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Changes at a Critical Branchpoint in the Anthocyanin Biosynthetic Pathway Underlie the Blue to Orange Flower Color Transition in Lysimachia Arvensis
fpls-12-633979 February 16, 2021 Time: 19:16 # 1 ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 22 February 2021 doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.633979 Changes at a Critical Branchpoint in the Anthocyanin Biosynthetic Pathway Underlie the Blue to Orange Flower Color Transition in Lysimachia arvensis Edited by: Mercedes Sánchez-Cabrera1*†‡, Francisco Javier Jiménez-López1‡, Eduardo Narbona2, Verónica S. Di Stilio, Montserrat Arista1, Pedro L. Ortiz1, Francisco J. Romero-Campero3,4, University of Washington, Karolis Ramanauskas5, Boris Igic´ 5, Amelia A. Fuller6 and Justen B. Whittall7 United States 1 2 Reviewed by: Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain, Department of Molecular 3 Stacey Smith, Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain, Institute for Plant Biochemistry 4 University of Colorado Boulder, and Photosynthesis, University of Seville – Centro Superior de Investigación Científica, Seville, Spain, Department 5 United States of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of Seville, Seville, Spain, Department of Biological Science, 6 Carolyn Wessinger, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Santa Clara 7 University of South Carolina, University, Santa Clara, CA, United States, Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Santa Clara University, United States Santa Clara, CA, United States *Correspondence: Mercedes Sánchez-Cabrera Anthocyanins are the primary pigments contributing to the variety of flower colors among [email protected] angiosperms and are considered essential for survival and reproduction. Anthocyanins † ORCID: Mercedes Sánchez-Cabrera are members of the flavonoids, a broader class of secondary metabolites, of which orcid.org/0000-0002-3786-0392 there are numerous structural genes and regulators thereof. -
Diapensia Family, by Stephen Doonan 101
Bulletin of the American Rock Garden Society Volume 51 Number 2 Spring 1993 Cover: Gentiana sino-ornata by Jill S. Buck of Westminster, Colorado All Material Copyright © 1993 American Rock Garden Society \ Bulletin of the American Rock Garden Society Volume 51 Number 2 Spring 1993 Features Asarums, by Barry R. Yinger 83 Ancient Rocks and Emerald Carpets, by Jeanie Vesall 93 The Diapensia Family, by Stephen Doonan 101 The Southeast Asia-America Connection, by Richard Weaver, Jr. 107 Early Editors of the Bulletin, by Marnie Flook 125 From China with Concern, by Don Jacobs 136 Departments Plant Portraits 132 Propagation 145 Books 147 u to UH 82 Bulletin of the American Rock Garden Society Vol. 51(2) Asarums by Barry R. Yinger Until very recently, few American of old Japanese prints, my interest went gardeners displayed interest in the from slow simmer to rapid boil. I subse• species and cultivars of Asarum. When quently spent a semester in Japan, my own interest in this group began to where my interest became obsession. I develop 20 years ago, there was little have since learned a great deal about evidence of cultivation, even among these plants, particularly during my avid rock gardeners. Some American research in the Japanese literature for species were grown by wildflower my thesis in the Longwood Program, a enthusiasts, and pioneers of American graduate course in public garden admin• rock gardening such as Line Foster and istration. As I make more visits to Harold Epstein were sampling a few of Japan, I continue to assemble an ever- the Japanese species. -
Master Plant List 2017.Xlsx
