric anniversary of the founding of the Historical Society, have you formed a Optometric Historical Society, so it viewpoint on the value of celebrating is natural that we reflect on why our our unique optometric heritage? efforts in investigating and recording Why is knowing optometry history optometry’s history are important. important? What have you learned The philosopher George Santayana from knowing optometry history that is the author of the famous statement, has been helpful to you? What trends “Those who cannot remember the from the past are important today in past are condemned to repeat it.”1 charting our future? Is it meaningful This advice has been expressed in to honor persons from the past who many ways by various other writers. have helped make our profession what President Theodore Roosevelt stated it is today? Why are you a member of succinctly: “Full knowledge of the past OHS? Why should your optometric helps us in dealing with the future.”2 colleagues be members of OHS? The historian David McCullough has We would like you to write about written eloquently about the necessity your thoughts on questions like these David A. Goss, OD, PhD of knowing history, emphasizing that for Hindsight. There is still time to “we have to know who we were if submit an article or a note for the we’re to know who we are and where special 50th anniversary issue that we we’re headed.”3 are planning. Please let us hear from Sometimes I wonder if there are you! many optometrists who see the wisdom of those words. A well- References respected optometric educator once 1. Mackay AL. A Dictionary of admonished me: “We shouldn’t be Scientific Quotations, 2nd ed. looking back. We should be looking Bristol, England: Adam Hilger, forward.” My view is that to be 1991:217. effective in looking forward, we must 2. Roosevelt T. The Progressives, past learn some lessons from looking back. and present. Outlook. Sept. 3, A more open-minded colleague once 1901;96(1):19-30 (see page 28). spoke positively about my “hobby” of studying optometry history. 3. McCullough D. The American While I was pleased that he saw my Spirit: Who We Are and What We optometry history studies positively, I Stand For. New York: Simon & was disappointed that he held them Schuster, 2017:111. to be a hobby. I think of my optometry David A. Goss, OD, PhD history research as every bit as Editor scholarly an endeavor and every bit as [email protected] significant as the research I have done on myopia and binocular vision.

HINDSIGHT: Journal of Optometry History 47 ARTICLE JACOB SIVAK, OD, PHD & WILLIAM BOBIER, OD, PHD

REFLECTIONS ON THE HISTORY OF THE SCHOOL OF OPTOMETRY AND VISION SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO Jacob Sivak, OD, PhD bursting at the seams as four years College of Optometry (the latter was Distinguished Professor Emeritus of an optometry program including operated by the former) the process School of Optometry and Vision lectures, labs, pre-clinic and clinic of finding a university home began. Science were taught and administered within Setting a moving date was helped a space measuring only 15,600 square along by the University of Toronto, University of Waterloo feet. Yet, when students visited Bill’s which required the St. George home, as they often did in those days, Street site in order to prepare for the one got the sense not of despair but construction of the future Robarts William Bobier, OD, PhD of excitement and determination. Library. Professor Emeritus Optometry was moving forward. We all now know the university and School of Optometry and Vision The program had recently received the faculty which adopted optometry, Science the right to provide the doctor of the young and ambitious University University of Waterloo optometry degree. The next step was of Waterloo, which had only begun 10 to seek a location within a university. years previously. It was the scientific By the early 1960s, the College of At that time, there was an extensive discipline of physiological optics Optometry of Ontario, Canada’s only government review of the health (now called vision science) which English-speaking optometry program professions under the direction of the then underpinned the optometry was conducted in two modest Committee of the Healing Arts. curriculum that highlighted the point buildings at 138 and 140 St. George Through much effort from the that optometry was a profession with Street in the heart of Toronto. The full- profession, the Board of Examiners/ a solid scientific basis and one that time faculty were initially three; Dean Ted Fisher, Walwyn Long and Clair Bobier (William “Bill” Bobier’s father). They were later joined by William Lyle, who was the first of the faculty to have a Ph.D. They were aided by a dedicated group of practitioners from the area and by part-time instructors. The clinic and related activity was conducted at 138 St. George St., in what was essentially a converted fraternity house. The other somewhat more elegant building was beside it at 140 St. George. This building held significance to Bill even then, for the sole reason that annually on a cold November Saturday morning he and his brother could watch the Eaton’s Santa Claus parade in relative warmth and comfort as it proceeded along St. George Street. To a young lad, 140 George St. was rather impressive with University of Waterloo President J.G. Hagey (left) with President E. R. Attridge of the College of its heavy wooden doors with polished Optometrists of Ontario signing the agreement to move the College optometry program to the entrance. However, the reality was that University of Waterloo. Image from University of Waterloo Quarterly, (1967 October): Page 4. the St. George Street buildings were University of Waterloo Archives.]

48 Volume 49, Number 3, July 2018 ARTICLE JACOB SIVAK, OD, PHD & WILLIAM BOBIER, OD, PHD was distinct from ophthalmology. building is recognized in a plaque corporate funding that provided the The School of Optometry moved to outside this theater. The final line reads matching funds required to access the Waterloo in 1967. Enter Dr. Emerson that this was a project of “National government support available. There Woodruff fresh from his Ph.D. at Significance.” Given that optometry was no building chair this time, but Indiana, along with the five faculty now provides the majority of primary Graham Strong as associate director, members who welcomed that first eye care throughout Canada, we think carried the water for this project or class to optometry’s new home at the the school has lived up to that vision. cleaned up the water that dripped University of Waterloo in the fall of The original faculty was joined by into the existing building during 1967. a new cohort consisting of Arnulf construction. In the early years in its new home, Remole, David Williams, George Woo, The stage was set for a return to the School of Optometry was diffusely Murchison Callender, Jack Moreland those overflowing lecture rooms and spread throughout the campus. and Ross Beauchamp. the need to accommodate a growing Offices were up in the math building, Fast forward now to 1994 under the number of well-qualified Canadian research laboratories in the basement stewardship of director Jake Sivak, students seeking to study optometry of the biology building, a space which the research output of the school had in Canada. During the early 2000s, the was otherwise not zoned for human increased dramatically in many areas. A optometry class size was increased inhabitation. The clinic was in the consequence was that more research from 60 to 90 per year. A new addition old Waterloo post office, known as space was needed. The profession was to the optometry building, designed Westminster Tower, in downtown supportive. Desmond Fonn, director to provide more lecture, study and (uptown) Waterloo. It provided an of the Contact Lens Research Center, library space, was completed in 2009. informal touch to the clinical practice was instrumental in setting up the Current planning and fundraising of optometry. However, it was a step forward from the fraternity house in Toronto. Finally, in 1972, the groundbreaking for the original building took place on a knoll on the North Campus. One of the shovels was wielded by the building chairman, Clair Bobier. Bill can attest to the long hours his father spent in this building. He would find Clair Bobier well into the morning hours with blueprints spread out on the dining room table. The original building opened in the winter of 1974. By the time the building was ready, the federal government requested that the original complement of 50 students per year be increased to 60, a temporary measure of course until the third school would open in the west, or so it was thought. A well-equipped audiovisual theater (room 347, funded by the profession through the College of Optometrists) helped the school deal with this increase. The federal and provincial University of Waterloo School of Optometry fourth-year students conducting a vision survey of government funding for the original Sunnyside Home for the Aged. Image from University of Waterloo Quarterly, (1968 May): Page 4. University of Waterloo Archives.]

HINDSIGHT: Journal of Optometry History 49 ARTICLE JACOB SIVAK, OD, PHD & WILLIAM BOBIER, OD, PHD

