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CIUS 1997 Section II SECTION II Crime Index Offenses Reported CRIME INDEX TOTAL DEFINITION The Crime Index is composed of selected offenses used to gauge fluctuations in the overall volume and rate of crime reported to law enforcement. The offenses included are the violent crimes of murder and nonnegligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault, and the prop- erty crimes of burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson. TREND Rate per 100,000 Year Number of offenses1 inhabitants1 1996 ............................................... 13,493,863 5,086.6 1997 ............................................... 13,175,070 4,922.7 Percent change .......................... -2.4 -3.2 1 Does not include arson. See page 65. 5 Chart 2.1 CRIME CLOCK 1997 one MURDER every 29 minutes one FORCIBLE RAPE every 5 minutes one ROBBERY every 1 minute one one VIOLENT CRIME AGGRAVATED ASSAULT one every 19 seconds every 31 seconds CRIME INDEX OFFENSE every 2 seconds one one PROPERTY CRIME BURGLARY every 3 seconds every 13 seconds one LARCENY-THEFT every 4 seconds The Crime Clock should be viewed with care. Being the most aggregate one representation of UCR data, it is designed MOTOR VEHICLE to convey the annual reported crime THEFT experience by showing the relative every 23 seconds frequency of occurrence of the Index Offenses. This mode of display should not be taken to imply a regularity in the commission of the Part I Offenses; rather, it represents the annual ratio of crime to fixed time intervals. In 1997, the Crime Index total, estimated at approximately 4,572 in the Midwest, and 3,734 in the Northeast. Rates in 13.2 million offenses, dropped 2 percent from the 1996 total. all four regions declined from 1996 to 1997. A 5-percent This decline represented the lowest annual serious crime count decline was recorded in the Northeastern Region; a 3-per- since 1985 and the sixth consecutive annual decline. The cent decline was reported in both the Western and Southern Nation’s cities reported a decline of 3 percent collectively. Regions; and a 2-percent decline was noted in the Midwest- Those cities with populations of 250,000 to 999,999 reported ern Region. (See Table 4.) the greatest decrease, 6 percent. A 3-percent decrease was Nature reported in the suburban counties, while the rural counties showed an increase of 1 percent. Violent and property crime categories comprise the Crime Five- and 10-year percent changes showed the 1997 national Index. In 1997, of the total Crime Index offenses reported to total was 7 percent lower than the 1993 level and 5 percent law enforcement, 12 percent were violent crimes, and 88 per- lower than the 1988 total. cent were property crimes. The offense with the highest vol- Geographically, the most populous Southern States ume was larceny-theft, while the offense with the lowest was accounted for 40 percent of the total volume of Crime Index murder. (See Chart 2.3.) offenses. The Southern States were followed in volume by the Considering all Crime Index offenses, property valued at an Western States, 24 percent; the Midwestern States, 22 percent; estimated $15.6 billion was stolen in 1997. The greatest losses and the Northeastern States, 15 percent. Compared to 1996 were due to thefts of motor vehicles followed by jewelry and figures, in 1997 the Northeastern States showed a Crime In- precious metals; televisions, radios, stereos, etc.; and currency, dex decrease of 5 percent. The Southern and Western States notes, etc. In 1997, law enforcement agencies nationwide re- each showed a 2-percent decrease, and the Midwestern States corded a 37-percent recovery rate for dollar losses in connec- showed a 1-percent decrease. (See Tables 3 and 4.) tion with stolen property. The highest recovery percentages July was the month in which the most Crime Index offenses were for stolen motor vehicles, clothing and furs, livestock, occurred, and February was the month in which the least occurred. consumable goods, and firearms. (See Table 24.) Law Enforcement Response Table 2.1 — Crime Index Total by Month, 1993-1997 [Percent distribution] Making an estimated 2.7 million arrests for Index crimes in Months 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1997, law enforcement agencies collectively recorded a 22- percent clearance rate for the total Crime Index offenses. January ................................. 8.1 7.6 8.1 8.1 8.2 February .............................. 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.6 7.3 Crimes can be cleared by arrest or by exceptional means when March................................... 8.1 8.2 8.1 7.9 8.0 some element beyond law enforcement control precludes the April ..................................... 8.0 8.0 7.8 8.0 8.0 May ...................................... 8.3 8.4 8.4 8.5 8.5 placing of formal charges against the offender. The arrest of June ...................................... 