TIDONG POWER GENERATION PRIVATE LIMITED
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY FOR THIRD UNIT OF 50 MW, HIMACHAL PRADESH
DRAFT EIA REPORT
WAPCOS LIMITED (A Government of India Undertaking) 76 C, Sector 18, Gurugram - 122015, Haryana, INDIA Tel. +91-124-2397396, email: [email protected]
MARCH 2020
CONTENTS
Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
CONTENTS
CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 General 1-1 1.2 Project Background 1-1 1.3 Need for the Project 1-5 1.4 Project Location 1-5 1.5 Status of Clearances 1-8 1.6 Proposed Project 1-8 1.7 Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework 1-9 1.8 Scope of the EIA Study 1-10 1.9 Stages in the EIA Study 1-10 1.10 Outline of the Report 1-12
CHAPTER-2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
2.1 General 2-1 2.2 Proposed Project 2-1 2.2.1 Diversion works 2-1 2.2.2 Head Regulator 2-2 2.2.3 Desilting Basin 2-2 2.2.4 Reservoir 2-2 2.2.5 Head Race Tunnel 2-3 2.2.6 Surge Shaft 2-3 2.2.7 Valve House 2-3 2.2.8 Pressure Shaft 2-4 2.2.9 Power House Complex 2-4 2.2.10 Tail Race Channel 2-5 2.2.11 Transmission system 2-5 2.2.12 Power Benefits 2-5 2.3 Salient Features 2-5 2.4 Project Cost 2-10 2.5 Financial Aspects 2-11 2.6 Construction Period 2-11
CHAPTER-3 DESCRIPCTION OF ENVIRONMENT
3.1 General 3-1 3.2 Study Area 3-1 3.3 Scoping Matrix 3-3 3.4 Data Collection 3-5 3.4.1 Physico-Chemical Aspects 3-5 3.4.2 Ecological Aspects 3-7 3.4.3 Socio-Economic Aspects 3-8 3.4.4 Summary of Data Collection 3-8 3.5 Baseline Status-Socio-Economic Aspects 3-9 3.5.1 Geology 3-9 3.5.2 Seismicity 3-10 3.5.3 Hydrology 3-11 WAPCOS Limited i
Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
3.5.4 meterology 3-13 3.5.5 Land use pattern 3-17 3.5.6 Soil 3-20 3.5.7 Water Quality 3-23 3.5.8 Ambient Air Quality 3-31 3.5.9 Noise Environment 3-39 3.6 Baseline Status for Ecological Aspects 3-43 3.6.1 Forest Types and Vegetation Composition 3-43 3.6.2 Field Studies 3-45 3.6.3 Floristic survey and quantitative analysis of vegetation 3-46 3.6.4 Diversity Index 3-48 3.6.4 Shannon Index 3-48 3.6.6 Dominance Index 3-48 3.6.7 Buzas and Gibson’s evenness index 3-49 3.6.8 Floristic Composition 3-49 3.6.9 Quantitative Analysis of floristics present at various sampling sites 3-54 3.6.10 Density of Plant Species 3-77 3.6.11 Diversity Index 3-79 3.6.12 Lower Plant Diversity 3-81 3.6.13 Threatened Status of Plant 3-81 3.6.14 Medicinal Plants 3-84 3.6.15 Collection of Fodder 3-85 3.7 Terrestrial Fauna 3-85 3.7.1 Mammals 3-85 3.7.2 Avifauna 3-87 3.7.3 Herpetofauna (Reptiles- Snakes & Lizards) 3-88 3.7.4 Butterflies 3-89 3.8 Aquatic Ecology 3-89 3.8.1 Methodology Adopted for Aquatic Ecology 3-90 3.8.2 Tidong stream morphology and basin characterization 3-92 3.8.3 Planktons 3-95 3.8.4 Periphytons 3-99 3.8.5 Zooplanktons 3-101 3.8.6 Benthos Invertebrates 3-103 3.8.7 Aquatic Macrophytes 3-105 3.8.8 Fish Composition and Diversity 3-106 3.8.9 Fisheries Potential and Economics 3-108 3.9 Baseline Status-Socio Economic Aspects 3-108 3.9.1 General 3-108 3.9.2 Demographic Profile 3-108 3.9.3 Caste Profile 3-110 3.9.4 Literacy Level 3-111 3.9.5 Occupational Profile 3-112 3.9.6 Amenities and Facilities in Villages (Census 2011) 3-114
CHAPTER-4 PREDICTION OF IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES
4.1 General 4-1 4.2 Impacts on water environment 4-3 WAPCOS Limited ii
Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
4.2.1 Water Quality 4-3 4.2.2 Sediments 4-6 4.2.3 Water Resources and Downstream Users 4-6 4.3 Impacts on Air Environment 4-7 4.4 Impacts on Noise Environment 4-11 4.5 Impacts on Land Environment 4-16 4.6 Impacts on Biological Environment 4-21 4.6.1 Impacts on Terrestrial Flora 4-21 4.6.2 Impacts on Terrestrial Fauna 4-22 4.6.3 Impacts on Aquatic Fauna 4-24 4.7 Increased Incidence of Water-Related Diseases 4-24 4.7.1 Increased Incidence of Water-Related Diseases 4-24 4.7.2 Aggregation of Labour 4-26 4.7.3 Excavations 4-26 4.8 Impacts on Social Environment 4-27 4.8.1 Impacts During Construction Phase 4-27 4.8.2 Impacts During Operation Phase 4-28
CHAPTER -5 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES
5.1 General 5-1
CHAPTER – 6 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME
6.1 The Need 6-1 6.2 Environmental Monitoring for Phase-I of Tidong HEP 6-1 6.3 Water Quality 6-2 6.4 Air Quality and Meteorology 6-3 6.5 Noise 6-3 6.6 Ecology 6-3 6.7 Aquatic Ecology and Fisheries 6-4 6.8 Incidence of Water-Related Diseases 6-4 6.9 Summary of Environmental Monitoring Programme 6-4 6.10 Cost for Implementing Environmental Monitoring Proramme 6-5
CHAPTER-7 ADDITIONAL STUDIES
7.1 Introduction 7-1 7.2 Corporate Environmental Responsibility Plan 7-1 7.2.1 Upgradation of Educational Facilities 7-2 7.2.2 Scholarships for Students 7-2 7.2.3 Improvement of Public Health Facilites 7-3 7.2.4 Budget for CERP 7-4 7.3 Local Area Development Plan 7-4 7.3.1 Definition and Declaration of PAF, PAA & PAZ 7-5 7.3.2 Local Area Development Committee (LADC) 7-5 7.3.3 Parameter for Allocation of Fund 7-6 7.3.4 Allocation of Funds under Project Affected Zone (PAZ) 7-6 7.3.5 Status of LADP of Approved EIA Study 7-7 7.4 Status on Ongoing Community Development Initiatives by TPGL 7-7 WAPCOS Limited iii
Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
7.5 Corporate Social Responsibility 7-9 7.6 Disaster Management Plan 7-10
CHAPTER-8 PROJECT BENEFITS
8.1 General 8-1 8.2 Benefits during Construction Phase 8-1 8.3 Benefits during Operation Phase 8-2
CHAPTER-9 ENVIRONMENTAL COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS
CHAPTER-10 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN
10.1 Introduction 10-1 10.2 Compensatory Afforestation and Biodiversity Conservation Plan 10-6 10.2.1 Impacts on Forests 10-6 10.2.2 Compensatory Afforestation 10-6 10.3 Catchment Area Treatment Plan 10-6 10.4 Fisheries Management Plan 10-11 10.4.1 Fisheries Status 10-11 10.4.2 Provision of minimum flow 10-11 10.5 Environmental Management in Labour Camps 10-11 10.5.1 Amenities in Labour Camps 10-11 10.5.2 Solid Waste Management 10-13 10.5.3 Facilities provided for staff and labours in labour camps 10-14 10.5.4 Details of PPEs provided to labours 10-15 10.6 Restoration and Landscaping of Construction Sites 10-15 10.7 Greenbelt Development Plan 10-16 10.8 Cost Estimate 10-17 10.8.1 Cost for Implementing Environment Management Plan 10-17
CHAPTER-11 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
11.1 Introduction 11-1 11.2 Conclusions 11-2
CHAPTER-12 DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANTS INVOLVED IN THE EIA STUDY
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure-3.1: Study Area Map 3-2 Figure-3.2: Seismic Zonning Map 3-11 Figure-3.3: Flow Duration Curve of Tidong Khad 3-13 Figure-3.4: Month wise variation of maximum and minimum temperature in 3-14 Project area district Figure-3.5: Month wise rainfall received and no. of rainy days in the project 3-15 area district Figure-3.6: Month wise variations in humidity in project area district 3-15 Figure-3.7: Satellite Imagery (FCC) of the of the Study Area 3-18 Figure 3.8: Classified Image of the Study Area 3-19 Figure-3.9: Soil Sampling Stations 3-21 Figure-3.10: Water sampling locations 3-24 Figure- 3.11: Ambient Air Quality sampling locations 3-32 Figure- 3.12: Noise sampling locations 3-42 Figure-3.13: Habit-wise seasonal variation in floristic composition at Tidong HE 3-54 project in July-August 2019 season Figure-3.14: Graphical analysis of floristic diversity at study sites at Tidong HE 3-54 project in July-August 2019 season Figure-3.15: Graphical analysis of tree density at different study area of 3-78 Tidong HEP Figure-3.16: Graphical analysis of Shrub density at different study area of 3-78 Tidong HEP Figure-3.17: Graphical analysis of Herb density at different study area of 3-78 Tidong HEP Figure -3.18: Graphical analysis of Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index at 3-80 different study area of Tidong HE project Figure -3.19: Graphical analysis of Dominance Diversity Index at different study 3-80 area of Tidong HE project Figure -3.20: Graphical analysis of Evenness Diversity Index at different study 3-81 area of Tidong HE project Figure-3.21: Demographic Profile of the study Area 3-109 Figure-3.22: Caste Profile of study Area 3-111 Figure-3.23: Literacy Profile of the study Area 3-112 Figure-3.24: Occupational Profile of the study Area 3-113
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
LIST OF TABLES
Table-1.1: Basin wise Hydropower Potential in Himachal Pradesh 1-1 Table-1.2: Status of Hydropower Potential in Himachal Pradesh 1-1 Table-2.1: Salient Features for Both the Options 2-5 Table-3.1: Scoping Matrix adopted for EIA study for the proposed third Unit of 3-3 Tidong HEP Table-3.2: Water quality parameters analysed as a part of field studies 3-6 Table-3.3: Summary of data collected from various sources 3-8 Table-3.4: Average meteorological conditions in the project area 3-16 Table-3.5: Special weather phenomena in the project area district 3-16 Table 3.6: Land use pattern of the study area 3-17 Table-3.7: Details of Soil Sampling Locations 3-20 Table-3.8 Results of soil sampling analysis of study area for summer season 3-21 Table-3.9 Results of soil sampling analysis of study area for monsoon season 3-22 Table-3.10 Results of soil sampling analysis of study area for winter season 3-22 Table-3.11: Details of Water Sampling Locations 3-24 Table-3.12: Water Quality analysis in the study area for summer season 3-25 Table-3.13: Water Quality analysis in the study area for monsoon season 3-26 Table-3.14: Water Quality analysis in the study area for winter season 3-28 Table-3.15: Drinking water quality standards 3-29 Table-3.16: Sampling locations for Ambient Air Quality Monitoring 3-32 Table-3.17: Results of ambient air quality monitoring in summer season 3-31 Table-3.18: Results of ambient air quality monitoring in Monsoon season 3-33 Table-3.19: Results of ambient air quality monitoring in winter season 3-34 Table-3.20: National Ambient Air Quality Standards 3-34 Table-3.21: Summary of ambient air quality monitoring in the study area 3-35 Table-3.22 Ambient Noise Level Sampling locations 3-39 Table-3.23 Hourly equivalent noise levels in the study area in summer season 3-39 Table-3.24 Hourly equivalent noise levels in the study area in Monsoon season 3-40 Table-3.25 Hourly equivalent noise levels in the study area in winter season 3-41 Table-3.26 Ambient Noise Standards 3-42 Table-3.27 Average ambient noise levels 3-42 Table-3.28: Major Forest Types of Kinnaur district 3-44 Table-3.29: Number and size of quadrats laid at different sites at the 3-46 Tidong HE Project Table-3.30: Different life forms of the plant species recorded in from the 3-49 Tidong HE Project Table-3.31: Trees, shrubs and herbs species recorded from the Tidong 3-49 HE Project Table-3.32: Complete list of plant species recorded from the vicinity of 3-50 Tidong HE Project Table-3.33: Frequency, density, abundance and IVI of tree species present 3-56 in the Catchment Area I (S1) WAPCOS Limited vi
Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
Table-3.34: Frequency, density, abundance and IVI of shrub species present 3-56 in the Catchment Area I (S1) Table-3.35: Frequency, density, abundance and IVI of herb species present 3-56 in the Catchment Area I (S1) (Summer season /pre-monsoon) Table-3.36: Frequency, density, abundance and IVI of herb species present 3-57 in the Catchment Area I (S1) (Monsoon season) Table-3.37: Frequency, density, abundance and IVI of herb species present 3-58 in the Catchment Area I (S1) (Winter season /post-monsoon) Table-3.38: Frequency, density, abundance and IVI of tree species present 3-59 in the Catchment Area II (S2) Table-3.39: Frequency, density, abundance and IVI of shrub species present 3-60 in the Catchment Area II (S2) Table-3.40: Frequency, density, abundance and IVI of herb species present 3-60 in the Catchment Area II (S2) (Summer season /pre-monsoon) Table-3.41: Frequency, density, abundance and IVI of herb species present 3-61 in the Catchment Area II (S2) (Monsoon season) Table-3.42: Frequency, density, abundance and IVI of herb species present 3-62 in the Catchment Area II (S2) (Winter season /post-monsoon) Table-3.43: Frequency, density, abundance and IVI of tree species recorded 3-64 At barrage site (S3) Table-3.44: Frequency, density, abundance and IVI of shrub species recorded 3-64 At barrage site (S3) Table-3.45: Frequency, density, abundance and IVI of herb species recorded 3-65 At barrage site (S3) (Summer season /pre-monsoon) Table-3.46: Frequency, density, abundance and IVI of herb species recorded 3-65 At barrage site (S3) (Monsoon season) Table-3.47: Frequency, density, abundance and IVI of herb species recorded 3-67 At barrage site (S3) (Winter season /post-monsoon) Table-3.48: Frequency, density, abundance and IVI of tree species recorded 3-69 at d/s of reservoir (S4) Table-3.49: Frequency, density, abundance and IVI of shrub species recorded 3-69 at d/s of reservoir (S4) Table-3.50: Frequency, density, abundance and IVI of herb species recorded 3-70 at d/s of reservoir (S4) (Summer season /pre-monsoon) Table-3.51: Frequency, density, abundance and IVI of herb species recorded 3-70 at d/s of reservoir (S4) (Monsoon season) Table-3.52: Frequency, density, abundance and IVI of herb species recorded 3-72 at d/s of reservoir (S4) (Winter season /post-monsoon)
Table-3.53: Frequency, density, abundance and IVI of tree species recorded 3-73 at power house site (S5) Table-3.54: Frequency, density, abundance and IVI of shrub species recorded 3-74 at power house site (S5)
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
Table-3.55: Frequency, density, abundance and IVI of herb species recorded 3-75 at power house site (S5) (Summer season /pre-monsoon) Table-3.56: Frequency, density, abundance and IVI of herb species recorded 3-75 at power house site (S5) (Monsoon season) Table-3.57: Frequency, density, abundance and IVI of herb species recorded 3-77 at power house site (S5) (Winter season /post-monsoon) Table-3.58: Density of plant community recorded at different study sites of 3-77 Tidong HEP Table-3.59: Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index recorded for tree, shrub and 3-79 herb community at Tidong HEP Table-3.60: Dominance Index recorded for tree, shrub and herb community 3-79 at different sites of Tidong HE project Table-3.61: Evenness Index recorded for tree, shrub and herb community 3-79 at different sites of Tidong HE project Table-3.62: Economically important plant species recorded from the Tidong HEP 3-82 Table-3.63: List of mammalian species of the study area 3-86 Table-3.64: List of Avi-faunal species reported from the Study Area 3-87 Table-3.65: Herpetofauna species reported from the Study Area 3-88 Table-3.66: Butterflies among Insects reported from the study area 3-89 Table-3.67: Phytoplankton and periphyton communities observed in the 3-97 Project Influenced Area Table-3.68: Phytoplankton and their seasonal variation during study period 3-98 Table-3.69: Diversity Indices of Phytoplankton community present in the study 3-99 Area Table-3.70: Periphyton community observed in project influenced area 3-100 Table-3.71:Diversity Indices of Phytobenthos community present in the study area 3-100 Table-3.72: Zooplanktons observed during study period in project influenced area 3-102 Table-3.73: Diversity Indices of Zooplankton community present in the study area 3-103 Table-3.74: Macrozoobenthos communities present in the study area 3-104 Table-3.75: Benthic invertebrates observed in the project influenced area 3-104 Table-3.76: Diversity Indices of Zoobenthos community present in the study area 3-105 Table-3.77: Fish species reported in u/s of middle basin till begning Upper 3-107 Satluj basin Table-3.78: Demographic Profile of Submergence Villages 3-109 Table-3.79: Caste Profile of the Submergence Area Villages 3-110 Table-3.80: Literacy Profile of the Submergence Area Villages 3-111 Table-3.81: Occupational Profile of the Command Area Villages 3-113 Table-3.82: Educational Facility in villages 3-114 Table-4.1: Status of Construction of Phase-I of the project 4-1 Table-4.2: Results of D.O. Modelling due to disposal of sewage from labour 4-4 camps in river Tidong Table-4.3: Cost of water supply and sanitation facilities 4-5 Table-4.4: Emission limits for DG sets prescribed by CPCB 4-10 Table-4.5: Noise level due to operation of various construction equipment 4-11 Table-4.6: Increase in noise levels due to operation of various construction 4-12 WAPCOS Limited viii
Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
equipment Table-4.7: Transmission loss for common construction materials 4-12 Table-4.8: Increase in noise levels due to increased vehicular movement 4-13 Table-4.9: Maximum Exposure Periods specified by OSHA 4-14 Table-4.10: Noise generated due to drilling 4-14 Table-4.11: Noise generation due to blasting 4-15 Table-4.12: Details of muck dumping location and status 4-19 Table-4.13: Details of capacity of each muck dumping site 4-19 Table-4.14: Cost of Development and restoration of muck disposal sites 4-20 Table-4.15: Land proposed for Acquisition for Tidong HEP, Phase I 4-21 Table-6.1: Environmental Monitoring for Phase-I of Todong HEP by TPGCL 6-1 Table-6.2: Summary of Environmental Monitoring Programme during Project 6-5 Operation Phase Table-6.3: Cost for implementing Environmental Monitoring Programme during 6-5 project operation phase Table 7.1: Break up of cost required for up-gradation of existing primary schools 7-2 Table 7.2: Details of scholarships 7-3 Table 7.3: Budget for up-gradation of PHSCs 7-4 Table 7.4: Budget for implementation of Corporate Environment Responsibility 7-4 Plan (CERP) Table-7.5: Norms for allocation of LAD Fund 7-5 Table-7.6: Summary of Allocation of funds as per LADF for PAA, PAZ 7-6 and Project Affected District for Tidong hydroelectric project Table-7.7: Status of Fund utilization of LADF 7-7 Table-7.8: The Statement of LADA Payment and its Utilization as on 7-7 Table-7.9: Status of Community Infrastructure Development Programme 7-8 Table-7.10: Status on Financial support for promotion and awareness 7-8 on Health, Education, sports etc. Table-7.11: Status of Community Development Programs in Project Affected Panchayats 7-9 Table-7.12: Status of Emergency 7-10 Table-7.13: Budget earmarked for implementation of Disaster Management Plan 7-16 Table-10.1: Key aspects of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) 10-2 Table-10.2: Physical and Financial Layout of CAT Plan 10-8 Table-10.3: Year-wise CAT Fund Utilization up to 31st March 2018 10-10 Table-10.4: Cost for implementing Environmental Management Plan 10-17 Table-12.1: List of Experts involved in the EIA study 12-1
LIST OF ANNEXURES Annexure-I: Copy of Certificate of Incorporation Annexure-II: Copy of Approved ToR Annexure-III: Copy of Approved Muck Disposal Plan Annexure-IV: Copy of Forest Clearance Annexure-V: Copy of NOC by Fishery Department, Himachal Pradesh
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CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION
Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 GENERAL Electricity is an essential requirement for all facets of our life. It has been recognized as a basic human need and is a critical infrastructure for socio-economic development of the country. The total hydroelctirc potential of the state of Himachal Pradesh is estimated as 12235.24 MW at 60 % load factor, with an installed capacity of 20392.07 MW. The Satluj basin in Himachal Pradesh has a hydropower potential of 9411.55 MW. In addition to Satluj, other rivers, which are part of the Indus Basin, also pass through Himachal Pradesh and are accounted for in estimation of Hydro power potential of the state. The total exploitable hydropower in Himachal Pradesh is 12235 MW which is 14.56% of India's total hydropower. Basin wise hydropower potential in Himachal Pradesh is depicted in Table-1.1. The status of development of various hydroelectric projects in Himachal Pradesh is given in Table-1.2. Table-1.1: Basin wise Hydropower Potential in Himachal Pradesh Basin Potential (MW) Beas Basin 4597.00 Ravi Basin 2294.00 Satlej Basin 9411.55 Yamuna Basin 591.52 Chenab Basin 2748.00 Mini Micro Projects 750.00 Total 20392.07
Table-1.2: Status of Hydropower Potential in Himachal Pradesh Status Capacity (MW) Harnessed so far 6045.07 Under Execution 4387.50 For which DPR is ready 1244.50 Schemes which are yet to be investigated 4292.50 Him Urja 750.00 Total 20392.07
1.2 PROJECT BACKGROUND Himachal Pradesh State Electricity Board (HPSEB) floated a Global Tender in 2004 for allotment of Tidong -1 HEP in Kinnaur district of Himachal Pradesh and the
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
project was allotted to M/s Nuziveedu Seeds Limited (NSL), for investigation and implementation of the project. The Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) for development of this project was signed between Nuziveedu Seeds Limited (NSL) and the state government of Himachal Pradesh on 23rd September 2004. The MOU specifies down the broad terms to allow investigations and implementation of the project. Prior to NSL‟s takeover of the Tidong-1 Hydro Electric Project, Himachal Pradesh State Electricity Board (HPSEB) had carried out initial field investigations for the project as a part of Prime Minister‟s initiative to develop 50,000 MW of Hydropower in the country on a fast track mode. The preliminary project layout as prepared by HPSEB was included in the Pre-Feasibility Report (PFR) made available to the developer. As per the PFR, a gross head of 608 m and a rated discharge of 19.2m3/s was proposed to be utilized to generate (2x50) 100 MW of power and 414.15 MU of energy in 90% dependable year. In order to finalize the layout of various project components, Nuziveedu Seeds Ltd (NSL) commenced the work of detailed geological investigations and appointed RITES Ltd. a Government of India Undertaking, for carrying out site investigations. The geological exploration carried out by RITES included drilling, testing and logging at penstock alignment and power house area, geophysical investigation by seismic refraction and resistivity survey; photo-geological remote sensing studies, rock mechanic tests & Petrographic analysis, construction material survey and testing to assess alkali-silica reactivity; property survey for storage reservoir, submergence and communication surveys. The socio-economic studies for Environmental Impact Assessment studies were also entrusted to M/s RITES Ltd. Hydrological observations at diversion site were done by HPSEB from 1995 to 2004. Discharge is being measured by NSL at the proposed intake from December 2004 onwards and the data is available up to date. Based on a conceptual layout of development, topographical maps of the project area were prepared and geological mapping was done. The survey for diversion barrage, desilting basin, storage reservoir, intake, colonies, and plant areas was done to the scale of 1:500. The survey for Head Race Tunnel covered a strip of 75 m on either side of tunnel alignment. The Pressure Shaft alignment was surveyed to the scale of 1:500 with a contour interval of 2 m in a strip of 75 m on either side
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
of the entire length of the penstock. The Powerhouse, Switchyard, Tail Race and access tunnel areas were surveyed to a scale of 1:500 with a contour interval of 2 m. After studying various proposals, it was decided to locate the barrage with crest at EL 2881.75 m downstream of confluence of Tidong khad and Lamber khad. The water shall be conveyed through a head race tunnel of about 8.5 km long, surge shaft, inclined/horizontal pressure shaft and a surface power house on the left bank of Tidong river. The project features were optimized based on the comprehensive analysis of topographical, geological, hydrological data and alternative studies of project layout, preliminary design features, broad parameters of cost and financial analysis etc. The construction planning and cost studies have been carried out as per the final layout adopted in this report. The DPR (for two units of 50 MW each) was prepared accordingly and has been approved by HSPEB vide letter no:- HPSEB:- (Sectt) 401 – TEC/Tidong-I/50 42034-47 dtd 23/07/2007. The Nuziveedu Seeds Limited (NSL) formed a Special Purpose Vehicle ”NSL Tidong Power Generation (P) Ltd.” for implementation of the project. The implementation of Tidong -1 project with an installed capacity of (2x50MW) 100 MW. The Environmental Clearance for (2x50 MW) 100 MW Tidong-I Hydroelectric Project was accorded by the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) vide their letter no: J-12011/35/2007-IA-I, dated 7th September 2007. The work is in the final stage of completion and project commissioning. The present status of the project work is given as below. Excavations for Spillway, sluiceway and diversion channel and slope protection works are completed and concreting works are partly completed. Excavations for Head Regulator & Desilting Basin are almost completed. Concreting works for head regulator is under progress. Excavation works at Storage Reservoir area and gravity wall location is completed and concreting of gravity wall is under progress. Underground excavations of all construction ADITS are completed. Excavation of Head Race Tunnel is 95% complete and concrete lining is 10% complete. Mud mat concreting is under progress in different faces. Underground excavation of pilot shaft for surge shaft is completed, and widening of the surge shaft is to be commenced.