efforts are directed to a complete clinic additional university teachers in have ranged between 40 and 50 renovation to better reflect modern- optometry, will increase knowledge students. In addition to the graduate day optometric practice. of vision problems and vision care, program in vision science, the School Now let us turn back to the and will make available within of Optometry and Vision Science has report that resulted in the move of the university a body of resource provided residency training to 35 the College of Optometry to the personnel in matters of vision.” In optometrists, graduates of a variety of University of Waterloo. The report addition, “a university department (in optometry programs, in a number of that we are referring to is entitled optometry) would offer postgraduate clinical specialties such as low vision, “Report of the Senate Committee, professional courses for practicing cornea and contact lens, pediatrics, University of Waterloo on Optometric optometrists.” The report also notes ocular disease and sports vision. Education in the University.” The that the establishment of a university Finally, and perhaps most committee was established by the optometry program would involve the importantly, the establishment of an University Senate on April 28, 1966. formation of a clinic that “would be of optometry program at the University Its membership consisted of four service within the university and the of Waterloo has resulted in the from the university (W.A.E. McBryde, community.” development of a clinic that provides chemistry; C.H. Fernando, biology; H.M. It is appropriate to look at the an important service, both to the Morrison, physics and G.E. MacKinnon, achievements of the past 50 years in university community and to the local psychology) and four from the College light of the predictions of this report. and Ontario community at-large. The of Optometry (I. Baker, C.W. Bobier, W.L. In this context, it is clear that a center yearly total in examination encounters Lyle and W.S. Long). of research and advanced study has for the optometry clinic now stands at The committee met several indeed been established. Faculty almost 26,000 per year in a wide range times during 1966. In addition to members in optometry currently hold of areas including such specialties as visiting the College of Optometry 12 Federal Council grants from the pediatrics, geriatrics, ocular health, in Toronto, visits were made to the Natural Sciences and Engineering binocular vision, etc. While the bulk optometry programs at The Ohio Research Council of Canada and from of the examinations are carried out State University (Columbus) and the Canadian Institutes of Health in the optometry clinic on the main Indiana University (Bloomington). Research. The yearly total in research university campus, a considerable The resulting 29-page report, funds from provincial, federal and portion of the clinical work is done recommended that an optometry industry sources amounts to more at satellite and external locations off program be developed at the than $7.2 million, one of the largest campus. University of Waterloo and that it be measures of research activity of any All in all, and by any measure, it may established in the Faculty of Science. academic unit in the university. This be said the transition of optometry The positive recommendation rested activity includes two very successful to Waterloo has been a remarkable on the recognition that optometry is clinical research centers: the Centre success. The year 2017 is a celebratory a “mature and sophisticated discipline for Contact Lens Research and the year for the University of Waterloo based on a recognized body of scientific Centre for Sight Enhancement. The in that it is now in its 60th year of knowledge and appropriate for study at latter is a research center dealing with existence. It is equally significant to the university level” and that “Optometry the provision of clinical service to the the School of Optometry and Vision is a profession in the health care field but partially sighted. Science which celebrates its 50th year operating outside and independent of Beginning in 1972 with the as a part of the university. the medical profession.” establishment of a master of science The report goes on to note that program in vision science, followed by Acknowledgments optometry is rapidly evolving and a Ph.D. program in 1980, the School This article is reprinted, with becoming more sophisticated of Optometry and Vision Science has permission from the authors, from and that a center of research and become one of the largest providers the Spring 2018 issue (volume 23, advanced study would be valuable of postgraduate research training in number 1, pages 11-13) of WATtimes, a to the profession. The establishment vision in the world. A total of 144 M.Sc. publication of the Retirees Association of a program of postgraduate work and 63 Ph.D. students have completed and the University of Waterloo. would “provide for the training of their degrees and annual enrollments 50 Volume 49, Number 3, July 2018 ARTICLE JACOB SIVAK, OD, PHD & WILLIAM BOBIER, OD, PHD

The Museum of Vision Science at many characteristics with OHS the University of Waterloo founder, Dr. Henry Hofstetter.3 Like E. LeRoy Ryer, whose collection formed The University of Waterloo is also the the basis of The Archives & Museum home of Canada’s only dedicated of Optometry holdings, Dr. Fisher optometry museum: The Museum was an avid collector of ophthalmic of Vision Science. The Museum of antiques. Vision Science was founded by Dr. Edward J. Fisher (1913-2003), an early and active member of the Optometric Historical Society. The museum flourished during his tenure as Director of the School References of Optometry at the University of 1. Membership Lists. RG 430.01 Waterloo (1967-1975).1,2 Records of the Optometric Historical Society. The Archives & Museum of Optometry. 2. Museum of Vision Science. Edward Fisher (museum founder). University of Ted Fisher and Carel C. Koch at the Waterloo Museum of vision American Academy of Optometry Meeting science https://uwaterloo. in Beverly Hills, CA, 1968. Henry Hofstetter ca/museum-vision-science/ was also in attendance at the 1968 AAO edward-fisher meeting. 2016.IMG.0285. Image courtesy The Archives & Museum of Optometry. 3. Long. WS. Edward Fisher – new academy president. Am The Museum of Vision Science Journal of Optometry and Ted Fisher at the American Academy of the Archives of the American Optometry Meeting in Beverly Hills, CA, encourages donations, but is free of charge and open to the public Academy of Optometry 1968. 2016.IMG.0281. Image courtesy The January 1969 volume 46(1): Archives & Museum of Optometry. Monday-Friday from 8:30am-5:00pm EST. While the collection is currently 61-3 without a curator, the museum Dr. Fisher was the first Canadian website features a “hall of frame” and to serve as the President of the small instrument gallery hint that American Academy of Optometry the collection is still worthy of a visit (1969-1970). In his interest in if you find yourself in Ontario. international optometry and educational leadership, he shares

HINDSIGHT: Journal of Optometry History 51 ARTICLE DAVID A GOSS, OD, PHD

A HISTORY OF SOME OPTOMETRIC PERIODICALS, PART 3 David A. Goss, OD, PhD The first contact lens journal was published the first edition of his widely Emeritus Professor of Optometry Contacto, published from 1957 to used textbook Contact Lens Practice in Indiana University about 1999 by the National Eye 1965. [email protected] Research Foundation (originally the In 1985, International Contact 1 Eye Research Foundation). Leonard Lens Clinic merged with Optometric Bronstein, a well-known contact Monthly to form International Eyecare, Continued from Volume 47, lens practitioner, who served as Number 4 which was discontinued at the end of the first editor of Contacto, noted 1986. International Contact Lens Clinic Parts 1 and 2 of this series looked at in its inaugural issue that: “The resumed publication in 1987 and some American general optometry contact lens field is growing to such continued through 2000, when it was periodicals, including Optical Journal proportions that it needs an organ of absorbed by Contact Lens and Anterior 2 and Review of Optometry, Optometric communication.” Contacto published Eye, journal of the British Contact Lens Weekly, Optometric World, American articles on cornea, contact lenses, Association. Journal of Optometry/Optometry and orthokeratology and related topics. It Vision Science, and Journal of the had two temporary title changes, to Perhaps the most widely read American Optometric Association/ Contacto Mini-abstracts in 1984-1985 contact lens periodicals have been Optometry. Each of those had started and Global Contacto in 1991-1992. Contact Lens Forum and Contact Lens Spectrum. Contact Lens Forum was publication by 1930 or much earlier. Many contact lens manufacturing Later in the 20th century, some started in 1976 with Neal J. Bailey as companies started publishing the editor. Bailey (1917-2006) received specialized optometric periodicals newsletters and regular informational began. This part of the series will his optometry degree and Ph.D. from mailings in the late 1950s and early The Ohio State University. He served look at some American optometric 1960s. For example, Precision-Cosmet periodicals in contact lenses, vision on the optometry faculty at Indiana Digest was published from 1960 to University from 1954 to 1958, when he therapy and optometric education. 1 about 1977. returned to Columbus, Ohio, to start a Contact Lenses International Contact Lens Clinic, private practice. He also taught at Ohio with more emphasis on research State and was a leading authority and papers, started publication in 1974. writer on contact lenses.4 Contact Lens The year 1974 is notable in contact Forum offered commentaries, reviews, lenses because soft contact lenses case report and news items of interest were beginning to be popular. The to contact lens practitioners. first issue of International Contact Lens Contact Lens Spectrum published its Clinic featured several articles on soft first issue in January 1986. Neal Bailey contact lenses, and one of the articles left Contact Lens Forum to become was titled, “What should we call gel founding editor of Contact Lens 3 lenses?” The article noted that they Spectrum. Of interest to optometric had been called “soft lenses, flexible historians was the publishing in lenses, hydrophilic lenses, hydroscopic the July 1987 issue of Contact Lens lenses, as well as many generic and Spectrum of a 64-page special issue on trade names.” The founding editor of the past, present and future of contact International Contact Lens Clinic was lenses commemorating the 100th Robert B. Mandell, who received his anniversary of contact lenses. In 1991, optometry degree from Los Angeles Contact Lens Forum was incorporated College of Optometry in 1956 and into Contact Lens Spectrum. Joseph T. a Ph.D. from Indiana University in Barr, who was editor of Contact Lens 1962. A highly regarded contact lens Spectrum from 1987 to 2007, saw it as Contacto, Volume 1, Number 1, January 1957 researcher and educator, Mandell providing “the most comprehensive

