Messianismo E Utopia Na Construção Da Figura Do Subcomandante Marcos

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Messianismo E Utopia Na Construção Da Figura Do Subcomandante Marcos UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE HISTÓRIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA SOCIAL FREDERICO SOUZA DE QUEIROZ ASSIS Para Além do Cachimbo de Magritte: Messianismo e Utopia na Construção da Figura do Subcomandante Marcos São Paulo 2013 UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE HISTÓRIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA SOCIAL Para Além do Cachimbo de Magritte: Messianismo e Utopia na Construção da Figura do Subcomandante Marcos Frederico Souza de Queiroz Assis Dissertação apresentada ao programa de Pós-Graduação em História Social da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo, para obtenção do título de mestre em História. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Robert Sean Purdy São Paulo 2013 2 ASSIS, Frederico Souza de Queiroz. Para Além do Cachimbo de Magritte: Messianismo e Utopia na Construção da Figura do Subcomandante Marcos. Dissertação apresentada ao programa de Pós-Graduação em História Social da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo, para obtenção do título de mestre em História. Email: [email protected] Aprovado em: Banca Examinadora Prof. Dr. _______________________________________ Instituição:______________ Julgamento:_____________________________________ Assinatura:______________ Prof. Dr. _______________________________________ Instituição:______________ Julgamento:_____________________________________ Assinatura:______________ Prof. Dr. _______________________________________ Instituição:______________ Julgamento:_____________________________________ Assinatura:______________ 3 A Thyrso Francisco de Queiroz Assis, meu avô, cuja saudade corta como aço de navalha. 4 A mí solo me matarán, pero mañana volveré y seré millones. Tupac Katari, 1781 Beneath this mask there is more than flesh. Beneath this mask there is an idea, Mr. Creedy, and ideas are bulletproof. “V for Vendetta”, 2005 5 Resumo ASSIS, Frederico Souza de Queiroz. Para Além do Cachimbo de Magritte: Messianismo e Utopia na Construção da Figura do Subcomandante Marcos. 2013. 126 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em História Social), Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo. O trabalho tem o objetivo central de identificar como se construiu historicamente a figura do Subcomandante Marcos, na esteira do processo de formação do movimento zapatista em Chiapas. Marcos, cuja identidade era ocultada por si mesmo (embora o governo mexicano tenha declarado publicamente, em 1995, que ele era o professor Rafael Sebastián Guillén Vicente), é o principal porta-voz do Exército Zapatista de Libertação Nacional (EZLN) e destaca-se como figura-símbolo do referido movimento. Diante disso, busca-se apresentar a importância chave do indivíduo para o movimento zapatista (no plano intelectual e político), bem como compreender como se deu a dissolução de sua própria individualidade – no plano simbólico – na medida em que Marcos pareceu encarnar o ideário revolucionário zapatista. A ênfase analítica, para tanto, recairá sobre os aspectos de messianismo inseridos nesse processo, assim como sobre os elementos que sinalizem em Marcos a representação da própria experiência utópica, para que então se compreenda as razões pela quais sua liderança pareceu ter uma dimensão sui generis. Tal análise, feita a partir do levantamento de fontes primárias e da revisão da literatura secundária, mostra-se necessária frente à constatação de que o zapatismo constituiu-se como um dos movimentos políticos mais relevantes da contemporaneidade. Assim, realizando um estudo sistemático desse conjunto de aspectos, busca-se articular os temas de modo pertinente, para que se compreenda, então, o significado histórico deste ator político contemporâneo. Palavras-Chave: Subcomandante Marcos; EZLN; Zapatismo; Chiapas, México. 6 Abstract ASSIS, Frederico Souza de Queiroz. Beyond Magritte's Pipe: Messianism and Utopia in the Construction of Subcomandante Marcos. 2013. 