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Geological Characteristics of Natural-And-Anthropogenic Landscapes in Oil Extraction Regions

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Geological Characteristics of Natural-And-Anthropogenic Landscapes in Oil Extraction Regions E.V. Smirnova, I.A. Urazmetov Geological characteristics of natural-and-anthropogenic landscapes in oil extraction regions... UDC: 26.821.10; 631 E.V. Smirnova, I.A. Urazmetov Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Kazan [email protected], [email protected] Geological Characteristics of Natural-and-Anthropogenic Landscapes in Oil Extraction Regions of the Republic of Tatarstan The article studies the geological state of natural-and-anthropogenic landscape complexes in oil extraction regions of the Republic of Tatarstan and describes landscape characteristics on the basis of current ecological condition of natural surface and underground waters and soil. The degree of natural functioning of geological systems transformed due to oil extraction is pointed out on the example of internal landscape forming factors. Key words: geological state, landscape components, natural-and-anthropogenic landscapes, oil pollution, transformation of environmental properties. Introduction is related first of all to the problems of migration and retention Contamination of areas with oil and oil products, in landscape systems. Migratory movements characteristic substances of the most dangerous and widespread pollutants of oil-component systems are the basis of the forecast of the of the environment (Solnceva, 2002), is one of the important landscape effects of pollution, the speed of self-purification geo-environmental problems. This fully applies to the and recovery of damaged landscapes. Republic of Tatarstan, where there are numerous oil and In numerous studies conducted in the oil-producing petrochemical industries, and where intensive extraction and regions of Russia, it was shown that oil and oil products refining occurs. From the bowels of the earth has already actively migrate in any of the natural landscape areas and been withdrawn about 2 billion 900 million tons of oil. Oil processes related to their migration and metabolism are production has reached 3493 ha (52% of the total area of the complex, time-consuming, and depend, in general, on the country), and the most common in the oil fields of soils is physical and geographical conditions of the area (Solnceva, black earth. According to a 55-year period in the Republic 2002; Breus et al., 2005). mining 1 ton of oil is accompanied by destruction or The Republic of Tatarstan is located in the east of the East contamination of 1-1,3 m3of land (Gilyazov & Gaysin, 2009). European platform within the Russian Plate – the largest In the geographical envelope, soil and natural waters are tectonic structure of the platform type, which occupies a large so-called bio-inert subsystems of the landscape. Surface part of European Russia. Absolute heights ranging 53-380 m, waters are part of the hydrosphere and soils develop as a the average altitude is 170-180 m relief of the territory of the result of interactions between the atmosphere, hydrosphere, republic is the typical erosional landscape. lithosphere and biosphere, as well as being one of the main The geological structure is characterized with crystalline landscape-forming factors. Therefore the study of the basement rocks and platform cover. Devonian and transformation properties of the soil and water pollution as a Carboniferous deposits are common, represented by result of pollution by oil and oil products, at the present limestones and dolomites, with associated industrial oil bearing stage of development and transformation of geosystems is area. Permian deposits are widespread; their upper levels often one of the urgent tasks. come to the surface. On the territory of the republic the most As a result of the degradation of natural and man-made widespread Upper Permian deposits of Kazan and Tatar layers landscapes associated with the extraction and processing of presented by marine and continental red sandstones, shales, oil, soil, and their constituents lose fertility, their water, siltstones, calcareous, sandy clay, including red deposits. physical, chemical and microbiological properties deteriorate, Quaternary sediments are genetically different, dominated by reducing the quality and productivity, and as a consequence, alluvial gravels, sands, sandy, loam and clay. the output of agricultural activity. In addition, the risks of the In Tatarstan field of fossil fuels and building materials is transformation of the adjacent landscaped environments, such widely spread. From the economical perspective the most as vegetation, groundwater and surface water, surface layers significance for the republic is concentrated in the oil, lignite of the atmosphere appear. and coal, shale oil, coal tar and