52 Volume 49, Number 3, July 2018 ARTICLE DAVID A GOSS, OD, PHD information on contact lenses in a degrees from Pacific University and this journal was Irwin B. Suchoff monthly journal.”5 practiced in California.7 Following him (1932-2018). Suchoff received a B.S. as editor were Martin Kane (1972- degree from New York University, 1986), James Bosse (1987-1991), and after serving in the U.S. Army Sidney Groffman (1992-2003) and as a pharmacist technician, entered Dominick Maino (2004-2012). The optometry school and earned his journal published editorials, research doctor of optometry degree in 1960 articles, literature reviews, book from the Massachusetts College of reviews and COVD news. Leonard J. Optometry.10,11 Suchoff had a long Press8 noted that its annual reviews of career practicing vision therapy the literature, which it published from in private practice and served as 1976 to 2007, were “a highlight of the a staff member of the Optometric Journal.” Center of New York and as a faculty The Optometric Extension Program member at the State University of (OEP), founded in 1928, for many years New York (SUNY). In the 1980s at sent serialized writings in loose-leaf SUNY, Suchoff founded the first form to its members. These writings, vision rehabilitation service for head 12 frequently referred informally to as the trauma at an optometry school. “OEP papers,” were often collected and Suchoff also played a significant role 13 published in softcover monographs. in optometric residencies. He was In the late 1980s, OEP decided to cease named Distinguished Service Professor at SUNY, recipient of the COVD Contact Lens Spectrum Centennial Issue, publication of the OEP papers and July 1987 commence publication of a journal.9 Skeffington Award for contributions One of the motivations was to improve to the optometric literature as well as Vision Therapy the standing of OEP in the academic the COVD Getman Award for his work The College of Optometrists in Vision community.9 in developmental vision. Suchoff was Development (COVD) has published inducted into the National Optometry a journal since its formation nearly 50 Hall of Fame in June 2018. years ago. COVD was formed in 1971 Irwin Suchoff served as editor of the by the merger of three organizations: Journal of Behavioral Optometry from the National Society for Vision and 1990 to 2007. W.C. Maples was editor Perception Training (NSVPT), the from 2008 to 2011 and Marc B. Taub National Optometric Society for from 2011 to 2012, when it ceased Developmental Vision Care and the publication after volume 23. Southwest Developmental Vision In 2013, OEP, COVD and the Society. The NSVPT started publishing Australasian College of Behavioural a journal with the title Journal of Optometrists embarked on a joint Optometric Vision Therapy in 1970, venture, the bimonthly, peer- and COVD took it over in 1971 with reviewed journal Optometry and Visual 6 the merger. The name of the journal Performance. It publishes research and was changed to Journal of Optometric clinical articles, case reports, literature Vision Development in 1975, and then reviews and editorials. Taub and Maino to Optometry and Vision Development were initially co-editors, and later in its in 2005, before ceasing after volume Journal of Behavioral Optometry, Volume 1, first year, Taub became sole editor in 43 in 2012. Number 1 chief. The first editor of the journal was In 2014, COVD pulled out of the Robert M. Wold (1942-2001), who also In 1990, OEP launched the group effort publishing Optometry and served COVD in leadership roles for bimonthly Journal of Behavioral Visual Performance, deciding to publish many years. Wold held O.D. and M.S. Optometry. The founding editor of their own journal. In 2015, COVD HINDSIGHT: Journal of Optometry History 53 ARTICLE DAVID A GOSS, OD, PHD

started the quarterly online peer- dean of the University of Houston Optometry in 1959 and then Clinical reviewed journal, Vision Development College of Optometry, became and Experimental Optometry in 1986. and Rehabilitation. It publishes chairman of the editorial board, The Canadian Journal of Optometry research and clinical papers, case followed by John F. Amos from 1978 to started in 1939. reports, book reviews and editorials. 1985. Subsequent editors have been Press has served as editor since its John W. Potter (1985-1987), David A. Comments beginning. Heath (1987-1991), Felix M. Barker As noted in Part 1 of this article,17 the (1992-1999), Roger Wilson (1999-2002), first periodicals devoted exclusively Optometric Education Lester E. Janoff (2002-2005), Elizabeth to optometry appear to have been Hoppe (2005-2010) and Aurora Denial Johnston’s Eye Echo, published from (2010-2018). 1886 to 1891, and The Optician, The title of the journal changed to published by Boger from 1891 to 1894. Optometric Education with volume 17, In 1895, Boger started The Optical number 1 in the fall of 1991. The last Journal, which became Optical Journal print issue of Optometric Education and Review of Optometry and then appeared in the fall of 2007, and later Review of Optometry. Hofstetter18 starting with volume 33, number 2 in wondered why an optometry the spring of 2008, it became available magazine didn’t start until 600 years online only. after the invention of eyeglasses and centuries after formation of Practice Management spectacle-makers guilds in Europe. He Optometric Management magazine speculated that: “Until the latter part th started publication in 1965. In 1970, of the 19 century, the security of the Irving Bennett headed a group which optometrist’s comfortable livelihood purchased the magazine and turned had been virtually unchallenged. At it into a highly successful publication, that point, though, came the invasion Journal of Optometric Education, Volume 1, which still operates. Bennett described of the ophthalmic field by the medical Number 1, Winter 1975 his work on Optometric Management in professional, which for 600 years had an earlier issue of Hindsight.15 remained quite aloof except for an The first issue of the Journal of occasional spoofing of eyeglasses. Optometric Education appeared Some Significant Foreign Perhaps not until then were in winter 1975, established by the Periodicals optometrists anxious for the collegial Association of Schools and Colleges communication a journal can afford.” of Optometry. The inaugural issue A few months after Frederick Boger started his first optometry periodical The first two parts of this article listed a five-person editorial board included brief histories of the with Norman E. Wallis, president of the in New York in 1891, The Optician began in London to represent optical, American general optometry Pennsylvania College of Optometry, periodicals which this author serving as its chairman. Wallis14 scientific and photographic instrument 16 conjectured to be among the explained that it was time for such a industries. In 1896, the British Optical Association started publication of most important and most read journal because there was a greater by optometrists. We can look at a need than ever before for discussions The Dioptric and Ophthalmometric Review. That periodical was the few statements and some data to of new teaching methodologies, corroborate that evaluation. curriculum and effective administrative forerunner of the British Journal of structures by faculty, students and Physiological Optics, which in turn, In the materials from the administrators, as well as for having was forerunner of the present-day correspondence course used by the 16 a united picture of optometric Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics. South Bend School of Optics in the education for those outside the In 1919, Commonwealth Optometrist late 1890s and early 1900s, we can find profession. was published in Australia. It became the following statements: “In reply to the Australasian Journal of Optometry a number of inquiries from the class Later in 1975, Chester Pheiffer, then in 1930, the Australian Journal of as to the best periodical devoted to 54 Volume 49, Number 3, July 2018 ARTICLE DAVID A GOSS, OD, PHD opticians I would say that The Optical Journal of the American Optometric reading habits. Refereed journals Journal published by Mr. F. Boger…is Association, and (6) Ophthalmic and which had the highest percentages of the only journal in the United States Physiological Optics.21 respondents marking read or always published in the interest of optics An idea of the periodical preference read were: Journal of the American and opticians exclusively. It is a wide- of optometry and optometric Optometric Association (72%), Journal awake, up-to-date monthly and none technician students comes from of Optometric Education (42%), of the class can afford to be without a 1979 paper.22 Students in an Optometry and Vision Science (40%), it. It contains news of the optical optometric orientation class at Indiana Archives of Ophthalmology (40%) and societies and optical legislation, as well University were required weekly to American Journal of Ophthalmology as a great many technical and practical submit a brief review of a published (34%). Non-refereed periodicals which articles from a large staff of paid article relating to optometry. The were read or always read by the most 19 contributors.” most commonly read periodicals in respondents were: AOA News (65%), Speaking of the Optical Journal and 1978 as judged by the percentage of Review of Optometry (52%), Optometric Review of Optometry and Optometric students who used each of them were: Management (40%) and Contact Weekly in the first quarter of the 20th Review of Optometry (77%), Journal of Lens Spectrum (35%). One of the century, James R. Gregg20 had this to the American Optometric Association conclusions of the authors was that say: “The early vigor of the optometric (75%), Optometric Management accessibility was an important factor publications was an important factor (72%), American Journal of Optometry in readership. Periodicals received in the development of optometry. and Physiological Optics (55%) and as a membership benefit were read …The independent journals, such Optometric Monthly (48%). The most more often than those obtained by as The Weekly, spoke effectively and commonly read periodicals in 1977 subscription. well for the profession. They deserve were: Review of Optometry (read by Optometry – Journal of the American much credit. [Optometric Weekly editor 100% of students), Journal of the Optometric Association discontinued Lionel] Topaz in his editorials spoke American Optometric Association (74%), publication in 2012. David B. Elliott strongly for professionalism, education Optometric Management (74%) and and Neil Handley16 suggested that, and research.” Optometric Monthly (69%). despite that loss to the profession, Through the 20th century, optometry In a 1996 paper, Janice Jurkus and “the future of optometry journals became more heavily involved in Gerald Dujsik23 observed that there looks bright.” They noted that the research, and optometry research were 105 English language periodicals leading optometry research journals journals gained in prominence. A relating to the eye care field. In 1993, are becoming more multidisciplinary common metric for judging quality they conducted a survey of faculty at and that Ophthalmic and Physiological and use of research journals is impact 16 optometry schools in the United Optics and Optometry and Vision factor, based on frequency of citations. States. They listed 77 periodicals Science are seeing increases in their The optometry journals with the available in an optometry school impact factors. They also viewed the highest impact factors have been library. Respondents were asked to beginning of two new journals in 2008, Optometry and Vision Science and indicate one of the following four the Spanish Journal of Optometry and Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics.16,21 answers as their reading habit for the Scandinavian Journal of Optometry and Visual Science, as a positive sign. Another way to assess the value of each of the periodicals: don’t read, skim/glance, read part regularly journals may be to determine how References frequently they are cited in a leading (read specific articles but not entire textbook. An analysis of citations in journal), or always read (read most 1. IUCAT, Indiana University online the second edition of Borish’s Clinical of the journal, every issue). A total of library catalog. Refraction, published in 2006, found 263 completed surveys were returned 2. Bronstein L. The Eye Research the following to be the most often out of 586 distributed. More than Foundation: Its formation. cited: (1) Optometry and Vision Science, half of the respondents marked 10 Contacto 1957;1:10. journals as being at least skimmed on (2) Archives of Ophthalmology, (3) 3. Mandell RB. What should we call Investigative Ophthalmology and a regular basis. Fifty-eight different publications were marked as read or gel lenses? Internat Contact Lens Visual Science, (4) American Journal Clin 1974;1:25-26. of Ophthalmology, (5) Optometry – always read, indicating quite varied HINDSIGHT: Journal of Optometry History 55 ARTICLE DAVID A GOSS, OD, PHD

