Application for Approval of the BlackGold Expansion Project Volume 2 – Environmental Impact Assessment December 2009

SECTION 16.0 – TRADITIONAL LAND USE AND TRADITIONAL ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

16.0 TRADITIONAL LAND USE AND TRADITIONAL ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE...... 16-1 16.1 Introduction...... 16-1 16.2 Study Area...... 16-1 16.2.1 Geographic Boundaries ...... 16-1 16.2.2 Temporal Boundaries...... 16-3 16.3 Issues and Assessment Criteria...... 16-5 16.4 Methods...... 16-5 16.4.1 Data Collection Methods...... 16-5 16.5 Existing Conditions...... 16-9 16.5.1 Beaver Lake First Nation...... 16-10 16.5.2 Prairie First Nation...... 16-11 16.5.3 ...... 16-12 16.5.4 Fort McMurray First Nation #468 ...... 16-14 16.5.5 Conklin Métis Local #193...... 16-15 16.5.6 Chard Métis...... 16-19 16.5.7 Fort McMurray Métis Local #1935 ...... 16-19 16.6 Potential Effects ...... 16-22 16.6.1 Mitigation Measures...... 16-23 16.7 Summary ...... 16-24 16.8 Literature Cited...... 16-24

Table of Contents Application for Approval of the BlackGold Expansion Project Volume 2 – Environmental Impact Assessment December 2009

TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont) PAGE

LIST OF TABLES

Table 16.7-1: Summary of Project Effects on Traditional Land Use...... 16-24

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 16.2-1: Terrestrial Local and Regional Study Area...... 16-2 Figure 16.2-2: Traditional Lands...... 16-4 Figure 16.5-1: Conklin Resource Use Areas Overview ...... 16-17 Figure 16.5-2: Conklin Resource Use Areas Inset...... 16-18 Figure 16.5-3: Conklin Sites, Settlements and Trails Overview...... 16-20 Figure 16.5-4: Conklin Sites, Settlements and Trails Inset ...... 16-21

S:\Project Ce\Ce03745\EIA\Vol 2\fnl rpt-Sec 16 tlu&tek-vol 2 EIA-ce03745_100-17dec.doc

Table of Contents Application for Approval of the BlackGold Expansion Project Volume 2 – Environmental Impact Assessment December 2009

16.0 TRADITIONAL LAND USE AND TRADITIONAL ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE

16.1 Introduction Historically, Aboriginal communities who lived in the area near the Korea National Oil Corporation (KNOC) leases were subsistence harvesters that seasonally traveled to hunt, trap, fish, gather food, trade, and assemble for ceremonial and group activities. The resources provided by the land allowed these groups to survive and prosper. Because their survival depended upon it, individuals and communities developed a detailed understanding of their environment. The knowledge and values that they acquired were disseminated, mainly in oral form, from individual to individual and from generation to generation. This information is commonly referred to as traditional ecological knowledge (TEK). The dissemination of this knowledge allows Aboriginal communities to retain their culture and transmit important messages to future generations. Generally, TEK includes an understanding of plants and animals, the functioning and management of ecosystems, and knowledge of uses of certain species of flora and fauna for food, medicines, fuel, shelter, and ceremonial purposes. Many Aboriginal peoples in Northeast continue to harvest from the land and continue to practice cultural activities. TEK is still maintained by the Aboriginal communities in contemporary times.

Harvesting and cultural activities pursued by Aboriginal communities are commonly referred to as traditional land use (TLU) activities. TLU encompasses those activities that Aboriginal communities and their individual members rely on to meet their needs, such as trapping, , fishing and plant gathering (Robinson et al. 1994). TLU sites include cabins and camp sites, burial sites, sites of religious and spiritual significance, historical locations such as trading posts, travel routes, hunting sites, fishing sites, gathering sites, and other geographical locations of particular importance for cultural, historical or spiritual reasons.

16.2 Study Area

16.2.1 Geographic Boundaries Local and regional study areas (Figure 16.2-1) have been identified to provide a basis for assessing the effects of the project on TLU. The local study area (LSA) is located approximately 160 km south of Fort McMurray, and encompasses leases held by KNOC (including parts of Twp. 75, Rge. 6 and 7, W4M and Twp. 76, Rge. 6, 7, and 8, W4M) with a total area of 10 296 ha. The regional study area (RSA) extends three townships in all directions from the boundary of the LSA. The LSA and RSA used for the TLU assessment are consistent with the study area used for all terrestrial disciplines. The terrestrial local study area (TLSA) and terrestrial regional study areas (TRSA) are appropriate study areas for the TLU assessment, as terrestrial resources are critical components of the traditional lifestyle practiced by Aboriginal communities in the area.

Page 16-1 S:\Gis\Projects\CE\KNOC_BlackGold\CE03745_EIA\ArcGIS Projects\Application Report Figures\Section 16 - Traditional Land Use and Ecological Knowledge\Fig16.02-01 Study Area.mxd

6140000 6160000 6180000 Legend

Watercourse Water Open Range Lake Air Weapons Cold Project Area Terrestrial Local Study Area Study Area Terrestrial Regional M a Clyde Lake y R RGE 10 iv e

r

C

l

y d Rat Lake

e

R W

i i a

v u

e R r iv er 480000 480000 Wiau Lake

B ir ch C r ee k RGE 8

S u C

n h d r

a i

y s

Conklin t i

! C n ! 881

re a

e

k R

i

v

J e

a r

c

k

( ! f

Ipiatik i

Lake s

h

R

i v

e r

500000 500000

P

o

n

y

C C h r r is t e in e a k R W iv a e d r d el l C

r RGE 6 e

! ! e

881 Christina Lake k reserved, GeoBase®, KNOC, Spatial Data Warehouse Ltd. Sources: © Department of Natural Resources . All rights PROJECTION/DATUM: ANALYST: PROJECT: DATE: UTM Zone NAD83 12 Zone UTM CE03745/520 2009 December KW BlackGold Expansion ProjectBlackGold Expansion 50510

Kirby Lake

2.5 QA/QC:

B

KW P

Local and Regional and Local R

o

a ( ! d ODR CO Kilometres Chard/Janvier 1:400,000 Study AreasStudy Bohn 520000 520000 Lake National Corporation Oil Korea Terrestrial PREPARED BY: PREPARED BY: DRAWN Fig16.02-01Study Area 09-12-03 Figure 16.2-1 Figure RGE W4 4 Winefred Lake AMEC AMEC ± Lake Grist

TWP TWP W TWP Ri TWP 73 75 i 77 v 79 nefred er

6140000 6160000 6180000 Application for Approval of the BlackGold Expansion Project Volume 2 – Environmental Impact Assessment December 2009

Aboriginal communities in the vicinity of the project define their traditional territory as those lands used historically or currently to sustain their traditional livelihood. The traditional territories of Aboriginal communities often overlap with the traditional territories of other Aboriginal communities. The Aboriginal communities that claim traditional territory, which overlap with the LSA and RSA include: • ; • Chipewyan Prairie Dene First Nation; • Heart Lake First Nation; • Fort McMurray First Nation; • Conklin Métis Local #193; • Chard Métis Local #214; • Fort McMurray Métis Local #1935; and • Métis Nation of Alberta Region 1.

