Cromwelliana
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CROMWELLIANA Published by The Cromwell Association, a registered charity, this Cromwelliana annual journal of Civil War and Cromwellian studies contains articles, book reviews, a bibliography and other comments, contributions and III Series papers. Details of availability and prices of both this edition and previous editions of Cromwelliana are available on our website: The Journal of www.olivercromwell.org. The 2018 Cromwelliana Cromwell Association The Cr The omwell Association omwell No 1 ‘promoting our understanding of the 17th century’ 2018 The Cromwell Association The Cromwell Museum 01480 708008 Grammar School Walk President: Professor PETER GAUNT, PhD, FRHistS Huntingdon www.cromwellmuseum.org PE29 3LF Vice Presidents: PAT BARNES Rt Hon FRANK DOBSON, PC Rt Hon STEPHEN DORRELL, PC The Cromwell Museum is in the former Huntingdon Grammar School Dr PATRICK LITTLE, PhD, FRHistS where Cromwell received his early education. The Cromwell Trust and Professor JOHN MORRILL, DPhil, FBA, FRHistS Museum are dedicated to preserving and communicating the assets, legacy Rt Hon the LORD NASEBY, PC and times of Oliver Cromwell. In addition to the permanent collection the Dr STEPHEN K. ROBERTS, PhD, FSA, FRHistS museum has a programme of changing temporary exhibitions and activities. Professor BLAIR WORDEN, FBA Opening times Chairman: JOHN GOLDSMITH Honorary Secretary: JOHN NEWLAND April – October Honorary Treasurer: GEOFFREY BUSH Membership Officer PAUL ROBBINS 11.00am – 3.30pm, Tuesday – Sunday The Cromwell Association was formed in 1937 and is a registered charity (reg no. November – March 1132954). The purpose of the Association is to advance the education of the public 1.30pm – 3.30pm, Tuesday – Sunday (11.00am – 3.30pm Saturday) in both the life and legacy of Oliver Cromwell (1599–1658), politician, soldier and statesman, and the wider history of the seventeenth century. _______________ The Association seeks to progress its aims in the following ways: campaigns for the preservation and conservation of buildings and sites relevant to Cromwell Oliver Cromwell's House 01353 662062 29 St Mary's Street commissions, on behalf of the Association, or in collaboration with others, www.olivercromwellshouse.co.uk/ plaques, panels and monuments at sites associated with Cromwell Ely Cambridgeshire supports the Cromwell Museum and the Cromwell Collection in Huntingdon @Cromwells_House CB7 4HF provides, within the competence of the Association, advice to the media on all www.facebook.com/cromwellshouse/ matters relating to the period encourages interest in the period in all phases of formal education by the Opening times publication of reading lists, information and teachers’ guidance publishes news and information about the period, including an annual journal April – October and regular newsletters 10.00am – 5.00pm daily, including Bank Holidays organises an annual service, day schools, conferences, lectures, exhibitions and other educational events November – March provides a web-based resource for researchers in the period including school 11.00am – 4.00pm daily, including Bank Holidays students, genealogists and interested parties Closed Christmas Day, Boxing Day and New Year’s Day offers, from time to time grants, awards and prizes to individuals and organisations working towards the objectives stated above. Last admission is one hour before closing Editor of Cromwelliana: Dr MAXINE FORSHAW, BSc, PhD Admission charge For discount please show the Cromwell Association membership card www.olivercromwell.org CROMWELLIANA 2018 Series III No 7 Editor: Dr Maxine Forshaw CONTENTS Editor’s Note 4 Cromwell Day Address (2017) 5 The political vision of Oliver Cromwell by Dr Stephen K Roberts Cromwell Study Day – Cromwell and Europe (October 2017) 11 Consistency and contrast in Cromwell’s policy towards Europe by Hugh Dunthorne Cromwell Study Day – Cromwell and Europe (October 2017) 24 Cromwell’s intervention in 1655 to halt the confessional cleansing of Milton’s ‘slaughtered saints’ in Piedmont by Richard Newbury Cromwell Study Day – Cromwell and Europe (October 2017) 37 Reform, republicanism and refuge: Anglo-Swiss relations in the mid-seventeenth century by Dr Vivienne Larminie Cromwell Study Day – Cromwell and Europe (October 2017) 52 ‘Permanent and inviolable’: Oliver Cromwell and the idea of Anglo-Dutch Union in 1653 by Prof Jason Peacey The Schools Essay Prize-Winner 2017 68 ‘A brave, bad man’. How far do you agree with Edward Hyde’s assessment of Oliver Cromwell? by Kate Dorkins Surveys of the clergy of Huntingdonshire early in 1641 75 by Dr Clive Holmes ‘Bestowing a visit upon that little city’ : Cromwell and the 85 taking of Peterborough, April 1643 by Stuart Orme CONTENTS (cont’d) Writings