4. Newcomb RD. Our History in 11. Haffner AN. Irwin Suchoff, OD, 19. Dr. Thompson’s 1895 Focus: The First 100 Years of The DOS. J Behav Optom 2008;19:3. Correspondence Course with Ohio State University College of 12. Press LJ. In Memoriam: Dr. Irwin Historical Commentary by Monroe Optometry. Columbus, OH: The Suchoff. Vis Dev Rehab 2018;4:4-5. J. Hirsch. Chicago: Professional Ohio State University, 2014:109- Press, 1975:147-148. 110. 13. Suchoff I. The first year-long optometric residency education 20. Gregg JR. The Story of Optometry. th 5. Barr JT. Happy 10 Birthday program. Hindsight: J Optom Hist New York: Ronald Press, 1965:185- Contact Lens Spectrum. Contact 2010;41:122-125. 186. Lens Spectrum. January, 21. Goss DA. Literature and 1996. www.clspectrum.com/ 14. Wallis NE. Why a journal. J Optom Ed 1975;1:5. information in vision care issues/1996/january-1996. and vision science. Optom Accessed May 31, 2018. 15. Bennett I. The story behind 2008;79:670-686. Optometric Management 6. Wold RM. COVD: The first twenty- 22. Hofstetter HW. Journal preferences five years. J Optom Vis Dev magazine. Hindsight: J Optom Hist 2007;38:17-22. among our beginning students. J 1995;26:177-189. Optom Ed 1979;4:28-30. 16. Elliott DB, Handley N. A historical 7. In Memoriam: Robert M. Wold. J 23. Jurkus J, Dujsik G. Reading habits Optom Vis Dev 2001;32:47-48. review of optometry research and its publication: are optometry of optometric educators. Optom 8. Press L. COVD: Recapitulating 40 journals finally catching up? Ed 1996;21:90-93. years of excellence. Optom Vis Dev Ophthal Physiol Opt 2015;35:245- 2010;41:137-142. 251. 9. Williams RA. Irwin Suchoff. J Behav 17. Goss DA. A history of some Optom 2008;19:4-5. optometric periodicals. Hindsight: 10. Directory of the American J Optom Hist 2015;46:85-90. Optometric Association. St. Louis: 18. Hofstetter HW. Why did it take so American Optometric Association, long? Rev Optom 1991;128(1):39. 1972:343.

56 Volume 49, Number 3, July 2018 FROM THE ARCHIVES

RARE OPHTHALMIC PERIODICALS: THE HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE PROFESSION AT RISK Kirsten Hébert optometry history has been largely of the articles and books on the Heritage Services Specialist ignored by professional historians history of optometry focus on— The Archives & Museum of and rarely appears in scholarship and are produced by—optometric Optometry on the history of medicine. Perhaps institutions, organizations and During the course of the last 50 in response to this inattention, “significant” individuals in response years, The Archives & Museum of optometrists have always been, and to anniversaries, transitions, deaths Optometry and its predecessors continue to be, relatively prolific or other pivotal events. While there is have collected and curated historical in publishing and producing their nothing inherently wrong with this, ophthalmic periodicals that chronicle own historical research, much of it it does render the work narrow in the development of the profession appearing in ophthalmic periodicals focus and celebratory in nature. This, since 1890. Some of these periodicals like The Journal of the American in turn, means that the scholarship is are profiled in Dr. David Goss’ three- Optometric Association [Optometry] necessarily imbued with conscious bias part series A History of Some Optometric and the Optical Journal and Review of intended to reflect the best aspects of Periodicals (see Part 3 of this series on Optometry [Review of Optometry]. the subject. Second, since these works page 52 in this issue). These journals, But there is a downside to writing are written mostly by avocational newsletters and magazines are one’s own history. First, the majority historians (who are also optometrists) invaluable primary source material for their peers, they are almost for optometry historians, providing universally free of both reflective and granular insight into the state of reflexive evaluation that professional the profession, clinical practice, or academic historians are required to ophthalmic technology, vision perform to acknowledge unconscious science and the optical industry at bias. On the whole, these deficits have particular points in time. Periodical resulted in a historiography that has literature also gives us clues about the failed to diversify and move forward. A socioeconomic and cultural context re-evaluation of these histories in the in which optometry has developed form of historiographical essays would and changed. Taken in the aggregate, reinvigorate the field. historical periodicals offer a sweeping The problem with optometry view of the evolution of all aspects of historiography lies both in the profession. But how long will we methodology and in theory. Historians have the chance to re-examine the must critically evaluate the sources canon of optometry history held in and their creators for veracity and these historical periodicals before they bias. Further, researchers must think disappear from library shelves and critically about the biases they bring special collections? to the table when using sources, and acknowledge the lenses through The Case For Preserving Historical which they view a source and its Periodicals: New Historiography creator. This reflexive process must also Cover of The Optical Journal, Volume 4, be extended backward to include a Saving these periodicals is important Number 9, November 1898. The journal critique of the selection of a topic in not only because of their intrinsic contains the only extant copy of the value as resources for creating new American Optometric Association’s first the first place—why do we choose historical research, but also for their Constitution and Bylaws drafted in October to write about certain people, places, as-yet unexploited utility in evaluating 1898. The OJRO is often the only source events, institutions and objects and forwarding the state of optometry for organizational records of the AOA and and not others? Historians also are historiography.1 The sub-discipline of affiliates. Image courtesy The Archives & expected to reflect on how these Museum of Optometry. HINDSIGHT: Journal of Optometry History 57 FROM THE ARCHIVES

omissions and inclusions have shaped itself to this sort of analysis. shelf-space dedicated to historical the narrative of optometry history and Fortunately for us, however, materials and decreased the footprint their own scholarship. Through review, we can move the historiography of academic libraries. Digitization is they must call on others to evaluate forward by evaluating past works an expensive and time-consuming their work based on the same criteria. through a theoretical lens to create undertaking and librarians select Finally, they must not only perform historiographical essays. Historical items for digital imaging carefully. these reflexive and reflective activities, periodicals contain ample material In truth, while millions of pages of but also document them as part of to support this effort and this archival material and rare publications the histories they produce. This sort would enrich the scholarship and have been digitized, what is available of social science methodology is not allow the historiography to mature, online is only a small fraction of what likely to occur in an article submitted opening new avenues for research exists in archives around the world. to a periodical with a journalistic and building new narratives that Furthermore, in a large library or a style; it should, however, expected engage multiple sources and voices. small special collection, the biases in an academic journal like Hindsight More importantly, we can advance at work may well devalue many of 2,3 and historiographical essays are the the current historiography without these small trade publications. first step in rectifying this lack of abandoning our love of biography Moreover, even digitized works methodological rigor. and the commemoration, simply are not always accessible due to The second lapse takes place in by shifting our gaze to under- copyright considerations and the the realm of theory. It would be a represented groups and subjects, and technical complexity of constructing mistake to believe that optometry’s by applying the method and theory quality content discovery platforms. self-appointed historians are objective of the microhistorian. Microhistory Since microfilm remains the archival 4 truth-tellers reporting the facts. Theory encourages the examination standard, many libraries opt to or, at least, a set of assumptions of a single event, life or work of preserve their holdings this way and that operate as theory, often an individual, or activities of an put off digitization indefinitely. masquerades as a style, approach organization as a way to shed light The best example of a successful or attitude that is merely replicated on larger themes and trends. As a large-scale digitization and discovery from other sources. While it can be relatively new approach, microhistory project was the Google Books a tricky business to anachronistically holds a lot of possibility for optometry scanning initiative launched in 2002 ascribe theory to a writer, in the historians. But none of this will with the ambitious goal of digitizing case of histories published in be possible unless the historical the world’s libraries. The project stalled early ophthalmic periodicals, the periodicals are preserved and made in 2011 due to a copyright lawsuit influence of Thomas Carlyle’s “great accessible. and failed to reboot when the case man” theory, gilded heavily with 20th was eventually dismissed in 2013. century progressivism, is obvious. Preservation and Access: However, the partner libraries—mostly Given the popularity of these Digitization university-based repositories—used ideas in the contemporary popular While libraries and archives have their copies of digitized materials to 5 culture in which these pieces were made great strides in increasing organize HathiTrust Digital Library. written, this is not surprising. This access to rare books, periodicals Through the HathiTrust, many rare tendency persists today through and manuscripts in the last decade, books and periodicals—a number of our focus on biographies and finding resources online often remains them ophthalmic—are available in memoirs, oral histories, timelines and a challenge for those seeking more both full-text and “snippet view” which commemoration. Optometry history obscure titles. Many of the ophthalmic allows discovery of small bits of text has been similarly influenced by other periodicals have yet to be digitized using targeted searches. HathiTrust social and political theories, but these and time is running out. Libraries are is one of a growing number of have remained unacknowledged under increasing pressure to downsize searchable databases that allow public because authors were not (and are their collections. Strained budgets access to digitized archival material. not) publishing in academic history and the expectation that current However, there are a few issues that journals or for historians, and because literature is, or will soon be, available complicate access to these materials. the scale of the research does not lend online have justified shrinking First, as mentioned before, copyright