The traditional territories of individual groups are extensive and extend well beyond the boundaries of the RSA (Figure 16.2-2). The identified Métis organizations have not mapped the boundaries of their traditional territories. However, each of the identified Métis communities has explained to KNOC that their members have practiced TLU within the RSA and LSA. For assessment purposes, all available TLU information directly related to the LSA, and the RSA has been considered. TLU that occurs outside of the study areas has been considered when in the professional judgment of the assessor it may influence the effects assessment.

16.2.2 Temporal Boundaries Temporally, it is difficult to define TEK and TLU. Generally, TEK is oral knowledge, which may have been passed down from generation to generation. Knowledge holders may share information that spans a considerably longer period of time than the proposed project, and the TEK can only be collected from those who possess it and are willing to share it. The information that is provided by knowledge holders may be very specific or general, depending upon how much knowledge the provider has, and is willing to share. Furthermore, TEK is cultural knowledge, and interpreting and translating shared knowledge between cultures may distort the knowledge or the message that is shared. Efforts have been undertaken to ensure that KNOC has a good understanding of TLU in the LSA and RSA.

This assessment has considered the life of the project, from construction through to operations and reclamation. Consistent with the assessments for each of the biophysical disciplines, a worst-case scenario was assessed that assumed a full project layout (maximum footprint), peak emissions, and maximum water usage.

Page 16-3 S:\Gis\Projects\CE\KNOC_BlackGold\CE03745_EIA\ArcGIS Projects\Application Report Figures\Section 16 - Traditional Land Use and Ecological Knowledge\Fig16.02-02 FN Traditional Lands.mxd 200000 200000 6000000 6100000 6200000 6300000 6400000 Legend Lesser ( ! 33 Watercourse Water Open TerritoryTraditional Nation First Lake Heart Lands Traditional Nation First McMurray Fort Chipewyan Prairie Dené First Nation Traditional Lands Territory Traditional Core Nation First Cree Lake Beaver Project Area ( ! 88 ( ! 43 ! ! 300000 300000 754 Pelican Portage Pelican Edmonton La Lac 400000 400000 A tha ba sca Lac La Lac Biche

R

i v e ( !

36 r ( ! 63 Chard/Janvier ( ! 16 Conklin Fort McMurray 500000 500000 ( ! ! ! 881 ( ! Winefred Lake

Gordon

Lake

Alberta Primrose 005 100 50 0 50 reserved, GeoBase®, KNOC, Spatial Data Warehouse Ltd. Sources: © Department of Natural Resources Canada. All rights PROJECTION/DATUM: ANALYST: PROJECT: DATE: Lake UTM Zone NAD83 12 Zone UTM CE03745/520 2009 December CF Lac La Lac Loche BlackGold Expansion ProjectBlackGold Expansion 600000 600000 ( ! 21 25 QA/QC: KW ! ! 955 Peter Pond Traditional Lands Traditional Lake 1:3,200,000 ODR CO Kilometres National Corporation Oil Korea ( ! PREPARED BY: PREPARED BY: DRAWN 4 Fig16.02-02 FN Traditional Lands FN Traditional Fig16.02-02 Figure 16.2-2 Figure 700000 700000 ! ! 155 09-12-08 AMEC AMEC ! ! 165 ±

6000000 6100000 6200000 6300000 6400000 Application for Approval of the BlackGold Expansion Project Volume 2 – Environmental Impact Assessment December 2009

16.3 Issues and Assessment Criteria Throughout the Aboriginal Consultation Program, described in Volume 1, Section 3.0, Aboriginal communities have expressed concern about potential effects on TLU as a result of the project. This assessment evaluates the potential direct and indirect effects on TLU.

The assessment considers the potential effects of the project on TLU in both the LSA and the RSA. The potential effects on the traditionally used biophysical resources and cultural resources such as the cabins and travel routes, which traditional users rely upon to pursue those resources, are key aspects. The assessments of other disciplines, including wildlife, vegetation, soils, aquatics, and heritage resources, which were based in part on the TEK and TLU information, have been considered in the assessment of TLU effects.

Concerns identified by affected Aboriginal communities include the potential for: • loss of access to TLU areas; • effects on fishing, hunting, trapping; • effects on harvested species; • effects on the environment; • effects on cultural resources, such as cabins and trails; • effects on sensitive cultural areas, such as spiritual areas; and • possible contamination of traditional foods.

16.4 Methods To identify relevant TEK and TLU information, KNOC has: • engaged and consulted with Aboriginal communities with potentially affected TLU; and • reviewed existing data sources containing relevant TLU information.

To determine how the project may affect TLU, KNOC has: • analyzed the project description to identify project components that might affect TLU; and • designed mitigation measures to reduce potentially negative effects and enhancement measures to maximize potentially positive effects.

16.4.1 Data Collection Methods

16.4.1.1 Ongoing Consultation KNOC has been consulting with potentially affected Aboriginal communities since 2007. These discussions remain ongoing.

Page 16-5 Application for Approval of the BlackGold Expansion Project Volume 2 – Environmental Impact Assessment December 2009

KNOC’s preferred method of identifying and documenting relevant TEK and TLU is to consult with potentially affected Aboriginal communities and holders of TEK to have them share relevant information. KNOC has had discussions with each potentially affected Aboriginal community and proposed working with them to complete TEK and TLU studies specific to the KNOC leases. The purpose of these studies is to: • document TEK and TLU which are relevant to the assessment of project effects; • facilitate meaningful community participation in the environmental and socio-economic effect assessment process; and • ensure compliance with the Terms of Reference for the project.

Currently, only the Heart Lake First Nation and the Conklin Métis Local #193 have provided TEK and TLU information specific to KNOC leases. KNOC is willing to work with the other potentially affected Aboriginal communities to complete TEK and TLU studies, and will incorporate the results into project planning, when available.