peat. Commercial oil production The aim of this work was to study the current ecological began in the 50-60 years of XX century. Currently, around 140 state of natural components that make up the landscapes in large and small oil fields are being developed. oil-producing areas of the Republic of Tatarstan and the The climate in Tatarstan is temperate continental with warm identification of factors that influence the changes in the summers and moderately severe winter, the transition type properties and functioning of the transformed geosystems. from wet to semi-wet. Average annual precipitation is 380-500 The objects of study are the surface and ground waters mm, about 70% of the annual precipitation falls during the and soil of natural and man-made landscapes, which in warmest and the wettest month of July. The background accordance with the landscape division of the territory of the characteristics of climate, determined by influence of global Republic of Tatarstan are part Cheremshan-Ikskogo and climate factors, are also determined by micro-climate factors, Nizhnezainskogo sublime landscape areas. such as terrain orography and the ratio of land and water Assessment of impact on geo-ecosystems and action of surface. pollutants such as oil and oil related products in the landscapes In terms of vegetative surface the territory of the republic 1(12) 2012 9 E.V. Smirnova, I.A. Urazmetov Geological characteristics of natural-and-anthropogenic landscapes in oil extraction regions... is situated within three geobotanical temperate climatic zone – the zone of mixed forest, deciduous forest zone and zone of forest-steppe, the indigenous vegetation is dominated by coniferous-deciduous and deciduous forests. And only in the south insignificant in areas grassy eco-communities meadow steppes and steppe meadow appear (Atlas lands Tatarstan, 2005). One of the characteristics of the soil cover of the Republic is the location of its territory within three soil-geographic zones - sod-podzolic soils of southern taiga and mixed forest, Table 2. Results of chemical analysis of samples from ground water sources. gray forest soils and podzolic deciduous forests, leached and typical chernozem steppe. All zonal types of soils are formed in the washing mode and normal moisture-sufficiency. The predominant soil type is black soil, with a total area of 40,6%, grey forests occupy 30,7% of the agricultural land of the Republic, the share of sod-podzolic has 7,7%. Fairly well represented sod-calcareous soils in the whole country, they account for 7% of the total area of agricultural land and calcareous black soil (4%), also found common and meadow chernozem(black earth). Almost all of the soils are heavy grading, clay and heavy species make up 85,1%. It should be noted that the most common in the oil industry are black earth soils (ashed, leached, typical, carbonate), they Table 3. Results of chemical analysis of surface waters. are characterized by black or dark grey color and a large humus registered. Specifically studied area belongs to Iksko-Zayskoy horizon (40 to 80 cm), with organic content of 6 to 9%. karst area (Ermolaev et al., 2007), but the next section displays From the administrative point of view natural and karst processes was fixed at about 8 km from the pledged anthropogenic landscapes studied in this research are located landscape profile. In the study area soluble rocks (limestone) in Almetyevsk, Novosheshminsky Zainsk and districts. The to the studied depth (about 8 m) are not fixed and symptoms geological structure of the studied natural and anthropogenic of karst, such as craters, pits are not revealed. landscapes is characterized with alluvial and alluvial-diluvial The geological structure of landscapes within the profile Quaternary, Neogene System (Pliocene) and Permian system is due to the complex geological history of the region in the (Upper Division) Tatar stage, Kazan tier. neogene and quaternary time, namely, tectonic processes, Within the studied landscape profiles are the following that were forming a relief, and the associated processes of geological processes – river and sheet erosion, slope sedimentation. In this regard, within the study area allocated processes, flooding and waterlogging, frost heave. undifferentiated complex of alluvial-diluvial and alluvial Sheet erosion is manifested in the form of soil erosion on sediments of Quaternary-making, upper permian sediments. cultivated areas and steep non greenswarded slopes. The It should be noted that the geological lithology of the most likely factors that cause this type of erosion are study area is not characterized by consistency of soils on the precipitation, wind power and violation of farming activities area and depth of the heterogeneity of their composition and (plowing along the slope, no belts). River erosion manifests condition. Just within the pledged landscape profile
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