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
Excavation of valve house is under progress. Excavation of underground pressure shaft is completed and fabrication and transportation of pressure shaft ferrules is under progress. Excavations for Power house and service bay area, slope protection behind power house area are completed. Concreting of Service bay area is completed and super structure like columns and beams upto roof level has been completed. In view of significantly higher river flows in monsoon period, the possibility of increasing the installed capacity of Tidong-I HEP has been explored by the Project Developer.NSL Tidong Power Generation (P) Ltd., carried out discharge measurements in Tidong River from December, 2004 to December, 2014 and based on detailed hydrological studies including study of discharge pattern in adjacent Baspa basin. It is seen from the results of this study that one additional unit of 50 MW capacity can be added to existing power house based on techno- economic considerations. Originally, Tidong-I project was conceived as (2X 50 MW) 100 MW run of river project with diurnal storage. During construction phase of the project, NSL continuously measured the discharge of Tidong Khad. It was observed that during monsoons, actual discharge in Tidong Khad is very much higher than the design discharge for about 60 days. Based on the Techno-economic Study carried out by the Engineering Consultant, it was found that there is possibility of putting one additional 50 MW unit adjacent to two units each of 50 MW. The DPR for the 3rd Unit was prepared and submitted to Department of Energy (DOE), State Government of Himachal Pradesh. In principle approvals were accorded by the State Government of Himachal Pradesh vide their letter Dt. 24/09/2015 to go ahead for additional 50 MW unit in the power house. The Environmental Clearance for Tidong-I Hydroelectric project for (2x50 MW) 100 MW was accorded by Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change (MoEF&CC) vide their letter no J-12011/35/2007-lA-I dated 07th September, 2007. Now, In principle approvals were accorded by Himachal Government vide their letter dated 24/09/2015 to go ahead for additional 50 MW unit in the power house. The company name was changed from NSL Tidong Power Generation Private Limited to Tidong Power Generation Private Limited. Copy of Certificate of Incorporation is enclosed as Annexure-I. The Environmental Clearance for Phase-I
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
is to be transferred on the name of Tidong Power Generation Private Limited. The requisite documents for transfer of EC have already been submitted to MOEF&CC for necessary action at their end.
1.3 NEED FOR THE PROJECT During implementation of the project, NSL started various other activities like acquisition of land, clearance from the forest department, preparation of tender document etc. Most of these activities were completed by 2008, and the development of infrastructure work commenced in 2009. All these activities took almost 3 years to complete. Simultaneously discharge measurements have also been carried out at diversion site since December, 2004. Presently, about 10 years of actual measured flow data of Tidong khad available for hydrological study. However, in DPR for Tidong -1 HEP having installed capacity of 100 MW, the power potential study was done based on hydrological flow series developed from Baspa river flow and one year measured river discharge data of Tidong. While analyzing the ten years of measured discharge data, it was observed that significantly higher monsoon period flows are available in river Tidong as compared to river flow estimated at the time of DPR preparation. In view of the higher values of actual flow measurement, the feasibility of increasing the installed capacity, with an additional unit of 50 MW, was studied. It is observed that adequate space for placing the new unit of 50 MW is available in the land, already acquired for existing surface power house.
1.4 PROJECT LOCATION The proposed project is located on river Tidong, a tributary of river Satluj in Kinnaur district of Himachal Pradesh. It is a run of river scheme proposed to harness the hydro potential of Tidong River in its lower reaches between Lambar and Rispa villages. The proposed site is situated 270 km from Shimla on National Highway 05 up to a place near Moorang and thereafter 8 km on the state road upto village Thangi. The distance from Thangi to diversion site at Lumber is about 8 km. Diversion weir is located at Lumber village and power house at Rispa village. The coordinates of the proposed site are latitude 31°20‟30” N to 31°33‟30” and
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
longitude 78°22‟10” E to 78°47‟50” E. The location of dam site and power house a=is as follows; Dam Site : Village : Lambar Tehsil : Moorang District : Kinnaur
Power House: Village : Rispa Tehsil : Moorang District : Kinnaur
The project location is shown in Figure-1.1
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
INDIA
HIMACHAL PRADESH
KINNAUR DISTRICT Figure -1.1: Project Location Map
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
1.5 STATUS OF CLEARANCES The status of various activities and clearances in chronological order is illustrated as below: Project was allotted to M/s Nuziveedu Seeds Limited through MOU (Memorandum of Understanding) route and MOU was signed on 23rd September, 2004 between Government of Himachal Pradesh (GoHP) and M/s Nuziveedu Seeds limited. Implementation Agreement was signed on 28th July 2006 between GoHP and M/s Nuziveedu seeds Limited. Project was accorded Environmental Clearance (EC) vide Letter No. J- 12011/35/2007- IAI on 7th September 2007 by Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF). Forest Clearance was accorded through letter F. No. 9-HPC602/2007-CHA on 18th June 2008 by MoEF (Northern Region Chandigarh) for diversion of 39.0546 ha of forest land for non-forest purpose. Consent to Establish (CTE) was granted by Himachal Pradesh State Pollution Control Board (HPSPCB) through Letter No. HPSPCB/Tidong HEP – Kinnaur /10140-47 on 8th August 2008. Project was being executed by NSL TPGPL (NSL Tidong Power Generation (P) Limited and the construction commenced in 2009. Due to financial distress, the construction work got stalled in 2015 and the banks invoked the SDR (Strategic Debt Restructuring) and initiated the change of management process. Statkraft IH Holding AS being the lead bidder in the process took over the Project on 4th September, 2018 after getting prior approval for change in ownership of Tidong-I HEP from Govt of Himachal Pradesh (GoHP) vide letter no HPDOE/CE/Energy/Tidong-I HEP/2017-5388-89 dated 22nd August, 2018 Tripartite Agreement was signed on 16th September, 2008 between GoHP, M/s. Nuziveedu Seeds Limited (NSL) and NSL Tidong Power Generation (P) Limited (SPV formed for the execution of the Project). Name of the Company was changed from “NSL Tidong Power Generation (P) Limited” to “Tidong Power Generation (P) Limited” in the Registrar of Companies on 13th October, 2018.
1.6 PROPOSED PROJECT The phase – I of Tidong-I hydroelectric project involves construction of a diversion barrage with river bed El 2880 m, undersluice, reservoir to store 0.265 Mm3 of water to provide peaking generation of 4 hour during lean season, head works, desilting basin to remove silt particles above 0.2 mm in size, 8.5 km long head race tunnel, 10 m diameter surge shaft with a height of 110 m, 1145 m long and 2.5 m diameter steel lined pressure shaft (partly inclined and partly horizontal), surface power house having installation of two high head Pelton type generating units each
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
of 50 MW capacity with compatible generator and other auxiliary equipment, and tail race channel. The project proposes to utilize about 610.977 m of maximum gross head and a rated discharge of 19.2 m3/s for power generation. The energy benefits were assessed at 414.15 Gwh in 90% dependable year. For Phase-II (50MW), existing civil works at barrage, head regulator, desilting tank, storage reservoir, HRT, pressure shaft are proposed to be utilized. Existing surge shaft will require increase in finished diameter from 8 m to 10 m. For installing the third unit in phase– II of project, a new machine hall bay will be required adjacent to Unit 2 of existing power house. Control room building of existing units will be used for the new unit also. The net energy generation considering 95% plant availability in 90% dependable year is estimated as 632.63 MU. Power evacuation arrangement as finalized with HPPTCL involves construction of 16.50km long 220 kV D/C transmission line from Tidong to Kashang. This arrangement has been confirmed by HPPTCL vide their letter No.: HPPTCL//Tidong-I/CORR/09/1229 dated 06/09/2009 and later modified vide their letter no MPP-F (2) -9/2007-IV dated 11.10.2013. The same power evacuation arrangement has been assessed and is adequate to carry the additional unit of 50 MW of power in phase – II. The project cost for Phase – II works is estimated as Rs. 158.50 crore and the project shall be completed in a period of 20 months, after obtaining all clearances and financial closure. Power shall be sold to HPSEB or any of the utilities in Delhi, Chandigarh, Haryana, Punjab or other states in Northern India.
1.7 POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK The principal Environmental Regulatory Agency in India is the Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change (MOEF&CC), Government of India. MOEF&CC formulates environmental policies and accords environmental clearance for the projects. The State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) accords „No Objection Certificate (NOC)‟ or „Consent to Establishment‟ and „Consent to Operation‟ for the projects. As per the guidelines pertaining to Environmental Clearance issued by MOEF&CC dated September 14, 2006, the Terms of Reference (TOR) for the EIA study is to be approved by MoEF&CC. In this connection Form-I alongwith TOR in the prescribed
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
format was submitted to MoEF&CC. The presentation for TOR approval was given in front of EAC for River Valley and Hydro-electric projects. MoEF&CC issued MOM and approval was accorded vide their letter no. J-12011/09/2019-IA I(R) on 27.11.2019, which is enclosed as Annexure-II.
1.8 SCOPE OF THE EIA STUDY The brief scope of EIA study includes: - Assessment of the existing status of physico-chemical, ecological and socio-economic aspects of environment - Identification of potential impacts on various environmental components due to activities envisaged during construction and operational phases of the proposed hydro-electric project. - Prediction of significant impacts on major environmental components using appropriate mathematical/simulation models. - Delineation of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) outlining measures to minimize adverse impacts during construction and operational phases of the proposed project. - Formulation of Resettlement and Rehabilitation(R&R) Plan, if applicable. - Formulation of Catchment Area Treatment (CAT) Plan, if applicable. - Formulation of environmental quality monitoring programme for implementation during construction and operation phases. - Estimation of Cost for implementation of Environmental Management Plan, Resettlement & Rehabilitation Plan, Catchment Area Treatment Plan, Corporate Environment Responsibility (CER) and Environmental Monitoring Programme.
1.9 STAGES IN THE EIA STUDY The purpose of this section is to enumerate the steps involved in an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study, which are described in the following paragraphs. Scoping: An exhaustive list of all likely impacts drawing information from as many sources as possible was prepared. The next step was to select a manageable number of attributes which were likely to be affected as a result of the proposed
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
project. The various criteria applied for selection of the important impacts were follows: magnitude extent significance
Description of Environment: Before the start of the project, it is essential to ascertain the baseline levels of appropriate environmental parameters which could be significantly affected by the implementation of the project. The baseline status assessed as a part of CEIA through data from primary as well as secondary sources. Prediction of Impacts: is essentially a process to forecast the future environmental conditions of the project area that might be expected to occur as a result of the construction and operation of the proposed hydroelectric project. An attempt was made to forecast future environmental conditions quantitatively to the extent possible. However, for intangible impacts, qualitative assessment has been made so that planners and decision-makers are aware of their existence as well as their possible implications. Environmental Management Plan (EMP): the approach for formulation of an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is to maximize the positive environmental impacts and minimize the negative ones. The steps suggested as a part of EMP include modifications of plans, engineering designs, construction schedules and techniques, as well as operational and management practices. After selection of suitable environmental mitigation measures, cost required for implementation of various management measures has also been estimated as a part of the present study. Environmental Monitoring Programme: An Environmental Monitoring Programme for implementation during project construction and operation phases is outlined as a part of the CEIA Report to oversee the environmental safeguards, to ascertain the agreement between prediction and reality and to suggest remedial measures not foreseen during the planning stage but arising during construction and operation phases. The exercise will also generate data for future use and serve as a reference for assessment of impacts of hydropower projects in similar settings.
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
1.10 OUTLINE OF THE REPORT The present document outlines the findings of the EIA study for the Third Unit of 50 MW (Phase II) for Tidong-I Hydroelectric Project. The contents of the document are organized as follows: Chapter-1 The Chapter gives an overview of the need for the project. The policy, legal and administrative framework for environmental clearance has been summarized. The objectives and need for EIA study too have been covered. Chapter-2 gives a brief description of the proposed Third Unit of 50 MW (Phase II) for Tidong-I Hydroelectric Project (100MW+50MW), Himachal Pradesh. Chapter-3 covers the environmental baseline conditions covering physical, ecological and socio-economic aspects of environment. The baseline study involved both field work and review of existing documents, which is necessary for identification of data which may already have been collected for other purposes. Chapter-4 describes the anticipated positive and negative impacts as a result of the construction and operation of the proposed Third Unit of 50 MW (Phase II) for Tidong-I Hydroelectric Project project on physico-chemical and ecological aspects of environment. It is essentially a process to forecast the future environmental conditions of the project area that might be expected to occur as a result of the construction and operation of the proposed project. An attempt was made to forecast future environmental conditions quantitatively to the extent possible. But for certain parameters, which cannot be quantified, approach has been to discuss such intangible impacts in qualitative terms so that planners and decision-makers are aware of their existence as well as their possible implications. Chapter-5 describes the alternatives considered for this project. Chapter-6: covers the Environmental Monitoring Programme for implementation during project construction and operation phases. Chapter-7 describes various additional studies conducted during the study Chapter-8: covers the Project Benefits due to implementation of the proposed Third Unit of 50 MW (Phase II) for Tidong-I Hydroelectric Project Chapter 9: As per the Generic Structure of the EIA recommended by EAC, Chapter- 9 is to be outlines the Environmental Cost-Benefit Analysis. However this analysis was not conducted, as it was not recommended at the Scoping Stage.
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
Chapter-10: outlines various measures recommended as a part of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) to mitigate adverse impacts and enhance the positive impacts. Chapter-11: outlines the Summary and Conclusions of the project. Chapter-12: covers the list of Experts involved in the EIA-EMP study for Third Unit of 50 MW (Phase II) for Tidong-I Hydroelectric Project.
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CHAPTER-2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
CHAPTER-2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2.1 GENERAL Tidong I project was conceived as 100 MW (2X 50 MW) run of river project with diurnal storage. During construction phase of the project, developer continuously measured the discharge of Tidong Khad. It was observed that during monsoons, actual discharge in Tidong Khad is very much higher than the design discharge for about 60 days. Based on the Techno-economic Study carried out by Engineering Consultant, it was found that there is possibility of commissioning an additional 50 MW unit adjacent to two units each of 50 MW
2.2 PROPOSED PROJECT The Tidong-I Hydro-Electric Project has been envisaged with the purpose of exploiting the potential in the lower reach of Tidong khad. The project involves construction of an Ungated spillway, Gated undersluice, Head Regulator, Desilting Basins, Storage Reservoir and a 8.504 km long Head Race Tunnel culminating in an underground Surge Shaft. A pressure shaft partly inclined and partly horizontal will convey the water to the surface powerhouse. The power house will accommodate two nos. of Pelton Turbines of 50 MW each in phase –I, and one additional unit of 50 MW is proposed to be added in phase- II of project development. The project works for phase –I are in advanced stage of Construction. The project development is in under construction and phase-II is expected to be completed in a period of 20 months from zero date. The infrastructure facilities available in phase-I will be used and are mostly found to be adequate for construction of the phase-II. Tidong-1 in Phase–II is techno-economically viable and its early execution is planned for reducing the gap between availability and demand of power in the Northern Region of the country. Various structures proposed to be constructed in phase-I and phase-II of project development are briefly described in the following pragrahps. 2.2.1 Diversion works A barrage comprising of two sluice bays of 5.0 m width each and an ungated spillway of 20.00 m width is constructed. The barrage is designed to pass design
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW flood of 405 cumecs in Tidong Khad at High Flood Level (HFL) of 2889.4m. The crest levels of undersluice and spillway bays are kept at El 2875.50 m and El 2882.25 m respectively. All works are completed in phase -I development, and no modification is required during phase II of project development 2.2.2 Head Regulator The Head Regulator is located on the left bank of Tidong Khad, just upstream of the diversion barrage, and is designed to draw a maximum flow of 35.00 m3/s. Two bays of 3.60 m clear width each having crest at El. 2877.75 m are provided in the head regulator. Two regulating gates are provided to control the flow to the desilting chamber. All works will be completed in phase - I development, and no further change is required during phase II of project development. 2.2.3 Desilting Basin The desilting basin comprises of two longitudinal chambers, each chamber having a length of 87.50 m including transition of 12.0 m and width of 9.50 m, with a 2.50 m wide longitudinal flushing trench at the bottom. A 1500 mm dia silt flushing pipe is provided at the end of the flushing gallery to convey the silt from desilting basin, back into river. The desilting basin is designed to remove silt particles of size upto 0.2 mm and above for the discharge corresponding to the phase II of project development. All works will be completed in phase-I development, and no modification is required during phase II of project development. 2.2.4 Reservoir The reservoir is designed to meet the storage requirement for peaking demand of four hours in phase–I of the project development in the lean season. The total storage capacity provided in the reservoir is about 265,000 m3. The available storage is sufficient for peaking demand of three hours in phase–II of the project developments. The bed level of reservoir is kept at El 2860.00m, and MDDL is provided at 2860.75m considering enough submergence depth to the tunnel intake. FRL of the reservoir is kept at El 2873.75m and top of the reservoir walls at El 2875.00 m by giving free board of 1.25m. An overflow section is provided in the reservoir to spill water above FRL. To retain the live storage capacity of the reservoir Bypass arrangement is provided which will take water after Desilting basin directly to Head Race Tunnel Intake. This will avoid deposition of sediment in the reservoir. During WAPCOS Limited 2-2
Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW lean period reservoir will be used for peaking storage. No modification in reservoir arrangement is proposed in the phase–II of the project developments. 2.2.5 Head Race Tunnel From the reservoir, the water would be conveyed through 8.504 km long Headrace tunnel drawn from intake structure located at the downstream end of the reservoir. At the entry, the intake has been provided with a smooth transition to a D-shaped Headrace tunnel. A trash rack structure is provided in front of the intake to avoid the passage of floating debris into the tunnel along with an intake gate. The size of the D shaped tunnel between RD 0.00 m to RD 2130.00 m is 3.50 m, and the size from RD 2130.00 m to RD 8409 m is 3.5 (W) x 3.9 (H). The stretch from RD 8409 to 8504 m will be provided with 2.5 m circular shaped. The tunnel invert level at the HRT intake is El. 2853.0, m and that at the the surge shaft junction is EL. 2800 m. The tunnel is provided with a bed slope of 1 in 162. Three intermediate adits are provided to facilitate construction of HRT. These Adits meet the main HRT at RD 242.00m, RD 2140.00 m and RD 8474.00m respectively. All works of HRT excavation has been completed in phase -I development and the Tunnel Lining is in progress, and no modification is required during phase II of project development. 2.2.6 Surge Shaft At the end of the HRT, a vertical circular surge shaft is provided to absorb the transient pressure variations due to changes in power load. The surge shaft is at offset of about 11.00 m from the junction of HRT and Pressure Shaft. This offset acts as a restricted orifice for the surge shaft to minimize the water fluctuations in addition to the initial 2.50 m vertical opening in surge shaft at the time of load rejection and sudden load acceptance. With increase in design discharge in phase – II of project development, the finished diameter of the existing surge shaft will require increase in diameter from 8.00 m to 10.00 m. The surge shaft has a total height of 110.00 m from top to bottom with a provision of riser of 2.50 m diameter between EL 2800.00 m to 2820.00 m. 2.2.7 Valve House Downstream of the Surge Shaft, a pressure shaft protection Butterfly Valve of 2.50 m diameter is provided. The valve will be housed in an underground cavern having a width of 10.00 m and a length of about 10.00 m. A 180.00 m long adit is provided at El.2800.00 m to approach the valve house. The adit is being used for excavation of WAPCOS Limited 2-3
Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
HRT during construction for phase-I of the project. All works related to valve house are nearly completed in phase -I development, and no modification is required during phase II of project development. 2.2.8 Pressure Shaft A steel lined Pressure Shaft of 2.50 m inner diameter is provided downstream of the Surge Shaft. The excavated sizes of pressure shaft at inclined portion and horizontal portion are 3.10 m dia circular and 3.40 m dia D-shaped respectively. The pressure shaft has inclined length of 326.00 m at 55º inclination to horizontal line between El 2801.75 and El 2534.51, followed by a horizontal length of 187.00m. Thereafter, length of 294.00 m is provided at an inclination of 55o between El 2525.14 and El 2284.40, and then a horizontal length of 310.00 m is provided upto powerhouse. For construction of Pressure shaft, an intermediate Adit-3 of 186.00m long at El 2530.00 m is provided. Another access is provided to the bottom of Pressure Shaft through adit - 4 of 85.00 m long at El. 2257.00 m. In phase I of project development, the single 2.50 m diameter pressure shaft bifurcates into two-unit penstocks of 1.76 m diameter each to feed the two Pelton Turbines of 50 MW. The length of the 2.50 m dia main pressure shaft upto the bifurcation is about 1145.0m and the length of unit penstock for machine 1 and 2 is 70.00m. Under phase II of project development, it is proposed to provide branching of about 33.00m upstream of earlier bifurcation point, to feed the third unit. To optimize the power house length, it is proposed to excavate 50 m length 3.0m D shape tunnel from bifurcation to power house. 2.2.9 Power House Complex The power house is located on the left bank of Tidong khad about 150.00m upstream of its confluence with Sutlej River. The overall dimension of the powerhouse, including the space requirement of additional bay proposed in the phase – II of the project development, is 80.30 meters long and 19.10 meters wide. Units 1&2 will be installed in phase – I, and unit –3 is proposed to be installed in phase – II of the project developments. The units 1 & 2 are spaced at 15.00 m C/C, while units 2 & 3 are spaced at 15.00 m. A Transformer cum GIS hall is proposed upstream of the Power house building and it shall house 10 nos of 26MVA single phase Transformers and Gas Insulated Switch (GIS) yard. The size of the Transformer cum GIS hall is proposed as 14m (W) x WAPCOS Limited 2-4
Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
71.5m (L) x 18.5m (H) and shall be located at EL 2868.30 m. A 300 mm thick concrete fire wall is proposed to separate each Transformer. GIS hall has been proposed at EL 2277.30 m along with control room building. The control room building shall accommodate Electrical Room, Battery Room, Mechanical Workshop, Control Room, and HVAC unit Room. 2.2.10 Tail Race Channel The tail water from Unit – 1 & 2 in phase –I of project development passes through two tailrace ducts and merges into a common tail race channel. The tail water from unit-3 is planned to merge the common tail race channel separately. The common tail race channel of 5.00 m wide rectangular shaped, having a length of about 100.00 m, conveys the tail water back into Sutlej River. 2.2.11 Transmission system Switchyard of Tidong-I Phase-II shall be located adjacent to Tidong-I HEP switchyard. Power of Tidong-I Phase-II HEP shall be injected into Tidong-I HEP transmission system at Tidong-I HEP switchyard. 2.2.12 Power Benefits The gross energy benefits from the project have been assessed as about 543.84 Gwh per annum in 90% dependable year after ecological release of 0.99 m3/s throughout the year. The project would afford peaking capacity benefits of 150 MW for about three hours per day during lean season.
