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1000 Ad 500 600 700 800 900 1000 Medieval Church History (500 – 1500 AD) June, 2017 1 Introduction Why Study Church History? • The “Third Testament” – The Record of God’s Work in the Midst of His People ➢ Both faithful and unfaithful people • Intriguing / Useful – Real People facing real problems ➢ Some Similar, Some Different than what we face today • Connection with an Extended Church Family (Hebrews 11, 12:1) Bounding the Scope • Time – Discussion will focus on 500 AD to ~1500 AD • Geography – Discussion will focus on Western Europe • This is a survey level discussion ➢ Condensed a 17 lecture curriculum (already an overview) to ~10 discussions ➢ Your favorite crusade, king, church father, or doctrinal dispute may not be covered in detail (or, unfortunately, at all)! Hebrews 12:1, 2a - Wherefore seeing we also are compassed about with so great a cloud of witnesses, let us lay aside every weight, and the sin which doth so easily beset us, and let us run with patience the race that is set before us, Looking unto Jesus the author and finisher of our faith … 2 Ancient Church History “Quiz” For all questions unless otherwise stated consider the time period to be ~100 – 500 AD The majority of Christian converts during the first half of this period were concentrated in: a. Western Europe b. Asia Minor (modern day Turkey), the Middle East, and Northern Africa Two Roman Emperors noted for severe persecution of Christians during the mid 3rd and early 4th century were: a. Decius and Diocletian b. Augustus and Marcus Aurelius Two Roman Emperors noted for promoting Christianity within the Roman Empire during the 4th Century were: a. Septimius Severus and Julian the Apostate b. Constantine and Theodosius Gnostics believed in salvation by: a. Faith b. Knowledge c. Works There is no evidence of the modern-day New Testament canon (list of the books of the New Testament) having been written down before 500 AD. (True / False) 3 Ancient Church History “Quiz” Donatists believed that: a. Salvation came through knowledge b. Jesus was hierarchically subordinate to the Father c. Clergy who had surrendered or burned scriptures during persecutions were irredeemable and could not legitimately perform sacraments Arius and Arians believed that: a. Salvation came through knowledge b. Jesus was hierarchically subordinate to and created by the Father c. Clergy who had surrendered or burned scriptures during persecutions were irredeemable and could not legitimately perform sacraments The main substantial modification to the Nicene Creed that emerged from the Council at Constantinople in 381 concerned further doctrinal detail about: a. God the Father b. Jesus, the son c. The Holy Ghost At the Council of Ephesus in 431 Augustine’s position on salvation by the grace of God triumphed over Pelagius’ position that a man has the ability to overcome sin. (True / False) Most historians consider 476 AD as the official date of the fall of the entire Roman Empire. (True / False) None of the barbarians who overran the western Roman Empire in the 5th century had any exposure to Christianity and when they heard about it they were immediately hostile to it. (True / False) 4 Penny for Your Thoughts Shout out a list of people, places, things, and events that you associate with the Medieval period. Don’t limit yourself - they need not be church-related nor necessarily even real! "Since it is so likely that children will meet cruel enemies, let them at least have heard of brave knights and heroic courage.” - C.S. Lewis What are the thoughts when you hear the phrase “Medieval Church”? “The history of the Western Church in the Middle Ages is the history of the most elaborate and thoroughly integrated system of religious thought and practice the world has ever known.” – R.W. Southern “the whole form of divine worship in general use in the present day [1540’s] is nothing but mere corruption.” – J.Calvin 5 Topics • Introduction • Transitioning from “Ancient” to “Medieval” • The Byzantine Empire and Eastern Orthodoxy THE MEDIEVAL WESTERN CHURCH • Spread of Christianity • The Sacramental System & Medieval Doctrine • Early Medieval Learning & Theology • The Papacy • Monasticism • Sneak Previews of The Reformation • Church and State 6 Medieval* Period - Context Christianization of Roman Fall of Western Empire Roman Empire 313 - 400 476 Medieval Period ~100 ~500 ~1050 ~1300 ~1500 “Ancient” Church Early Medieval Period High Late History Course “Dark Ages” Medieval Medieval “Modern” Period Period Empire War Lords Renaissance Strong Bureaucracy Feudalism Reformation Urbanization Local “government” – city states Nation States Greek Philosophy “Ruralization” New World / Colonization Greek & Roman Classics High Illiteracy Rediscovery of Ancient Emphasis on where one fits in Classics the Hierarchy Emphasis on Worth of the