58 Volume 49, Number 3, July 2018 FROM THE ARCHIVES laws restrict access even to digitized Historical Ophthalmic Periodicals held at The Archives & Museum of Optometry material. Only works published prior to 1923 are in the public domain American Journal of Physiological Optics, 1920-1926 and so a HathiTrust search may only Early editions (1920-1921) are available on as downloadable OCR enhanced eBooks at turn up a catalog record. Restricted Google Books and 1920-1922 are available as downloadable PDFs at HathiTrust. digitized works can be made open to the public if the copyright holder American Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics, 1924- 1988 The American Academy of Optometry has digitized all of their past issues and provided free files a CreativeCommons license with access to their archives here: https://journals.lww.com/optvissci/Pages/issuelist.aspx HathiTrust. Hopefully, more entities will see the benefits of providing access Associated Journal of Optometry, 1936-1954 to these materials. Additionally, while digitization projects at the various Association of Independent Optical Wholesalers News Bulletin, February 1943-March 1952 repositories enrich the body of work Barstow’s Bulletin for Optometrists, 1931-1969 available online, OCR enhancement is not always available which means Better Eyesight, 1922-1927 a researcher must know where to Early editions (July 1920-June 1921) available at Hathi Trust. July 1919-June 1930 available at look for materials to get a “hit” when Google Books online. eBook available to purchase. searching for a resource [The] Columbia Optometrist, 1927-1954 This periodical has not been digitized and is very rare. Only the National Library of Medicine Historical Periodicals at the AMO and The Archives & Museum of Optometry retain copies of the entire series. Digitization will continue to provide access to an ever-expanding variety Contact Lens Forum, May 1976-April 1991 of materials in the next decade. In [The] Contact Lens Times: The Magazine of Vision, March 1960-December 1963 the meantime, special collections like the AMO are often the only place to [The] Contact Lens World, 1961-1963 find many of these publications. The This periodical has not been digitized and is very rare. Only the National Library of Medicine following list of rare and historical and The Archives & Museum of Optometry retain copies of the entire series. periodicals in the AMO collection has [The] Dioptric News: Journal of the British Optical Association, 1947-1960 been annotated to help researchers find these resources online. By Efficient Seeing: The Optometric Digest of Vision Care Information, (1:10)-June 1976 (39:4) searching HathiTrust Digital Library (www.hathitrust.org), Google Books [The] Eye Glass: A Little Publication Worth Looking Through, January 1919-February 1928 (books.google.com), WorldCat Canadian publication available mostly in microform. (worldcat.org), the Internet Archive EyeTalks, August 1931 (archive.org) and PubMed (www.ncbi. Not found in other repositories. nlm.nih.gov/pubmed), I have tried to point researchers in the right direction. [The Educational] Focus, 1940-1972 If a periodical title is not annotated, Selected issues digitized and searchable at HathiTrust and Google Books, but not yet this means that the item is available in available for full text view. paper or microfilm at several national Gems of Knowledge: Newsletter of the Plastic Contact Lens Co, 1959- libraries. Available at SUNY, Indiana University and The Archives & Museum of Optometry only. This list will be posted with links on the AMO web page on aoa.org and Jeweler’s Circular Weekly [and Horological Review], 1903-1907 HathiTrust 1897, 1912; 1917-1922 available online; 1923-1935 search only. Selected volumes the Optometric Historical Society available for free on Google Books, 1899-. bibliography as time allows. Please note that this list does not include the Journal of Optometric Education, 1975-2007 publications we hold published by Digitized and available at the ASCO website at https://journal.opted.org/the-journal-of- state optometric affiliates and societies optometric-education-1975-1990/ or optometry schools.

HINDSIGHT: Journal of Optometry History 59 FROM THE ARCHIVES

[Interim] Journal of the New England Council of Optometrists [New England Journal of Optometry], 1949-1995 Digitized copies of some issues are available to through snippet view at HathiTrust.

[The] Keystone Magazine of Optometry [Optical Age], 1909, 1918-1921 1909 available through HathiTrust. 1910 available on Google Books and HathiTrust.

Kryptok Sales Company Bulletin [General Optical Company or Kryptalks], 1914-1920 Not found in any other repository.

Midwest Optometric Journal, 1936-1955 Not found in any other repository.

North Central Optometric Viewpoints, 1991- Indexed in SCO’s VISIONET

Ophthalmic Optician, 1914-1985 HathiTrust limited search snippet view 1961-1976

Optical Age, 1921-1924 [See Keystone Magazine of Optometry] Early issue available on Google Books and HathiTrust (1910)

Optical Developments (Bausch & Lomb Optical; Riggs Optical Company), 1931-1957 Available in paper and microfilm only.

Optical Index, 1951-1971

Optical Review 1907-1910 Most available on HathiTrust or Google Books.

[The] Optist: Omega Epsilon Phi, International Optometric Fraternity News, 1950-1979 Not found in any other repository.

[The] Optical Journal [& Review of Optometry], 1895-1970 Available on HathiTrust 1920-1922. Google books allows download of 1922. Many institutions have portions of this title in paper and microfilm, but few have the entire collection. Extant publication as the Review of Optometry.

[The] Optician, 1891-1955 Available in digital format from Rhodes College in the UK, but not publicly accessible. Available at global libraries in paper and microform.

Optometric Management, 1964-1978

Optometric Daily, 1921-1925 Not found listed in any other repository.

Optometric Weekly, 1914-1985

Optometric World [Western Optometric World], 1914-1982

[The] Optometrical Record, May-October 1914 Available on Hathi Trust and Google Books.

Optometrists Exchange, 1974-1981 Not found listed in any other repository.

60 Volume 49, Number 3, July 2018 FROM THE ARCHIVES

Reference Optometry Field Magazine, 1916-1919 Very rare. Available only in paper format. 1. For an examination of published works on optometry history see: Optometry Progress Report, Department of the Air Force, September 1967-August 1977 Goss, DA. The State of the Study Not found listed, but may be available from the US Airforce. of Optometry History. Hindsight: [The] Orthoptist: Devoted Exclusively to the Problems of Correct and Comfortable Eye Journal of Optometry Hiistory, Coordination, November 1936-October 1960 2007;1:3-7. Very rare. Only found in paper form at two other repositories. 2. Ogilvie, B. Focus: The History of Archives and the History of Newsletter of the Plastic Contact Lens Company [aka Gems of Knowledge], 1953-1970 Very rare. Only found in paper form at two other repositories. Science, Scientific Archives in the Age of Digitization. 2016. ISIS: A [The] Practice Builder, 1938-1950 [Dental] Journal of the History of Science Some available on HathiTrust. Society. Volume 107, Number 1 March 2016. University of [The] Reflector, 1920-1932 Chicago Press Journals. https:// Volumes 1-3, 1920-1922 available on Hathi Trust. www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/ Riggs Optical Reporter, April 1928 and Spring 1945 full/10.1086/686075 3. National Archives and Records Shur-On Chronicle, 1918-1922 Very rare even in paper format. Only available at two other repositories. Administration. Microfilm. Retrieved on July 24, 2018 Shur-On Continental Digest, July/August 1940-Summer 1965 from https://www.archives. Very rare even in paper format. gov/preservation/formats/ microfilming.html. Southern Journal of Optometry, 1959-1999 Limited view onn HathiTrust. 4. Flecker, D. Preserving Digital Periodicals. Council for Library and Southern Optometrist, 1947-1956 Information Resources. Retrieved on July 23, 2018 from https:// Titmus Tidings: Devoted to the News and Interests of the Optical Profession, November www.clir.org/pubs/reports/ 1939-April 1971 Very rare. Not listed in WorldCat, but found in paper format at University of Virginia. pub106/periodicals/. 5. Howard, J. What Happened to [The] Univis Bulletin, May/June 1938-1951 Google’s Effort to Scan Millions of Not found listed in any other repository. University Library Books? EdSurge. [The] Univis Digest, (1:1)-October 1972 (2:3) August 10, 2017. Retrieved on Not found listed in any other repository. July 27, 2018 from https://www. edsurge.com/news/2017-08- Vision. Association of Optical Practitioners, 1948-1964 10-what-happened-to-google- Not found listed in any other repository. s-effort-to-scan-millions-of- Your Eyes: A Publication Devoted to Better Vision, April 1931-September 1958 university-library-books. Not found listed in any other repository.