2.3 SALIENT FEATURES The salient features of the project are given Table-2.1. The layout the project is shown in Figure-2.1. Table-2.1: Salient Features for Both the Options Components Three Units (3X50 MW) Two Units (2X50 MW) 1. LOCATION State Himachal Pradesh Himachal Pradesh District Kinnaur Kinnaur Stream Tidong, a tributary of Sutlej Tidong, a tributary of Sutlej River River Vicinity Near Reckong Peo town Near Reckong Peo town Longitude 78o 22’ 10” E to 78o 47’ 50” E 78o 22’ 10” E to 78o 47’ 50” E Latitude 31o 20’ 30” N to 31 o 33’ 30” N 31o 20’ 30” N to 31o 33’ 30” N
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
Components Three Units (3X50 MW) Two Units (2X50 MW)
2. HYDROLOGY Catchment area at 497.86 km2 497.86 km2 diversion Design Flood (50-year 405 cumec 405 cumec Return period) 3. RIVER DIVERSION (During Construction) Type Diversion Channel Diversion Channel Length 210.00 m 210.00 m Size & shape 9m (W)x 2 (D), Rectangular 9m (W)x 2 (D), Rectangular 4. DIVERSION BARRAGE A. Spillway Type Non-Gated Non-Gated Maximum Water level 2889.40 m 2889.40 m Average river bed 2880.00m 2880.00m level at barrage axis Width of each bay 5.0 m 5.0 m Energy Dissipation Stilling Basin Stilling basin System C. Head regulator Type 2Nos.Vertical lift gates, 3.6m 2 Nos.Vertical lift gates, x 4.35m 3.6m x 4.35m Maximum Water level 2889.40 m 2889.40 m Average river bed level 2880.00 m 2880.00 m Crest level of Head 2877.40 m 2877.40 m Regulator Bridge deck level 2890.40 m 2890.40 m No. of bays 2 2 Width of bay 3.6 m 3.6 m Energy Dissipation Stilling Basin. Stilling Basin System D. Tunnel Intake Structure Type Rectangular bell mouth Rectangular bell mouth entrance, Non-gated entrance, Non-gated
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
Components Three Units (3X50 MW) Two Units (2X50 MW) Sill level 2853.00m 2853.00m Trash rack Vertical (3 panels) Vertical (3 panels) Design Discharge 28.65 cumec 19.2 cumec 5. DESILTING BASINS Type Surface desilting basins No. & Size of desilting 2 No, 80.5mx9.5 m x 9.15m 2 No. 80.0m x 8.5m x 8.5m trough Particle size to be 0.20 mm and above 0.20 mm and above excluded Design discharge 35 cumec 25 cumec Flow through velocity 0.2 m/s 0.2 m/s Flushing velocity 6 m/s 6 m/s Gates opening for 2 Nos.Vertical lift gates, 2.5m 2 No Vertical gate 2.0m x flushing Conduit x 1.6 m 1.6 m 6. RESERVOIR
Capacity 3 Hours peaking (265000m3) 4 Hrs peaking (237000m3) Area at FRL 0.4 ha 0.4 ha FRL 2873.75 m 2873.75 m MDDL 2860.75m 2860.75m Reservoir bed level 2860.00m 2860.00m 7. HEAD RACE TUNNEL Type and Size RD 0 to 3.5m x 3.5m, Concrete 3.5m X 3.5 m D shape RD 2130 Lined, D-shaped 3.5mx 3.9m, Concrete lined RD 2130 to RD 8409 Concrete Lined, D- shaped RD 8409 to RD 8504 2.5m dia Circular steel lined Velocity 2.62 m/s & 2.32 m/s 1.75 m/s Length 8504 m 8461 Design discharge 28.65 cumec 19.2 cumec Slope 1 in 162 1 in 160 8. ADITS Type and Size D – Shaped D – Shaped To HRT (RD-2140) Adit-1:245m long, 5.5mx5.5m Adit-1:245m long, 5.5mx5.5m To HRT, Surge Shaft & Adit-2: 180 m long, 5.5m x Adit-2: 180 m long, 5.5m x
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
Components Three Units (3X50 MW) Two Units (2X50 MW) Valve house (At junction 5.5m 5.5m of Surge shaft & Valve house) To Pressure Shaft Adit-3: 186 m long, 4.5m Adit-3: 186 m long, 4.5m (Intermediate Adit at El x4.5m x4.5m 2530) To Pressure shaft Adit-4: 85 m long. 4.1m Adit-4: 85 m long. 4.1m (upstream of pressure x4.1m x4.1m shaft bifurcation. To HRT (RD-242) Adit-5: 116 m long. 4.1m x Adit-5: 116 m long. 4.1m 4.1m x4.1m 9. SURGE SHAFT Type Underground, 2.5m dia riser. Concrete lined with steel liner upto 2910 m. Size: 10.0m Dia., 110 m high. 8.0 m Dia, 120.0m high Maximum Upsurge Level 2903.00 m 2910.40 m Minimum Downsurge 2825.00 m 2830.30 m Level Bottom Level 2800.00 m 2800.0 m Top Level 2910.00 m 2920.0 m 10. PRESSURE SHAFT Type Underground Underground Size Main 1 No., 2.5 m dia, 1145m long. 1 No., 2.5 m dia, 1145m long Branches 3 nos. For Branch-1 &2: 2.5m 3 nos. For Branch-1 &2: dia 33m long, 1.75 m dia 23 2.5m dia 33m long, 1.75 m m each, 1.2m dia 12m each, dia 23 m each, 1.2m dia 12m For Branch-3: 2.5m dia 33m each, For Branch-3: 2.5m dia long, 1.75 m dia 40m long, 33m long, 1.75 m dia 40m 1.2m dia 12m long long, 1.2m dia 12m long Velocity 5.8 m/s 3.9 m/s Type & thickness of steel Sumitten 610 F Grade, 18 Sumitten 610 F Grade, 18 liner mm to 54 mm thk. mm to 54 mm thk. Valve gallery 13.0 m (H) x 10.0 m (W) x 13.0 m (H) x 10.0 m (W) x 10.0 m (L) 10.0 m (L) 11. POWER HOUSE Type Surface Installed Capacity 150 MW (3 x 50 MW) 100 MW (2 X50 MW)
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
Components Three Units (3X50 MW) Two Units (2X50 MW) Size 80.3 m x 19.1 m 63.0 m X 18.7 m Rated gross head 610.977 m 609.42 m Max Net head 593.25 m 603.67 m Min Net Head 580.25 m 590.67 m Rated Net head 588.92 m 595.0 m C/L of Turbine 2258.44 m 2260.0 m Erection bay floor level 2268.30 m 2268.30 m Crane beam level 2278.65 m 2277.80 m Maximum TWL 2252.00 m 2252.0 m 12. TAIL RACE CHANNEL Type Surface Size 5 m wide closed box channel, 5 m wide closed box then 6.0 m wide 100m long channel, then 6.0 m wide channel 100m long channel
13. TURBINES No. & Type 3, Vertical Shaft Pelton. 2 No Vertical Shaft Pelton Rated Power (at 50 MW generator terminal) Rated net Head 588.92m Max/Min net Head 593.25 /580.25 m 603.67 /590.67 Rated discharge 9.55 cumec 9.55 cumec Speed 500 RPM 500 RPM Specific Speed (wrt 10% 18.29 (m. kw) 18.29 (m. kw) overload) 14. MAIN INLET VALVE Type Spherical valve Spherical valve Diameter 1.2m 1.2m Location In the power house In the power house 15. GENERATOR Type Vertical shaft synchronous Vertical shaft synchronous generator Generator Number 3 3 Rated Capacity 55.55 MVA 55.55 MVA
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
Components Three Units (3X50 MW) Two Units (2X50 MW) Nominal Active Power 50 MW 50 MW 16. MAIN GENERATOR STEP UP TRANSFORMER Location Side wall of Powerhouse No. of Single Phase 10 7 Transformer
Rated Output of Each 22.5 MVA 22.5 MVA Transformer Rated Voltage 11 KV/220V 11 KV/220V Frequency 50Hz 50Hz Type of cooling OFWF OFWF 17. GIS Hall Size 71.5 m x 14 m 71.5 m x 14 m Transformer Floor level 2268.30m 2268.30m GIS bay Floor level 2277.30 2277.30 Pothead Yard level 2286.80 2286.80 18. BENEFITS Energy generation at 543.0 MU 415.50 MU 95% availability in 90% dependable year 19. CONSTRUCTION 20 months PERIOD for Phase-II development 20. Displaced families 29 Nos. 29 Nos. 21. No of tree 1261 Nos. 1261 Nos. 22. Total land acquired 42.2557 ha 42.2557 ha 23. Forest land 39.0546 ha 39.0546 ha 24. Private land 3.2011 ha 3.2011 ha
2.4 PROJECT COST The project is estimated to cost Rs. 158.50 crore at Feberuary, 2020 price level including Rs. 15.55 crore as interest during construction & financial charges. It is proposed to finance the project on a 70:30 (debt: equity) basis.
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
2.5 FINANCIAL ASPECTS As per GOI norms the average cost of unit generation (for first five years) with 15.5% return on equity (ROE) works out to Rs. 3.50 and levelized tariff as 3.44 Rs/Kwh.
2.6 CONSTRUCTION PERIOD The construction period envisaged for Phase- II development is 20 months.
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
Figure-2.1: Project Layout Map
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CHAPTER-3 DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT
Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
CHAPTER-3 DESCRIPCTION OF ENVIRONMENT
3.1 GENERAL Before the start of any Environmental Impact Assessment study, it is necessary to identify the baseline levels of relevant environmental parameters which are likely to be affected as a result of the construction and operation of the proposed project. Standard methodologies and Terms of Reference issued by MoEFCC followed for conducting the Comprehensive Environmental Impact Assessment (CEIA) study for the proposed 3rd Unit of 50 MW for Tidong HEP. A Scoping Matrix was formulated to identify various issues likely to be affected as a result of the proposed project. Based on the specific inputs likely to accrue in the proposed project, aspects to be covered in the EIA study were identified. The other issues as outlined in the Scoping Matrix were then discarded. Thus, planning of baseline survey commenced with the shortlisting of impacts and identification of parameters for which the data needs to be collected. The baseline status has been divided into following three categories: Physico-chemical aspects; Ecological aspects; and Socio Economic aspects.
3.2 STUDY AREA The study area covered as a part of the EIA study is as below (Refer Figure 3.1): Land to be acquired for various project appurtenances including reservoir submergence; Area within 10 km from the periphery of reservoir submergence; and Area within 10 km of various project appurtenances.
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
Figure-3.1: Study Area Map
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
3.3 SCOPING MATRIX Scoping is a tool which gives direction for selection of impacts due to the project activities on the environment. As a part of the study, scoping exercise was conducted selecting various type of impacts which are likely to occure due to a hydroelectric project. Based on the project features, site conditions, various parameters to be covered as a part of the EIA study were selected. The results of scoping analysis are presented in Table-3.1. Table-3.1 Scoping Matrix adopted for EIA study for the proposed third Unit of Tidong HEP Aspects of Environment Likely Impacts A. Land Environment Construction phase - Increase in soil erosion - Pollution by construction spoils - Solid waste generation from labour camps/Colonies. - Acquisition of land for various project Appurtenances Operation phase B. Water resources & water quality Construction phase - Increase in turbidity of nearby water Bodies receiving runoff from construction sites - Degradation of water quality due to disposal of wastes from labour, colony and construction sites Operation phase - Modification of hydrologic regime C. Aquatic Ecology Construction phase - Increased pressure on riverine Fisheries, as a result of indiscriminate fishing by the labour population. - Reduced productivity due to increase in turbidity levels as a result of disposed off effluents from construction sites. Impact on phyto[lankton, zooplankton, benthos Operation phase - Impacts on spawning and breeding grounds - Degradation of riverine ecology - Impacts on migratory fish species - Impacts on aquatic ecology due to drying of the river stretch D. Terrestrial Ecology Construction phase - Increased pressure from labour to meet their fuel wood requirements - Adverse impacts on flora and fauna
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
Aspects of Environment Likely Impacts due to increased accessibility in the area and increased influx of human population - Loss of forest due to construction of road and other project appurtenances - Loss of forests in the submergence area
Operation phase - Impacts on wildlife movement - Impacts on wildlife habitats
E. Socio-Economic Aspects Construction phase - Increased employment potential during project construction phase - Development of allied sectors leading to greater employment - Pressure on existing infrastructure facilities. - Cultural conflicts and law and order issues due to migration of labour population; - Additional fund to Local Area Development Authority for the developmental programs in the affected panchayats - Implementation of Corporate Environmental Responsibility (CER) Operation phase - Loss of lands - Loss of private properties - Impacts on archaeological and cultural monuments, if any - Impacts on mineral reserves, if any - Implementation of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) program. F. Air Pollution Construction Phase - Impacts due to fuel combustion in various construction equipment - Impacts due to increased vehicular movement - Fugitive emissions from various sources - Impacts due to emissions of DG sets G. Noise Pollution Construction Phase - Noise due to operation of various construction equipment - Noise due to increased vehicular movement - Impacts due to blasting - Increased noise levels due to operation of DG sets H. Public Health
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
Aspects of Environment Likely Impacts Construction Phase - Increased incidence of water related diseases - Transmission of diseases by immigrant labour population Operation phase - Increased incidence of vector borne diseases
Based on the Scoping matrix, the environmental baseline data has been collected. The project details have been superimposed on environmental baseline conditions to understand the beneficial and deleterious impacts due to the construction and operation of the proposed project.
3.4 DATA COLLECTION Primary surveys were conducted in pre-monsoon, monsoon and winter season to collect data on flora, fauna, forest types, ecological parameters, soil, ambient air quality, noise, water quality. During these surveys data and information was collected on physico-chemical, biological and socio-economic aspects of the study area. In addition, detailed surveys and studies were also conducted for understanding bio-diversity in the study area. 3.4.1 Physico-Chemical Aspects I. Geology The regional geology around the project area highlighting geology, stratigraphy and structural features were based on the existing information on these aspects contained in Draft Detailed Project Report (DPR) of the project. II. Hydrology Hydrological data for river Tidong as available in the Draft Detailed Project Report (DPR) was collected and suitably incorporated in the Comprehensive EIA study. III. Landuse pattern Landuse pattern of the study area was studied using standard methods of analysis of remotely sensed data and followed by ground truth collection and interpretation of satellite data. For this purpose digital satellite data was procured from National Remote Sensing Agency, Hyderabad, Resourcesat-2, LISS-IV. The data was processed through ERDAS Imagine 2015 software package available with WAPCOS.
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
IV. Soils The soil quality was monitored at various locations in the catchment area. The monitoring was conducted for three seasons namely pre-monsoon (May, 2019), monsoon (September 2019), and winter season (January, 2020). The parameters monitored were: pH Electrical Conductivity Organic Matter Available Nitrogen Available Phosphorus Available Potassium Cation Exchange Capacity Exchangable Sodium Percentage Particle Size Distribution
V. Water Quality The existing data on water quality has been collected to evaluate river water quality on upstream and downstream of the project site. The water quality was monitored for three season listed below: Pre-monsoon season - May, 2019 Monsoon season - September 2019 Winter season - January 2020
The water samples were collected from the study area and analyzed for physico- chemical parameters which are listed in Table-3.2. Table-3.2 Water quality parameters analysed as a part of field studies pH Potassium Conductivity Calcium Total Dissolved Solids Magnesium Total Suspended Solids Oil & Grease Total Alkalinity Iron Total Hardness Manganese Carbonates Copper BOD Zinc COD Mercury Nitrates Cadmium Phosphates Chromium Fluorides Lead Dissolved Oxygen Turbidity Chlorides Coliform Sulphates
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VI. Ambient Air Quality The ambient air quality was monitored at three locations in the study area. Monitoring was conducted for three seasons namely pre-monsoon (May, 2019), monsoon (September 2019), and winter season (January, 2020) at 8 locations. The monitoring was carried out two consecutative days in each season. The parameters monitored were PM10, PM2.5, SO2, COand NO2. VII. Ambient Noise Level As a part of the EIA study noise level was monitored at various locations in the study area. Monitoring was conducted for three seasons namely pre-monsoon (May, 2019), monsoon (September 2019), and winter season (January, 2020) at 8 locations. Continuous hourly noise level was monitored for 24 hour at each location to record maximum, minimum and equivalent noise levels 3.4.2 Ecological Aspects I. Terrestrial Ecology Flora Data on forest type legal status and their extent in the catchment and study area has been collected from forest department. The other relevant data on bio-diversity economically important species medicinal plant. Rare and endangered species in the study area and its surroundings have been collected from secondary sources like research institute forest and wild life department. In addition, field studies were conducted to collect data on various aspects in the study area. The sampling sites were selected based on topography and floristic composition. The various aspects studied were floral density frequency and abundance of species of trees, shrubs, herbs and grasses. Plant of economical species and medicinal use and endangered species were also identified as a part of the study. The monitoring was conducted for the following three seasons: Pre-monsoon season - May, 2019 Monsoon season - September 2019 Winter season - January 2020
Fauna The assessment fauna have been done on the bases secondary data collected from different government offices like forest department, wildlife department, fisheries department etc. The presence of wildlife was also confirmed from the local inhabitants depending on the animal sightings and the frequency of their visits in the
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
catchment area. In addition, review of secondary data was another source of information for studying the fauna of the area. In addition, sightings of faunal population during ecological survey and then field studies were also recorded as a part of the data collection exercise. II. Aquatic Ecology and fisheries Water samples from river Tidong were collected as a part of field studies. The density and diversity of periphyton and phytoplanktons, species diversity index and primary productivity, etc. were also studied. The field studies were conducted for three seasons listed as below: Pre-monsoon season - May, 2019 Monsoon season - September 2019 Winter season - January 2020
The data on the prevailing fish species in the river Tidong was collected from Fisheries Department and through literature review as well. Fishing was done at various sites in the project area and river stretches both upstream and downstream of the barrage site to ascertain the dispersal pattern of fish species. Identification and measurements of all the fish catch was done and an inventory of the fish species was also prepared. The list of various fish species likely to be affected as a result of commissioning of the proposed project was also identified. 3.4.3 Socio-Economic Aspects The demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the submergence area as well as the study area have been studied through primary as well secondary sources. 3.4.4 Summary of Data Collection The summary of the data collected from various sources is outlined in Table-3.3. Table-3.3 Summary of data collected from various sources Aspect Mode of Parameters Frequency Source Data monitored collection Meteorology Secondary Temperature, - India Meteorological humidity, rainfall Department (IMD) Water Secondary Flow, Design - Detailed Project Resources hydrograph and Report (DPR) design flood hydrograph Water Primary Physico-chemical Three Field studies for pre- Quality and seasons monsoon, monsoon bacteriological and
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
Aspect Mode of Parameters Frequency Source Data monitored collection parameters winter seasons Ambient air Primary PM10, SO2 and Three Field studies for pre- quality NO2 seasons monsoon, monsoon & winter seasons Noise Primary Hourly noise Three Field studies for pre- level seasons monsoon, monsoon and winter seasons Landuse Primary and Landuse pattern - NRSA and secondary Ground truth Studies Geology Secondary Geological - Detailed Project features of the Report (DPR ) study area Soils Physico-chemical Three Field studies for parameters seasons Summer, Monsoon and Winter seasons Terrestrial Primary and Floral and faunal Three Field studies for pre- Ecology secondary diversity seasons monsoon, Monsoon and Winter seasons Secondary data as available with the Forest Department Aquatic Primary and Presence and Three Field studies for Pre- Ecology Secondary abundance of seasons monsoon, Monsoon various species &Winter seasons Secondary data as available with the Fisheries Department Socio- Primary and Demographic - Data collection from economic secondary and socio- Revenue Department aspects economic, Public and literature review health and field studies.
3.5 BASELINE STATUS OF PHYSIOCHEMICAL ASPECTS The baseline setting for physico-chemical aspects have been covered in the following section. 3.5.1 Geology The project area lies in the Mehbar and Maldi genisses comprised of kyanite and psamatic gneisses with bands of schist and quartzite. These are intruded by basic and acidic rocks. All the rocks are well foliated. The general trends are N-S with moderate dips towards East. These are transacted by anumber of joints of which the
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foliation and strike joints are the most predominant followed in frequency by steep dipping transverse joints. The rock formation within the project area going upstream from the tailrace consisit of the Wangtoo, Rampur and Jutogh gheisses and granites. The Wangtoo rocks are overlaid by the Rampur followed by Jutogh, the three series having thrusted contacts. 3.5.2 Seismicity The project area is located in seismic zone IV of the seismic zoning Map of India, which is seismically active. Available data on seismicity within a radius of 150 km of the project shows that earthquakes of magnitude greater than 5 on the Richter scale occur at frequent intervals. Important seismic events in the region which have taken place in the past 150 years and caused significant damage include the 1905 Kangra quake (magnitude 8+), the 1908 kullu quake (magnitude 6.0), the 1945 and 1947 Chamba quakes (magnitude 6.5 & 6.6), the 1975 Kinnaur quake (magnitude 6.8) and the 1991 Uttarkashi quake (magnitude 6.6). Seismic Zonning Map is given in Figure- 3.2
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
Figure-3.2 Seismic Zonning Map 3.5.3 Hydrology
Sutlej River Basin Sutlej rises from beyond Indian borders in the Southern slopes of the Kailash Mountain near Mansarover Lake from Rakas Lake, as Longcchen Khabab River (in Tibet). It is the largest among the five rivers of Himachal Pradesh. It enters Himachal at Shipki (EL 6,608 metres) and flows in the South-Westerly direction through
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Kinnaur, Shimla, Kullu, Solan, Mandi and Bilaspur districts. Its course in Himachal Pradesh is 320 km long from Rakastal, with famous tributaries viz. Spiti, Ropa, Taiti, Kashang, Mulgaon, Yula, Wanger, Throng and Rupi as right bank tributaries, whereas the Tirung, the Gayathing, the Baspa, the Duling and the Soldang khad are left bank tributaries. Its total catchment area in Himachal Pradesh is 20,000 sq. km.