A synopsis describing the status of KNOC’s efforts to collect and document TEK and TLU information with each potentially affected Aboriginal community is provided below.

Beaver Lake Cree Nation The Beaver Lake Cree Nation (BLCN) has indicated that a complete Consultation Agreement with KNOC is necessary before proceeding with other aspects of the consultation process. KNOC and BLCN continue to negotiate the Consultation Agreement. No relevant TEK or TLU has been identified by the BLCN. KNOC will continue working with the BLCN to obtain relevant TEK and TLU information and will consider it in project planning

Chipewyan Prairie Dene First Nation KNOC and the Chipewyan Prairie Dene First Nation Industry Relations Corporation (CPIRC) are in the process of negotiating a TEK-TLU study. Several interviews with Chipewyan Prairie Dene First Nation (CPDFN) Elders are anticipated and a report documenting relevant TEK and TLU information will be prepared. KNOC will consider any relevant information in project planning.

Heart Lake First Nation On 19 November 2009, the Heart Lake First Nation Consultation Office (HLFNCO) provided KNOC with a draft report, entitled, Heart Lake First Nation TLU/TEK information as it relates to the Korea National Oil Company BlackGold Project/ Expansion Project. The report describes: 1. The traditional and contemporary land-use activities and pattern of the Heart Lake people with respect to the Christina Lake area, 2. The concerns of the community about the effects of KNOC’s Project(s), and industrial development generally, on its traditional lands, lifestyles, and exercise of its member’s Aboriginal and treaty rights, and 3. How the HLFN wishes to engage with KNOC in the future to protect the environment and minimize effects (HLFNCO 2009).

Page 16-6 Application for Approval of the BlackGold Expansion Project Volume 2 – Environmental Impact Assessment December 2009

The HLFNCO provided this report to KNOC with the proviso that it be considered a draft, because the Heart Lake First Nation (HLFN) Chief and Council has not yet reviewed and finalized the report. The HLFNCO has indicated that a final version of the report may be available in December 2009. The HLFNCO does not anticipate that the final report will be substantially different from the draft report. Therefore, the HLFNCO has permitted KNOC to utilize the draft report in completing this assessment. KNOC will review the final report when it is provided and will consider the provided information in project planning.

Fort McMurray First Nation The Fort McMurray First Nation (FMFN) has not identified any relevant TEK or TLU information specific to the KNOC leases. KNOC will continue attempts to work with the FMFN to determine if they wish to provide relevant TEK and TLU information. Any relevant TEK and TLU information identified will be considered in project planning.

Conklin Métis Local #193 KNOC also agreed to fund a TEK and TLU study currently being completed by the Conklin Métis Local #193. At present, complete results from that study are not available. As an interim measure, the Conklin Métis Local #193 has provided KNOC with preliminary information resulting from the ongoing study. The provided information includes maps showing TLU, and notes discussing the TEK and TLU information they have collected related to the KNOC leases and the RSA. KNOC has considered this information when assessing potential effects.

When KNOC receives a copy of the completed Conklin Métis Local #193 TLU-TEK study, any additional relevant information will be considered in project planning.

Fort McMurray Métis Local #1935 The Fort McMurray Métis Local #1935 and KNOC have been negotiating a consultation plan. As a part of that plan, the Fort McMurray Métis Local #1935 has initiated a TEK and TLU study, funded by KNOC. The results of that study will not be available to KNOC until the consultation plan is finalized and agreed upon. Any relevant TEK and TLU information will be considered in project planning.

Chard Métis Local #214 The Chard Métis Local #214 has not provided any relevant TEK or TLU information specific to the KNOC leases. KNOC will continue working with the Chard Métis Local #214 to determine if they wish to provide relevant TEK and TLU information.

Métis Nation of Alberta Region 1 KNOC has consulted with the Métis Nation of Alberta Region 1. The Métis Nation of Alberta Region 1 has not provided any TEK nor TLU information. KNOC is working directly with potentially affected Métis Locals to identify relevant TEK and TLU information. A TEK and TLU study is not anticipated with the Métis Nation of Alberta Region 1.

Page 16-7 Application for Approval of the BlackGold Expansion Project Volume 2 – Environmental Impact Assessment December 2009

16.4.1.2 Information Review Existing sources containing relevant TEK and TLU were identified and reviewed. KNOC completed the review despite the absence of project-specific TEK and TLU studies from some of the potentially affected Aboriginal communities. Reviewed sources include reports and maps completed by Aboriginal communities, research reports, and environmental impact assessments completed for other projects in the vicinity of the RSA, and historical and ethnographic reports. Reviewed sources include:

• Nistawayaw: Where the Three Rivers Meet (Fort McMurray #468 First Nation Traditional Land Use Study 2006). The FMFN completed Where the Three Rivers Meet. This book documents the history and land use of the FMFN. This is a particularly valuable source because it was completed by the FMFN.

• Mapping How We Use Our Land (Robinson et al. 1994). Robinson et al. (1994) completed Mapping How We Use Our Land. The booklet profiles traditional land use and occupancy in northeast Alberta, south of the Clearwater River, west of the Alberta/Saskatchewan border, north of the air weapons range and east of the . Information from both Métis and is included.

• Traditional Resource Use and Traditional Ecological Knowledge for the Devon Jackfish 2 Environmental Effect Assessment (Devon 2006). Devon ARL Corporation (Devon) completed an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for the Devon Jackfish 2 Project. The assessment includes a description of the TEK and traditional resources use in their project area. The Devon leases are adjacent to the KNOC leases, located south of Sunday Creek.

• Traditional Land Use Assessment for the Canadian Natural Resources Limited (CNRL) Kirby In-Situ Oil Sands Project (CNRL 2007). CNRL completed an EIA for their Kirby Project, which provided information on the effects of the CNRL project on TLU. The CNRL project is located south of the KNOC leases.

• EIA for EnCana Christina Lake In-Situ Oil Sands Project (EnCana Corporation 1988). EnCana Corporation provided baseline information for the Christina Lake Project EIA that identifies resources that have been of traditional use and cultural significance to the Aboriginal communities in the region and outlines the uses of those resources. The EnCana Christina Lake Project is located adjacent to and east of the KNOC leases.

• Traditional Knowledge and Land Use Effects Assessment for MEG Energy Corp Christina Lake Regional Project (MEG Energy Corp 2005). The EIA completed for the MEG Energy Corp Christina Lake Regional Project contained a TLU effects assessment, which considered the TLU of CPDFN, and the Métis communities of Chard and Conklin.