Master Plant List 2017 Availability, Pot Size and Prices are subject to change. Category Type Botanical Name Common Name Size Price Range N BREVER Azalea X 'Cascade' Cascade Azalea (Glenn Dale Hybrid) #3 49.99 N BREVER Azalea X 'Electric Lights' Electric Lights Double Pink Azalea #2 44.99 N BREVER Azalea X 'Karen' Karen Azalea #2, #3 39.99 - 49.99 N BREVER Azalea X 'Poukhanense Improved' Poukhanense Improved Azalea #3 49.99 N BREVER Azalea X 'Renee Michelle' Renee Michelle Pink Azalea #3 49.99 N BREVER Azalea X 'Stewartstonian' Stewartstonian Azalea #3 49.99 N BREVER Buxus Microphylla Japonica "Gregem' Baby Gem Boxwood #2 29.99 N BREVER Buxus Sempervirens 'Green Tower' Green Tower Boxwood #5 64.99 N BREVER Buxus Sempervirens 'Katerberg' North Star Dwarf Boxwood #2 44.99 N BREVER Buxus Sinica Var. Insularis 'Wee Willie' Wee Willie Dwarf Boxwood Little One, #1 13.99 - 21.99 N BREVER Buxus X 'Cranberry Creek' Cranberry Creek Boxwood #3 89.99 #1, #2, #5, #15 Topiary, #5 Cone, #5 Spiral, #10 Spiral, N BREVER Buxus X 'Green Mountain' Green Mountain Boxwood #5 Pyramid 14.99-299.99 N BREVER Buxus X 'Green Velvet' Green Velvet Boxwood #1, #2, #3, #5 17.99 - 59.99 N BREVER Buxus X 'Winter Gem' Winter Gem Boxwood #5, #7 59.99 - 99.99 N BREVER Daphne X Burkwoodii 'Carol Mackie' Carol Mackie Daphne #2 59.99 N BREVER Euonymus Fortunei 'Ivory Jade' Ivory Jade Euonymus #2 35.99 N BREVER Euonymus Fortunei 'Moonshadow' Moonshadow Euonymus #2 29.99 - 35.99 N BREVER Euonymus Fortunei 'Rosemrtwo' Gold Splash Euonymus #2 39.99 N BREVER Ilex Crenata 'Sky Pencil' -
Lysimachia Huangsangensis (Primulaceae), a New Species from Hunan, China
RESEARCH ARTICLE Lysimachia huangsangensis (Primulaceae), a New Species from Hunan, China Jian-Jun Zhou1, Xun-Lin Yu1*, Yun-Fei Deng2*, Hai-Fei Yan2, Zhe-Li Lin2,3 1 School of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, 410004, Changsha, People’s Republic of China, 2 Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, People’s Republic of China, 3 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China * [email protected] (XLY); [email protected] (YFD) Abstract A new species, Lysimachia huangsangensis (Primulaceae), from Hunan, China is described and illustrated. The new species is closely related to L. carinata because of the crested calyx, but differs in the leaf blades that are ovate to elliptic and (3–)4.5–9×2–3.4 cm, 2–5- OPEN ACCESS flowered racemes, and the calyx lobes that are ovate-lanceolate and 5–6×3–4 mm. The Citation: Zhou J-J, Yu X-L, Deng Y-F, Yan H-F, Lin Z- systematic placement and conservation status are also discussed. L (2015) Lysimachia huangsangensis (Primulaceae), a New Species from Hunan, China. PLoS ONE 10(7): e0132713. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0132713 Editor: Nico Cellinese, University of Florida, UNITED STATES Introduction Received: February 19, 2015 Lysimachia L. belongs to the tribe Lysimachieae Reich. and consists of 140–200 species with an Accepted: June 15, 2015 almost worldwide distribution but exhibits striking local endemism [1–7]. China is one of the Published: July 22, 2015 centers of diversity for Lysimachia, being home to approximately 140 species [5, 8–20]. -
2020-2021-Kube-Pak-Plug-Catalog
2 0 2 0 - 2 0 2 1 PLUGS & ROOTED CUTTINGS ECHINACEA ARTISAN SOFT ORANGE ANNUALS • PERENNIALS • CUT FLOWERS • VEGETABLES Echinacea Artisan Collection The NEW Artisan Collection™ elevates seed Echinacea to offer consistency of plant structure for uniform and highly branched, full plants. It also provides uniformity of flowering, so all plants are ready to sell at the same time. Plus, the benefit of a seed input provides flexibility for production so it fits better in your schedule. Height 16 to 28 in. (41 to 71 cm) Spread 10 to 25 in. (25 to 64 cm) Weeks to Finish 13 to 17 weeks Media Use well-drained, disease-free, soilless medium Artisan Red Ombre (pH 5.5 to 6.0, electrical conductivity [EC] 1.5-2.0 mS/cm) Temperature Days: 65-75°F (18-24°C) Nights: 60 to 65°F (16 to 18°C) Key Tips Too wet soil during overwinter production can result in Root Rot and uneven plant development. Short days are recommended to bulk the liners prior to long day conditions. Continue short day conditions until plants reach at least 7 fully mature leaves. After short day treatment, grow under long day conditions (natural or extended). Contact Kube-Pak today for Echinacea Artisan plugs for spring. See the full list of colors on page 48. Artisan Soft Orange Business Terms 2 Freight & Claims 3 Pricing Quick Reference 4 New Items 8 Drop List 10 Product List 2020-2021 13 Annuals from Seed 14 Annuals & Perennials from Cuttings 35 194 Route 526 Perennials from Seed 48 Allentown, NJ 08501 Cut Flowers 50 tel: (609) 259-3114 Vegetables & Fruits 51 fax: (609) 259-0487 Herbs 57 [email protected] Hardy Mums, Asters & Montauk Daisy 58 www.kubepak.com Grower’s Calendar 2020-2021 61 3% Early Order Discount Any orders for Spring 2021 placed by November 1, 2020 are eligible for our 3% Early Order Discount. -