[The] Ultex Hatchet: A Periodical of Progress, December 1917-October 1923 Very rare even in paper format. Only found at the Indiana Historical Society in paper format

HINDSIGHT: Journal of Optometry History 61 MISCELLANY

MISCELLANY David A. Goss, OD, PhD A recent article in the journal Acta most important scientists of the 19th Emeritus Professor of Optometry Ophthalmologica discussed Hermann century.” 1 Indiana University von Helmholtz’s ophthalmometer. The writers also discussed the [email protected] Helmholtz (1821-1894) made modifications of the Helmholtz significant contributions to several ophthalmometer by Coccius, Javal, areas of physics and physiology. Schiotz, Kagenaar and Sutcliffe Celebrating volume 50 of Hindsight Among his contributions to vision next year! that led to common keratometers science were his work on the direct used today. The authors concluded You may have noticed that this year’s ophthalmoscope, his theory of that, even though the Helmholtz Hindsight is volume 49. To celebrate accommodation, his famous book ophthalmometer proved to be volume 50 next year and the 50th Physiological Optics and his invention impractical in the clinic, “this does anniversary of the founding of the of an ophthalmometer to measure not detract from the greatness of this Optometric Historical Society, we are the radius of curvature of the anterior development.” planning a theme issue. We hope you surface of the cornea. will consider making a contribution. The authors noted that the first Ancient theories of presbyopia Examples of topics we hope to include ophthalmometer to evaluate corneal are (1) opinion pieces on why it is curvature was built by the English important to know about the history optician Jesse Ramsden and Everard of optometry, (2) memories and Home in 1794, but they were looking appreciations of Optometric Historical for changes in the cornea rather than Society co-founders Henry Hofstetter determining the radius of curvature. and Maria Dablemont, and (3) Helmholtz’s advancement was the information on archives, museums and creation of a device which doubled other resources which may be helpful the corneal reflections making it in learning about optometry history. possible to measure the corneal radius Submit your contribution on the despite movements of the eye being journal website by October 15, 2018 measured. Helmholtz was able to or send it in an email to the editor at make precise measurements but the [email protected]. repeated readings and calculations that were needed made it suitable Helmholtz’s ophthalmometer only as a laboratory device rather than a clinical instrument. The authors were able to locate an Plutarch’s Moralia, 1531 A.D. Original file held original Helmholtz ophthalmometer at the BEIC digital library.] in a museum in Utrecht in the Netherlands. They attempted corneal Another article in Acta curvature measurements with it, Ophthalmologica discusses theories but they found its usage to be “even of presbyopia found in the writings of more challenging than expected” the Greek polymath Plutarch (c.45- based on the statements made by 120).2 The first theory suggested that Helmholtz’s contemporaries. However, older persons held reading material Helmholtz Physicist-Physician. Robert A. they expressed the opinion that “the farther out to “fill with bright air the Thom, 1961. Parke, Davis & Company. Image von Helmholtz ophthalmometer space between their eyes and the Courtesy of The National Library of Medicine is a beautiful instrument that was writing.” This theory was consistent one of the first steps in performing with Aristotle’s theory of vision in keratometry measurements in which the transmitting medium was humans, designed by one of the 62 Volume 49, Number 3, July 2018 MISCELLANY a key element. More transparent air second edition of Clinical Refraction by author of the 1998 book for the Visual between the eye and the book would Irvin Borish, inscribed to him by the Ergonomics in the Workplace, said that improve clarity of vision. author, to be a powerful possession his experiences in caring for corporate The second theory of presbyopia that could not be duplicated with an workers with vision problems such as relates to the ancient theory that thin electronic device. He stated that he late-in-the-day headaches and adult films on objects (eidola) peel away and is not greatly worried about potential onset myopia led him to think of a transmit the forms of those objects incursions of telemedicine, online way to get workers to take regular when they penetrate the eye. The apps, etc., into optometry because breaks while still being productive. theory of presbyopia held that older “traditional, face-to-face” care will Chou noted that there have been no eyes have stiffer pores, making it more survive and find new niches just as peer-reviewed studies evaluating the difficult for the eidola to enter. Moving books have in an increasingly digital rule, but that it may be a reasonable the book farther away allowed the world. recommendation for those with ocular eidola to diffuse and become thinner, discomfort from using digital devices. making penetration into the eye easier. Origin of the 20-20-20 rule for digital eyestrain References The third theory of presbyopia came from a theory of vision favored by Optometrist Brian Chou recently 1. Godefrooij DA, Galvis V, Tello A. Plato in which a stream of rays or opsis reported in an online article how he Von Helmholtz’s ophthalmometer: emanated from the eye to surround did some historical sleuthing to find historical review and experience objects being viewed. In older persons, the origin of the 20-20-20 rule for with one of the last surviving 4 the opsis was thought to be weak. digital eye strain. The rule says to take original devices. Acta Moving reading material farther away a 20-second break every 20 minutes Ophthalmologica 2018;96:314-320. resulted in a better balance of opsis and look at something 20 feet away 2. Barbero S. An ancient explanation and sunlight. when using digital devices. This rule of presbyopia based on binocular is referred to by various professional The author was most intrigued by vision. Acta Ophthalmologica groups, including the American 2014;92:394-399. the fourth theory and speculated that Optometric Association,5 as well as it may have come from the astronomer trade and consumer media. 3. Brown M. Like books and and mathematician Hipparchus who e-readers, old and new can live lived about two centuries before I can remember hearing together in harmony. Optometry Plutarch. This theory suggested that recommendations in optometry Times. April 6, 2018. http:// by moving the viewing plane away school in the early 1970s that one optometrytimes.modernmedicine. from the eye there would be more should take periodic breaks from com/optometrytimes/news... overlap of the cones of rays entering reading or doing near work to look Accessed April 14, 2018. the two eyes. However, the author did at something in the distance. For example, Nolan6 suggested that 4. Chou B. Deconstructing the 20- note that this theory did not consider 20-20 rule for digital eye strain. convergence eye movements. children should be encouraged to look up from their reading for an instant at Optometry Times. February 22, the end of each paragraph to view an 2018. http://optometrytimes. Old and new existing together in modernmedicine.com/ harmony object between 15 to 20 feet away or to look out a window in order to help optometrytimes/news... Accessed I enjoyed reading an online article prevent or control myopia. It seems March 23, 2018. 3 by optometrist Michael Brown. A likely that similar advice was around 5. www.aoa.org/ self-described bibliophile, he noted decades or centuries before that. But documents/infographics/ that he sometimes reads electronically, what was the origin of the specific 20- SYVM2016Infographics.pdf. but that he feels that there is “just 20-20 rule? Accessed May 29, 2018. something irreplaceably satisfying about holding a book in one hand…” After finding a 2001 article by 6. Nolan JA. An approach to myopia yielding “a sensory experience that optometrist Jeffrey Anshel in a search control. In: Orthokeratology. e-reading simply can’t match.” He tells for the catchphrase, Chou contacted National Eye Research Foundation, how he considers a copy of the 1954 Anshel who said that he came up 1974;2:88-93 (reprinted from with the idea in or about 1991. Anshel, Optometric Weekly). HINDSIGHT: Journal of Optometry History 63 FROM THE MUSEUM

THE ANATOMY OF A BESPOKE EXHIBIT: PRE-MEDICAL SUMMER INSTITUTE 2018 Kirsten Hebert Heritage Services Specialist The Archives & Museum of Optometry

ABSTRACT The Archives & Museum of Optometry had a rare opportunity to create an exhibit for a school group in July 2018 and collaborate with educators to craft an object-based learning lesson. The use of museum collections to reinforce and support learning goals has been an evolving trend during the course of the last 30 years, forcing museum managers to think about exhibits as dynamic and consider new, diverse audiences. This article provides a case study for a using a small museum collection to construct a bespoke exhibit as a teaching tool in partnership with educators, and with a minimum of resources.