and Sources XIX 101 An overlooked civil war battle in Gloucestershire, November 1642? by Prof Peter Gaunt Book Reviews 110 The Stuart Age, 5th edition by Barry Coward (author) and Peter Gaunt (contributor) Hey For Old Robin! The Campaigns and Armies of the Earl of Essex during the First Civil War, 1642–44 by Chris Scott & Alan Turton Civil War London: a Military History of London under Charles I and Oliver Cromwell by David Flintham The Solemn League and Covenant of the Three Kingdoms and the Cromwellian Union, 1643–1663 by Kirsteen M MacKenzie Cromwell’s Buffoon – the Life and Career of the Regicide Thomas Pride by Robert Hodkinson Small Earthquake in Wiltshire: Seventeenth-century conflict and its resolution by Eric L Jones Portraits of the English Civil Wars by Angus Haldane Lawson Lies Still in the Thames: The Extraordinary Life of Vice- Admiral Sir John Lawson by Gill Blanchard Reviews by Dr Richard Blakemore, Prof Peter Gaunt, Dr Patrick Little, Serrie Meakins, Prof John Morrill and Dr Stephen Roberts CONTENTS (cont’d) Bibliography of Books 128 by Dr Jonathan Fitzgibbons Bibliography of Journals 136 by Prof Peter Gaunt ISBN 0-905729-31-5 Cover image: Print of a woodcut – Den Heer Protector Oliver – title-page to Hollantsche Mercurius, part 4 (1653); seven compartments; at top, Oliver Cromwell seated on a throne between various figures; left centre, a coronation scene and a battle; right centre, ships and a church; centre, a soldier beneath a tree, with Mercury above; bottom centre, a naval battle. Held by the British Museum. Opinions expressed herein are solely those of the contributors and do not express the views or opinions of the Cromwell Association. EDITOR’S NOTE On 2 September 2017 our Cromwell Day commemoration service was held in St Giles’ Cripplegate church in the City of London, where Cromwell was married on 22 August 1620; the address was given by Dr Stephen Roberts. This marked the start of holding our annual ceremony at places other than on Cromwell Green at the Houses of Parliament, due to the refurbishment programme of this iconic building, which is scheduled to take many years. In this edition I am very pleased to be able to include contributions from four of the speakers who presented at the Association’s study day on Cromwell and Europe, held in October 2017 at City Temple, London. In view of the UK’s present relationship with Europe, these articles make fascinating reading. The cover illustration is from the Dutch news sheet Hollantsche Mercurius, published in 1653. Other articles include an account of the taking of Peterborough in 1643; an entertaining read concerning the surveys of the clergy in Huntingdonshire in 1641 (perhaps an early form of what we now call annual job appraisals?); in the Writings and Sources section, Peter Gaunt explores an overlooked civil war battle in Gloucestershire which, again, in the wider sense, has modern-day parallels. A good variety of book reviews are included, alongside the regular bibliographies of both journals and books. My thanks to all the contributors for their valuable input to the journal, which I gratefully acknowledge. If you are interested in contributing to future issues of the journal, please contact the Cromwell Association via the email address: [email protected] To comply with the Research Excellence Framework policy on open access, authors are welcome to deposit accepted submissions in an institutional or subject repository, subject to a 24-month embargo period after the date of publication. If you require further assistance or clarification on our open access policy, please contact Dr Jonathan Fitzgibbons at: [email protected] 4 CROMWELL DAY ADDRESS 2017 THE POLITICAL VISION OF OLIVER CROMWELL by Dr Stephen K Roberts How unusual was Oliver Cromwell? We are used to thinking of his exceptional gifts. We think of his untutored, natural military genius; we think of his valour, both on the battlefield and in his relationships with political enemies and rivals. We have the evidence of his letters, speeches and ephemeral writings. He was a much-noticed person, so we have the impressions and observations of the many people who thought it worthwhile to preserve a record of their brush with greatness or notoriety. His exceptionalism is striking. The brilliant soldier who, as far as we know, had not so much as even experience in his county’s trained bands before 1642; the speeches to his Parliaments as head of state that abandoned the usual formal rhetorical devices in favour of freewheeling if tortuous oratory; above all, the rise from ‘living neither in any considerable height, nor yet in obscurity’ to become head of state. Because of his exceptional rise to high office, as the first member of the House of Commons ever to become head of state in England