Lamiales – Synoptical Classification Vers
Lamiales – Synoptical classification vers. 2.6.2 (in prog.) Updated: 12 April, 2016 A Synoptical Classification of the Lamiales Version 2.6.2 (This is a working document) Compiled by Richard Olmstead With the help of: D. Albach, P. Beardsley, D. Bedigian, B. Bremer, P. Cantino, J. Chau, J. L. Clark, B. Drew, P. Garnock- Jones, S. Grose (Heydler), R. Harley, H.-D. Ihlenfeldt, B. Li, L. Lohmann, S. Mathews, L. McDade, K. Müller, E. Norman, N. O’Leary, B. Oxelman, J. Reveal, R. Scotland, J. Smith, D. Tank, E. Tripp, S. Wagstaff, E. Wallander, A. Weber, A. Wolfe, A. Wortley, N. Young, M. Zjhra, and many others [estimated 25 families, 1041 genera, and ca. 21,878 species in Lamiales] The goal of this project is to produce a working infraordinal classification of the Lamiales to genus with information on distribution and species richness. All recognized taxa will be clades; adherence to Linnaean ranks is optional. Synonymy is very incomplete (comprehensive synonymy is not a goal of the project, but could be incorporated). Although I anticipate producing a publishable version of this classification at a future date, my near- term goal is to produce a web-accessible version, which will be available to the public and which will be updated regularly through input from systematists familiar with taxa within the Lamiales. For further information on the project and to provide information for future versions, please contact R. Olmstead via email at [email protected], or by regular mail at: Department of Biology, Box 355325, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98195, USA. -
A Phylogenetic Study of the Tribe Antirrhineae: Genome Duplications and Long-Distance Dispersals from the Old World to the New World 1
RESEARCH ARTICLE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY A phylogenetic study of the tribe Antirrhineae: Genome duplications and long-distance dispersals from the Old World to the New World 1 Ezgi Ogutcen2 and Jana C. Vamosi PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Antirrhineae is a large tribe within Plantaginaceae. Mostly concentrated in the Mediterranean Basin, the tribe members are present both in the Old World and the New World. Current Antirrhineae phylogenies have diff erent views on taxonomic relationships, and they lack homogeneity in terms of geographic distribution and ploidy levels. This study aims to investigate the changes in the chromosome numbers along with dispersal routes as defi nitive characters identifying clades. METHODS: With the use of multiple DNA regions and taxon sampling enriched with de novo sequences, we provide an extensive phylogeny for Antir- rhineae. The reconstructed phylogeny was then used to investigate changes in ploidy levels and dispersal patterns in the tribe using ChromEvol and RASP, respectively. KEY RESULTS: Antirrhineae is a monophyletic group with six highly supported clades. ChromEvol analysis suggests the ancestral haploid chromosome number for the tribe is six, and that the tribe has experienced several duplications and gain events. The Mediterranean Basin was estimated to be the origin for the tribe with four long-distance dispersals from the Old World to the New World, three of which were associated with genome duplications. CONCLUSIONS: On an updated Antirrhineae phylogeny, we showed that the three out of four dispersals from the Old World to the New World were coupled with changes in ploidy levels. The observed patterns suggest that increases in ploidy levels may facilitate dispersing into new environments. -
2018–2019 Seed Exchange Catalog MID-ATLANTIC GROUP He 25Th Annual Edition for the First Time