Page 16-8 Application for Approval of the BlackGold Expansion Project Volume 2 – Environmental Impact Assessment December 2009

• The Indians of Canada (Jenness 1977). This book includes a chapter documenting the migratory tribes of the eastern woodlands, to which the are affiliated. It provides a brief account of language, economic conditions, traditional land use and social and political organization of the Cree.

• My Tribe The (Dion 1979). This book provides an oral history of the cultural life of the Cree in Alberta, and includes information related to social customs, hunting and religion from European contact up to the 1950s.

• Prehistoric Cultural Dynamic of the Lac La Biche Region (McCullough 1982). This paper, submitted to the Archaeological Survey of Alberta, provides an historical interpretation of pre-contact subsistence activities of the Woodland Cree in the Lac La Biche Region.

• Western Wood Cree (Smith 1981), Handbook of North American Indians. This chapter provides an account of the history, language, and traditional economy of the Western Wood Cree, to which the Woodland Cree belong.

16.5 Existing Conditions The Aboriginal communities of have traditionally practiced ways of life intimately connected to the land. The resources provided from the land, through hunting, fishing and gathering provided subsistence, and supported the development of unique cultural expressions connected to the landscape. These TLU activities are still pursued in areas near the KNOC leases.

Several Aboriginal communities have traditional territory overlapping the LSA. The TLU of each community shares similarities. For example, each Aboriginal community harvests similar species, as they are species which are locally available, and were traditionally used and valued. However, each group is also unique. For example, the key harvesting locations may vary by group, or a particular site may be especially important to one group but not as important for another. To facilitate data analysis, the identified TEK and TLU, have been categorized into three topic areas: • traditional animal use; • traditional vegetation use; and • cabin sites, burial sites and other significant areas.

An overview, encompassing identified TLU and TEK for all Aboriginal communities is also provided.

Page 16-9 Application for Approval of the BlackGold Expansion Project Volume 2 – Environmental Impact Assessment December 2009

16.5.1 Beaver Lake Cree First Nation Discussions have been on-going with the BLCN since 2007, and have focused on establishing a consultation process through policies and agreements. A project-specific TEK and TLU study has not been conducted with the BLCN. A review of existing historical and ethnographic literature has identified some relevant information about the Woodland Cree, to which the Beaver Lake Cree belong.

16.5.1.1 Overview Historical and ethnographic literature indicate that the Woodland Cree in Alberta harvested a number of mammals within the boreal forest, including woodland caribou, , elk, wood bison, bear and white-tailed deer. Of these, moose and woodland caribou were the most important for subsistence, with the others having limited distribution throughout the region (Smith 1981). Furbearing animals of major importance to the Woodland Cree included the hare, beaver, mink, marten, otter, lynx, fox and muskrat. Other important furbearers included the squirrel, woodchuck, gray wolf, wolverine and fisher (Smith 1981). Waterfowl and upland game birds were seasonally harvested, with ducks and geese harvested in the spring and autumn and grouse and ptarmigan in the winter. These animals served to supplement, rather than replace the meat of larger mammals (Jenness 1977, Smith 1981).

The ethnographic literature also indicates that fishing was carried out extensively by the Woodland Cree during in the early spring and late fall. The most important fish species were whitefish, lake trout, pickerel, and pike. In fact, the ethnographic literature indicates that the Woodland Cree had developed a complex fishing technology, including flares made from birch bark and pitch or spruce gum, spears, and pine root nets (Dion 1979, McCullough 1982). Nutritionally speaking, fish was a staple food during the winter months, and served as a plentiful and reliable food source for forest dwellers (McCullough 1982).

Vegetal products within the boreal forest are limited seasonally and are restricted to a few varieties of berries, the most sought after by the Woodland Cree being the Saskatoon and chokecherry. The Saskatoon berry could be dried whole, or alternatively, boiled, crushed, pressed into small cakes and then subsequently dried. The chokecherry was pounded or crushed, then pressed into cakes and dried (Dion 1979, Smith 1981).

According to the BLCN, these principal means of survival, namely the traditional practices of hunting, fishing and gathering, continue to be practiced by Beaver Lake Cree Nation today (BLCN website 2009). No specific information on animal use, vegetation use or cabins, burial sites or other significant areas in the RSA and LSA were identified through the review of existing sources.

Page 16-10 Application for Approval of the BlackGold Expansion Project Volume 2 – Environmental Impact Assessment December 2009

16.5.2 Chipewyan Prairie Dene First Nation KNOC and the CPIRC are engaged in negotiations to complete a site-specific TEK and TLU study. The CPIRC did file a letter of concern with the Energy Resources Conservation Board (ERCB) regarding the Initial Project, which does identify some TLU activities in the vicinity of the project. CPDFN has completed Kai’Kos’Dehseh Dene: The Red Willow River (Christina River) People, a traditional land use study. However, the CPDFN has not provided KNOC with a copy of this study. CPIRC also stated that “the traditional land use study is being expanded upon, and most of the information documented during the study process was not included in the document as to protect the information” (CPDFN 2009). Other available information includes environmental effect assessments completed for other projects (Rio Alto Exploration 2002, CNRL 2007). KNOC has relied upon the existing information, which has been reviewed to identify relevant TLU.

16.5.2.1 Overview CPDFN TLU activities include those typical of Aboriginal communities in the boreal forest. Key activities include harvesting game and fur bearing animals, fishing and plant harvesting. According to the CPIRC, the area between Christina Lake and Winifred Lake is a key TLU area for them, and that the project “essentially is in the heart of the traditional territory” (CPDFN 2009). According to the CPDFN, numerous TLU pursuits occur in the LSA and RSA. A review of existing data sources confirms that CPDFN has used this area extensively.

16.5.2.2 Traditional Animal Use According to the CPDFN, the area around Christina Lake is known to be reliable for hunting a variety of animals including moose, whitetail deer, black bear, badgers, and beavers. Harvested birds and wildlife include chickens (spruce grouse, ruffed grouse), mallard ducks, black ducks, Canada goose, and mudhens. The CPDFN also indicate that they used to hunt caribou and bison in the area (CPDFN 2009).

Moose are hunted throughout CPDFN traditional territory, mainly around Cowper Lake and the area between Kirby and Heart Lakes, which is inclusive of the RSA (CNRL 2007). Caribou are present within CPDFN’s traditional territory, although they are rarely hunted due to the species’ poor ability to recover from harvesting (Rio Alto Exploration 2002). Members of the CPDFN trap rabbit, squirrel, porcupine, fox, fisher, coyote and lynx (CNRL 2007).

