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Lilia Mironov AIRPORT AURA a SPATIAL HISTORY of AIRPORT INFRASTRUCTURE Hochschulverlag AG an Der ETH Zürich Lilia Mironov AIRPORT AURA A SPATIAL HISTORY OF AIRPORT INFRASTRUCTURE Hochschulverlag AG an der ETH Zürich Dear reader Thank you for downloading our Open Access publication! vdf Hochschulverlag is actively promoting Open Access and has been publishing free eBooks from various subject areas since 2008: List of Open Access publications Would you like to publish Open Access as well? vdf Hochschulverlag will make your publication available for downloading in webshops as well as ETH Research Collection Please contact us at [email protected] You can support Open Access easily. Here is our Donate button Thank you very much! @vdfVerlagETHZ vdf.hochschulverlag.eth.zurich Lilia Mironov AIRPORT AURA A SPATIAL HISTORY OF AIRPORT INFRASTRUCTURE Published with the support of the Swiss National Science Foundation. This work is licensed under a creative commons licence: Bibliographic Information published by Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. An online version of the work is made available under a Creative Commons license for use that is noncommercial. The terms of the license are set forth at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/ch/deed.en. © 2020, vdf Hochschulverlag AG an der ETH Zürich ISBN 978-3-7281-3990-0 (Print version) Download open access: ISBN: 978-3-7281-3991-7/ DOI 10.3218/3991-7 www.vdf.ethz.ch [email protected] Contents Acknowledgements...................... 5 5.3 Glass and Iron ..................... 91 5.4 Crystal Palace ..................... 96 Abstract ............................... 7 5.5 Crystal Palaces of Aviation ........... 103 5.6 Places of Consumption .............. 109 1 Introduction ......................... 9 5.7 From Non-Places into Places of 1.1 The Project ....................... 9 Enjoyment ........................ 113 1.2 Research ......................... 10 6 Architecture of the Senses – 2 Travels through Airports: In Search of a Experiencing the Airport .............. 121 Narrative ............................ 13 6.1 A Phenomenological Introduction of the Sensorial and Auratic in Airport 3 The Architecture of Travel ............. 23 Design ........................... 121 3.1 Mobility Culture ................... 23 6.2 Airport Empire – Crisis Hetero topia 3.2 The Aerotropolis ................... 29 and Panopticon .................... 129 3.3 Generic Junk ...................... 33 6.3 Event-architecture in Airports......... 138 3.4 The Beginnings of Mobility........... 39 6.4 Performative Architecture ............ 141 3.5 Railways and Vistas ................ 40 6.5 Art in Airports ..................... 149 3.6 Railway Stations ................... 48 6.6 The Airport is a Stage ............... 158 3.7 Grand Central Terminal ............. 54 7 Airport Aura ......................... 163 4 Airports!............................. 61 4.1 Where to place an Airport Terminal? . 61 8 Illustration Credits.................... 169 4.2 Airport Typology................... 68 4.3 The Naked Airport ................. 72 9 Bibliography ......................... 177 4.4 Airports of the Jet Age............... 75 4.5 Rounding up ...................... 80 5 Tracing the Architecture of Leisure and Consumption in Airports .............. 81 5.1 Home............................ 82 5.2 The Interior and Exterior . 86 Airport_Aura.indb 3 14.01.2020 15:52:27 Airport_Aura.indb 4 14.01.2020 15:52:28 | 5 Acknowledgements I wish to thank the following supporters, mentors and Canadien d’Architecture; Musei Civici e Pinacoteca interview partners during my PhD research: Como; Richard Burton Archives at Swansea Univer- sity; Margo Stipe at the Frank Lloyd Wright Founda- My parents, Prof. Dr. med. Angel Mironov and tion; Joe Wong of Foster + Partners; Argiñe Diana of Dr. med. Nadja Mironov. the Norman Foster Foundation; Alanna Malone Mur- My sister, Katja Mironova. Daphne and Eliza. ray of HOK Architects; Nadine Degen at ProLitteris; The Swiss National Science Foundation SNF for offer- Richard Wilson; Ulrike Feucht at Spillmann Echsle ing me the doctoral grant. Architekten; Dr. John D. Kasarda; Stefania Canta of My PhD supervisors, Professors Bernd Nicolai and Renzo Piano Building Workshop; Mathieu Pomerleau, Luis Carranza. Katherine Prater, Margaret Smithglass and Cristina Professor Christine Göttler for instigating the SNF Seghi of the Avery Library at Columbia University. project. Steve Swanson and Robert Bedrick of LAX, Curtis Fentress of Fentress Architects, David Loyola of Gens- ler, Paul Senzaki of The Jerde Partnership, Professor Anna Minta, Professor Philip Ursprung, Professor Marc Angélil, Professor Ákos Moravánszky, Roald Sand of Nordic Architects, Zahnarztpraxis Neu wiesen Winterthur, Nadia Wipfli and Manel