Tidong khad basin
The Tidong khad is a left bank tributary of Sutlej River. It originates in the North Western slopes of Great Himalayas ranges at an altitude of 6740 m. It mostly flows in South-Easterly to North-Westerly direction. A number of Nallas join Tidong khad up to its confluence with Sutlej River, just upstream of Tirung village in District Kinnaur of Himachal Pradesh.
The total catchment area of Tidong khad at diversion site is 497.86 km2 out of which 418.36 km2 lies under permanent snow line (EL 4200m)..
Available Discharge Data
The available data for carrying out the Hydrological analysis are listed below. i. Measured ten daily discharge data for Baspa River at Sangla from 1978-79 to 2019-20. Relevant data used in the water availability study. ii. Discharge data of Tidong khad near Lamber from 23rd June 95 to Dec 95, Feb 96 to Mar 96, March 1997 to December 1998 and January 2003 to November 2004 (Measured by HPSEB). iii. Discharge data measured by Tidong Power Generation (P) Ltd near diversion site of Tidong-1 HEP from December 2004 to January 2020. Based on all the data available detail hydrological study is done and itw as observed that in monsoon the actual flow is more than the design discharge for 100 MW and accordingly proposal for additional 50 MW in the same power house is prepared and submitted to GOHP.
Flow Duration Curve
Variability of stream flow is studied using flow duration curves. Discharge is plotted against the % of time the flow exceeded. The flow duration curve of Tidong Khad is in Figure-3.3.
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28.68 cumecs is available for 26.64 % of time
Figure-3.3: Flow Duration Curve of Tidong Khad
3.5.4 Meteorology The Kinnaur district, situated at high altitudes generally experience moderate or temperate climatic conditions throughout the year. The winter season commences from the month of October and extends upto March, which are long and freezing. The summer season lasts from April to June. The months of January, February and March are generally characterized by cool freezing days with maximum rainfall. The maximum humid condition with moderate rainfalls occurs in the months of July, August and September. Overall, the district has long winters, short summers and moderate rainfall throughout the year. Climatologically, the year can be decided into the following seasons: (i) Winter ranging from mid-October till May (ii) Pre-monsoon ranging from April to June (iii) Monsoon ranging from July to September (iv) Post-monsoon ranging from September to October In the cold weather, mean annual temperature varies from 180C to as low as -40C and in hot weather, the mean temperature does not rise above 230C. The weather is pleasant with slight windy conditions even during summer months. During monsoon
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relative humidity generally exceeds 80%. Since the rainfall is received throughout the year, climatic conditions somewhat remains humid throughout the year. Temperature The winter in Kinnaur is harsh, with mean temperatures ranging between 180C to - 40C sometimes dropping to as low as -13°C in extreme conditions. The region experiences dense snowfall, with some roads towards Spiti Valley being entirely covered by glaciers. Generally, January and February are the coldest period of the year, with an average minimum temperature of about -40C and the mean daily maximum temperature of about 6.50C. With the onset of summers in March, there is a steady increase in the temperature. June is generally the hotest month of the year, with mean maximum temperature of 270C. The month-wise variation of maximum and minimum temperatures is depicted in Figure-3.4.
Figure-3.4: Monthwise variation of maximum and minimum temperature in Project area district
Rainfall The rains in the territory are torrential in nature, and their pattern and distribution are highly unpredictable. The area is even prone to landslides during the rainy season. The annual average rainfall in the project area is 73.2 mm. About 50% of the rainfall occurs during the January to March. The average number of rainy days in a year is 56 days. January and March generally account for the maximum precipitation with monthly total of rainfall as high as198 mm. The month wise rainfall received in the project area district is depicted in Figure-3.5.
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
Figure-3.5: Month wise rainfall received and no. of rainy days in the project area district Winds The winds are generally light with an increase in force in summer and the south-west monsoons.
Humidity The humidity is generally moderate throughout the year, except during monsoon months, when relative humidity is close to 80%. Throughout the year, relative humidity generally remains 40-60%. The monthwise variations in humidity are presented in Figure-3.6.
Figure-3.6: Month-wise variations in humidity in project area district The average meteorological conditions in the project area district are summarized in Table-3.4.
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
Table-3.4: Average meteorological conditions in the project area Month Temperature (oC) Rainfal No. of Relative humidity Wind l (mm) rainy (%) velocity Maximum Minimum days At 8.30 At 17.30 (km/hr) January 5.2 -4.0 139.6 5.9 56 43 4.7 February 6.5 -3.0 99.4 6.8 60 48 4.5 March 11.1 0.3 197.7 8.2 53 42 4.3 April 16.6 3.9 75.6 5.7 47 40 4.1 May 20.4 6.8 67.6 5.5 52 44 3.7 June 22.8 10.2 30.2 2.5 63 50 3.0 July 22.7 12.8 46.8 4.8 81 65 2.2 August 22.2 12.6 45.5 5.2 84 69 2.2 September 21 9.3 63.5 4.7 74 62 2.6 October 18.2 4.2 31.8 1.8 50 44 3.6 November 14.3 1.2 27.9 1.4 42 36 4.1 December 8.8 -1.5 52.3 3.2 46 36 4.5 Average 15.9 4.4 59 48.3 3.6 Total 877.9 55.7 Source: IMD
Special Weather Phenomena The summary of special weather phenomenon given as below: Thunderstorms are reported for about 13.3 days in a year. Fog is reported for about 7.7 days in a year. Hail is reported for 0.9 days in a year Dust storm is reported for 0.1 days in a year Squall, etc. are not reported from the area.
The monthwise occurrence of special weather phenomena is given in Table-3.5.
Table-3.5: Special weather phenomena in the project area district Month No. of days with Thunder Hail Fog Dust Storm January 0 0 0.5 0.1 February 0.1 0 0.7 0 March 0.4 0.1 0.9 0 April 3 0.3 0.4 0 May 5 0.4 0.4 0 June 1.8 0 0.3 0 July 1.1 0 1.1 0 August 0.8 0 1.4 0 September 0.7 0 1.1 0 October 0.4 0 0.2 0 November 0 0 0.2 0 December 0 0 0.5 0 Total 13.3 0.9 7.7 0.1 Source: IMD
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
3.5.5 Land use Pattern Landuse describes how a patch of land is used (e.g. for agriculture, settlement, forest), whereas land cover describes the materials (such as vegetation, rocks or buildings) that are present on the surface. Accurate land use and land cover identification is the key to most of the planning processes. The land use pattern of the study area has been studied through digital satellite imagery data. RSAT-2, LISS-IV path 096, row 048 subscene D dated 24.10.2017 satellite data was procured from National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Hyderabad. The data was processed through ERDAS software package available with WAPCOS. Ground truth studies were conducted in the area to validate various signals in the satellite images and correlate them with different land use domains. The image obtained after the vegetation index, enhancement becomes a single band data Le. The grey set was merged with the colored False Color Composite (FCC). This image was then classified using the prominent signatures extracted based on the past experience. However, this is only a preliminary classification which will be refined further. The FCC and the classified image of the project and its surroundings is given as Figures-3.7 and 3.8 respectively. The landuse pattern of the Study Area is given in Table-3.6. Table-3.6: Land use pattern of the study area Category Area (ha) Area (%) Vegetation 11612 23.62 Scrub 10813 22.00 Agricultural Land 1545 3.14 River/ Water body 1138 2.31 Snow Cover 3110 6.33 Barren Land 20754 42.22 Settlements 186 0.38 Total 49158 100.00
It is evident from Table-3.6, that major land use category in the study area is barren land, which accounts for almost 42.22% of the study area. The other major category is vegetation and scrub accounting for about 23.62% and 22.0% of the study area. The agriculture land accounts for about 3.14% of the study area. The area under snow and water body account for about 6.33% and 2.31% of the study area. The area under settlement is about 0.38% of the study area.
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
Figure-3.7: Satellite Imagery (FCC) of the of the Study Area
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Figure 3.8: Classified Image of the Study Area
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
3.5.6 Soils The soils in the state of Himachal Pradesh can broadly be divided into nine groups on the basis of their development and physico-chemical properties. These are: (i) alluvial soils, (ii) brown hill soil, (iii) brown earth, (iv) brown forests soils, (v) grey wooded or podzolic soils, (vi) grey brown podzolic soils, (vii) planosolic soils, (viii) humus and iron podzols (ix) alpine humus mountain speletal soils. The soil found in the districts of Mandi, Kangra, Bilaspur, Una, Solan, Hamirpur and Sirmaur is generally brown, alluvial and grey brown podzolic, Kullu and Shimla have greywooded podzolic soils, while Kinnaur, Lahaul and Spiti and some parts of Chamba district have humus mountain peletal soils. As a part of field studies, soil quality was monitored at 6 locations in the study area. The monitoring was conducted for three namely pre-monsoon season (May 2019), monsoon season (September 2019) and winter season (January 2020). The soil sampling stations are shown in Figure -3.9. The details of sampling stations are listed in Table- 3.7. The result of the analysis of soil samples is given in Tables-3.8 to 3.10 for summer, monsoon and winter seasons respectively. Table-3.7: Details of Soil Sampling Locations Sampling Code Location S1 Near Barrage site(Lamber village) S2 Downstream to intake structure(Barrage site) S3 Thangi village S4 Morung village S5 Near Powerhouse Site S6 Downstream of TRT near confluence
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited CEIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
Figure-3.9: Soil Sampling Stations
Table-3.8 Results of soil sampling analysis of study area for summer season S. Parameters S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 No 1 pH value 7.49 7.27 7.04 7.38 8.01 7.96 2 Conductivity, 0.29 0.67 0.51 0.17 0.81 1.23 millimohs/cm 3 Nitrogen, % 0.07 0.08 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 w/w 4 Organic matter, 0.17 2.16 0.32 0.27 1.20 1.16 % w/w 5 Organic 0.08 1.34 0.86 0.07 0.72 0.63 Carbon, % w/w 6 Potassium (as 5102.21 4939.81 4723.19 5191.25 4912.61 5829.62 K), mg/kg 7 Phosphate (as 15.12 31.12 41.44 50.62 24.93 12.63 P), mg/kg 8 Sodium (as 303.02 662.25 546.53 490.91 597.48 901.84 Na), mg/kg 9 Calcium (as 2325.35 4922.12 2912.61 2013.21 9312.32 13021.2 Ca), mg/kg 2 10 Magnesium (as 3328.31 2942.69 3052.22 3791.45 4523.66 5092.19 Mg) , mg/kg 11 Sodium 0.33 0.50 0.46 0.49 0.51 0.62 WAPCOS Limited 3-21
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S. Parameters S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 No Absorption Ratio 12 Porosity, % 46.12 62.20 50.98 49.82 49.47 59.34 14 Texture Clay, % 20.52 41.32 22.93 21.25 32.63 23.78 Sand,% 79.71 60.50 62.52 79.92 63.19 74.67 Silt,% 7.66 1.26 1.630 2.89 9.70 10.36
Table 3.9 Results of soil sampling analysis of study area for monsoon season S. Parameters S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 No 1 pH value 7.12 8.06 7.47 7.44 7.84 7.12 2 Conductivity, 0.118 0.100 0.061 0.051 0.72 0.041 millimohs/cm 3 Nitrogen, % w/w 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.04 4 Organic matter, % 3.77 1.20 1.32 1.14 1.43 1.21 w/w 5 Organic Carbon, 2.19 0.70 0.762 0.66 0.83 0.71 % w/w 6 Potassium (as K), 4830.64 4082.07 3684.01 5841.83 9107.04 6841.83 mg/kg 7 Phosphate (as P), 178.38 108.41 120.56 216.08 173.24 189.07 mg/kg 8 Sodium (as Na), 490.76 280.78 446.26 500.19 394.24 487.12 mg/kg 9 Calcium (as Ca), 3204.39 2813.17 3731.48 3218.20 4454.96 3621.30 mg/kg 10 Magnesium (as 2723.25 3218.14 3532.09 3255.95 3942.44 3178.25 Mg) , mg/kg 11 Sodium Absorption 0.49 0.27 0.40 0.47 0.33 0.49 Ratio 12 Porosity, % 55.23 42.01 41.83 45.55 50.38 51.58 14 Texture Clay, % 16.66 14.18 12.91 15.83 15.83 15.97 Sand,% 80.72 85.31 85.84 80.20 80.20 78.10 Silt,% 2.62 0.51 1.25 3.97 3.97 2.98
Table 3.10 Results of soil sampling analysis of study area for winter season S.No Parameters S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 1 pH value 7.95 6.89 7.23 7.55 8.27 8.28 2 Conductivity, 0.16 0.70 0.23 0.08 0.85 2.53 millimohs/cm 3 Nitrogen, % 0.02 0.06 0.05 0.07 0.04 0.04 w/w 4 Organic 0.12 3.86 0.27 0.12 1.03 0.96
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited CEIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
S.No Parameters S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 matter, % w/w 5 Organic 0.07 2.24 0.56 0.07 0.60 0.56 Carbon, % w/w 6 Potassium (as 3909.45 4738.95 4982.31 5221.05 5283.89 7150.37 K), mg/kg 7 Phosphate (as 9.17 29.70 42.36 47.56 19.35 9.94 P), mg/kg 8 Sodium (as 298.62 612.65 513.25 430.39 649.44 893.19 Na), mg/kg 9 Calcium (as 2525.75 4867.29 2523.31 1928.88 9677.18 12531.13 Ca), mg/kg 10 Magnesium 3038.66 2794.45 2931.32 3501.73 4670.26 5402.29 (as Mg) , mg/kg 11 Sodium 0.29 0.54 0.49 0.42 0.43 0.53 Absorption Ratio 12 Porosity, % 45.62 63.30 51.23 47.74 45.24 57.66 14 Texture Clay, % 19.05 42.22 21.63 18.90 30.89 20.34 Sand,% 73.91 56.89 59.63 78.96 61.71 70.88 Silt,% 7.04 0.89 1.79 2.14 7.40 8.78
The pH of soil at various sites lies within neutral range. The levels of NPK indicate moderate to high soil productivity. The sodium levels do not indicate any potential for soil salinization or adverse impacts on soil productivity. The texture of the soil in the study area in sandy clay. In a hydroelectric project, no significant impact on soil quality is expected barring, soil pollution at local level due to disposal of construction waste. For amelioration of such impacts appropriate management measures are recommended.
3.5.7 Water Quality There are no major sources of organic pollution loading in the basin. The Tidong river basin has low population density with low cropping intensity. The low cropping intensity coupled with low agro-chemical dosing also means that the pollution load due to agro-chemicals is quite low. The absence of industries implies that there is no pollution load from this source as well. As a part of the field studies, water samples from river Tidong and other tributaries from 6 locations were collected and analysed for various physico-chemical parameters. The water quality was monitored for three seasons listed as below:
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Pre-monsoon season - May, 2019 Monsoon season - September, 2019 Winter season - January, 2020 The sampling locations are shown in Figure-3.10. Various water sampling stations are listed in Table-3.11. Table-3.11: Details of Water Sampling Locations Sampling Code Location W1 Upstream of Barrage site W2 Barrage Site W3 1 km downstream of Barrage site W4 2 km upstream of powerhouse site W5 Powerhouse site W6 Downstream of Tail Race Tunnel near confluence
Figure-3.10: Water sampling locations
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The results of water quality analysis for pre-monsoon, monsoon and winter seasons is given in Tables-3.12 to 3.14 respectively. The drinking water standards are given in Table-3.15. Table-3.12: Water Quality analysis in the study area for summer season S. Parameters W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 No. 1 pH Value 7.5 7.2 6.8 7.6 7.4 7.2 2 Temperature 0C 23.1 24.1 25.1 24.2 25.2 26.2 3 Conductivity, 239 265 319 347 356 365 µS/cm 4 Colour, Hazen Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable units 5 Turbidity, NTU 3.74 2.64 2.05 2.15 2.32 2.48 6 Total Hardness 84 96 100 104 112 120 (as CaCO3), mg/l 7 Total Dissolved 155 168 208 225 229 237 Solids, mg/l 8 Total <1.0 <1.0 5.0 8.0 10.0 150.0 suspended solids, mg/l 9 Volatile <1.0 <1.0 2.0 2.0 5.0 85.0 Suspended Solids, mg/l 10 Total Alkalinity 42.12 49.42 51.14 52.08 49.08 52.14 (as CaCO3), mg/l 11 Carbonates 7.16 7.02 2.1 2.4 3.18 3.28 12 Chloride (as Cl), 24 23 16 28 22 27.6 mg/l 13 Calcium (as 22.4 23.5 25.6 24 21.8 22.4 Ca), mg/l 14 Magnesium (as 6.8 7.85 8.74 10.69 11.38 15.50 Mg), mg/l 15 Sulphate (as 38 46 62 58 62 70 SO4), mg/l 16 Fluoride (as F), ND* ND* ND* ND* ND* ND* mg/l 17 Nitrate (as 8.2 8.2 8.6 7.2 7.6 6.8 NO3), mg/l 18 Phosphate (as <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 PO4), mg/l 19 Oil &Grease, <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 mg/l 20 Total Silica (as 0.91 0.86 0.71 0.78 0.85 1.85 SiO2), mg/l 21 Phenolic <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 WAPCOS Limited 3-25
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S. Parameters W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 No. Compounds(as C6H5OH),mg/ 22 Total Kjeldahl 2.1 2.61 3.19 3.02 2.52 3.87 Nitrogen, mg/l 23 Ammonical <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 Nitrogen, mg/l 24 Residual 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sodium Carbonate, meq/l 25 Dissolved 7.10 6.80 7.20 6.60 6.20 6.20 Oxygen, mg/l 26 Sodium (as 1.4 1.8 3.6 1.6 2.4 2.0 Na),mg/l 27 Potassium (as 0.08 0.1 0.9 1.0 1.2 6.7 K),mg/l 28 Iron (as Fe), ND* ND* 0.13 ND* ND* 0.12 mg/l 29 Chromium (as <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 Cr), mg/l 30 Copper (as Cu), <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 mg/l 31 Zinc (as Zn), 0.16 0.18 0.18 0.16 0.16 0.18 mg/l 32 Arsenic (as As), <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 mg/l 33 Cadmium (as <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 Cd), mg/l 34 Mercury (as <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 Hg), mg/l 35 Lead (as Pb), <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 mg/l 36 C.O.D, mg/l <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 37 B.O.D (3 days <0.4 <0.4 <0.4 <0.4 <0.4 <0.4 at 27°C), mg/l
Table-3.13: Water Quality analysis in the study area for monsoon season S.No. Parameters W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 1 pH Value 8.27 7.67 7.95 7.97 8.04 8.26 2 Temperature 0C 20.1 19.1 20.1 21.2 19.2 22.2 3 Conductivity, 174.6 184.9 193.6 168.3 161.9 190.5 µS/cm 4 Colour, Hazen <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 units 5 Turbidity, NTU 4.2 4.6 4.1 5.7 6.4 328.0 6 Total Hardness 96.0 101.0 96.0 88.0 88.0 92.0 WAPCOS Limited 3-26
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S.No. Parameters W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 (as CaCO3), mg/l 7 Total Dissolved 110.0 118.0 122.0 106.0 102.0 120.0 Solids, mg/l 8 Total suspended <1.0 <1.0 7.0 10.0 22.0 1440.0 solids, mg/l 9 Volatile <1.0 <1.0 1.0 2.0 5.0 530.0 Suspended Solids, mg/l 10 Total Alkalinity 55.64 52.42 55.64 47.08 47.08 55.64 (as CaCO3),mg/l 11 Carbonates 8.56 6.29 0 0 4.28 4.28 12 Chloride (as Cl), 4.06 4.92 8.11 4.06 12.17 4.05 mg/l 13 Calcium (as Ca), 28.86 28.86 28.86 24.05 28.86 27.25 mg/l 14 Magnesium (as 5.83 5.83 5.83 6.81 3.89 5.83 Mg), mg/l 15 Sulphate (as 34.46 36.23 38.49 38.49 25.99 40.51 SO4), mg/l 16 Fluoride (as F), 0.07 0.05 0.03 0.17 0.15 0.47 mg/l 17 Nitrate (as NO3), 0.14 0.09 0.07 0.02 0.03 0.38 mg/l 18 Phosphate (as <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 PO4), mg/l 19 Oil &Grease, mg/l <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 20 Total Silica (as 1.04 0.84 0.52 0.81 0.81 1.93 SiO2), mg/l 21 Phenolic <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 Compounds(as C6H5OH),mg/ 22 Total Kjeldahl 3.0 3.20 3.59 3.89 5.09 6.59 Nitrogen, mg/l 23 Ammonical <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 Nitrogen, mg/l 24 Residual Sodium 0 0 0 0 0 0 Carbonate, meq/l 25 Dissolved 6.40 7.1 6.40 6.20 6.20 6.0 Oxygen, mg/l 26 Sodium (as 1.4 1.8 3.6 1.6 2.4 2.0 Na),mg/l 27 Potassium (as 0.08 0.1 0.9 1.0 1.2 6.7 K),mg/l 28 Iron (as Fe), mg/l 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 19.3 29 Chromium (as <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Cr), mg/l 30 Copper (as Cu), <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.1 WAPCOS Limited 3-27
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S.No. Parameters W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 mg/l 31 Zinc (as Zn), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 32 Arsenic (as As), <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 mg/l 33 Cadmium (as <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 Cd), mg/l 34 Mercury (as Hg), <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 mg/l 35 Lead (as Pb), <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 mg/l 36 C.O.D, mg/l <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 3.9 37 B.O.D (3 days at <0.4 <0.4 <0.4 <0.4 <0.4 2.0 27°C), mg/l
Table-3.14: Water Quality analysis in the study area for winter season S. Parameters W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 No. 1 pH Value 8.21 8.17 7.97 7.7 7.66 2 Temperature 0C 5 5 7 8 8 8 3 Conductivity, 380 367 311.3 354 366 374 µS/cm 4 Colour, Hazen Agreea Agreea Agree Agree Agreea Agreea units ble ble able able ble ble 5 Turbidity, NTU 2.2 2.33 2.48 2.11 2.73 2.84 6 Total Hardness (as 134 130 126 100 130 138 CaCO3), mg/l 7 Total Dissolved 246 212 138 228 224 244 Solids, mg/l 8 Total suspended <1.0 <1.0 6.0 5.0 19.0 159.0 solids, mg/l 9 Volatile <1.0 <1.0 1.0 2.0 6.0 51.0 Suspended Solids, mg/l 10 Total Alkalinity 82 74 78 68 74 70 (as CaCO3),mg/l 11 Carbonates 7.64 7.12 6.15 4.20 5.12 5.15 12 Chloride (as Cl), 36 34 30 28 38 42 mg/l 13 Calcium (as Ca), 94 88 103 85 102 108 mg/l 14 Magnesium (as 40 32 23 25 28 30 Mg), mg/l 15 Sulphate (as SO4), 44 50 54 52 46 48 mg/l 16 Fluoride (as F), ND* ND* ND* ND* ND* ND* mg/l 17 Nitrate (as NO3), 7.8 8.4 6.8 9.8 8.2 8.8 WAPCOS Limited 3-28
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S. Parameters W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 No. mg/l 18 Phosphate (as <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 PO4), mg/l 19 Oil &Grease, mg/l <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 20 Total Silica (as 1.14 1.02 0.49 0.78 0.82 1.65 SiO2), mg/l 21 Phenolic ND* ND* ND* ND* ND* ND* Compounds(as C6H5OH),mg/ 22 Total Kjeldahl 3.0 3.20 3.59 3.89 5.09 6.59 Nitrogen, mg/l 23 Ammonical <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 Nitrogen, mg/l 24 Residual Sodium 0 0 0 0 0 0 Carbonate, meq/l 25 Dissolved Oxygen, 7.2 7.1 6.70 6.40 6.40 6.20 mg/l 26 Sodium (as 1.4 1.8 3.6 1.6 2.4 2.0 Na),mg/l 27 Potassium (as 0.08 0.1 0.9 1.0 1.2 6.7 K),mg/l 28 Iron (as Fe), mg/l 0.06 0.06 ND* 0.09 0.07 0.06 29 Chromium (as Cr), <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 mg/l 30 Copper (as Cu), <0.001 <0.001 <0.00 <0.01 <0.001 <0.001 mg/l 1 31 Zinc (as Zn), mg/l 0.08 0.12 0.11 0.14 0.12 0.14 32 Arsenic (as As), 0.12 0.12 0.12 <0.01 0.1 0.11 mg/l 33 Cadmium (as Cd), <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.00 <0.01 <0.01 mg/l 1 34 Mercury (as Hg), <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 mg/l 35 Lead (as Pb), mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.00 <0.01 <0.001 <0.001 1 36 C.O.D, mg/l 12 9 20 16 18 12 37 B.O.D (3 days at 3 3 5 4 4 5 27°C), mg/l
Table-3.15: Drinking water quality standards Characteristics *Acceptable **Cause for Rejection Turbidity (units on JTU scale) 2.5 10 Colour (Units on platinum cobalt scale) 5.0 25 Taste and Odour Unobjectiona Unobjectionable ble PH 7.0 to 8.5 <6.5 or >9.2 WAPCOS Limited 3-29
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Characteristics *Acceptable **Cause for Rejection Total Dissolved Solids (mg/l) 500 1500 Total hardness (mg/l) (as CaCO3) 200 600 Chlorides as CD (mg/l) 200 1000 Sulphates (as SO4) 200 400 Fluorides (as F) (mg/l) 1.0 1.5 Nitrates (as NO3) (mg/l) 45 45 Calcium (as Ca) (mg/l) 75 200 Magnesium (as Mg) (mg/l) 30 150 If there are 250 mg/l of sulphates, Mg content can be increased to a maximum of 125 mg/l with the reduction of sulphates at the rate of 1 unit per every 2.5 units of sulphates Iron (as Fe) (mg/l) 0.1 1.0 Manganese (as Mn) (mg/l) 0.05 0.5 Copper (as Cu) (mg/l) 0.05 1.5 Zinc (as Zn) (mg/l) 5.0 15.0 Phenolic compounds (as phenol) (mg/l) 0.001 0.002 Anionic detergents (as MBAS) (mg/l) 0.2 1.0 Mineral Oil (mg/l) 0.01 0.3 Toxic materials Arsenic (as As) (mg/l) 0.05 0.05 Cadmium (as Cd) (mg/l) 0.01 0.01 Chromium (as hexaalent Cr) (mg/l) 0.05 0.05 Cyanides (as CN) (mg/l) 0.05 0.05 Lead (as Pb) (mg/l) 0.1 0.1 Selenium (as Se) (mg/l) 0.01 0.01 Mercury (total as Hg) (mg/l) 0.001 0.001 Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) 0.2 g/l 0.2 g/l Notes:- *1. The figures indicated under the column `Acceptable‟ are the limits upto which water is generally acceptable to the consumers **2 Figures in excess of those mentioned under `Acceptable render the water not acceptable, but still may be tolerated in the absence of alternative and better source but upto the limits indicated under column “Cause for Rejection” above which are supply will have to be rejected.