Fishing occurs within the major lakes in the region, including Kirby, Grist and Winefred Lakes. The most commonly cited fish species include whitefish, northern pike (jackfish), pickerel, Arctic grayling, and lake trout (Rio Alto Exploration 2002).

Page 16-11 Application for Approval of the BlackGold Expansion Project Volume 2 – Environmental Impact Assessment December 2009

16.5.2.3 Traditional Vegetation Use Edible and medicinal plants are harvested within CPDFN traditional territory. The most commonly collected plants are blueberries and cranberries, supplemented by raspberries, logan berries, strawberries, chokecherries, and Saskatoon berries (CNRL 2007). Furthermore, the CPDFN has also identified plant gathering as an important activity for Chipewyan Prairie people, and various plants, roots, shrubs, and bark are continually collected throughout the year for consumption, medicinal, religious and ceremonial purposes (CPDFN 2009). The CPDFN have identified the KNOC lease area as an especially important place to harvest berries and medicinal plants. “Specific berry species include blueberries (harvest large amounts for winter storage), cranberries (used for stomach and other infections), mint tea (used for stomach pains, ease the stomach and assist digestion), and Red Willow (ceremonial, spiritual use)” (CPDFN 2009).

16.5.2.4 Cabin Sites, Burial Sites and Other Significant Areas Many cabins belonging to members of the CPDFN are located on the north side of Winefred Lake, and around Bohn Lake, which partially transects the RSA (CNRL 2007). There are also several reported grave sites on the north side of Winefred Lake (Rio Alto Exploration 2002). No identified cabins, burial sites or other significant sites have been identified within the KNOC leases.

16.5.3 Heart Lake First Nation The Heart Lake First Nation Consultation Office (HLFNCO) did complete Heart Lake First Nation TLU/TEK information as it relates to the Korea National Oil Company BlackGold Project/ Expansion Project (HLFNCO 2009). The HLFNCO TLU report provides an important historical framework of the HLFN, which describes the prehistory and history of the HLFN. This valuable information has been reviewed and considered by KNOC. The report also provides maps and a detailed summary of HLFN land use and pertinent TEK information about the KNOC lease area.

The HLFNCO TLU report also identifies a number of concerns both about the effects of the KNOC Initial Project and Expansion Project, as well as industrial development in general. KNOC has responded to those concerns in Volume 1, Section 3.0 of this application.

16.5.3.1 Overview The HLFNCO TLU report provides an excellent overview of HLFN TLU. The report identifies their traditional territory and provides a synopsis of their TLU from prehistory to current times. The traditional territory encompassed much of east central Alberta and adjacent areas of Saskatchewan from McMillan Lake in the west to Arsenault Lake in the east, and from the Truman area in the south to the lands between Athabasca River in the northwest to Janvier and over to Garson Lake in the northeast (HLFNCO 2009).

Page 16-12 Application for Approval of the BlackGold Expansion Project Volume 2 – Environmental Impact Assessment December 2009

The HLFNCO report states that, despite numerous cumulative effects which have altered their TLU, the cultural values and traditions of the Heart Lake people remain intact. Cumulative effects identified by the HLFNCO include: • the ongoing decimation of the population from foreign diseases first introduced during the in the late 18th century; • the signing of with the federal government in 1876-78; • the creation of the Heart Lake reserve in 1915; • the introduction of the registered trapline system in the early 1940s; • the creation of the Primrose Lake Air Weapons Range in 1954; and • the commencement of forestry operations on the HLFN Traditional land around the same time (HLFNCO 2009).

Historically, the Heart Lake Elders suggest that they “lived a semi-nomadic life centered on Heart Lake, Logan Lake, and Lakes and rivers in the western portion of what is now the Bombing Range” (HLFNCO 2009). They would range throughout their traditional territory in pursuit of resources that would provide sustenance. With the creation of the Primrose Lake Air Weapons Range, members of the HLFN were displaced from their key harvesting areas. This had a profound effect on members of the HLFN. Despite the best efforts of the Heart Lake First Nations to break free from the cycle of malaise, dependency and dysfunction that has plagued its people since the mid-1950s, they have never recovered from their banishment from their traditional homeland (HLFNCO 2009).

Currently, the Heart Lake people continue to practice their traditional pursuits throughout their traditional territory, with the exception of the Primrose Lake Air Weapons Range from which they are prohibited, including within the LSA and RSA. However, the HLFN Elders did not identify any site specific concerns regarding the Expansion Project (Fleming 2009 pers. comm.).

16.5.3.2 Traditional Animal Use The area between Heart Lake and Winefred and Christina lakes, parts of which overlap with the LSA and RSA, have been used, and continue to be used for harvesting. Harvesting activities in this area included, hunting, trapping, fishing, and gathering.

HLFN Elders have confirmed that the area supports harvested species such as moose, deer, caribou, chickens, rabbits and animals used for fur (beaver, fox, squirrels, etc.). According to the HLFNCO, members of HLFN have been hunting and trapping in the Christina Lake area since at least the 1950s. Most HLFN hunters prefer not to hunt in the area anymore. The area is distant for many current HLFN hunters and trappers. Furthermore, community members have expressed safety concerns about using the area, as a result of increased industrial developments. Concern was also expressed that industrial developments have caused effects on the migration and habitation of wildlife in the area (HLFNCO 2009).

Page 16-13 Application for Approval of the BlackGold Expansion Project Volume 2 – Environmental Impact Assessment December 2009

The report identifies Christina Lake as a valuable source of fish for the community of Heart Lake. Species harvested from Christina Lake include pickerel, trout, jackfish and whitefish. The HLFNCO report also explains that the lakes, rivers, creeks and streams around the Christina Lake area are good fishing spots.

16.5.3.3 Traditional Vegetation Use Plant resources, both historically and today, continue to be gathered by members of the HLFN for subsistence and medicinal purposes. Present activities include the harvesting of berries and medicinal herbs in and around many of the traditional trails in the area. According to the HLFNCO TLU report, “the lands around Christina Lake are still rich in blueberries and cranberries. While no specific medicinal plant harvesting areas were noted, the HLFN Elders recognize that the ecology of the area would support the growth of many medicinal plants” (HLFNCO 2009).

Community members have reported that berries are becoming less abundant throughout areas of HLFN’s traditional territory, and it is increasingly difficult to find harvesting areas.

Historically, hay collection and plant harvesting took place in Wandering River territory up to Goodwin, Wappau, Christina and Wiau Lake (HLFN 2009).