126 f. Thesis (Master’s Degree in Social History), Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo. This work aims to identify the historical construction of Subcomandante Marcos’ image, in the wake of the process of the construction of the Zapatista movement in Chiapas, Mexico. Marcos, whose real identity is hidden by himself (though the Mexican government publicly declared in 1995 that he is Professor Rafael Sebastián Guillén Vicente), is the main spokesperson of the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN) and stands as a symbol-image of the movement. Therefore, the dissertation seeks to present this individual’s key importance to the movement (in the intellectual and political spheres), as well as understanding the dissolution of his own individuality (in the symbolic sphere) as Marcos seems to incarnate the revolutionary ideas of Zapatismo itself. The analytical emphasis, therefore, is on the messianist aspects inserted in this process, as well as on the elements that demonstrate representations of his own utopian existence, in order to understand the reasons why his leadership seems to have a sui generis dimension. This analysis, based on a thorough survey of primary and secondary sources, is relevant because the Zapatistas have established themselves as one of the most relevant contemporary political and social movements. Thus, conducting a systematic study of these aspects, it seeks to understand the historical importance of Subcomandante Marcos within the context of the rise of the Zapatistas. Keywords: Subcomandante Marcos; EZLN; Zapatismo; Chiapas; Mexico. 7 SUMÁRIO Agradecimentos...............................................................................................................9 Introdução......................................................................................................................12 Parte I – A Vida e a Morte de Rafael Guillén.............................................................26 Parte II – A Morte e a Vida de Marcos.......................................................................38 Parte III – O Rei está Nu! A Construção do Mito Subcomandante Marcos............................................................................................................................72 Considerações Finais...................................................................................................114 Referências Bibliográficas..........................................................................................119 8 Agradecimentos Agradeço inicialmente ao Professor Sean Purdy pela orientação em todo o processo de pesquisa, onde encontrei um permanente canal aberto de diálogo. Agradeço sobretudo pela paciência e atenção demonstradas. Tive o privilégio de estar junto a uma geração incrível no Bacharelado de Relações Internacionais da USP, pessoas especiais com quem construi laços de amizade e a quem devo boa parte de minha formação política e intelectual. Agradeço – com saudades – pela época de movimento estudantil, no Centro Acadêmico Guimarães Rosa, o “Guima”. Aos companheiros da chapa “Sete de Ouros”, a cada membro das gestões “Veredas”, da querida “Terceira Margem do Rio”, da “Meio da Travessia” e d’“A Hora e Vez”: muito obrigado, “velhos”! Não tenho como deixar de agradecer nominalmente a amizade de Bruno Zanetta, Caio Favaretto, Ernesto Salles, Felipe Teixeira Gonçalves, Jonas Medeiros, José Henrique Bortoluci, Leonardo Fontes, Melina Rombach e Sérgio Guedes Reis. Agradeço aos professores que tive durante a graduação na Universidade de São Paulo; em especial: Maria Hermínia Tavares de Almeida, coordenadora do Bacharelado em Relações Internacionais e diretora do IRI-USP, com quem tive a oportunidade de travar um diálogo sempre franco durante dois mandatos como Representante Discente na Congregação do IRI (e agora mais um como representante dos ex-alunos); Peter Demant, quem me abriu as portas para ser monitor do curso “Globalização em Perspectiva Histórica” e me proporcionou uma experiência bastante enriquecedora; Leila Leite Hernandez, quem me ajudou a dar os primeiros passos no mundo da pesquisa acadêmica, por quem tenho muita consideração; e Nicolau Sevcenko, cujas aulas inspiradoras me abriram horizontes e aguçaram meu senso crítico. Agradeço a todos os professores que tive antes de entrar na universidade, a quem homenageio nos nomes da Professora Alice e da Professora Áurea. Agradeço a Carlota Moura e a Pedro Smolka, diretores da Escola Superior de Administração, Marketing e Comunicação (ESAMC) de Santos, onde tive a imensa felicidade de dar aulas para o curso de Relações Internacionais durante dois anos: muito obrigado pela oportunidade que me proporcionaram. Em especial, gostaria de agradecer 9 imensamente a cada aluno(-professor) com quem dividi uma sala de aula e com quem aprendi constantemente a me transformar num professor(-aluno). Agradeço a todos os companheiros do Coletivo Alvorada Vermelha, grupo junto a quem tenho o prazer de militar no Partido dos Trabalhadores – mais um grupo de jovens a se somar nessa longa tradição de lutas, cujo objetivo é contribuir, na medida de nossas humildes capacidades, para a construção de uma sociedade mais justa e igualitária, que seja capaz de escrever as linhas de sua própria história: Andreza Galli, Anita Stefani, Danilo Bertazzi, Danilo Fiore, Éder Terrin, Fernanda Lima, João Paulo Paixão, Luis Henrique Campos, Marcello Baird, Marcos Lopes Campos, Mariana Brito,
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