The total hardness in various water samples ranged from 84-120 mg/l and from 88- 122 mg/l and from 100-138 mg/l in Pre-monsoon, monsoon and winter seasons respectively. The low calcium and magnesium levels are responsible for soft nature of water. The carbonate hardness (for water with alkalinity level as observed in the study area) is equal to the alkalinity level, i.e. ranging from 42.12 to 52.14, from 47.08 to 55.64 mg/l and from 68 to 82 mg/l in summer, monsoon and winter seasons respectively. The non-carbonate hardness accounts for the balance hardness. WAPCOS Limited 3-30
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Normally non-carbonate hardness can be removed by boiling. However, hardness levels in the area do not need any treatment. The total hardness level in the water is well below the permissible limit of 200 mg/l. The low EC and TDS values indicate the lower concentration of cations and anions. The concentration of TDS level ranged from 155 to 229 mg/l, from 102-122 mg/l and from 311-380 mg/l in summer, monsoon and winter seasons respectively which is much lower than the permissible limit of 500 mg/l specified for domestic use. This is also reflected by the fact that the concentration of most of the cations and anions are well within the permissible limit. The fluorides level was lower than the permissible limit (1 mg/l) for drinking purposes. Use of water with such fluorides level could lead to dental curies. The BOD values are well within the permissible limits, which indicate the absence of organic pollution loading. This is mainly due to the low population density and absence of industries in the area. The low COD values also indicate the absence of chemical pollution loading in the area. The marginal quantity of pollution load, which enters river Tidong, gets diluted. The concentration of various heavy metals in the water of the project area is below the permissible limit specified for drinking purposes. It can be concluded that water quality was observed to be quite good.
3.5.8 Ambient Air Quality The ambient air quality with respect to the study area around the proposed site forms the baseline information. The study area represents rural environment. The sources of air pollution in the region are vehicular traffic, dust arising from unpaved village roads and domestic fuel burning. The prime objective of the baseline air quality study was to establish the existing ambient air quality of the area. I. Frequency and Parameters for Sampling The ambient air quality was monitored at eight locations in the study area. Monitoring was conducted for three seasons namely summer season (May 2019), monsoon (September 2019) and winter (January 2020). The frequency of monitoring in each season was twice a week for four consecutive weeks. The parameters monitored were PM10, PM2.5, SO2 , NO2 , and CO. The Ambient Air Qulaity Station is shown in Figure-3.11.
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Figure- 3.11: Ambient Air Quality sampling locations
II. Result of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring The ambient air quality was monitored at eight locations in the study area. Monitoring was conducted for three seasons namely summer season (May 2019), monsoon (September, 2019) and winter (January, 2020). The ambient air quality sampling locations are given in Table-3.16. The results of ambient air quality monitoring are presented in Tables-3.17. The ambient air quality standards are given in Table-3.18. Table-3.16: Sampling locations for Ambient Air Quality Monitoring AQ1 Adit-1 AQ2 Barrage site AQ3 Rispa Village AQ4 Check Post AQ5 Thangi Village AQ6 Power House AQ7 Site Office AQ8 Adit-II
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Table-3.17: Results of ambient air quality monitoring in summer season (Unit: g/m3)
Station PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NO2 CO AQ1 46 26 5 16 0.72 40 24 BDL* 13 0.76 AQ2 64 38 8 12 0.88 58 32 6 14 0.66 34 20 2.5* 8 0.78 AQ3 28 16 BDL 9.4 0.76 74 42 6 12 0.72 AQ4 70 38 5.5 14 0.82 58 34 BDL* 10.8 0.76 AQ5 54 30 BDL* 12.4 0.67 66 38 10 16 0.82 AQ6 60 34 8 18 0.72 40 22 BDL* 8.6 0.82 AQ7 44 26 BDL* 9.4 0.88 66 39 12 18 0.82 AQ8 58 34 10 22 0.76 BDL: Below Detectable limit (5g/m3)
Table-3.18: Results of ambient air quality monitoring in Monsoon season (Unit: g/m3)
Station PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NO2 CO 68 40 BDL* 18 0.72 AQ1 61 36 6.5 21.5 0.76 AQ2 122 68 08 20 0.82 89 48 6 18 0.72 46 26 06 20 0.74 AQ3 40 24 07 18 0.80 AQ4 63 36 07 20 0.68 49 28 505 22 0.70 79 48 06 19 0.74 AQ5 46 26 05 18 0.58 126 74 10 24 0.82 AQ6 47 28 08 20 0.74 62 38 BDL* 16 0.66 AQ7 50 30 05 20 0.32 78 46 BDL* 12 0.88 AQ8 66 38 BDL* 19 0.73 BDL: Below Detectable limit (5g/m3)
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Table-3.19: Results of ambient air quality monitoring in winter season (Unit: g/m3)
Station PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NO2 CO 56 32 BDL* 20 0.82 AQ1 50 28 BDL* 18 0.72 AQ2 96 54 10 24 0.74 88 50 08 21 0.74 42 24 5.5 18 0.64 AQ3 48 26 07 22 0.66 AQ4 72 42 06 24 0.72 58 32 05 20 0.62 72 40 6.5 19 0.77 AQ5 68 40 05 22 0.66 84 50 08 24 0.78 AQ6 78 44 07 19 0.72 64 36 BDL* 20 0.68 AQ7 58 32 5.5 18 0.58 48 28 BDL* 16 0.62 AQ8 62 34 BDL* 20 0.58 BDL: Below Detectable limit (5g/m3) Table-3.20: National Ambient Air Quality Standards (Unit: g/m3) S. Pollutants Time Concentration of Ambient Air No. Weighted Industrial, Ecologically Average Residential Sensitive area Rural and (notified by other area Central Government) 1 50 20 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Annual* µg/m3 24 hours ** 80 80
2 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Annual* 40 30 µg/m3 24 hours ** 80 80
3 Particulate Matter (Size less Annual* 60 60 3 than 10, µm) or PM10, µg/m 24 hours ** 100 100 4 Particulate Matter (Size less 40 40 Annual* than 2.5 µm) or PM , 60 60 2.5 24 hours ** µg/m3 5 Carbon Monoxide (as CO), 8 hours** 02 02 mg/m3 1 hour ** 04 04 Note: * Annual arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurement in a year at a particular site taken twice a week 24 hourly at a uniform intervals. ** 24 hourly or 08 hourly or 01 hourly monitored values, as applicable, shall be complied with 98% of the time in a year. 2% of the time, they may exceeded the limits but not on two consecutive days of monitoring.
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III. Summary of ambient air quality monitoring The summary of results of ambient air quality monitoring is given in Table-3.21. Table-3.21: Summary of ambient air quality monitoring in the study area Unit: g/m3 Station Average Maximum Minimum Summer season PM10 AQ1 43 46 40 AQ2 61 64 58 AQ3 31 34 28 AQ4 72 74 70 AQ5 56 58 54 AQ6 63 66 60 AQ7 42 44 40 AQ8 62 66 58 PM2.5 AQ1 25 26 24 AQ2 35 38 32 AQ3 18 20 16 AQ4 40 42 38 AQ5 32 34 30 AQ6 36 38 34 AQ7 24 26 22 AQ8 36.5 39 34 SO2 AQ1 5 5 BDL* AQ2 7 8 6 AQ3 BDL* BDL* BDL* AQ4 5.75 6 5.5 AQ5 BDL* BDL* BDL* AQ6 9 10 8 AQ7 BDL* BDL* BDL* AQ8 11 12 10 NO2 AQ1 14.5 16 13 AQ2 13 14 12 AQ3 8.7 9.4 8 AQ4 13 14 12 AQ5 11.6 12.4 10.8 AQ6 17 18 16 AQ7 9 9.4 8.6 AQ8 20 22 18 CO
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Station Average Maximum Minimum AQ1 0.74 0.76 0.72 AQ2 0.77 0.88 0.66 AQ3 0.77 0.78 0.76 AQ4 0.77 0.82 0.72 AQ5 0.715 0.76 0.67 AQ6 0.77 0.82 0.72 AQ7 0.85 0.88 0.82 AQ8 Monsoon PM10 AQ1 64.5 68 61 AQ2 93 122 89 AQ3 43 46 40 AQ4 56 63 49 AQ5 62.5 79 46 AQ6 86.5 126 47 AQ7 56 62 50 AQ8 72 78 66 PM2.5 AQ1 38 40 36 AQ2 58 68 48 AQ3 25 26 24 AQ4 32 36 28 AQ5 37 48 26 AQ6 51 74 28 AQ7 34 38 30 AQ8 42 46 38 SO2 AQ1 5.75 6.5 BDL* AQ2 7 8 6 AQ3 6.5 7 6 AQ4 6 7 5 AQ5 5.5 6 5 AQ6 9 10 8 AQ7 5 5 BDL* AQ8 BDL* BDL* BDL* NO2 AQ1 19.75 21.5 18 AQ2 19 20 18 AQ3 19 20 18 AQ4 21 22 20 AQ5 18.5 19 18 AQ6 22 24 20 AQ7 18 20 16 AQ8 15.5 19 12 CO
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Station Average Maximum Minimum AQ1 0.74 0.76 0.72 AQ2 0.77 0.82 0.72 AQ3 0.77 0.80 0.74 AQ4 0.69 0.70 0.68 AQ5 0.66 0.74 0.58 AQ6 0.78 0.82 0.74 AQ7 0.49 0.66 0.32 AQ8 0.805 0.88 0.73 Winter PM10 AQ1 53 56 50 AQ2 92 96 88 AQ3 45 48 42 AQ4 65 72 58 AQ5 70 72 68 AQ6 81 84 78 AQ7 61 64 58 AQ8 55 62 48 PM2.5 AQ1 30 32 28 AQ2 52 54 50 AQ3 25 26 24 AQ4 37 42 32 AQ5 40 40 40 AQ6 47 50 44 AQ7 34 36 32 AQ8 31 34 28 SO2 AQ1 BDL* BDL* BDL* AQ2 9 10 8 AQ3 6.25 7 5.5 AQ4 5.5 6 5 AQ5 5.75 6.5 5 AQ6 7.5 8 7 AQ7 5.25 5.5 BDL* AQ8 BDL* BDL* BDL* NO2 AQ1 19 20 18 AQ2 22.5 24 21 AQ3 20 22 18 AQ4 22 24 20 AQ5 20.5 22 19 AQ6 19.5 20 19 AQ7 17 18 16 AQ8 18 20 16 CO
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Station Average Maximum Minimum AQ1 0.77 0.82 0.72 AQ2 0.74 0.74 0.74 AQ3 0.65 0.66 0.64 AQ4 0.67 0.72 0.62 AQ5 0.715 0.77 0.66 AQ6 0.75 0.78 0.72 AQ7 0.63 0.68 0.58 AQ8 0.60 0.62 0.58
Observations on ambient PM10 levels
The PM10 levels as observed at various stations in the study area ranged from 28.0 3 to 74.0 µg/m . All the values of PM10 monitored during the field survey were below the permissible limit of 100 g/m3 for industrial, residential, rural and other areas. (Refer Table-3.21).
Observations on ambient PM2.5 levels
The PM2.5 levels as observed at various stations in the study area ranged from 16.0 3 to 42.0 µg/m . All the values of PM2.5 monitored during the field survey were below the permissible limit of 60 g/m3 for industrial, residential, rural and other areas (Refer Table-3.21).
Observations on ambient NO2 levels
The highest value of NO2 was observed near Adit-II druing the survey. The NO2 level 3 . ranged from 8.0 to 22 g/m The NO2 level observed at various sampling stations was much lower than the permissible limit of 80 g/m3 for industrial, residential, rural and other areas are given in Table-3.21.
Observation on ambient SO2 levels 3 The maximum SO2 level of 12.0 g/m was observed at station Adit-II during summer season. The SO2 level observed at various sampling stations was much lower than the permissible limit of 80 g/m3 for industrial, residential, rural and other areas are given in Table-3.21. Observation on ambient CO levels The CO level observed during survey ranged from 0.6 to 0.88 g/m3 in study area.
The CO level observed at various sampling stations was much lower than the permissible limit of 80 g/m3 for industrial, residential, rural and other areas are given in Table-3.21.
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IV. Conclusions Based on the findings of the ambient air quality survey, conducted for the summer season, it can be concluded that the ambient air quality in terms of all the parameters is good in the area. The values of these parameters were well below the permissible limits specified for residential, rural and other areas.
3.5.9 Noise Environment Baseline noise data has been measured using a weighted sound pressure level meter. The survey was carried out in calm surrounding. Sound Pressure Level (SPL) measurement in the outside environment was made using sound pressure level meter. Hourly noise meter readings were taken at different sites. Monitoring was conducted three seasons namely summer season (May 2019), monsoon (September 2019) and winter (January 2020). The Sampling locations for Noise Monitoring are given in Table-3.22 and shown in Figure-3.12. Table-3.22 Ambient Noise Level Sampling locations N1 Adit-1 N2 Check Post N3 Power House N4 Site Office N5 Rispa Village N6 Ruwang Village N7 Moorang Village N8 Barrage site
The noise levels were monitored continuously for 24 hours at each location to record maximum, minimum and equivalent noise levels. Sound Pressure Level (SPL) measurement in the ambient environment was made using sound pressure level meter. The average ambient noise level for three seasons namely summer season (May 2019), monsoon (September 2019) and winter (January 2020) is given in Tables-3.23 to 3.25 respectively. The noise standards for various categories is given in Table-3.26. The daytime equivalent noise levels are given in Table-3.27. Table-3.23 Hourly equivalent noise levels in the study area in summer season (Unit: dB(A)) Time N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8 6-7 AM 44.72 51.90 55.12 54.83 51.84 49.50 51.76 48.40 7-8 AM 45.30 50.78 55.40 55.11 49.44 50.60 51.13 44.75 8 -9 A.M. 45.30 49.81 55.92 54.60 51.40 48.10 51.87 46.50 9-10 A.M. 45.70 51.90 55.90 53.35 51.42 50.20 53.11 48.50
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Time N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8 10-11 A.M. 44.44 48.50 55.22 54.89 52.60 48.60 52.05 49.20 11 am - 12 46.24 49.62 55.34 53.49 52.42 48.60 51.12 48.50 Noon 12 Noon –1 45.82 47.32 55.92 54.34 51.22 51.92 52.73 46.40 PM 1 –2 PM 46.22 49.89 55.12 55.17 52.44 49.12 51.07 49.40 2 – 3 PM 45.78 50.73 55.86 53.66 51.68 49.65 51.89 47.50 3 – 4 PM 46.22 51.62 55.24 54.98 50.94 47.92 53.14 45.97 4 – 5 PM 45.82 49.82 55.82 53.84 52.52 49.65 53.26 46.12 5 – 6 PM 46.22 48.34 55.22 54.16 49.62 49.38 54.12 46.27 6 – 7 PM 44.22 47.65 55.24 53.64 51.42 51.12 54.27 46.43 7 – 8 PM 45.19 50.63 55.24 54.82 52.42 47.90 54.83 46.58 8 – 9PM 42.89 49.99 55.94 53.99 49.55 49.87 53.46 46.73 9– 10PM 43.02 49.76 55.26 53.71 51.84 51.98 54.11 46.88 10 – 11PM 45.34 50.29 55.54 52.49 50.62 48.90 52.82 47.04 11 – 12 AM 42.27 50.87 54.86 51.31 53.62 47.86 54.23 47.19 12 – 1AM 41.85 49.86 55.34 53.61 51.22 48.67 53.19 47.34 1– 2AM 41.42 48.92 54.84 51.91 49.55 49.78 53.46 47.49 2– 3AM 41.00 47.65 55.96 51.87 47.42 48.91 51.23 47.65 3– 4AM 44.25 45.98 54.66 50.79 49.52 50.83 51.86 47.80 4– 5AM 42.64 46.95 54.92 49.99 47.84 49.97 50.78 47.95 5– 6AM 44.22 47.32 55.24 50.91 47.22 51.97 51.11 48.10
Table-3.24 Hourly equivalent noise levels in the study area in Monsoon season (Unit: dB(A)) Time N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8 6AM-7 AM 62.40 55.20 62.40 62.40 62.40 60.80 62.40 62.40 7AM-8 AM 65.40 57.10 56.10 57.80 65.40 65.40 65.40 65.40 8 AM-9 A.M. 66.40 57.7 66.40 60.80 55.80 66.40 55.90 66.40 9AM-10 AM. 56.40 53.7 56.40 61.40 56.40 56.40 56.40 56.40 10AM-11AM 56.20 54.00 57.90 65.80 56.20 56.20 56.20 56.20 11AM-12AM 55.60 55.00 62.70 56.20 60.80 55.60 55.60 55.60 12 AM- 1PM 58.20 53.40 58.20 58.70 58.20 58.20 58.20 58.20 1PM–2 PM 66.00 64.10 65.70 64.10 64.90 66.00 66.00 66.00 2PM– 3 PM 65.00 60.90 65.00 55.90 65.00 65.00 65.00 65.00 3PM– 4 PM 64.90 62.50 64.90 58.50 64.90 64.90 64.90 64.90 4 PM– 5 PM 61.70 57.80 65.30 58.40 65.30 65.30 65.30 65.30 5PM– 6 PM 62.50 57.50 65.80 63.60 62.50 62.50 62.50 62.50 6PM– 7 PM 67.10 63.40 67.10 58.30 65.80 65.80 65.80 67.10 7PM– 8 PM 66.10 62.80 66.70 63.20 65.20 66.10 66.10 66.10 8PM– 9PM 67.10 65.40 67.30 56.20 65.90 65.90 65.90 67.30 9PM– 10PM 65.10 61.20 65.10 63.00 65.10 65.10 65.60 65.60 10PM-11PM 59.70 46.40 56.20 55.30 55.10 56.20 56.20 56.20 11PM-12AM 56.30 44.50 52.10 49.70 52.30 56.30 56.30 56.30 12AM -1 AM 58.70 49.80 55.30 45.10 48.90 56.70 56.70 58.70
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Time N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8 6AM-7 AM 62.40 55.20 62.40 62.40 62.40 60.80 62.40 62.40 1AM -2 AM 55.90 47.50 54.80 47.60 54.80 54.80 54.80 54.80 2AM -3 AM 56.30 54.30 56.30 45.50 56.20 56.30 56.30 56.90 3AM -4 AM 51.10 46.90 51.10 46.10 52.30 52.90 51.10 58.70 4AM -5 AM 56.10 47.30 56.10 49.80 56.10 56.10 52.60 56.10 5AM - 6 AM 53.70 50.30 56.20 49.60 56.20 56.30 50.40 56.30
Table-3.25 Hourly equivalent noise levels in the study area in winter season (Unit: dB(A)) Time N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8 6AM-7 AM 55.40 55.20 55.5 55.70 55.20 54.40 55.20 55.20 7AM-8 AM 57.30 57.10 53.2 52.40 57.10 57.10 57.10 57.10 8 AM-9 AM 57.70 57.70 57.6 56.30 53.50 56.90 52.90 57.70 9AM-10 AM 53.70 53.70 53.1 57.00 53.70 53.70 53.50 53.50 10AM-11AM 53.80 54.00 54.5 64.80 53.80 53.80 53.80 53.80 11AM-12AM 52.50 55.00 55.6 54.70 53.90 52.50 52.50 52.50 12 AM-1PM 53.80 53.40 53.40 55.90 53.40 53.40 53.40 53.40 1PM–2 PM 64.10 64.10 64.10 57.20 63.40 64.10 64.10 64.10 2PM– 3 PM 62.30 60.90 61.90 54.00 61.70 62.30 62.30 62.30 3PM– 4 PM 62.70 62.50 62.70 55.80 62.70 62.70 62.00 62.70 4 PM– 5 PM 54.60 57.80 57.90 55.40 57.90 57.80 57.80 57.80 5PM– 6 PM 57.40 57.50 59.00 57.20 57.40 57.50 57.40 57.50 6PM– 7 PM 63.70 63.40 63.60 55.30 63.30 62.80 62.70 63.70 7PM– 8 PM 62.90 62.80 64.00 52.30 62.90 63.50 63.70 63.50 8PM– 9PM 63.90 65.30 64.80 55.00 63.80 62.90 63.20 65.30 9PM–10PM 61.70 61.20 60.90 58.00 60.90 61.00 62.00 62.00 10PM-11PM 51.90 46.40 47.60 49.60 47.20 48.00 47.90 48.00 11PM-12AM 48.90 44.50 44.90 49.40 46.70 48.60 48.60 48.60 12AM-1 AM 51.30 49.80 47.00 43.70 44.00 49.40 49.10 51.30 1AM -2 AM 47.90 47.50 47.20 45.50 47.20 47.20 47.20 47.20 2AM -3 AM 53.90 54.30 52.20 43.50 53.20 52.00 53.00 54.20 3AM -4 AM 46.20 47.00 44.70 42.90 46.60 46.80 45.20 50.20 4AM -5 AM 47.50 47.30 47.30 46.40 47.40 47.10 44.80 47.30 5AM - 6 AM 48.30 50.30 49.40 48.60 49.20 49.80 44.70 50.40
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Figure- 3.12: Noise sampling locations
Table-3.26 Ambient Noise Standards Area Code Category of Area Limits in dB (A) Leq Day time Night time A Industrial Area 75 70 B Commercial Area 65 55 C Residential Area 55 45 D Silence Area 50 40 Note: 1. Day time 6 A.M. and 9 P.M. 2. Night time is 9 P.M. and 6 A.M. 3. Silence zone is defined as areas upto 100 meters around such premises as hospitals, educational institutions and courts. The silence zones are to be declared by competent authority. Use of vehicular horns, loudspeakers and bursting of crackers shall be banned in these zones. 4. Environment (Protection) Third Amendment Rules, 2000 Gazette notification, Government of India, date 14.2.2000.