16.5.3.4 Cabin Sites, Burial Sites, and Other Significant Areas No site-specific information for burial sites or other significant cultural/historic sites has been identified near the proposed project. Elders from HLFN, and other First Nations, did frequent the Christina Lake area and noted that undocumented sites could exist. HLFN Elders did identify trails and roads in the area that were used to access hunting and gathering areas. “It was noted by the Elders that Christina Lake is/was located along a major trail system linking Heart Lake to Christina area and beyond Conklin and Janvier, making it a valuable site for traditional economic activities of the community” (HLFNCO 2009).

16.5.4 Fort McMurray First Nation #468 The FMFN has completed Nistawayaw: Where the Three Rivers Meet in 2006, which documents TEK and TLU land use throughout the Fort McMurray First Nation Traditional Territory (FMFN 2006).

16.5.4.1 Overview The traditional land use of the FMFN has involved maintaining a life suited to the Boreal forest and parkland areas of their territory. This included harvesting game and fur bearing animals, fishing and harvesting berries, medicines and other wild plants. The Fort McMurray First Nation claims traditional territory in lands that overlap with the KNOC leases. A review of existing sources of information has not identified any specific uses on the KNOC leases. The majority of the FMFN TLU seems to be concentrated north of Christina Lake and closer to Fort McMurray.

Page 16-14 Application for Approval of the BlackGold Expansion Project Volume 2 – Environmental Impact Assessment December 2009

16.5.4.2 Traditional Animal Use The FMFN harvested larger mammals like moose, wood buffalo, bear, woodland caribou and occasionally barren land caribou and deer. Smaller fur-bearing mammals, such as beaver, muskrat and rabbits were also historically harvested (FMFN 2006). The FMFN TLU report did not indicate any specific TLU locations within the LSA, though it does suggest that some of the lands surrounding Christina Lake were used to harvest big game, like moose, as well as furbearers such as weasels and coyotes.

16.5.4.3 Traditional Vegetation Use Medicinal plants, such as rat root, white spruce, and willow, were harvested to treat overall health, colds, infections, disease, etc. (FMFN 2006). Medicine sites and medicinal harvesting zones do not transect the LSA, or the immediate areas surrounding it in the RSA. Berry- harvesting information indicates that there is a Saskatoon berry harvesting area close to the LSA, however the scale of the map makes it difficult to identify its exact location.

16.5.4.4 Cabin Sites, Burial Sites, and Other Significant Areas The report does identify a traditional trail system that surrounds the general vicinity of Christina Lake (FMFN 2006), in the RSA.

16.5.5 Conklin Métis Local #193 KNOC has agreed to fund a TLU study, which is being completed by the Conklin Métis Local #193. As a part of that study, the Métis have provided KNOC with preliminary TEK and TLU information, including maps showing TLU, and notes discussing the TEK and TLU information that they have collected, which relates to the KNOC leases and the LSA and RSA. Additional information was identified from environmental assessments, completed for other projects located in the vicinity of the KNOC leases (MEG 2005, Devon 2006).

16.5.5.1 Overview The community of Conklin is located approximately 10 km northeast of the project lease. The Conklin Métis Local #193 has indicated that they have used the area around Conklin, including the KNOC leases, for more than 100 years to pursue traditional activities and that the history and identity of the people from Conklin are strongly connected with their traditional lands and resource use.

Historically, Conklin Métis Elders traveled great distances to pursue their activities. Elders have recalled traveling from the Conklin area to Fort McMurray, Wabasca, Lac La Biche, and Buffalo Narrows, and Meadow Lake. Predominate activities include harvesting of animals and fish, collection and use of vegetation for foods and medicines, and the use of cultural resources such as cabins, trails and sacred areas.

Page 16-15 Application for Approval of the BlackGold Expansion Project Volume 2 – Environmental Impact Assessment December 2009

16.5.5.2 Traditional Animal Use Preliminary maps and notes from the Conklin Métis Local #193, based on their TEK-TLU study, suggest that the LSA is an area utilized for animal resource harvesting and show hunting and fishing areas. Figure 16.5-1 provides an overview of Conklin resource use areas, and Figure 16.5-2 provides a more detailed view of Conklin resource use within the KNOC leases.

Previous studies suggest that moose was the most sought after large game among the Conklin Métis, followed by deer, and then caribou (MEG 2005). Important furbearers included beaver and muskrats. Rabbit were also an important food source (MEG 2005).

Harvested birds included ruffed grouse (partridge), sharp-tailed grouse (chickens), spruce grouse (spruce hens) and ptarmigans (white chickens), ducks and geese. In addition to being a source of meat, birds provided eggs for food and feathers, which were used to make blankets and decorative/ceremonial items (Devon 2006).

Harvested fish species present in the lakes in and around the hamlet of Conklin include northern pike (jackfish), walleye (pickerel), yellow perch, lake whitefish and burbot and suckers, lake trout, arctic grayling, and goldeye (MEG 2005).

In discussions with the Conklin Resource Development Advisory Committee and the residents of Conklin, no site-specific concerns regarding the BlackGold Project or Expansion Project have been raised regarding potential disturbance to harvesting locations.

16.5.5.3 Traditional Vegetation Use Preliminary maps and notes show berry picking and medicinal plant areas in both the LSA and RSA. The species harvested at these locations are not identified.

Plant resources have been, and are used by the Conklin Métis for a variety of things including, subsistence, medicinal purposes, wood for fires, building materials for things like cabins and hide processing structures, and baskets (Devon 2006). Plant medicines are an integral part of the Conklin Métis’ spiritual traditions. Some traditionally harvested plants and berries that are of particular interest to the community include (MEG 2005): • pitcher plant (frog pants) – Sarracenia purpurea; • valerian – Valeriana dioica; • mountain ash – Sorbus scopulina; • miniature bob cranberry – Oxycoccus microcarpus; • strawberries – Fagaria sp; • saskatoons – Amelanchier sinifolia; and • raspberries – Rubus idaeus.

Page 16-16 See Inset Figure 16.5-2

TEK\Fig16.05-01\Fig16.05-01.cdr

TLU and

This figure has been reproduced with permission of the Conklin Métis Local # 193.

DATE: Korea December 2009 Fig16.05-01 09-12-08 National Oil Corporation PROJECT: DRAWN BY: Figure AMEC Conklin Resource Use Areas Overview CE03745/520 16.5-1 ANALYST: QA/QC: PREPARED BY: BlackGoldExpansion Proj ect KW KW CO DR FMA Heritage Inc.