Boulfernane from the University of Bern, Angelika Rodlauer of vdf Hochschulverlag an der ETH Zürich and many more individuals who provided me with information and input. I gave my best to verify and confirm the image copy- rights of this dissertation, should I have unwittingly omitted the correct designation, I apologize profoundly and am willing to have this rectified. The following people and companies have provid- ed me with image rights permissions and I am deeply grateful to them: Kate Igoe of the Archives Division of the National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washing- ton; Margit Millstein Moorhouse of Nordic Architects; Gordon Welters; Stephane Aleixandre at the Centre Airport_Aura.indb 5 14.01.2020 15:52:28 Airport_Aura.indb 6 14.01.2020 15:52:28 | 7 Abstract Throughout the 20th century and into the 21st, the The origins of this glass and iron architecture can be emergence of airports as gateways for their cities has traced to Joseph Paxton’s Crystal Palace, built for the turned into one of the most important architectural Great Exhibition of 1851. This was the first time that undertakings. Ever since the first manned flight by the the exhibition venue itself took a backseat to its archi- Brothers Orville and Wilbur Wright on December 17, tecture. The composition of the interior and the per- 1903, utilitarian sheds next to landing strips on cow ception thereof were of a fluid nature with myriads of pastures evolved into a completely new building type possibilities for interior design. The crystalline exhibi- over the next few decades – into places of Modernism tion and dwelling premises of the Crystal Palace were as envisioned by Le Corbusier and Frank Lloyd Wright the idealized interiors where the enlightened citizens (who themselves had never built an airport), to even- dwelled and strolled as analyzed in Walter Benjamin’s tually turn into icons of cultural identity, progress and Arcades Project. They were consequently recreated in prosperity. In Europe, military aerodromes created arcades, tea rooms, cafés, and grand train stations at during the First World War, such as Bourget and Croy- the turn of the century, setting the stage for what would don airports in France and Great Britain respectively, become urban realm and airport architecture. were transformed into civilian airport terminals. Many of these airports have become architectural Much like ubiquitous modern day coffee shops, air- branding devices of their respective cities, regions and ports aim to be the third place as per Ray Oldenburg, countries, created by some of the most notable contem- but are rather a non-place according to Marc Augé and porary architects. a Foucauldian interplay between heterotopias, utopias, and dystopias. Many have become nightmarish panop- This interdisciplinary cultural study deals with the his- ticons of migration, surveillance, and control, triggered torical formation and transformation of the architec- by the events surrounding the terrorist attacks of the tural typology of airports under the aspect of spatial last two decades. theories. This includes the shift from early spaces of transportation such as train stations, the synesthetic ef- Current airport design puts an emphasis on the region- fect of travel and mobility and the effects of material in- al and anthropological place to counteract the dehu- novations on the development, occupation, and use of manization of mass transportation. Its transitory char- such spaces. The changing uses from mere utilitarian acter is fused with art exhibition sites, culminating in transportation spaces to ones centered on the spectac- airport-museum-hybrids, such as Mumbai and Doha ular culture of late capitalism, consumption, and iden- airports. The future of airport architecture and design tity formation in a rapidly changing global culture are looks very much like the original idea of the Crystal analyzed with examples both from architectural and Palace: to provide a stage for consumption, social the- philosophical points of view. atre, and art exhibition. Airport_Aura.indb 7 14.01.2020 15:52:28 Airport_Aura.indb 8 14.01.2020 15:52:28 1 Introduction 1.1 The Project sites to our everyday sites and applies to liminal spaces, This dissertation has evolved from the Swiss National especially so to airports because of their status as other Science Foundation (SNSF) Sinergia funded Research and hybrid, with Foucault even speaking of the twen- Project The Interior: Art, Space, and Performance (Early tieth Century as the “epoch of juxtaposition”.1 Modern to Postmodern) at the Institute of Art History at Another important discourse in this matter is Marc the University of Bern. Within the subproject Hetero- Augé’s sociocultural study “Non-Places” that shows us topian Spaces: Public,
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