Table-3.27: Average ambient noise levels Location Zone Lday (dB(A)) Lnight (dB(A)) Summer Adit-1 Industrial 45.52 43.11 Check Post Industrial 50.16 48.91 Power House Industrial 55.51 55.20 WAPCOS Limited 3-42
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Site Office Industrial 54.36 52.01 Rispa Village Residential 51.51 50.37 Ruwang Village Residential 49.62 50.10 Moorang Village Residential 52.81 52.71 Barrage site Industrial 47.34 47.51 Monsoon Adit-1 Industrial 64.17 58.86 Check Post Industrial 60.48 53.51 Power House Industrial 64.51 58.12 Site Office Industrial 61.18 54.90 Rispa Village Residential 63.53 57.88 Ruwang Village Residential 64.04 58.45 Moorang Village Residential 63.63 58.30 Barrage site Industrial 64.41 59.26 Winter Adit-1 Industrial 60.30 54.11 Check Post Industrial 60.46 53.52 Power House Industrial 60.65 52.91 Site Office Industrial 57.29 50.57 Rispa Village Residential 60.05 53.01 Ruwang Village Residential 60.15 53.22 Moorang Village Residential 60.06 53.77 Barrage site Industrial 60.68 54.33
The day time equivalent noise level at various sampling stations ranged from 45.52 to 64.41 dB(A). Likewise, The night time equivalent noise level at various sampling stations ranged from 43.11 to 58.41 dB(A)The noise levels monitored at various locations in three seasons were well within the permissible limit applicable for industrial area and slightly exceeding in residential area. (Refer Table-3.27).
3.6 BASELINE STATUS FOR ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS 3.6.1 Forest Types and Vegetation Composition Kinnaur is a northeastern frontier district in the state of Himachal Pradesh that mostly consists of the valleys along river Sutlej and its tributaries (Spiti and Baspa rivers). The wide range of altitudinal and climatic geospatial gradients have endowed the landscape with a rich botanic diversity, dominated by conifers in the temperate zone as Betula utilis-dominated forests and Rhododendron campanulatum-dominated scrubs in the sub-alpine zone, medicinal and aromatic herbs in the alpine meadows and scrubby vegetation in the cold arid zone. The floristics/vegetation is represented by lower and upper western Himalayan temperate forests, dry temperate coniferous
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forests, sub-alpine forests and scrubs, alpine pastures, dwarf Juniper scrub, and dry alpine scrub communities (Champion and Seth 1968) and shown in Table-3.28. The coniferous forests consist of Deodar (Cedrus deodara) as dominant species and Fir (Abies pindrow), Spruce (Picea smithiana) chir pine (Pinus roxburghi) and Blue pine (Pinus wallichiana) as other species. Sub-alpine forests: The forest consists of Rhododendron and Juniper with some shrubs of Betula/ Abies. The Tidong project area range lies in altitude from 2260m to 2860m. The major forest type of project influenced area falls under the Himalayan dry temperate forest and some places temperate mixed evergreen forest type across trans Himalayan region. The dominant tree species are Picea smithiana, Juniperus, Populus ciliata, Salix viminalis etc. However, Pinus gerardiana-Forest type 13/C2a Neoza Pine an important tree that grows naturally in the upper catchments of Sutlej River basin mainly from middle basin from Khab to downstream of Nathpa area which falls under sub-alpine forests. It is harvested as a community resource and right. In the vicinity of Tidong three types of habitats i.e. one is dominant with forests of Pinus gerardiana and Cedrus deodara along hill slopes. The second habitat along river banks forming riparian cover consists of shrubs and herbs. The third habitat is observed on along hillslopes to stream banks till river tidong confluences with river Satluj. However, hill slopes and hill peaks upstream of barrage site are rocky and glacial fringes /snow covered during late summers and monsoon period and remains snow covered for about 5 months. Vegetation cover is very thin and sparse i.e. patchy in nature and present along the meander spaces of Tidong khad with dominance of Junipers (dhoop) shrubs. The major forest type according to Champion & Seth(1968) in the study area as well in the trans-/ greater Himalayan region of Kinnaur district is given in Table- 3.28. Table-3.28: Major Forest Types of Kinnaur district (Champion & Seth 1968) Forest type Area/region Major plant species (sub-type) Himalayan Dry Temperate Forest (13) Dry broadleaved and Upper Sutlej valley Pinus gerardiana, Cedrus deodara, coniferous forest and others Quercus ilex, Acer pentapomicum, (13/C1) Celtis australis, Rhus succedanea Neoza pine forest Sutlej valley and Pinus gerardiana, Cedrus deodara, (13/C2a) others Fraxinus xanthoxyloides, Artemisia maritima Dry deodar forest Sutlej valley and Cedrus deodara, Pinus gerardiana,
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Forest type Area/region Major plant species (sub-type) Himalayan Dry Temperate Forest (13) (13/C2b) others Pinus wallichiana, Picea smithiana Sub-Alpine Forest (14) West Himalayan sub- Parvati valley, Abies spectabilis, Pinus wallichiana, alpine high level fir Kullu and others Picea smithiana, Rhododendron forest (14/C1a) campanulatum, Taxus wallichiana Moist Alpine Scrub (15) Birch-Rhododendron Alpine (throughout) Betula utilis, Rhododendron scrub forest (15/C1) campanulatum, R. anthopogon, R. lepidotum Dry Alpine Scrub (16) Dry alpine scrub Alpine (throughout) Juniperus communis, J. wallichiana, (16/C1) Caragana spp., Artemisia maritima, Potentilla spp.
3.6.2 Field Studies As a part of the CEIA Study, a detailed ecological survey was conducted at five selected different sites in the proposed Tidong HEP area. The objectives of the ecological survey were to: prepare a checklist of flora in the study area Phytosociological study to determine frequency, density, abundance, basal area, IVI and volume of different vegetation components in the study area calculate species diversity indices of different plant communities in the project area listing the rare/ endangered and economically important species To inventorize the faunal diversity in the study area
Five sampling sites were selected in the project area keeping in view the area to be adversely affected by the activities of the land to be acquired for Barrage construction, power house, and catchment areas for continual supply of water for electric generation. The sampling sites selected for terrestrial ecological survey in the project site were: Upstream of reservoir as Catchment area I (Tidong river; Rangreek/Racho mountain, Chharong area; Lungsu khad/Jarong stream; 31°26ˈ18.8ʺN, 78°34ˈ30.4ʺE; 3573 m ) Upstream of reservoir as Catchment area II (Kalimiti area; 31°28ˈ58.6ʺN, 78°32ˈ06.01ʺE; 3346 m; meeting of Kununala with Tidong river;
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31°27ˈ36.5ʺN, 78°33ˈ47.9ʺE; 3474 m; Shurting area; 31°28ˈ19.7ʺN, 78°32ˈ42. 1ʺE; 3409 m) Barrage site (Lambar khad stream-31°31ˈ01.4ʺN, 78°29ˈ59.5ʺE; 2953 m; Lambar village; 31°31ˈ20.3ʺN, 78°29ˈ54.9ʺE; 2216 m) Downstream of reservoir (Duwaghat & Gorakhad streams, Vill.: Roowang; 31°33ˈ03.5ʺN, 78°29ˈ11.7ʺE; 2297 m) Power House site (Rispa village, Moorang village; 31°34ˈ43.2ʺN, 78°24ˈ16.7ʺE)
3.6.3 Floristic survey and quantitative analysis of vegetation For assessing the floral diversity in the study area both floristic survey and quantitative analysis of vegetation were undertaken. The quantitative analysis of vegetation was done by using quadrats as sampling units. The quadrats were laid randomly in identified sites (as per project impact) at the downstream of reservoir, Barrage site and submergence, upstream of reservoir as catchment area I, upstream of reservoir as catchment area II, and power house site. The vegetation analysis was undertaken by collecting numerical community data for trees, shrubs and herbs from the randomly laid quadrats. Quadrat size of 10m x 10m was used to enumerate trees, 5m x 5m was used to enumerate shrubs, while herbs were enumerated through 1m x 1m quadrats. The numbers of quadrats laid for different vegetation components at different sampling sites are listed in Table-3.29.
Table-3.29: Number and size of quadrats laid at different sites at the Tidong HE Project S. Category of Study zone Vegetation Number Size of No sites components of quadrat quadrat Catchment Area S 1 Upstream of Tidong river; Tree 25 10mx10m reservoir as Rangreek/Racho Shrub 25 5mx5m Catchment mountain, Chharong Herb 25 1mx1m area site I area; Lungsu khad/Jarong stream; 31°26ˈ18.8ʺN, 78°34ˈ30.4ʺE; 3573 m ) S 2 Upstream of Kalimiti area; Tree 25 10mx10m reservoir as 31°28ˈ58.6ʺN, Shrub 25 5mx5m Catchment 78°32ˈ06.01ʺE; 3346 m; Herb 25 1mx1m area ste II meeting of Kununala with Tidong river; 31°27ˈ36.5ʺN,
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S. Category of Study zone Vegetation Number Size of No sites components of quadrat quadrat Catchment Area 78°33ˈ47.9ʺE; 3474 m; Shurting area; 31°28ˈ19.7ʺN, 78°32ˈ42. 1ʺE; 3409 m Diversion site/ Reservoir area S 3 Barrage site (Lambar khad stream- Tree 25 10mx10m 31°31ˈ01.4ʺN, Shrub 25 5mx5m 78°29ˈ59.5ʺE; 2953 m; Herb 25 1mx1m Lambar village; 31°31ˈ20.3ʺN, 78°29ˈ54.9ʺE; 2216 m) Middle Reaches and Power House Site S 4 Downstream Duwaghat & Gorakhad Tree 25 10mx10m of reservoir streams, Vill.: Roowang; Shrub 25 5mx5m 31°33ˈ03.5ʺN, Herb 25 1mx1m 78°29ˈ11.7ʺE; 2297 m
S 5 Power Rispa village, Moorang Tree 25 10mx10m House site village; camp area; Shrub 25 5mx5m 31°34ˈ43.2ʺN, Herb 25 1mx1m 78°24ˈ16.7ʺE
During the survey, individual floral species within the quadrat were identified up to the species level, and the number of individuals of each species in each quadrat were counted. The GBH of all trees having girth of more than 16 cm (equivalent to 5 cm DBH) was measured. Based on the quadrat data, frequency, density and cover (basal area) for each species were calculated using the following formulae:
Density (ha-1) = (Total number of individuals of the species in all the quadrats/total number of quadrats studied) multiplied by the factor depending on the quadrat size to express on per hectare basis; Frequency (%) = (Number of quadrats in which the species occurred/total number of quadrats studied) × 100; Basal area (m2ha-1) = Mean total basal area of all the individuals of the species per quadrat and conversion to per hectare basis Relative values for frequency, density and basal area were calculated by dividing the individual species value by the total value multiplied by 100. The importance value index (IVI) for different tree species were determined by summing up the Relative WAPCOS Limited 3-47
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Density, Relative Frequency and Relative Cover values. The Relative Density and Relative Frequency values were used to calculate the IVI of shrubs and herbs. The importance value index is a measure of the relative contribution of a species to the community.
3.6.4 Diversity Index To assess diversity of floral elements and structure of the plant community in different study sites, various diversity indices were computed. A diversity index is a mathematical measure of species diversity in a community. They provide more information about community composition than simply species richness (i.e., the number of species present); they also take the relative abundances of different species into account. Three species diversity indices viz., Shannon index of general diversity (H), dominance index (D) and Evenness index (e) were computed using PAST software.
3.6.5 Shannon index It is an index used to measure diversity in categorical data. In a basic sense, it is the information entropy of the distribution in a given area treating species as symbols and their relative population sizes as the probability. The diversity index takes into account the number of individuals as well as number of taxa. It varies from 0 for communities with only a single taxon to high values for communities with many taxa, each with few individuals. The advantage of this index is that it takes into account the number of species and the evenness of the species. The index is increased either by having additional unique species, or by having greater species evenness. Higher values of Shannon index indicate that a particular community has more information.
3.6.6 Dominance index It is calculated as D= ∑ ((ni/n)2) where ni is number of individuals of taxon i. The value of D Ranges from 0 (all taxa are equally present) to 1 (one taxon dominates the community completely).
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3.6.7 Buzas and Gibson’s evenness index It is calculated using the formula: , where H is the Shannon‟s index and S represents the number of species. It indicates the relative abundance or proportion of individuals among the species. 3.6.8 Floristic Composition During the floristic survey conducted for three seasons, a total of 127 plant species were recorded from various sampling stations. Of these, 28 species were trees, 24 shrubs, 69 herbs, 5 lianas including climbers and 1 parasite. Of the total 127 species, the highest number of plant species viz. 75 species was recorded from the Power House area followed by 74 species at the Barrage site and 67 species at the downstream of the reservoir in the project area. The lowest number of species viz. 47 species was recorded from the upstream of catchment area I during the study period. The other study area recorded less number of plant species. The details of floristic results are given in Tables-3.30 to 3.32. The graphical representation of the floristic composition is given in Figures-3.13 and 14.
Table-3.30: Different life forms of the plant species recorded from the Tidong HE Project Life form Number of Species Trees 28 Shrubs 24 Herbs 69 Lianas 5 Parasite 1 Total 127
Table-3.31: Trees, shrubs and herbs species species recorded from the Tidong HE Project Study Area Number of plant species Tree Shrub Herb Total Downstream of reservoir 12 16 39 67 Barrage site 12 15 47 74 Upstream of reservoir as 4 5 38 47 Catchment area I Upstream of reservoir as 15 10 29 54 Catchment area II Power House site 10 20 45 75
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Table-3.32: Complete list of plant species recorded in from the vicinity of Tidong HE Project Botanical Name Family Habit Vernicular Status name Abelmoschus species Malvaceae Herb NA Scarce Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. ex Ranunculaceae Herb Atish Common Royle Albizia species Caesalpiniaceae Tree Chigare Scarce Alnus nitida (Spach.) Endl. Betulaceae Tree Konish, Scarce Nyun Anaphalis adnataWall. ex DC. Asteraceae Herb NA Common Anaphalis busua (Buch.-Ham.) Asteraceae Herb Bugla Common DC. Anaphalis triplinervis (Sims) Sims Asteraceae Herb NA Common ex C.B.Clarke Angelica glauca Edgew. Apiaceae Herb Chora Scarce Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze Lamiaceae Herb Gobara Common Aquilegia fragrans Benth. Ranunculaceae Herb NA Common Artemisia gmelinii Weber ex Asteraceae Shrub Kunja Common Stechm Artemisia maritima L. Asteraceae Shrub Seski, Buer Common Artemisia vestita Wall. ex Besser Asteraceae Shrub Seski, Buer Common Artemisia vulgaris L. Asteraceae Shrub Seski, Buer Common Arundinella setosa Trin. Asteraceae Herb Gash Common Astragalus amherstianus Benth. Fabaceae Shrub NA Common Astragalus species Fabaceae Herb NA Common Berberis lycium Royle Berberidaceae Shrub Kashmal Common Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb. Saxifragaceae Herb Pashanbhed Scarce Betula utilis D.Don Betulaceae Tree Bhojpatra Common Bidens biternata (Lour.) Merr. & Asteraceae Herb Kakranda Common Sherff Blumea hieracifolia Hayata Asteraceae Herb NA Common Bothriochloa ischaemum (L.) Poaceae Herb NA Common Keng Carpesium nepalense Less Asteraceae Herb NA Scarce Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex Coniferae Tree Diar, Kelo Common D.Don) G.Don Celtis australis L. Ulmaceae Tree Nettle tree Common Chenopodium species Amaranthaceae Herb Karu,kore Common Cirsium verutum (D.Don) Spreng. Asteraceae Herb Buglu,Bugla Common Clematis barbellata Edgew. Ranunculaceae Liana Tirmira, Common Timri Clematis grata Wall. Ranunculaceae Liana Garol Common Coriaria nepalensis Wall. Coriariaceae Shrub NA Common Cornus macrophylla Wall. Cornaceae Tree Dogwood Scarce Cotoneaster acuminatus Wall. ex Rosaceae Shrub NA Common WAPCOS Limited 3-50
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Botanical Name Family Habit Vernicular Status name Lindl. Cupressus sempervirens L. Coniferae Tree Saru Common Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Convolvulaceae Parasite Wantah Common Cymbopogon species Poaceae Herb Arva Common Desmodium dichotomum (Willd.) Fabaceae Shrub NA Scarce DC. Dioscorea deltoides Wall. Dioscoreaceae Liana NA Scarce Drepanostachyum falcatum Poaceae Herb Basanti Common (Nees) Keng f. Erigeron species Asteraceae herb NA Common Festuca gigantea (L.) Vill. Poaceae Herb Ghad-Chaul Common Ficus benjamina L. Moraceae Tree Dhudi, Common Beduli Fragaria vesca L. Rosaceae Herb NA Common Fraxinus xanthoxyloides Wall. ex Oleaceae Tree NA Rare A.DC. Gaultheria nummularioidesD.Don Ericaceae Shrub NA Common Gentiana carinata (D.Don) Gentianaceae Herb NA Scarce Griseb. Gentiana kurroo Royle Gentianaceae Herb Banmathi Common Geranium wallichianum D.Don ex Geraniaceae Herb Bair bainj Common Sweet Heliotropium strigosum Willd. Boraginaceae Herb Paudina Common Heliotropium strigosum Willd. Boraginaceae Herb NA Common Heracleum canescens Lindl. Hypericaceae Herb Uprya ghas Common Hyoscyamus niger L. Solanaceae Shrub NA Scarce Hypericum choisianum Wall. ex Hypericaceae Shrub NA Rare N.Robson Impatiens edgeworthii Hook.f. Balsaminaceae Herb NA Scarce Impatiens thomsonii Hook.f. Balsaminaceae Herb Uprya ghas Common Indigofera hochstetteri Baker Fabaceae Shrub NA Common Inula cappa (Buch.-Ham. ex Asteraceae Herb Kaanpatee Scarce D.Don) DC. Juglans regia L. Juglandaceae Tree Khor, Akhrot Common Juniperus macrocarpa Sm. Coniferae Tree Guggal, Dup Common Juniperus squamata Buch.-Ham. Coniferae Tree FlakyJunipe Common ex D.Don r Malus domestica Borkh. Rosaceae Tree Appple Cultivate d Melilotus officinalis subsp. alba Fabaceae Herb Karda Common (Medik.) Mentha longifolia (L.) L. Lamiaceae Herb Luhrya Common Nepeta ciliaris Benth. Lamiaceae Herb NA Common Nepeta graciliflora Benth. Lamiaceae Herb NA Common WAPCOS Limited 3-51
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Botanical Name Family Habit Vernicular Status name Nepeta laevigata (D.Don) Hand.- Lamiaceae Herb Bankakri Scarce Mazz. Nepeta podostachys Benth. Lamiaceae Herb NA Common Olea ferruginea Wall. ex Aitch. Oleaceae Tree NA rare Onopordum acanthium L. Asteraceae Shrub NA Common Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill Polygonaceae Herb NA Common Pentanema indicum (L.) Ling Asteraceae Herb Khaul Common Pentanema indicum L. Asteraceae Herb NA Scarce Persicaria polystachya Opiz Polygonaceae Herb NA Common Pinus gerardiana Wall. ex D.Don Coniferae Tree Chilgoza Common Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jackson Coniferae Tree Chilla Common Pinus wallichiana A.B.Jackson Coniferae Tree Kail Common Piptanthus nepalensis (Hook.) Fabaceae Shrub NA Scarce D.Don Plantago depressa Willd. Plantaginaceae Herb NA Scarce Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco Cupressaceae Tree Morpankhi Introduce d Pluchea lanceolata (DC.) Asteraceae Herb NA Common C.B.Clarke Poa pratensis L. Poaceae Herb Mamiri Scarce Poa species Poaceae Herb NA Common Pogonatherum paniceum (Lam.) Poaceae Herb kandali Scarce Hack. Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All. Liliaceae Herb NA Scarce Populus alba L. Salicaceae Tree NA Common Potentilla atrosanguinea G.Lodd. Rosaceae Herb NA Common ex D.Don Potentilla species Rosaceae Herb NA Scarce Prinsepia utilis Royle Rosaceae Shrub Ama-haldu Common Prunus armeniaca L. Rosaceae Tree Chuli,Aprico Common t Prunus cerasoidesBuch.-Ham.ex Rosaceae Tree NA Common D.Don Prunus cornuta (Wall. ex Royle) Rosaceae Tree Jamnoi Common Steud. Prunus mira Koehne Rosaceae Tree NA Common Prunus persica (L.) Batsch Rosaceae Tree Aaru Common Pseudognaphalium hypoleucum Asteraceae Herb NA Common (DC.) Hilliard & B.L.Burtt Pseudognaphalium hypoleucum Poaceae Herb NA Common (DC.) Hilliard & B.L.Burtt Ranunculus sceleratus L. Ranunculaceae Herb Ringal, Common Nirgal Reinwardtia indica Dumort. Convolvulaceae Shrub Bhekal Common
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Botanical Name Family Habit Vernicular Status name Rhamnus virgatus Roxb. Rhamnaceae Shrub Guanta, Common luish Rheum australe D.Don Polygonaceae Herb Rhubarb Scarce Ribes orientale Desf Grossulariaceae Tree Bhabhiramg Scarce Rosa macrophylla Lindl. Rosaceae Liana Banjatakari Common Rosa webbiana Wall. ex Royle Rosaceae Shrub Chentuli Common Rubus biflorus Buch.-Ham. ex Rosaceae Shrub Dharkunja Common Sm. Rubus niveus Thunb. Rosaceae Shrub NA Common Rumex nepalensis Spreng. Polygonaceae Herb NA Common Salix hastata L. Salicaceae Shrub Anchu rare Salix tetrasperma Roxb. Salicaceae Tree Bena,Shon Common Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch. Asteraceae Herb Kuth Scarce Saxifraga species Saxifragaceae Herb NA Common Senecio chrysanthemoides DC. Asteraceae Herb NA Common Setaria species Poaceae Herb NA Common Silene latifolia Poir. Caryophyllaceae Herb NA Common Sinopodophyllum hexandrum Berberidaceae Herb Ringal Scarce (Royle) Smilax vaginata Decne. Smilacaceae Liana Buins common Sorbaria tomentosa (Lindl.) Rosaceae Shrub Peepal satta Common Rehder Stellaria decumbens Edgew Caryophyllaceae Herb NA Common Swertia species Gentianaceae Herb NA Scarce Tagetes minuta L. Asteraceae Herb Jungli Common genda Taraxacum campylodes Asteraceae Herb NA Common G.E.Haglund Thalictrum javanicum Blume Ranunculaceae Herb NA Common Thymus serpyllum L. Lamiaceae Herb Thyme Common Trema politoria (Planch.) Blume Ulmaceae Tree Jivan Common Trewia spp. Eupbiaceaehor Tree Tumri Common Tripogon filiformis Nees ex Poaceae Herb NA Common Steud. Urtica dioica L. Urticaceae Herb Bichchu Common Viola biflora L. Violaceae Herb NA Common Zanthoxylum armatum DC. Rutaceae Shrub Bhiloka Scarce
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Figure-3.13: Habit-wise seasonal variation in floristic composition at Tidong HE project in July-August 2019 season
Figure-3.14: Graphical analysis of floristic diversity at study sites at Tidong HE project in July-August 2019 season
3.6.9 Quantitative Analysis of floristics present at various sampling sites 3.6.9.1 Catchment Area I (S1) A total of 4 tree species (≥ 5 cm diameter at breast height (DBH) or ≥16 cm girth at breast height (GBH) were recorded in July-August 2019 from the Catchment Area-I sampling site. The density recorded was 128 individuals ha-1. In terms of density, Juniperus macrocarpa was the dominant tree species with 68 individuals ha-1 (including seedlings) followed by Salix hastata (24 individuals ha-1). The total basal area of all tree species recorded was 49.8 m2ha-1. In terms of basal area, Juniperus WAPCOS Limited 3-54
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macropoda has more basal area followed by other tree species. In terms of importance value index (IVI), Juniperus macropoda was the dominant tree species (IVI= 182.09) followed by Salix hastata (IVI= 56.23). The details are given in Table- 3.33.