S:\Gis\Projects\CE\KNOC_BlackGold\CE03745_EIA\Corel Draw\Section 16 - TEK\Fig16.05-02\Fig16.05-02.cdr

TLU and

This figure has been reproduced with permission of the Conklin Métis Local # 193.

DATE: Korea December 2009 Fig16.05-02 09-12-02 National Oil Corporation PROJECT: DRAWN BY: Figure AMEC Conklin Resource Use Areas Inset CE03745/520 16.5-2 ANALYST: QA/QC: PREPARED BY: BlackGoldExpansion Proj ect KW KW CO DR FMA Heritage Inc.

S:\Gis\Projects\CE\KNOC_BlackGold\CE03745_EIA\Corel Draw\Section 16 - Application for Approval of the BlackGold Expansion Project Volume 2 – Environmental Impact Assessment December 2009

Additional types of vegetation are also of importance to the Conklin Métis Local #193 (Figures 16.5-1 and 16.5-2).

In discussions with the Conklin Resource Development Advisory Committee (CRDAC) and the residents of Conklin, no site-specific concerns about the BlackGold Project or Expansion Project have been raised regarding potential disturbance to harvesting locations. KNOC will continue to work with the CRDAC to mitigate potential effects.

16.5.5.4 Cabin Sites, Burial Sites, and Other Significant Areas Several homes and grave sites are located in the RSA, immediately west of Christina Lake near the town of Conklin.

There is a historical travel corridor that transects the LSA, and runs through the RSA (Figures 16.5-3 and 16.5-4). While used and adapted for contemporary purposes, the trail represents an important link to the past for community members.

Wasassi Bay, a significant sacred area is located a few kilometres northwest of the LSA. Residents of Conklin have stressed the importance of this site and their desire to have the site protected. KNOC will continue working with the Conklin Resource Development Advisory Committee regarding this interest. The project construction and operations will not disturb this site. KNOC will make its employees, contractors, sub-contractors, and other individuals working on their project, aware of the importance of this site and to respect the communities’ wishes.

16.5.6 Chard Métis No relevant TLU has been identified. However, KNOC understands that members of the Chard Métis likely participated in similar TLU pursuits to other Aboriginal communities with traditional territory. Given their proximity to the CPDFN, it is likely that the two groups share similar TEK and TLU.

16.5.7 Fort McMurray Métis Local #1935 Issues related to TEK and TLU were raised during meetings with both leadership and the larger community, including an Elders meeting and an open house in mid-2008. KNOC has committed to funding a TLU-TEK Study to be completed by the Fort McMurray Métis Local #1935. This study has not yet been completed. KNOC understands that members of the Fort McMurray Métis Local #1935 likely participated in similar TLU pursuits to other Aboriginal communities with traditional territory in the area.

Page 16-19 See Inset Figure 16.5-4

TEK\Fig16.05-03\Fig16.05-03.cdr

TLU and

This figure has been reproduced with permission of the Conklin Métis Local # 193.

DATE: Korea December 2009 Fig16.05-03 09-12-02 National Oil Corporation PROJECT: DRAWN BY: Figure Conklin Sites, Settlements and Trails AMEC CE03745/520 16.5-3 Overview ANALYST: QA/QC: PREPARED BY: BlackGoldExpansion Proj ect KW KW CO DR FMA Heritage Inc.

S:\Gis\Projects\CE\KNOC_BlackGold\CE03745_EIA\Corel Draw\Section 16 - TEK\Fig16.05-04\Fig16.05-04.cdr

TLU and

This figure has been reproduced with permission of the Conklin Métis Local # 193.

DATE: Korea December 2009 Fig16.05-04 09-12-08 National Oil Corporation Conklin Sites, Settlements and Trails PROJECT: DRAWN BY: Figure AMEC CE03745/520 16.5-4 Inset ANALYST: QA/QC: PREPARED BY: BlackGoldExpansion Proj ect KW KW CO DR FMA Heritage Inc.

S:\Gis\Projects\CE\KNOC_BlackGold\CE03745_EIA\Corel Draw\Section 16 - Application for Approval of the BlackGold Expansion Project Volume 2 – Environmental Impact Assessment December 2009

16.6 Potential Effects TLU activities undertaken by Aboriginal people in the project area has been altered over several generations, and TLU no longer represents a viable livelihood. Project construction and operations may further affect TLU. The potential effects on TLU, as a result of the project, are directly related to effects on the resources that are harvested, as well as the potential effects on cultural resources, such as the cabins and travel routes which traditional users rely upon to pursue those resources. Consideration is also given to the amount of land, potentially used for TLU activities that will be disturbed.

Volume 2, Section 9.0 concludes that the effects of the project on fish, fish habitat and water quality are predicted to be low. The assessment concludes that chronic and acute health effects in fish, as well as tainting of fish flesh will not occur because aquatic releases of industrial effluents, wastewater, and heavy metals would not occur or would be completely mitigated during construction, operation or reclamation. The environmental assessment has concluded that no change in stream or lake areas is predicted to occur due to the project. Therefore, the project should not have an effect on traditional fishing activities.

Volume 2, Section 11.0 contains an assessment of traditionally-used plant species and the ability of vegetation classes to provide berries. The results indicate that the LSA has low potential to contain edible berry producing plant species. The assessment also concludes that the project effects on traditional plant use are predicted to be low. Therefore, the project should not have an effect on traditional vegetation use.

Volume 2, Section 12.0 of this assessment, contains a wildlife effect assessment that evaluates changes in habitat conditions, habitat use, movement and mortality risks and concludes that “project development would result in a predicted low effect rating for each of the indicator wildlife species, except woodland caribou, which is predicted to experience moderate effects from the project”. The wildlife assessment concludes that the project will not result in major changes to wildlife populations in the RSA. Therefore, the project should not have an effect on traditional wildlife harvesting.

Volume 2, Section 15.0 of this assessment contains an historical resources impact assessment (HRIA). The HRIA did not identify any cabins, or burial sites in the LSA. Some cabins and burial sites, which will not be disturbed, were noted in the RSA. The HRIA did note one historic campsite, near Sunday Creek, which was likely a trapper’s camp site. The site was dated circa 1950, and also noted that it has likely been used on more than one occasion. No standing structures were found at the site. The HRIA did note that the historic Kirby Lake Trail passed through the KNOC leases. Currently, however, within the KNOC leases, no intact portion of the trail exists. Segments have been incorporated and upgraded in the past into roads and, most recently, the BP Road. Based on these findings, the project is not predicted to have any effect on the cultural resources used by Aboriginal communities in their pursuit of TLU activities.