The Hardy Plant Society/Mid-Atlantic Group 2018–2019 Seed Exchange Catalog MID-ATLANTIC GROUP he 25th annual edition for the first time. As you can tions and you will find plants of the Seed Exchange see, this seed program in- your garden can’t do with- TCatalog includes 974 cludes new plants not previ- out! Since some listed seed seed donations contributed ously offered as well as old is in short supply, you are en- by 58 gardeners, from begin- favorites. couraged to place your order ners to professionals. Over We’re sure you’ll enjoy early. 98 new plants were donated perusing this year’s selec- Our Seed Donors Catalog listed seed was generously contributed by our members. Where the initial source name is fol- lowed by “/”and other member names, the latter identifies those who actually selected, collected, cleaned, and then provided descriptions to the members who prepared the catalog. If a donor reported their zone, you will find it in parenthesis. Our sincere thanks to our donors—they make this Seed Exchange possible. Aquascapes Unlimited Gibson, M.M. 3177 (7) Perron, William 3321 (6) / Heffner, Randy 1114 Gregg, John 3001 (7) Plant Delights, 32 Bartlett, John 45 Haas, Joan 1277 (6a) Rifici, Stephen 3540 (7) Bennett, Teri 1865 (7) Iroki Garden 5024 (6b) Robinson, Barbara Paul 797 Berger, Clara 65 Jellinek, Susan 1607 (7a) Roper, Lisa 9968 (7a) Bittmann, Frank 2937 (6a) Jenkins Arboretum 9985 (7a) Roskoph, Zane 3645 (7a) Bowditch, Margaret 84 Kolo, Fred 507 (7) Scofield, Connie 1585 Boylan, Rebecca 2137 (6b) Kaplan, Paula West 475 (4/5) Silberstein, Steve 3436 (7a) Bricker, Matthew D. -
Flowering Vines for Florida1 Sydney Park Brown and Gary W
CIRCULAR 860 Flowering Vines for Florida1 Sydney Park Brown and Gary W. Knox2 Many flowering vines thrive in Florida’s mild climate. By carefully choosing among this diverse and wonderful group of plants, you can have a vine blooming in your landscape almost every month of the year. Vines can function in the landscape in many ways. When grown on arbors, they provide lovely “doorways” to our homes or provide transition points from one area of the landscape to another (Figure 1). Unattractive trees, posts, and poles can be transformed using vines to alter their form, texture, and color (Figure 2).Vines can be used to soften and add interest to fences, walls, and other hard spaces (Figures 3 and 4). Figure 2. Trumpet honeysuckle (Lonicera sempervirens). Credits: Gary Knox, UF/IFAS A deciduous vine grown over a patio provides a cool retreat in summer and a sunny outdoor living area in winter (Figure 5). Muscadine and bunch grapes are deciduous vines that fulfill that role and produce abundant fruit. For more information on selecting and growing grapes in Florida, go to http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ag208 or contact your local UF/IFAS Extension office for a copy. Figure 1. Painted trumpet (Bignonia callistegioides). Credits: Gary Knox, UF/IFAS 1. This document is Circular 860, one of a series of the Environmental Horticulture Department, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date April 1990. Revised February 2007, September 2013, July 2014, and July 2016. Visit the EDIS website at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu. 2. Sydney Park Brown, associate professor; and Gary W. -
Lianas and Climbing Plants of the Neotropics: Plantaginaceae
GUIDE TO THE GENERA OF LIANAS AND CLIMBING PLANTS IN THE NEOTROPICS PLANTAGINACEAE By Mark T. Strong (Jan 2021) A widely distributed family of primarily herbs, subshrubs or shrubs with about 100 genera and ca. 1,900 species worldwide. In the Neotropics, they are represented by about 45 genera and ca. 400 species. Five genera and 14 species are treated below as climbing plants. These occur in a diversity of habitats from desert scrub to montane cloud forests. Diagnostics: In vegetative condition, climbing Plantaginaceae have stems that are quadrangular or terete; leaves are opposite, alternate or sometimes verticillate, glabrous or glandular- pubescent, simple, and stipules are absent. In the order Lamiales, the quadrangular stems and simple opposite leaves of some Plantaginaceae Russelia syringifolia Schltdl. & Cham., photo by J. might be confused with Acanthaceae, Amith Gesneriaceae, Lamiaceae and Verbenaceae. Acanthaceae generally have ovaries with hook-like placental tissue and capsules with explosive dehiscence while in Gesneriaceae, ovaries are unilocular with parietal placentation. Lamiaceae and Verbenaceae have 2-ovulate ovaries and the fruit is a 4-parted schizocarp or dry indehiscent drupe. GENERAL CHARACTERS 1. STEMS. Quadrangular (sometimes winged) or terete in cross section, commonly solid, but hollow in some species of Russelia (e.g. R. campechiana Standl.; fig. 1a), xylem with deep phloem wedges in species of Russelia (e.g., R. contrerasii B.L. Turner; fig. 1b). Vessels narrow and commonly radially disposed (Metcalfe & Chalk, 1957). No visible exudates reported for the group. 