In shrub community layer, a total of 5 shrubs, lianas and climbers species were recorded from the Catchment site I. The density of shrubs recorded was 592 individuals ha-1. Rosa macrophylla and Artemisia gmelinii were recorded to be the dominant species. In terms of density, Rosa macrophylla was the dominant shrub layer species (192 individuals‟ ha-1) followed by Artemisia gmelinii (128 individuals ha-1) in the shrub community. The density of other shrub community species was less and recorded limited in number. In terms of importance value index (IVI), Rosa macrophylla was the dominant shrub species (IVI= 73.17) followed by Berberis lycium (IVI= 41.14). The details are given in Table-3.34.
A total of 14 herbaceous species were recorded with a density of 5960 individuals ha-1 at Catchment site I in summer/pre-monsoon season. Artemisia dracunculus was the dominant herb having maximum density followed by Senecio species, Thymus linearis and Hyoscymus niger. The details are given in Table-3.35. A total of 38 herbaceous species were recorded with a density of 86,400 individuals ha-1 at Catchment site I in monsoon season. In terms of density, Anaphalis adnata (9,200 individuals‟ ha-1) followed by Chenopodium species (7,600 individuals‟ ha-1) and other herbaceous species. In terms of importance value index (IVI), Anaphalis adnata (IVI=19.40) was the dominant herbaceous species followed by Thymus serpyllum (IVI=16.62). The details are given in Table-3.36.
A total of 14 herbaceous species were recorded with a density of 332 individuals ha- 1 at Catchment site I in winter season. Low density in winter is due to snow cover in the study area. The highest value of IVI as well as density was recorded for Poa spp, followed by Persicaria polystachya, Senecio species and Artemisia nilagirica. The details are given in Table-3.37.
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Table-3.33: Frequency, density, abundance and IVI of tree species present in the Catchment Area I (S1) Name of species Frequency Density Abundance IVI (%) (Ind. ha-1) Alnus nitida (Spach.) Endl. 12 12 1.0 21.66 Juniperus macrocarpa Sm. 68 76 1.1 135.81 Ribes orientale Desf 16 16 1.0 28.70 Salix hastata L. 20 24 1.2 41.62 Total 128 300
Table-3.34: Frequency, density, abundance and IVI of Shrub species present in the Catechment Area I (S1) Name of species Frequency Density Abundance IVI (%) (Ind. ha-1) Artemisia gmelinii Weber ex Stechm 16 128 2.00 36.44 Artemisia vulgaris L. 16 112 1.75 33.73 Astragalus species 8 48 1.50 15.52 Berberis lycium Royle 24 112 1.17 41.14 Rosa macrophylla Lindl. 44 192 1.09 73.17 Total 592 200.00
Table-3.35: Frequency, density, IVI and abundance of Herb species recorded at the Catechment I (S1) (Summer season /pre-monsoon) Name of species Frequency Density Abundance IVI (%) (Ind. ha-1) Artemisia brevifolia 28.0 448 16.0 22.06 Aquilegia fragrans 28.0 480 17.1 22.67 Artemisia dracunculus 24.0 544 22.7 18.55 Bupleurum latifolium 32.0 448 14.0 22.56 Chenopodium album 36.0 424 11.8 23.76 Thalictrum foliolosum DC. 20.0 440 22.0 18.37 Cynoglossum micranthum 36.0 176 4.9 15.70 Rumex nepalensis 20.0 392 19.6 Spreng. 21.92 Thymus linearis Benth. 8.0 468 58.5 31.43 Poa species 12.0 460 38.3 20.06 Gentiana kurroo Royle 20.0 392 19.6 19.93 Geranium wallichianum 24.0 372 15.5 21.80 Senecio species 20.0 492 24.6 22.63 Hyoscymus niger 24.0 424 17.7 18.55 Total 5960 299.99
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Table-3.36: Frequency, density, abundance and IVI of Herb species present in the Catechment Area I (S1) (Monsoon season)
Name of species Frequency Density Abundance IVI (%) (Ind. ha- 1) Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. ex Royle 4 400 1.0 1.71 Anaphalis adnataWall. ex DC. 28 9200 3.3 19.40 Anaphalis busua (Buch.-Ham.) DC. 4 800 2.0 2.18 Aquilegia fragrans Benth. 4 400 1.0 1.71 Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb. 8 6800 8.5 10.37 Bidens biternata (Lour.) Merr. & Sherff 8 1600 2.0 4.35 Blumea hieracifolia Hayata 12 2000 1.7 6.06 Chenopodium species 12 7600 6.3 12.55 Drepanostachyum falcatum (Nees) 4 800 2.0 2.18 Erigeron species 4 1600 4.0 3.10 Gentiana carinata (D.Don) Griseb. 4 1200 3.0 2.64 Gentiana kurroo Royle 8 800 1.0 3.43 Geranium wallichianum D.Don ex Sweet 20 5600 2.8 12.73 Heracleum canescens Lindl. 4 400 1.0 1.71 Hyoscyamus niger L. 8 1600 2.0 4.35 Impatiens thomsonii Hook.f. 4 1200 3.0 2.64 Inula cappa (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) DC. 4 800 2.0 2.18 Melilotus officinalis H.Ohashi & Tateishi 8 1200 1.5 3.89 Nepeta ciliaris Benth. 20 3600 1.8 10.42 Nepeta graciliflora Benth. 16 6800 4.3 12.87 Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill 4 400 1.0 1.71 Pentanema indicum (L.) Ling 4 400 1.0 1.71 Persicaria polystachya Opiz 8 3200 4.0 6.20 Plantago depressa Willd. 8 2400 3.0 5.28 Poa species 4 400 1.0 1.71 Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All. 8 2000 2.5 4.81 Potentilla atrosanguinea G.Lodd. ex D.Don 4 3200 8.0 4.95 Ranunculus sceleratus L. 12 3600 3.0 7.92 Rheum australe D.Don 8 800 1.0 3.43 Rumex nepalensis Spreng. 12 1200 1.0 5.14 Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch. 4 400 1.0 1.71 Saxifraga species 8 2000 2.5 4.81 Senecio species 4 400 1.0 1.71 Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Royle) 4 400 1.0 1.71 Stellaria decumbens Edgew 4 800 2.0 2.18 Swertia species 4 400 1.0 1.71 WAPCOS Limited 3-57
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Name of species Frequency Density Abundance IVI (%) (Ind. ha- 1) Thalictrum javanicum Blume 8 3200 4.0 6.20 Thymus serpyllum L. 28 6800 2.4 16.62 200.0 Total 86400 2.7 0
Table-3.37: Frequency, density, IVI and abundance of Herb species recorded at the Catechment I (S1) (Winter season /post-monsoon) Name of species Frequency Density Abundance IVI (%) (Ind. ha-1) Artemisia brevifolia 4.0 16 4.0 15.62 Aquilegia fragrans 8.0 12 1.5 15.40 Artemisia nilagirica 8.0 20 2.5 19.32 Bupleurum latifolium 4.0 24 6.0 21.05 Geranium wallichianum 4.0 8 2.0 10.19 Cynoglossum micranthum 8.0 12 1.5 15.40 Gentiana kurroo Royle 4.0 28 7.0 23.77 Persicaria polystachya 8.0 40 5.0 29.12 Hyoscymus niger 4.0 24 6.0 21.05 Rumex nepalensis Sprengel 4.0 60 15.0 45.49 Senecio species 12.0 20 1.7 22.83 Poa species 4.0 36 9.0 29.20 Thalictrum foliolosum DC. 8.0 24 3.0 21.28 Thymus linearis Benth. 4.0 8 2.0 10.19 Total 332 299.95
3.6.9.2 Catechment Area II (S2) A total of 15 tree species (≥ 5 cm diameter at breast height (DBH) or ≥16 cm girth at breast height (GBH) were recorded during study period from the Catchment II. The density of tree species recorded was 208 individuals ha-1. In terms of density, Pinus wallichiana was the dominant tree species with 52 individuals ha-1 (including seedlings) followed by Cedrus deodara (40 individuals ha-1) and Juniperus macropoda (36 individuals ha-1). The total basal area of all tree species recorded was 125.44 m2ha-1. In terms of basal area, Juniperus macropoda has more basal area followed by other tree species. In terms of importance value index (IVI), Pinus wallichiana was the dominant tree species (IVI= 74.84) followed by Cedrus deodara (IVI= 68.50) and Juniperus macropoda (IVI= 39.76). The details are given in Table- 3.38.
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In shrub community layer, a total of 10 shrubs, lianas and climbers species were recorded from the Catchment site II. The density of shrubs recorded was 1360 individuals ha-1. Artemisia maritima, Artemisia vulgaris and Berberis lycium were the dominant species. In terms of density, Artemisia maritima was the dominant shrub layer species (368 individuals‟ ha-1) followed by Artemisia vulgaris (336 individuals ha-1) in the shrub community. The density of other shrub community species was less and recorded limited in number. In terms of importance value index (IVI), Artemisia maritima was the dominant shrub species (IVI=44.71) followed by Artemisia vulgaris (IVI= 33.53) and Rosa macrophylla (IVI= 30.00). The details are given in Table-3.39.
A total of 17 herbaceous species were recorded with a density of 6988 individuals ha-1 at Catchment site II in pre-monsoon season. In terms of density, Artemisia dracunculus (1040 individuals‟ ha-1) followed by other species as distribution of all the species was contiguous. The details are given in Table-3.40. A total of 29 herbaceous species were recorded with a density of 78,400 individuals ha-1 at Catchment site II in monsoon season. In terms of density, Chenopodium species (11,600 individuals‟ ha-1) followed by Anaphalis busua (8,400 individuals‟ ha-1) and other herbaceous species. In terms of importance value index (IVI), Chenopodium (IVI=14.79) was the dominant herbaceous species followed by Anaphalis busua (IVI=10.72). The details are given in Table-3.41. A total of 13 herbaceous species were recorded with a density of 272 individuals ha-1 at Catchment site II in winter season. In terms of density, Anaphalis royleana (32 ind. ha-1) followed by Impatiens thomsonii, Poa himalayana, Poa annua and other herbaceous species.The low density is related to snow cover peaks and hill slopes. The details are given in Table- 3.42. Table-3.38: Frequency, density, IVI and abundance of Tree Species recorded at the Catechment II (S2) Name of species Frequency Density Abundance IVI (%) (Ind. ha-1) Alnus nitida (Spach.) Endl. 8 12 1.5 12.07 Betula utilis D.Don 4 4 1.0 5.06 Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D.Don) 28 40 1.4 43.09 Celtis australis L. 4 4 1.0 5.04 Cupressus sempervirens L. 4 4 1.0 5.03
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Name of species Frequency Density Abundance IVI (%) (Ind. ha-1) Juniperus macrocarpa Sm. 16 36 2.3 30.40 Juniperus squamata Buch.- Ham. 8 8 1.0 10.16 Olea ferruginea Wall. ex Aitch. 4 4 1.0 5.05 Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jackson 16 52 3.3 40.68 Prunus cerasoidesBuch.-Ham. 8 8 1.0 10.16 Prunus mira Koehne 4 4 1.0 5.07 Prunus persica (L.) Batsch 8 8 1.0 10.11 Ribes orientale Desf 8 8 1.0 10.06 Salix hastata L. 8 12 1.5 12.41 Trema politoria (Planch.) Blume 4 4 1.0 5.05 Total 208 300.00
Table-3.39: Frequency, density, IVI and abundance of Shrub Species recorded at the Catechment II (S2) Name of species Frequency Density Abundance IVI (%) (Ind. ha-1) Artemisia gmelinii Weber ex Stechm 12 112 2.3 17.06 Artemisia maritima L. 24 368 3.8 44.71 Artemisia vulgaris L. 12 336 7.0 33.53 Astragalus species 8 64 2.0 10.59 Berberis lycium Royle 16 208 3.3 27.06 Rosa macrophylla Lindl. 28 128 1.1 30.00 Rosa webbiana 12 48 1.0 12.35 Rubia cordifolia 8 32 1.0 8.24 Rubus species 8 32 1.0 8.24 Sambucas species 20 144 1.8 25.29 Total 1360 200.00
Table-3.40: Frequency, density, IVI and abundance of Herb Species recorded at the Catechment II (S2) (Summer season /pre-monsoon) Name of species Frequency Density Abundance IVI (%) (Ind. ha-1) Anaphalis royleana DC. 28.0 368 13.1 15.97 Amaranthus viridis 16.0 544 34.0 22.88 Artemisia dracunculus 20.0 1040 52.0 36.97 Chenopodium album 24.0 392 16.3 16.50 Melilotus officinalis 28.0 456 16.3 18.29 Geranium wallichianum 32.0 260 8.1 13.62 Hyoscyamus niger 20.0 848 42.4 30.97 Chenopodium species 24.0 368 15.3 15.82 Poa species 28.0 392 14.0 16.60 Mentha longifolia 32.0 456 14.3 18.50 WAPCOS Limited 3-60
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Name of species Frequency Density Abundance IVI (%) (Ind. ha-1) Persicaria polystachya Opiz 36.0 356 9.9 16.48 Rumex hastatus 20.0 312 15.6 14.22 Rumex nepalensis 28.0 304 10.9 14.28 Senecio chrysanthemoides 32.0 260 8.1 13.62 Sorberia tomentosa ® 36.0 224 6.2 13.35 Trifolium repens 28.0 260 9.3 13.12 Thalictrum foliolosum DC. 16.0 148 9.3 8.82 Total 6988 300.00
Table-3.41: Frequency, density, abundanc and IVI e of Herb Species recorded at the Catechment II (S2) (monsoon season) Name of species Frequenc Density Abundan IVI y (Ind. ha-1) ce (%) Anaphalis busua (Buch.-Ham.) DC. 20 8400 4.2 17.29 Aquilegia fragrans Benth. 8 1200 1.5 4.16 Bidens biternata (Lour.) Merr. & Sherff 4 1600 4.0 3.36 Blumea hieracifolia Hayata 20 5200 2.6 13.21 Chenopodium species 28 11600 4.1 24.01 Erigeron species 8 3600 4.5 7.22 Geranium wallichianum D.Don ex Sweet 20 5600 2.8 13.72 Heracleum canescens Lindl. 8 800 1.0 3.65 Hyoscyamus niger L. 20 3200 1.6 10.66 Impatiens thomsonii Hook.f. 4 400 1.0 1.83 Inula cappa (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) DC. 12 2400 2.0 7.01 Melilotus officinalis H.Ohashi & Tateishi 4 1200 3.0 2.85 Nepeta ciliaris Benth. 4 400 1.0 1.83 Nepeta graciliflora Benth. 8 5600 7.0 9.77 Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill 12 1200 1.0 5.48 Pentanema indicum (L.) Ling 4 400 1.0 1.83 Persicaria polystachya Opiz 8 2800 3.5 6.20 Plantago depressa Willd. 8 2400 3.0 5.69 Poa species 4 400 1.0 1.83 Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All. 8 2400 3.0 5.69 Potentilla atrosanguinea G.Lodd. ex D.Don 4 400 1.0 1.83 Ranunculus sceleratus L. 8 3600 4.5 7.22 Rheum australe D.Don 8 1200 1.5 4.16 Rumex nepalensis Spreng. 16 1200 0.8 6.79 Saxifraga species 4 400 1.0 1.83
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Name of species Frequenc Density Abundan IVI y (Ind. ha-1) ce (%) Senecio species 8 800 1.0 3.65 Stellaria decumbens Edgew 8 2800 3.5 6.20 Thalictrum javanicum Blume 8 1200 1.5 4.16 Thymus serpyllum L. 28 6000 2.1 16.86 Total 78400 2.6 200.00
Table-3.42: Frequency, density, abundance and IVI of Herb Species recorded at the Catechment II (S2) (winter /post-monsson season) Name of species Frequency Density Abundance IVI (%) (Ind. ha-1) Anaphalis royleana DC. 8.0 32 4.0 29.93 Impatiens thomsonii Hook.f. 4.0 28 7.0 30.17 Artemisia dracunculus 4.0 16 4.0 19.28 Hyoscyamus niger 8.0 28 3.5 27.38 Melilotus officinalis 4.0 12 3.0 15.65 Persicaria polystachya Opiz 8.0 28 3.5 27.38 Geranium wallichianum D.Don 4.0 24 6.0 26.54 Mentha longifolia 8.0 12 1.5 17.18 Poa annua L. 4.0 16 4.0 19.28 Poa himalayana Nees ex Steud. 12.0 28 2.3 29.62 Rumex nepalensis 8.0 24 3.0 24.83 Senecio chrysanthemoides 4.0 12 3.0 15.65 Thalictrum foliolosum DC. 8.0 12 1.5 17.18 Total 272 300.07
3.6.9.3 Barrage Site (S3) At the barrage site area, 12 tree species (≥ 5 cm diameter at breast height (DBH) or ≥16 cm girth at breast height (GBH) were recorded during study period (2019-20). The density of tree species recorded was 204 individuals (ha-1). In terms of density, Cedrus deodara, Pinus gerardiana and Pinus wallichiana represented by 64, 44 and 28 individuals ha-1, respectively were the dominant tree species in the study area. The total basal area of all tree species recorded was 153.28 m2ha-1. In terms of basal area, Cedrus deodara has more basal area (62.72) followed by Pinus gerardiana and Pinus wallichiana. In terms of importance value index (IVI), Cedrus deodara was the dominant tree species (IVI= 104.00) followed by Pinus gerardiana (IVI= 69.93). Overall, the rightside of the barrage site near village Lamber has no vegetation due to steep slope, however, on both side of Tidong river, few patches of vegetation could be located. Right side has plantation of apple, akhrot and pure
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patches of Cedrus deodara mixed with Pinus wallichiana coupled with Junipers, and shrubby layer Rosa webbiana. The details are given in Table-3.43.
In shrub community layer, a total of 15 shrubs, lianas and climbers species were recorded from the Barrage site during the study during study period (2019-20). The density of this group of species was recorded to be 1232 individuals‟ ha-1. Artemisia maritima, Sorbaria tomentosa, Astragalus amherstianus and Berberis lyceum were recorded to be the dominant species. In terms of density, Artemisia maritima was the dominant shrub layer species (512 individuals‟ ha-1) followed by Sorbaria tomentosa and Astragalus amherstianus (each represented by 128 individuals ha-1) were the dominant shrub canopy layer plant species. The density of other species is less and recorded limited in number. In terms of importance value index (IVI), Artemisia maritima was the dominant shrub species (IVI=69.76) followed by Sorbaria tomentosa (IVI=20.65) Rosa webbiana (IVI=20.61). The details are given in Table- 3.44.
A total of 25 herbaceous species were recorded with a density of 11,560 individuals ha-1 at the Barrage site in during study summer/pre-monsoon season. Artemisia dracunculus was the dominant herb having maximum density followed by Thymus linearis and Rheum webbianum. Distribution of all the species was continguous.The details are given in Table-3.45.
A total of 47 herbaceous species were recorded with a density of 1,20,800 individuals ha-1 at the Barrage site in during monsoon season. In terms of density, Chenopodium species (26,800 individuals‟ ha-1) followed by Malilotus officinalis (15,600 individuals‟ ha-1) and Geranium wallichianum (7,200 individuals‟ ha-1) were the dominant herbaceous species. In terms of importance value index (IVI), Chenopodium (IVI=33.29) was the dominant herbaceous species followed by Malilotus officinalis (IVI=18.97). The details are given in Table-3.46.
A total of 17 herbaceous species were recorded with a density of 448 individuals ha-1 at the Barrage site in during winter months. The highest value of IVI (28.52) was recorded for Cynoglossum micranthum, which was found to be most dominant herbaceous species at this site followed by Melilotus alba, Rheum webbiania, and Artemisia nilagirica. The low density and occurrence in winters might be due to high
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precipitation and snow covered hill slopes and peaks from decmber to February months. The details are given in Table-3.47.