Page 16-22 Application for Approval of the BlackGold Expansion Project Volume 2 – Environmental Impact Assessment December 2009

During construction and operations, the project will temporarily remove a small area from traditional use. All disturbed sites will be reclaimed to an equivalent land capability. The traditional territories and harvesting areas of the potentially affected Aboriginal communities are extensive and considerably larger than the area, which may be effected by the project. Some traditional land users may be affected if they alter their land use patterns in response to the project. The effects could be more acute for those that currently use the area.

The effects on harvested resources and the cultural resources which are relied upon by traditional land users are predicted to be low. The areas expected to be effected are minimal when compared to the harvesting areas of Aboriginal communities. Therefore, overall effects on TLU as a result of the project are predicted to be low.

TLU is a part of the traditions and past of local community members and the practice of the traditional lifestyle help new generations to recognize and experience part of their families history and to retain and reinforce their cultural heritage. KNOC respects the desire of Aboriginal communities to retain their TEK and to practice TLU.

16.6.1 Mitigation Measures Mitigation measures detailed in Volume 2, Sections 9.0, 11.0 and 12.0 contain mitigation measures that will be implemented to minimize potential affects on traditionally used resources. These mitigation measures will minimize environmental effects of the project. Minimizing effects on the environment will minimize effects on TLU.

KNOC will minimize the amount of land required for the project, and will develop an access management plan, which considers the interests and concerns of Aboriginal communities and traditional land users.

KNOC will make their employees, contractors, sub-contractors, and other individuals working on their project, aware of the importance of cultural sites, such as Wasassi, and encourage them to respect the communities’ wishes regarding the use of the sites.

KNOC has a Community Investment Strategy. One priority of the strategy is to support cultural retention. Therefore, KNOC will work with potentially affected Aboriginal communities to identify appropriate initiatives, which KNOC may fund, to support cultural retention, which could include TLU activities.

KNOC will also continue to engage and consult with potentially effected Aboriginal communities. Discussions about potential and actual, effects on TLU are expected to occur. KNOC will also discuss mitigation measures and implement those measures, which will help to manage environmental effects and improve project planning.

Page 16-23 Application for Approval of the BlackGold Expansion Project Volume 2 – Environmental Impact Assessment December 2009

16.7 Summary Historically, and in contemporary times the potentially affected Aboriginal communities have engaged and continue to engage in traditional activities, including hunting of large and small game, trapping, and plant harvesting. Generally speaking, moose and white-tailed deer are the most commonly sought after large game in the area encompassing the LSA and RSA, followed to a lesser extent by caribou. Fishing occurs in the major water bodies in the area, and harvested species include northern pike (jackfish), walleye (pickerel), yellow perch, lake whitefish and burbot. Plant harvesting also continues to be practiced in the area, and includes the harvesting of a variety of berries, as well as root and herbal plants for medicinal purposes.

The Expansion Project will, to a minor extent, reduce the potential for Aboriginal communities to maintain or practice their TLU. However, KNOC will mitigate these potential effects, which are predicted to have a low impact rating.

KNOC will continue to engage and consult with potentially affected Aboriginal communities. Continued communication and effective action to address issues and concerns will reduce potential effects.

Table 16.7-1 summarizes the project effects on traditional land use.

Table 16.7-1: Summary of Project Effects on Traditional Land Use

Geographic Final Direction Magnitude Duration Reversible Confidence Extent Rating Traditional Negative Local Low Long-term Yes Moderate Low Land Use

16.8 Literature Cited

Beaver Lake Cree Nation Website. Available at: http://www.beaverlakecreenation.ca/ default.aspx?ID=4-1. Accessed November 2009.

Canadian Natural Resources Ltd. (CNRL). 2007. Application for the Kirby In-Situ Oil Sands Project. Submitted to the Alberta Energy Resources Conservation Board and Alberta Environment. Calgary, Alberta.

Chipewyan Prairie Dene First Nation (CPDFN). 2009. Letter to Energy Resource Conservation Board and Korea National Oil Corporation. Chipewyan Prairie Dene First Nation Industry Relations Corporation. Fort McMurray, Alberta.

Devon ARL Corporation (Devon). 2006. Application for Approval of the Devon Jackfish 2 Project. Submitted to the Alberta Energy Resources Conservation Board and Alberta Environment. Prepared by AMEC Earth & Environmental. Calgary, Alberta.

Dion, J.F. 1979. My Tribe The Crees. Glenbow Museum. Calgary, Alberta.

Page 16-24 Application for Approval of the BlackGold Expansion Project Volume 2 – Environmental Impact Assessment December 2009

EnCana Corporation. 1998. Christina Lake Thermal Project. Prepared by Golder Associates Ltd. Calgary, Alberta.

Fleming, J. 2009. Regulatory Director, Heart Lake First Nations Consultation Office, Personal Communication.

Fort McMurray First Nation (FMFN). 2006. Nistawayaw: Where Three Rivers Meet. Fort McMurray #468 First Nation Traditional Land Use Study. Calgary, Alberta.

Heart Lake First Nation Consultation Office (HLFNCO). 2009. TLU/TEK Information as it related to the Korea National Oil Company BlackGold Project/Expansion Project. Submitted to Korea National Oil Company. Edmonton, Alberta.

Heart Lake First Nation. 2006. Draft Community Report. Traditional Use/Traditional Environmental-Ecological Knowledge Report for Korea National Oil Corporation Winter Program for 2006/07. Edmonton, Alberta.

Jenness, D. 1977. The Indians of Canada. Originally published in 1932 as Bulletin 65, Anthropological Series No, 15 of the National Museum of Canada. Ottawa, Ontario.

McCullough, E. 1982. Prehistoric Cultural Dynamic of the Lac La Biche Region. Archaeological Survey of Alberta. Occasional Paper No. 18. Edmonton, Alberta.

MEG Energy Corp (MEG). 2005. Application for Approval of the Christina Lake Regional Project. Volume 5: The Human Environment. Calgary, Alberta.

Rio Alto Exploration Ltd. (Rio Alto). 2002. Application for Approval of the Kirby Project. Submitted to the Alberta Energy Resources Conservation Board and Alberta Environment. Prepared by Golder Associates Ltd. Calgary, Alberta.

Robinson, M., T. Garvin and G. Hodgson. 1994. Mapping How We Use Our Land: Using Participatory Action Research. Arctic Institute of North America. Calgary, Alberta.

Smith, J.G.E. 1981. Western Wood Cree. Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 6: Subarctic. Smithsonian Institution. Washington, D.C.

Page 16-25