8.6 8.5 8.5 8.4 8.5 one person may clear several crimes, or several persons may July ....................................... 9.1 9.1 9.0 9.1 9.1 August .................................. 9.2 9.3 9.3 9.1 9.0 be arrested in connection with the clearance of one offense. September ............................ 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.4 8.5 Throughout the past 10-year period, the Index clearance rate October ................................ 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.7 8.7 has remained relatively stable. Clearance rates in both 1993 November ............................ 8.1 8.2 8.2 7.9 7.9 December ............................. 8.3 8.4 8.1 8.2 8.2 and 1988 were 21 percent. The 1997 total Crime Index arrests declined by 3 percent when compared to 1996 figures. Arrests of both adults and Rate juveniles were down; 2 percent for adults and 6 percent for Crime rates correlate the incidence of crime to population. juveniles. Considering gender, arrests of males decreased 4 The 1997 rate for Crime Index offenses—the lowest rate since percent, while arrests of females showed virtually no change. 1974—was estimated at 4,923 Crime Index offenses for each (See Tables 36 and 37.) 100,000 in United States population. The Nation’s metropoli- Comparing figures from 1997 to those from 1996, declines tan areas experienced the highest Crime Index rate, and the rural in the number of persons arrested were shown for all but one counties experienced the lowest. (See Tables 1 and 2.) Na- of the individual offenses composing the Crime Index; aggra- tionally, the 1997 Crime Index rate fell 3 percent from the 1996 vated assault increased by 1 percent. Decreases ranged from 8 rate, 10 percent from the 1993 level, and 13 percent from the percent for motor vehicle theft to 3 percent for larceny-theft 1988 rate. as shown in Table 36. Regionally, Crime Index rates included 5,547 offenses At nearly 1.5 million arrests, larceny-theft arrests accounted per 100,000 inhabitants in the South, 5,335 in the West, for the highest volume of Crime Index arrests. (See Table 29.) 7 Chart 2.2 Crime Index Total Percent Change from 1993 2 -1.1 -2.0-4.6 -6.9 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 -12 -2.0 -3.8 -7.3 -10.2 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Number of Rate per 100,000 Offenses Known Inhabitants Chart 2.3 Crime Index Offenses 1997 Percent Distribution Murder (0.1%) Forcible Robbery Rape (3.8%) (0.7%) Motor Vehicle Theft (10.3%) Aggravated Assault (7.8%) Burglary (18.7%) Larceny-theft (58.6%) Chart 2.4 Regional Violent and Property Crime Rates 1997 per 100,000 Inhabitants 3,197 4,046 4,683 536 526 NORTHEAST MIDWEST 652 WEST 4,865 682 Property Crime Rate SOUTH Violent Crime Rate VIOLENT CRIME TOTAL DEFINITION Violent crime is composed of four offenses: murder and nonnegligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault. All violent crimes involve force or threat of force. TREND Rate per 100,000 Year Number of offenses inhabitants 1996 ............................................... 1,688,540 636.5 1997 ............................................... 1,634,773 610.8 Percent change .......................... -3.2 -4.0 11 In 1997, an estimated 1.6 million violent crimes were Midwest. The South registered a crime rate per 100,000 reported to law enforcement. This number, indicating a de- inhabitants of 682; the West, a rate of 652; the Northeast, a crease of 3 percent from the 1996 level, represents the lowest rate of 536; and the Midwest, a rate of 526. All regions reg- total recorded since 1988. The 1997 estimated total was 15 istered rate declines from 1996 totals, ranging from 6 per- percent below the 1993 level, but 4 percent above the 1988 cent in the West to 2 percent in the Midwest. The Northeast total. From 1996 to 1997, violent crime decreased in the and South recorded 5- and 4-percent decreases, respectively. Nation’s cities collectively by 4 percent and in the suburban (See Table 4.) counties by 2 percent. In contrast, an increase of 3 percent was Nature recorded in rural counties. Regionally, 39 percent of all violent crimes reported to law In 1997, aggravated assaults accounted for 63 percent of all enforcement in 1997 were accounted for by the most populous violent crime, the highest number of violent crimes reported region, the South. The other three regions reported lower vol- to law enforcement. Robberies accounted for an additional 30 umes: 24 percent in the West, 20 percent in the Midwest, and percent. Forcible rapes accounted for 6 percent, and murders 17 percent in the Northeast. All four regions experienced de- accounted for the lowest number of violent crimes, 1 percent. creases in the number of violent crimes reported from 1996 Although data concerning weapons used in connection to 1997.
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