KEYWORDS Museum education; object-based learning; optometry history; exhibit design; history of medicine; hidden collections

The Archives & Museum of careers. The afternoon “History of exhibit in the museum, giving them Optometry (AMO) hosted 24 high- Medicine” section taught by Princeton a chance to talk with Dr. Bennett school students at the American University historian Ezelle Sanford, III individually, work in small groups, and Optometric Association (AOA) explored major themes in medical engage in hands-on activities with our headquarters in St. Louis, MO on historiography, and was intended to teaching collection. Tuesday, July 24, 2018. These students cultivate an understanding of the were enrolled in Washington reciprocal relationship between University in St. Louis’ “Summer development of medicine and society.1 Experiences” Pre-Medical Institute, a As part of the curriculum, Sanford college preparatory program for youth built in a unit on pharmaceuticals, interested in pursuing healthcare therapeutics and medical devices that incorporated a 2-hour field trip to the AOA. For the first half of the event, Ed Bennett, O.D., a member of the University of Missouri - St. Louis School of Optometry faculty and past chair UMSL’s Ed Bennett, O.D. lectures high school of the AOA’s Contact Lens and Cornea students on optometry history at AOA Section, conducted a presentation headquarters in St. Louis, MO, July 2018. on the past, present and future of Photo taken by Will Pinkston. optometry. Dr. Bennett described to students how optometry evolved The Power of Objects as from the commercial spectacle trade Educational Tools into a healthcare profession providing Sanford reached out to me in April comprehensive eye care. After the after discovering the AMO objects lecture, Dr. Bennett and the students gallery on the aoa.org website and we engaged in a lively Q&A session scheduled two visits for his summer Washington University Summer Institute about the future of diagnostic and classes. I was excited and surprised to “History of Medicine” students at The Archives therapeutic ophthalmic technology. get his call, since our virtual presence & Museum of Optometry, July 24, 2018. Photo Following Dr. Bennett’s presentation, is underwhelming; the AMO has taken by Ezelle Sanford, III. the group took a tour of a special neither a separate microsite designed 64 Volume 49, Number 3, July 2018 FROM THE MUSEUM

In the last decade, the Maplewood- Richmond Heights school district in Missouri has implemented the “school as museum” cross-curricular K-6 program in which all subjects are taught through the lens of the museum experience. In the MRH elementary: Students become curators and docents as they put their learning on display with two museum exhibits for peers, families, and the public. These museum exhibits provide for extensive use of reading and writing across the curriculum and encourage the use of technology. Field trips reinforce Figure 1: Number of page views of the Archives & Museum of Optometry subpages on aoa.org for and extend learning and are often a typical month (May, 2018). Data provided by AOA Communications & Marketing using Google focused on museums.2 analytics. Figure image created by Kirsten Hébert Since the 1980s, collaboration for web display of museum objects, hold and, increasingly, the inquiries between museums and schools has nor an online catalog. The web that I get about tours are from grown and inspired the development presence we do have is accessible educators. While public exhibition of curricula using experiential learning from the aoa.org homepage, but only and school group visits were an early models. Museum field trips use objects if you know where to look. Most of the part of the International Library, and exhibits as “hooks” to promote inquiries I receive—like Sanford’s—are Archives & Museum of Optometry’s better comprehension and retention the result of researchers “tripping” over programming, object-based learning of abstract concepts and key themes. the website during a general web is only now enjoying widespread In 2015, 16 major members of the search (Figure 1). popularity in educational circles. Association of Art Museum Directors partnered with the U.S. Department of Even when we turn up in a search Education to display the results of and lure a visitor to the site, our museum education programs in the content management system is USDE headquarters.3 As a result of this designed for delivering information trend, “museum educator” has become through text more than for engaging visitors in an interactive tour and so our bounce rates are high (around 80%) and the average view time hovers around 1.5 minutes. Further aggravating this problem is the fact that the images in our virtual galleries document only a fraction of the objects in our collections, are low- resolution, poorly labeled and barely interpreted. Summer Institute 2018 students discuss the Given all of these factors, the ILAMO librarian Maria Dablemont talking to crystalline lens of the human eye using an positive interest we derive from a school group about objects on exhibit in eye model from The Archives & Museum accidental visitors demonstrates 1969. Image 2017.IMG.3546.3 courtesy The teaching collection, July 2018. Photo taken by the great potential our objects Archives & Museum of Optometry Will Pinkston.

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a new professional sub-discipline in I visited the Summer Experiences the United States, particularly in website and Facebook page and museums with significant STEM asked Sanford for his course syllabus. collections.4 This gave me enough information to The Summer Institute visit to the make some basic assumptions about AMO provides us not only with our future visitors and the intent of a unique way to increase public the course. The Summer Institute awareness of optometry, but also use is a highly-competitive, intensive object-based learning to enhance this residential program open to domestic and international high-school students awareness with an understanding of UMSL intern Brittany Golden at the St. Louis and situated at a top-ranking national how optometry is situated within the Science Center exhibit “Costume Contact larger context of medicine and society. Lenses” May 2018. Photo taken by Kirsten private university. While the program Hébert is expensive, financial aid and full Bespoke Exhibits: Providing Access scholarships are available for qualified however, we are between interns. Like to Hidden Collections students. For these reasons, I assumed all museums of any size and budget, that the group would consist of high- As the manager of the AMO, I have we must consider our events carefully achieving and highly-motivated 15-17 become a specialist in the preparation before committing resources to a year olds with a strong background of exhibits on a shoestring with a project. in science and math, and be relatively dearth of staff and an under-curated We do not have permanent or pre- diverse in terms of race, gender, ethnic collection. When I need help with fabricated pop-up exhibits, dedicated background and national origin. The a project, I do what other “lone exhibit space or museum furniture course focus on the social impact of arrangers” do – I seek guidance from (cases and mounts) that we can use medicine encouraged me to consider Google. While there are a number of for impromptu tours of the AMO. themes revolving not only around blogpost, articles and guides available Additionally, we are in the midst of the science of optometry, but also an online to assist small museums in a “found in collections” inventory. analysis of the social and economic designing and installing exhibits, Therefore, composition of exhibits impact of the profession. few assume the severe limit on time, is labor-intensive because bespoke space, personnel and budget that we Since the exhibit viewing would exhibits require us to select objects, face here. For this reason, I think it is follow his lecture and consultation perform heads-up curation, and important to document our process in with a subject-area expert is always a design and install exhibits with few order to add to the growing body of part of exhibit planning, I also reached resources and in short order. However, DIY literature produced by those of us out to Dr. Bennett for information every tour makes each subsequent in the trenches. on the content and time of his effort easier and often lays the presentation. I also contacted other Most museums rely on volunteers groundwork for virtual exhibits and instructors of optometry history and interns and in this respect we are social media posts. courses, David Goss, O.D. and David no different. During the academic year, This time the exhibit construction Fleishman, M.D. about their optometry our University of Missouri – St. Louis evolved in six phases, some sequential history course content. This helped Museum Studies interns relish and but a few simultaneously: research, me to anticipate what topics might excel at creating ad hoc exhibits from thematic design, object selection, come up during the lecture, identify scratch as it provides a welcome layout, installation and interpretive important aspects of optometry respite from the drudgery of signage. history to interpret, and tailor the registration. During the summer, quality and quantity of the interpretive Phase I: Research text. This first step in creating any exhibit Phase 2: Design is to consider the audience. In this case, I also had to think about the Based on my research, I decided to complementary component of the mirror Sanford’s objective for the exhibition program—the lecture. overarching theme of the exhibit: the

66 Volume 49, Number 3, July 2018 FROM THE MUSEUM reciprocal cycle of advancing scientific vision from the Bacon to de Valdez knowledge, technological innovation (1266 CE-1623 CE), 3) the evolution of and the application of science and subjective testing from Thomas technology to effect societal change. Young’s optometer to DeZeng’s Using freely available mind-mapping phoropter (1801 CE -1917 CE), 4) the proliferation of spectacles and eyewear for reading, working, sports and leisure, and fashion (1800-1940), 5) Objective testing from Hermann Helmoltz’s ophthalmoscope to keratometry and retinoscopy (1851-1940), and 6) the development of optometry in the United States from trade to profession Student gains an understanding of legacy (1890-1920). of Euclid’s work on perspective, by using a stereoscope to experience depth perception. Each of these topics was supported Interpretive text explains stereopsis and how by three or four breakout components Charles Wheatstone simulated 3D. Photo which incorporated engagement taken by Kirsten Hébert with objects as experiential learning tools, and interactive activities to Phase 3: Object Selection further explore concepts and ideas. Object selection is considered a The spaces between these displays separate step here, but truthfully the were used for single object displays process occurs during all phases of Origins of Optometry, Interpretive Panel for that provided segues or codas to these exhibit planning. The criteria I used Locus 1. Panel features a scanned image of a ideas. for evaluating objects can be broken lithograph held in our collections depicting down into four elements: Alhazen demonstrating the distortion caused by light refracted by water. • curatorial status • visual interest software (Google Chrome’s application • exhibit fit Lucidchart, see Figure 2), I was able to hone in on six temporal loci for • interpretive value interpretation: 1) the science of As an example, the Arc Perimeter physiological optics from Euclid to met all of my criteria for inclusion in Alhazen (400 BCE-, 1200 CE) 2) the Locus 1. development of lens technology for diagnosing, treating and enhancing