Superstition? Individual Reason Enlightenment * - “Medieval” and “Middle Ages” will be used interchangeably 7 Medieval Timeline 500 - 1050 II Council at III Council at Council at IV Council at Constantinople Constantinople Nicaea Constantinople 553 680 787 869 Photian Schism Synod of Jerome (347-420) Whitby Radbertus & Augustine of Hippo (354-430) 664 Ratramnus Vladimir baptized Leo I (390-461) – beginning of Gregory I Cyril & Methodius Christianization of John of missions to Moravia Russia Charlemagne Augustine of Damascus 988 Benedict Canterbury Isidore Alcuin Gottschalk Alfred Boethius of Seville Bede 500 Columba 600 700 800 900 1000 1050 Early Medieval Period “Dark Ages” Muhammed Tours Vikings Vikings Beowulf Justinian I Rapid Expansion of Islam capture Manuscript Paris Arthur? Hagia Clovis Sophia Medieval Timeline 1050 - 1500 Lateran I 1123 Lateran III Lateran IV Councils at Council Council at Lateran II 1139 1179 1215 Lyons 1245 at Vienna Constance & 1274 1311-12 1414-18 Founding of Council Councils at Basel, Universities at Paris at Pisa Ferrara, Florence & Oxford Waldensians 1409 1431-45 ~1150 East-West Anselm Bernard Dominic John Wycliffe Jan Hus Martin Luther Schism Francis Boniface of Cluny VIII Papal b. 1483 1054 Gregory Innocent Thomas Bernard of Avignon Papacy Schism VII III Aquinas Savonarola Clairvaux 1050 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 High Medieval Period Late Medieval Period Norman Conquest Fall of Henry II & Magna The Black of England Constantinople Thomas Carta Dante Death Christopher Becket Alighieri Geoffrey Brother Cadfael Chaucer Columbus Ellis Peters Hundred Years War The Middle Eastern Crusades Agincourt Joan of Arc Crusaders take Fall of Jerusalem Jerusalem 1099 1187 Latin Occupation of Constantinople 1204 9 Back-up Slides 10 Kings, Emperors, Popes 500 AD – 1000 AD 500 600 700 800 900 1000 Various from Anglo-Saxon Offa Alfred Edward the Elder “Heptarchy” (Mercia) (Wessex) Aethelstan the Glorious ENGLAND - Kent - Northumbria (Bernicia Edmund I - East Saxons (Essex) & Deira) Eadred - South Saxons (Sussex) - Mercia Eadwig - East Anglia - West Saxons (Wessex) Edgar the Peaceable Edward the Martyr Aethelred the Unready - Charlemagne - Henry HOLY ROMAN - Louis the Pius - Otto I EMPIRE - Charles the Bald - Otto II - Charles the Fat - Otto III - Hugh Capet FRANCE - Robert II POPES - Symmachus - (Gregory) - Gregory II - (Leo III) - Hormisdas - Honorius - Gregory III - Nicholas I - John - Sergius - Zacharias - Vigilius - Stephen II - Pelagius II - Adrian - Gregory - Leo III 11 Lists not exhaustive – some filtered for importance Kings, Emperors, Popes 1000 AD – 1500 AD 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 (Aethelred the Unready) Harold / Henry I Henry II John Edward I Edward III Henry IV Henry VI Richard Svein Forkbeard William I Stephen Richard I III Edmund Ironside Henry III Edward II Richard II Henry V Edward Henry Lionheart Cnut Edward William IV / VII Harold Harefoot the II Henry VI ENGLAND Harthacnut Confessor - (Otto III) - (Henry IV) - Otto IV - House of Habsburg - Henry II - Henry V - Frederick II - Conrad II - House of Hohenstaufen - Houses of Staufen & HRE - Henry III Hohenstaufen - Henry IV - (Robert II) - (Philip I) - (Philip II Augustus) - (Philip IV) - Philip VI - (Charles VI) - Henry I - Louis VI - Louis VIII - Philip V - John II - Charles VII - Philip I - Louis VII - Louis IX - Charles IV - Charles V - Louis XI - Philip II Augustus - Philip III - Charles - Charles VIII FRANCE - Philip IV VI - Leo IX - Paschal II - (Innocent III) - (Boniface VIII)- Gregory XI - (Benedict - Sixtus IV - Victor II - Calixtus II - Gregory IX - Benedict XI - Urban VI XIII) - Alexander - Stephen IX - Alexander III - Celestine V - Clement V - Clement - Innocent VII VI - Nicholas II - Innocent III - Boniface VIII - John XXII VII - Gregory XII - Alexander II - Benedict XII - Boniface - Alexander V POPES - Gregory VII - Clement VI IX - John XXIII - Urban VI - Innocent VI - Benedict - Martin V - Urban V XIII - Eugene IV 12 Lists not exhaustive – some filtered for importance - Nicholas V Theology – The Western Church Councils Council Year Pope Context Issues & Decisions Lateran I 1123 Callistus II Lay investiture of clergy is an issue throughout Confirmed Concordat of Worms between Papacy the Middle Ages. We looked at the conflict and Empire. from 1075-1085 between Pope Gregory VII - Spiritual authority can emanate only from the who took a strong stand against lay investiture church but emperor can decide contested and Emperor Henry IV who appointed his own elections. Role of clergy man as landed Archbishop of Milan. magnate is subservient to the emperor. - Abolished claim of emperors to interfere in papal elections Lateran II 1139 Honorius II Late 11th century reformers seek to outlaw - Condemns and represses
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