2. PUBESCENCE. Glabrous or glandular-pubescent. 3. LEAVES. Alternate, opposite, verticillate or opposite proximally and alternate distally, the blades deltoid to cordiform, hastate or sagittate at base with palmate venation, or sometimes linear to lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate with pinnate venation, entire or with dentate margins, glabrous or glandular-pubescent; stipules absent. -
Analysis of Nectar from Low‐Volume Flowers
Power E, Stabler D, Borland AM, Barnes J, Wright GA. Analysis of nectar from low-volume flowers: a comparison of collection methods for free amino acids . Methods in Ecology and Evolution 2017, https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12928 Copyright: © 2017 The Authors. Methods in Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of British Ecological Society. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. DOI link to article: https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12928 Date deposited: 24/10/2017 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Newcastle University ePrints - eprint.ncl.ac.uk Received: 27 August 2017 | Accepted: 20 October 2017 DOI: 10.1111/2041-210X.12928 RESEARCH ARTICLE Analysis of nectar from low- volume flowers: A comparison of collection methods for free amino acids Eileen F. Power1,2† | Daniel Stabler1,3† | Anne M. Borland3 | Jeremy Barnes3 | Geraldine A. Wright1 1Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK Abstract 2Botany Department, School of Natural 1. Floral nectar is a reward offered by flowering plants to visiting pollinators. Nectar Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, chemistry is important for understanding plant nutrient allocation and plant–polli- Ireland nator interactions. However, many plant species are difficult to sample as their 3School of Natural and Environmental Science: Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle flowers are small and produce low amounts of nectar. upon Tyne, UK 2. We compared the effects of different methods of nectar collection on the amino Correspondence acid composition of flowers with low volumes of nectar. -
Diversity of Nectar Amino Acids in the Fritillaria(Liliaceae)
www.nature.com/scientificreports Corrected: Author Correction OPEN Diversity of nectar amino acids in the Fritillaria (Liliaceae) genus: ecological and evolutionary implications Katarzyna Roguz 1*, Andrzej Bajguz 2, Magdalena Chmur2, Agnieszka Gołębiewska2, Agata Roguz3 & Marcin Zych 1* Nectar is considered to be a primary food reward for most pollinators. It mostly contains sugars, but also has amino acids. The signifcance of the concentration and composition of amino acids in nectar is often less understood than that of its volume, sugar concentration and composition. However, there is a trend towards a broader approach in ecological research, which helps to understand nectar properties in an ecological context. The genus Fritillaria, exhibiting great diversity in fower morphology, nectar composition, and dominant pollinators, allows for the possibility to study some of the above. We studied the concentration and composition of amino acids in the nectar of 38 Fritillaria species attracting diferent groups of pollen vectors (bees, fies, passerines, and hummingbirds). The fowers of fritillaries produced nectar with a varying composition and concentration of amino acids. These diferences were mostly associated with the pollinator type. The nectar of passerine bird-pollinated species was rich in amino acids, whereas humming bird-pollinated produced low amino acid nectar. Contrary to previous reports nectar of the insect-pollinated species did not contain a higher amount of proline. Two non-protein amino acids, sarcosine and norvaline, were detected in the foral nectar for the frst time. Nectar is the most crucial foral reward for animal pollinators1. Primarily, it is a sugar solution composed of sucrose, fructose and glucose, in varying proportions.