Arc perimeter on display for the Summer Institute 2018 tour. Photo taken by Kirsten Figure 2: Concept design map created in Lucid Chart with example of breakout component. Hébert

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First, it had already been inventoried the only publicly available non- atrium is also adjacent to the archives, and assigned an object number, and storage area on the first floor used making it easy to move large objects a record had been created for the intermittently for gatherings, breaks and stow others quickly at night. object in our PastPerfect museum and an occasional quiet workspace Additionally, this allowed me to prop database. This means that determining but which remains largely vacant. The the door to the storage space open and documenting its approximate area is open to the second floor but is and extend the exhibit into the areas date of manufacture, patent number, buffered from open cubicles by banks we normally use for processing and maker information, provenance, of offices, conference rooms or supply photographing collections. condition (through photography), and closets. Windows equipped with In designing this exhibit in limited cross-referencing the object to other automatic shades comprise the entire space, my main challenge was to materials in our archival collection eastern wall of the space providing ensure that 24 people could enjoy had already been completed. Second, excellent (but mutable) light. By the it simultaneously without crowding. the object was in excellent condition afternoon, the sun has moved to the To achieve this, I decided to create and visually stunning, adding drama other side of the building and the high six separate display areas—one for to the display. Third, the perimeter is ceilings allow sufficient airflow to cool each of the thematic components composed of several moving parts, the space quickly and keep temperate of the design—to form the physical can be arranged around a mount when occupied by large groups. backbone of the exhibit. Each area had and used to showcase other objects an 8’-10’ display arranged beginning at (spectacles), and is the perfect size for the northeastern corner of the atrium, our display area. Fourth, the perimeter extending along its eastern wall connected several themes and and into the archives storage space concepts in the exhibit. Specifically, where tables were arranged along the the perimeter is a manifestation of northern and western walls. how Euclid’s concept of the visual field has been applied to diagnostic medicine and, in turn, inspired the development of technology.

Phase 4: Layout The recent renovation of the AOA headquarters includes a training room that seats two dozen people. This space served us well for the lecture- portion of the tour. The new building design also features an open floorplan which encourages maximum airflow, natural light and collaboration. This makes it difficult to funnel a group of Atrium space at the AOA headquarters. any size through the common areas Photos taken by Kirsten Hébert, July 2018. of the building without disrupting business or putting the objects at risk. The atrium is also accessible from the Furthermore, facilities managers are second (main) floor of the new keen to keep the furniture clear for building via a stairway, only a short employee use and minimize wear-and- walk from the training room. There is a Exhibit Layout Floorplan. Created in Lucid tear on the décor, so erecting signage catwalk overlooking the atrium and Chart by Kirsten Hébert. on walls or commandeering tables is a connecting the north and south halves controversial proposition. Once the main exhibit components of the building allowing visitors to pass were arranged, I was able to place For these reasons, I decided to between the two spaces efficiently single object displays or small install the exhibit in our “atrium” space, without disrupting business. The assemblages at empty intervals as 68 Volume 49, Number 3, July 2018 FROM THE MUSEUM planned in the original design to be examined closely, and for large concept. To encourage movement into ophthalmic instruments that need to the archives and prevent be at eye-height to use. bottlenecking in the atrium, I created an online quiz accessible on student smartphones that required each visitor to spend time at all six stations as individuals or small groups.

Occasional table used for pop-up exhibit Arneson Squint Korector used for strabismus display, The Archives & Museum of treatment, arranged in corner space between Optometry, July 2018. Photo taken by Kirsten Loci 1 and 2. Photo by Kirsten Hébert Hébert For stand-alone instruments and equipment, we worked with elements Student taking online quiz on exhibit of architecture to create visual and content, Summer Institute 2018, The Archives physical spaces for the objects. For & Museum of Optometry. Photo taken by example, we used empty corners Kirsten Hébert. where walls join to provide a frame for objects and an area bounded by partitions that created a natural area Phase 5: Installation for an assemblage. When deciding where objects The counter-high tables, backlit Period office display, The Archives & Museum would be placed, I had to weigh the by windows, worked well for small importance of protecting materials of Optometry, July 2018. Photo taken by objects like the spectacles or Kirsten Hébert. against providing optimal access. panoramic photographs that need Enclosed exhibit cases previously owned by the AMO were disposed when the collections were put into storage. For this reason, our available display surfaces are restricted to several 6’-8’ long, 28”-tall collapsible tables, 6’ long counter-high desks in situ in the atrium and a circular occasional table.

Spectacles on counter-high tables, The Archives & Museum of Optometry, July 2018. Photo taken by Kirsten Hébert.

HINDSIGHT: Journal of Optometry History 69 FROM THE MUSEUM

Students pose wearing costume spectacles and goggles from The Archives & Museum of Optometry teaching collection at the Summer Institute exhibit “selfie station.” Photo taken by Will Pinkston.

Objects from the teaching collection were used to create a “selfie-station” Exhibit furniture, Summer Institute 2018, The near the spectacle display where Archives & Museum of Optometry. Photos students were allowed to try on taken by Kirsten Hébert. costume pieces and use their Summer Institute students at counter-high Phase 6: Interpretive Signage smartphones to take pictures. This table displays, The Archives & Museum of Interpretive signage needs to redirected the urge to handle the Optometry, July 2018. Photos taken by Will incorporate images that connect text fragile artifacts, allowed students an Pinkston. to the three-dimensional objects on experiential learning opportunity and To increase the differentiation of display as well as place the objects in provided an avenue for us to promote objects placed on low tables, I context. An additional consideration the museum on social media, as fabricated a set of 8” x 8” risers of is to attempt to find images that are students were encouraged to post various heights from MDF and birch relatable, so attention was paid to their selfies and use hashtags like painting panels painted white. I finding photographs with human #optometry, #optometryhistory or created the custom mounts from subjects that represented diverse #museumselfie. hardware fashioned into stands for groups. instruments, and sculpting armature wire and carved Ethafoam blocks or rolls left over from rehousing museum objects to accommodate specific objects. Inexpensive acrylic jewelry stands and foam model heads from a local display supply company worked well for eyeglasses.

Interpretive panel for industrial vision collection in acrylic display featuring image of African-American woman wearing industrial goggles performing factory work. The Archives & Museum of Optometry, July 2018. Photo taken by Kirsten Hébert

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Content based on the original concept repurposing all or part of this exhibit design was used to create one 24” x 36” in future programming and I believe poster panel for each of the six that other small museums could see a thematic components. The panels similar return on investment—without were created in Adobe Illustrator and going over budget—by following a each contained at least one image similar process. connecting the text to the theme. On all panels, text was white, a minimum References of 36pt in size, and a Garamond-style 1. Sanford, E. Syllabus: History of font. The large panels were placed on a Medicine Section. Pre-Medical neutral blue background. These High School Summer Institute. poster-size panels were placed on June 2018. walls with adhesive putty just above each display. 2. Maplewood Richmond Heights School District. “School as Signage for breakout components Museum.” Retrieved July 26, 2018 included object labels as well as from https://www.mrhschools. supplementary text and instructions net/elementary-school/school-as- for experiential activities. These panels Interpretive panel engages students in experiential learning by demonstrating the museum were created in Microsoft Word using concept of refraction using simple objects. the Garamond font, but featured a 3. United States Department of The Archives & Museum of Optometry, July Education. 16 Museums in tetradic color scheme using a hex 2018 code converter to identify CMYK colors Partnership With Schools = suitable for print. These signs were CONCLUSION A Model for Learning. Home placed on the wall near objects, on the We received very positive feedback Room: The Official Blog of the tables or in acrylic display holders. and great engagement from U.S. Department of Education. students—100% completed our Retrieved July 24, 2018 from online quiz—instructors and staff on https://blog.ed.gov/2015/06/16- our exhibit for the Summer Institute museums-in-partnership-with- 2018. As a component of a larger schools-a-model-for-learning/ lesson plan, including lecture and 4. Roberts, L. From Knowledge to small group work, the opportunity Narrative: Educators and the to see, touch and think about Changing Museum. Washington, objects that explicate complicated D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, concepts arranged thematically was 2014:2. enriching for students. For optometry, a medical practice that is so wholly reliant on competence with both instruments and devices as well as a comprehensive understanding of abstract scientific concepts, the exhibit had the potential to attract students to the field who are particularly interested in serving the healthcare Object label for the Perfectescope needs of the public and have a (Stereoscope) with encouragement to facility with science and technology. engaged with the object. The Archives & Museum of Optometry, July 2018. The experience also allowed me to gain greater intellectual control over our collections and improve my curatorial knowledge. I look forward to

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