Table-3.43: Frequency, density, abundance and IVI of Tree species recorded at the Barrage site (S3) Name of species Frequency Density Abundance IVI (%) (individuals ha-1) Betula utilis D.Don 12 12 1.00 16.49 Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D.Don) G.Don 52 64 1.23 104.00 Juglans regia L. 4 4 1.00 6.02 Juniperus macrocarpa Sm. 8 8 1.00 12.30 Malus domestica Borkh. 4 12 3.00 11.84 Pinus gerardiana Wall. ex D.Don 36 44 1.22 69.93 Pinus wallichiana A.B.Jackson 20 24 1.20 37.74 Populus alba L. 4 4 1.00 5.08 Prunus armeniaca L. 12 20 1.67 21.17 Prunus mira Koehne 4 4 1.00 5.23 Prunus persica (L.) Batsch 4 4 1.00 5.10 Trewia spp. 4 4 1.00 5.10 Total 204 300
Table-3.44: Frequency, density, abundance and IVI of Shrub species recorded at the Barrage site (S3) Name of species Frequency Density Abunda IVI (%) (individuals nce ha-1) Artemisia gmelinii Weber ex 8 32 1 7.726 Stechm Artemisia maritima L. 44 512 2.9 69.764 Astragalus amherstianus Benth. 8 128 4 15.518 Berberis lycium Royle 16 112 1.75 19.347 Clematis grataWall. 4 32 2 5.162 Cotoneaster acuminatus Wall. 4 16 1 3.863 ex Lindl. Desmodium dichotomum 4 16 1 3.863 (Willd.) DC. Gaultheria 4 16 1 3.863 nummularioidesD.Don Hypericum choisianum Wall. ex 8 32 1 7.726 N.Robson Piptanthus nepalensis (Hook.) 4 32 2 5.162 D.Don Prinsepia utilis Royle 8 32 1 7.726 Rhamnus virgatus Roxb. 4 16 1 3.863 Rosa webbiana Wall. ex Royle 20 96 1.2 20.613 WAPCOS Limited 3-64
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Name of species Frequency Density Abunda IVI (%) (individuals nce ha-1) Rubus niveus Thunb. 4 32 2 5.162 Sorbaria tomentosa (Lindl.) 16 128 2 20.646 Rehder Total 1232 200
Table-3.45: Frequency, density, abundance and IVI of Herb species recorded at the Barrage site (S3) (Summer /pre-monsoon season) Name of species Frequency Density Abundance IVI (%) (Ind. ha-1) Angelica glauca Edgew. 8.0 24 3.0 2.63 Anemone rivularis 12.0 304 25.3 9.08 Aquilegia fragrans 8.0 116 14.5 4.98 Artemisia dracunculus 16.0 1216 76.0 24.82 Artemisia brevifolia 12.0 416 34.7 11.31 Astragalus rhizanthus 12.0 64 5.3 4.30 Bupleurum latifolium 12.0 544 45.3 13.86 Chenopodium album 16.0 368 23.0 10.33 Cherophyllum reflexum 20.0 544 27.2 13.43 Cynoglossum 12.0 192 16.0 6.85 micranthum Ferula jaeschkeana 16.0 256 16.0 8.42 Fragaria vesca 8.0 1088 136.0 29.80 Geranium wallichianum 16.0 416 26.0 11.15 Heracleum candicans 28.0 1088 38.9 21.73 Hyoscymus niger 24.0 272 11.3 9.94 Melilotus alba 8.0 416 52.0 12.64 Nepeta erecta 20.0 1088 54.4 21.81 Oxyria digyna 24.0 48 2.0 6.75 Rheum webbianum 32.0 1216 38.0 23.73 Rumex nepalensis 36.0 304 8.4 12.86 Sedum ewersii 12.0 116 9.7 5.34 Selinum tenuifolium 8.0 144 18.0 5.70 Thalictrum cultratum 12.0 104 8.7 5.10 Thymus linearis 24.0 1216 50.7 23.42 Total 11560 300.00
Table-3.46: Frequency, density, abundance and IVI of Herb species recorded at the Barrage site (S3) (monsoon Season) Name of species Frequency Density Abundance IVI (%) (ind. ha- 1) Anaphalis busua (Buch.-Ham.) DC. 4 2800 7.0 3.328 phalis triplinervis (Sims) Sims ex 12 3200 2.7 5.679 WAPCOS Limited 3-65
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Name of species Frequency Density Abundance IVI (%) (ind. ha- 1) C.B.Clarke Angelica glauca Edgew. 4 400 1.0 1.341 Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze 12 4000 3.3 6.342 Aquilegia fragrans Benth. 8 3600 4.5 5.000 Arundinella setosa Trin. 12 2800 2.3 5.348 Bidens biternata (Lour.) Merr. & Sherff 8 800 1.0 2.682 Blumea hieracifolia Hayata 16 3600 2.3 7.021 Bothriochloa ischaemum (L.) Keng 8 2400 3.0 4.007 Chenopodium species 44 26800 6.1 33.297 Cirsium verutum (D.Don) Spreng. 4 400 1.0 1.341 Drepanostachyum falcatum (Nees) Keng f. 4 800 2.0 1.672 Erigeron species 12 3200 2.7 5.679 Fragaria vesca L. 8 5200 6.5 6.325 Gentiana carinata (D.Don) Griseb. 4 400 1.0 1.341 Geranium wallichianum D.Don ex Sweet 24 7200 3.0 12.021 Heliotropium strigosum Willd. 4 1200 3.0 2.003 Heracleum canescens Lindl. 4 400 1.0 1.341 Hyoscyamus niger L. 12 2000 1.7 4.686 Impatiens edgeworthii Hook.f. 4 1600 4.0 2.335 Inula cappa (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) DC. 8 1600 2.0 3.345 Melilotus officinalis subsp. alba (Medik.) 24 15600 6.5 18.975 Nepeta ciliaris Benth. 8 3200 4.0 4.669 Nepeta graciliflora Benth. 4 1600 4.0 2.335 Nepeta laevigata (D.Don) Hand.- Mazz. 4 400 1.0 1.341 Nepeta podostachys Benth. 12 3600 3.0 6.010 Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill 8 2000 2.5 3.676 Pentanema indicum L. 4 400 1.0 1.341 Persicaria polystachya Opiz 4 1200 3.0 2.003 Plantago depressa Willd. 12 1600 1.3 4.355 Pluchea lanceolata (DC.) C.B.Clarke 4 400 1.0 1.341 Poa species 4 1600 4.0 2.335 Pogonatherum paniceum (Lam.) Hack. 4 400 1.0 1.341 Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All. 4 400 1.0 1.341 Potentilla species 8 1600 2.0 3.345 Pseudognaphalium hypoleucum 4 400 1.0 1.341 WAPCOS Limited 3-66
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Name of species Frequency Density Abundance IVI (%) (ind. ha- 1) (DC.) Ranunculus sceleratus L. 4 1200 3.0 2.003 Rumex nepalensis Spreng. 12 1200 1.0 4.024 Saxifraga species 4 400 1.0 1.341 Senecio chrysanthemoides DC. 4 1200 3.0 2.003 Setaria species 4 400 1.0 1.341 Silene latifolia Poir. 4 400 1.0 1.341 Stellaria decumbens Edgew 8 1600 2.0 3.345 Tagetes minuta L. 12 2800 2.3 5.348 Taraxacum campylodes G.E.Haglund 12 1600 1.3 4.355 Thalictrum javanicum Blume 4 400 1.0 1.341 Thymus serpyllum L. 4 800 2.0 1.672 Total 120800 200
Table-3.47: Frequency, density, abundance and IVI of Tree species recorded at the Barrage site (S3) (Winter season) Name of Species Frequency Density Abundance IVI (%) (Ind. ha-1) Angelica glauca Edgew. 4.0 4 1.0 5.44 Bupleurum latifolium 8.0 32 4.0 19.60 Aquilegia fragrans 4.0 28 7.0 20.91 Artemisia nilagirica 8.0 28 3.5 17.87 Artemisia brevifolia 8.0 28 3.5 17.87 Geranium wallichianum 4.0 28 7.0 20.91 Cynoglossum micranthum 16.0 52 3.3 28.52 Rheum webbianum 12.0 32 2.7 20.21 Nepeta erecta 12.0 36 3.0 21.67 Thymus linearis 4.0 24 6.0 18.33 Fragaria vesca 16.0 32 2.0 21.94 Thalictrum cultratum 4.0 12 3.0 10.59 Hyoscymus niger 8.0 12 1.5 10.92 Heracleum candicans 8.0 8 1.0 9.19 Rumex nepalensis 8.0 28 3.5 17.87 Melilotus alba 12.0 52 4.3 27.49 Oxyria digyna 4.0 12 3.0 10.59 Total 448 299.92
3.6.9.4 Downstream of barrage (S4) A total of 12 tree species (≥ 5 cm diameter at breast height (DBH) or ≥16 cm girth at breast height (GBH) were recorded from the downstream of Barrage site of Tidong HEP during study period (2019-20). The density of tree species recorded was 188 individuals ha-1. In terms of density, Pinus gerardiana was the dominant tree species WAPCOS Limited 3-67
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with 56 individuals ha-1 followed by Cedrus deodara (44 individuals ha-1) and Prunus cerasoides (32 individuals ha-1). The total basal area of all tree species recorded was 183.96 m2ha-1. In terms of basal area Pinus gerardiana has more basal area followed by Cedrus deodara and Prunus cerasoides species. In terms of importance value index (IVI), Pinus gerardiana was the dominant tree species (IVI= 113.68) followed by Cedrus deodara (IVI= 79.69). In terms of volume, Pinus gerardiana (19.45m3) plants occupy the maximum canopy (Refer Table-3.48). A total of 16 shrubs and lianas species were recorded from downstream of Barrage site/reservoir during study period (2019-20). The density of this group of species was recorded to be 1184 individuals ha-1. Artemisia maritima, Artemisia vestita, Berberis lycium, were recorded to be the dominant species. In terms of density, Artemisia maritima was the dominant shrub species (416 individuals ha-1) followed by Artemisia vestita (128 individuals ha-1) and Berberis lycium and Rosa webbiana (each 112 individuals ha-1) in the shrub canopy layer. The density of other shrub species was less and recorded limited in number. In terms of importance value index (IVI), Artemisia maritima was the dominant shrub species (IVI=63.34) followed by Berberis lycium (IVI=22.28) (Refer Table-3.49).
A total of 24 herbaceous species were recorded with density of 18004 individuals‟ ha-1 at downstream of Barrage site/reservoir in summer/pre-monsoon season. In terms of density, Artimisia dracunculus followed by Thymus serpyllum and Artemisia bravifolia in terms of density were the dominant herbaceous species. Other species with comparatively high IVI are as Polygonum polystachya, Anemone obtusiloba, Heracleum candicans and Verbascum thapsus where data for distribution of all the species except was contiguous. (Refer Table-3.50. A total of 39 herbaceous species were recorded with a density of 86,400 individuals ha-1 at downstream of Barrage site/reservoir in monsoon season (August 2019). In terms of density, Anaphalis busua (11,200 individuals‟ ha-1) followed by Chenopodium species (10,400 individuals‟ ha-1) were the dominant herbaceous species. In terms of importance value index (IVI), Anaphalis busua (IVI=19.37) was the dominant herbaceous species followed by Chenopodium (IVI=18.44) (Refer Table-3.51). A total of 17 herbaceous species were recorded with a density of 1644 individuals ha-1 at downstream of about 2-3km from Barrage site and reservoir area in winter / WAPCOS Limited 3-68
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post-monsoon season. Among dominant herbaceous species at this site were Cymbopogon martini, Polygonum sp, and Chenopodium album. Frequency value ranged from 4% to 24% at the site. (Refer Table-3.52). Table-3.48: Frequency, density, abundance and IVI of tree species recorded at d/s of reservoir (S4) Name of species Frequency Density Abunda IVI (%) (ind. ha-1) nce Albizia species 4 4 1.0 6.49 Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D.Don) 32 44 1.4 79.69 G.Don Cornus macrophylla Wall. 4 4 1.0 6.58 Ficus benjamina L. 4 4 1.0 7.27 Juglans regia L. 4 4 1.0 6.82 Malus domestica Borkh. 4 8 2.0 9.10 Pinus gerardiana Wall. ex D.Don 44 56 1.3 113.68 Populus alba L. 4 4 1.0 6.27 Prunus armeniaca L. 4 12 3.0 12.57 Prunus cerasoidesBuch.-Ham.ex 4 32 8.0 32.99 D.Don Prunus persica (L.) Batsch 4 8 2.0 9.75 Ribes orientale Desf 4 8 2.0 8.79 Total 188 300
Table-3.49: Frequency, density, abundance and IVI of shrub species recorded at d/s of reservoir (S4) Name of species Frequency Density Abundance IVI (%) (individuals ha-1) Artemisia maritima L. 44 416 2.36 63.340 Artemisia vestita Wall. ex Besser 12 112 2.33 17.152 Artemisia vulgaris L. 4 16 1.00 3.915 Berberis lycium Royle 20 128 1.60 23.631 Coriaria nepalensis Wall. 4 16 1.00 3.915 Desmodium dichotomum (Willd.) DC. 4 16 1.00 3.915 Dioscorea deltoides Wall. 4 16 1.00 3.915 Hypericum choisianum Wall. ex N.Robson 8 48 1.50 9.182 Indigofera hochstetteri Baker 4 32 2.00 5.267 Onopordum acanthium L. 4 32 2.00 5.267 Piptanthus nepalensis (Hook.) D.Don 4 16 1.00 3.915 Rhamnus virgatus Roxb. 8 80 2.50 11.885 Rosa webbiana Wall. ex Royle 12 112 2.33 17.152 Rubus niveus Thunb. 8 32 1.00 7.831
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Name of species Frequency Density Abundance IVI (%) (individuals ha-1) Sorbaria tomentosa (Lindl.) Rehder 12 96 2.00 15.800 Zanthoxylum armatum DC. 4 16 1.00 3.915 Total 1184 200.000
Table-3.50: Frequency, density, abundance and IVI of herb species recorded at d/s of reservoir (S4) (Summer season /pre-monsoon) Name of Species Frequency Density (Ind. Abundance IVI ha-1) Adiantum caudatum 32.0 712 22.3 13.09 Anemone obtusiloba 32.0 648 20.3 12.40 Artemisia brevifolia 25.0 920 38.3 15.85 Artemisia dracunculus 25.0 1156 72.3 22.98 Chenopodium album 37.5 356 9.9 9.91 Cherophyllum reflexum 62.5 460 14.4 15.41 Cynoglossum micranthum 12.5 668 27.8 10.57 Dictamnus albus 25.0 884 27.6 13.81 Fragaria vesca 25.0 852 26.6 13.46 Geranium wallichianum 25.0 712 22.3 11.93 Heracleum candicans 25.0 648 18.0 10.85 Mentha longifolia 50.0 920 28.8 18.36 Nepeta erecta 25.0 460 9.6 8.36 Origanum vulgare 12.5 848 26.5 11.34 Polygonum polystachya 37.5 712 19.8 13.58 Potentilla atrosanguinea 12.5 652 16.3 8.50 Rumex nepalensis 25.0 920 38.3 15.85 Salvia moorcroftiana 12.5 520 16.3 7.76 Silene inflata 25.0 720 15.0 10.73 Thalictrum paniculatum 12.5 712 13.7 8.38 Thymus serphylum/ linearis 12.5 1296 29.5 14.33 Trifolium repens 25.0 920 32.9 14.91 Verbascum thapsus 12.5 460 12.8 6.83 Viola biflora 12.5 848 23.6 10.83 Total 18,004 300.00
Table-3.51: Frequency, density, abundance and IVI of herb species recorded at d/s of reservoir (S4) (monsoon season) Name of species Frequency Density Abundance IVI (%) (individuals ha-1) Abelmoschus species 4 400 1.0 1.745 Anaphalis busua (Buch.-Ham.) DC. 20 11200 5.6 19.373 Angelica glauca Edgew. 8 800 1.0 3.490 Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze 12 1600 1.3 5.698 WAPCOS Limited 3-70
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Name of species Frequency Density Abundance IVI (%) (individuals ha-1) Bidens biternata (Lour.) Merr. & Sherff 12 3200 2.7 7.550 Blumea hieracifolia Hayata 12 5600 4.7 10.328 Bothriochloa ischaemum (L.) Keng 4 800 2.0 2.208 Carpesium nepalense Less 4 400 1.0 1.745 Chenopodium species 20 10400 5.2 18.447 Cirsium verutum (D.Don) Spreng. 4 400 1.0 1.745 Cymbopogon species 4 800 2.0 2.208 Erigeron species 8 800 1.0 3.490 Fragaria vesca L. 4 400 1.0 1.745 Geranium wallichianum D.Don ex Sweet 8 2800 3.5 5.805 Heracleum canescens Lindl. 4 400 1.0 1.745 Hyoscyamus niger L. 8 1600 2.0 4.416 Impatiens thomsonii Hook.f. 4 800 2.0 2.208 Melilotus officinalis subsp. alba (Medik.) 16 6800 4.3 12.999 Mentha longifolia (L.) L. 4 400 1.0 1.745 Nepeta ciliaris Benth. 8 2000 2.5 4.879 Nepeta podostachys Benth. 16 5600 3.5 11.610 Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill 8 1200 1.5 3.953 Pentanema indicum L. 4 400 1.0 1.745 Persicaria polystachya Opiz 4 400 1.0 1.745 Plantago depressa Willd. 8 1600 2.0 4.416 Pluchea lanceolata (DC.) C.B.Clarke 12 1600 1.3 5.698 Poa pratensis L. 4 1600 4.0 3.134 Pogonatherum paniceum (Lam.) Hack. 4 400 1.0 1.745 Rumex nepalensis Spreng. 4 800 2.0 2.208 Senecio chrysanthemoides DC. 12 2800 2.3 7.087 Setaria species 8 1200 1.5 3.953 Silene latifolia Poir. 4 400 1.0 1.745 Stellaria decumbens Edgew 4 800 2.0 2.208 Tagetes minuta L. 8 1600 2.0 4.416 Taraxacum campylodes G.E.Haglund 8 2000 2.5 4.879 Thymus serpyllum L. 8 5200 6.5 8.583 Tripogon filiformis Nees ex Steud. 16 3200 2.0 8.832 Urtica dioica L. 4 800 2.0 2.208 Viola biflora L. 8 3200 4.0 6.268 Total 86400 200.000
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Table-3.52: Frequency, density, abundabce and IVI herb species recorded at d/s of reservoir (S4) (Winter season) Name of species Frequency Density Abundance IVI (%) (Ind. ha-1) Anemone obtusiloba 12.0 44 3.7 11.11 Artemisia dracunculus 8.0 60 7.5 12.46 Chenopodium album 12.0 128 10.7 20.63 Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats. 20.0 172 8.6 26.09 Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats. 24.0 128 5.3 23.39 Fragaria vesca 16.0 136 8.5 21.79 Geranium wallichianum 8.0 132 16.5 22.51 Heracleum candicans 12.0 116 9.7 19.27 Mentha longifolia 20.0 92 4.6 18.70 Nepeta podostachys 8.0 64 8.0 13.02 Origanum vulgare L 4.0 28 7.0 8.15 Polygonum polystachya 8.0 128 16.0 21.95 Rumex nepalensis Sprengel 8.0 96 12.0 17.48 Silene inflata 12.0 92 7.7 16.55 Stellaria monosperma D.Don 12.0 84 7.0 15.64 Thalictrum foliolosum DC. 8.0 80 10.0 15.25 Verbascum thapsus 4.0 64 16.0 16.02 Total 1,644 300.00
3.6.9.5 Power House Site (S5) At the Power House Area, 10 tree species (≥ 5 cm diameter at breast height (DBH) or ≥16 cm girth at breast height (GBH) were recorded in July-August 2019 from the Tidong HE project. The density of tree species recorded was 176 individuals (ha-1). In terms of density, Pinus gerardiana, Cedrus deodara and Molus domestica represented by 52, 44 and 20 individuals ha-1, respectively were the dominant tree species. The total basal area of all tree species recorded was 109.76 m2ha-1. In terms of basal area, Cedrus deodara has more basal area (39.16) followed by Pinus gerardiana. In terms of importance value index (IVI), Cedrus deodar was the dominant tree species (IVI=90.68) followed by Pinus gerardiana (IVI= 90.32). The details are given in Table-3.53.
In shrub community layer, a total of 20 shrubs, lianas and climbers species were recorded from the Power House Area during the study in July-August 2019. The density of this group of species was recorded to be 1952 individuals‟ ha-1. Artemisia maritima, Artemisia vestita, Rubis biflorus, Astragalus amherstianus, and Berberis lyceum were recorded to be the dominant species. In terms of density, Artemisia
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maritima was the dominant shrub layer species (672 individuals‟ ha-1) followed by other Artemisia species, A. vestita (represented by 368 individuals ha-1) were the dominant shrub canopy layer plant species. The density of other species is less and recorded limited in number. In terms of importance value index (IVI), Artemisia maritima was the dominant shrub species (IVI=56.84) followed by Artemisia vestita (IVI=34.37). The details are given in Table-3.54.
A total of 24 herbaceous species were recorded with a density of 6904 individuals ha-1 at the Power House site in summer season. Artemisia dracunculus was the dominant herb, followed by Artemisia brevifolia, Arenaria festucoides and Rheum webbianum. The details are given in Table-3.55.
A total of 45 herbaceous species were recorded with a density of 1,02,800 individuals ha-1 at the Power House site during monsoon season. In terms of density, Chenopodium species (14,800 individuals‟ ha-1) followed by Malilotus officinalis (14,400 individuals‟ ha-1) and Geranium wallichianum and Fragaria vesca (each 5,200 individuals‟ ha-1) were the dominant herbaceous species. In terms of importance value index (IVI), Chenopodium (IVI=21.76) was the dominant herbaceous species followed by Malilotus officinalis (IVI=20.324) and Geranium wallichianum (IVI=11.374). The details are given in Table-3.56. A total of 17 herbaceous species were recorded with an average density of 1128 individuals /ha during the survey conducted in winter season. The dominant speces were Artemisia sp , Angelica glauca,, Chenopodium foliolosum, Cynodon dactylon and Melilotus alba. The details are given in Table-3.57.
Table-3.53: Frequency, density, abundance and IVI of tree species recorded at Power House site (S5) Name of species Frequency Density Abundance IVI (%) (Ind. ha-1) Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D.Don) 36 44 1.2 90.68 Juglans regia L. 8 8 1.0 16.61 Olea ferruginea Wall. ex Aitch. 4 8 2.0 10.14 Malus domestica Borkh. 8 20 2.5 23.31 Pinus gerardiana Wall. ex D.Don 32 52 1.6 90.32 Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jackson 8 8 1.0 15.37 Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco 4 4 1.0 6.37
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Name of species Frequency Density Abundance IVI (%) (Ind. ha-1) Prunus armeniaca L. 8 12 1.5 17.31 Prunus cerasoides Buch.-Ham. 8 16 2.0 22.90 Prunus persica (L.) Batsch 4 4 1.0 6.99 Total 176 300
Table-3.54: Frequency, density, abundance and IVI of shrub species recorded at Power House site (S5) Name of species Frequency Density Abundance IVI (%) (Ind. ha-1) Artemisia gmelinii Weber ex Stechm 8 32 1.0 5.09 Artemisia maritima L. 52 672 3.2 56.84 Artemisia vestita Wall. ex Besser 36 368 2.6 34.37 Astragalus amherstianus Benth. 8 112 3.5 9.19 Berberis lycium Royle 16 128 2.0 13.45 Clematis barbellata Edgew. 4 32 2.0 3.36 Cotoneaster acuminatus Wall. ex Lindl. 4 16 1.0 2.54 Desmodium dichotomum (Willd.) DC. 4 16 1.0 2.54 Gaultheria nummularioidesD.Don 4 16 1.0 2.54 Hypericum choisianum Wall. ex N.Robson 8 32 1.0 5.09 Indigofera hochstetteri Baker 4 16 1.0 2.54 Piptanthus nepalensis (Hook.) D.Don 4 32 2.0 3.36 Prinsepia utilis Royle 8 32 1.0 5.09 Rhamnus virgatus Roxb. 4 16 1.0 2.54 Rosa webbiana Wall. ex Royle 20 96 1.2 13.54 Rubia cordifolia 4 16 1.0 2.54 Rubus biflorus Buch.-Ham. ex Sm. 20 144 1.8 16.00 Rubus niveus Thunb. 4 32 2.0 3.36 Sorbaria tomentosa (Lindl.) Rehder 16 128 2.0 13.45 Zanthoxylum armatum DC. 4 16 1.0 2.54 Total 1952 200.00
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Table-3.55: Frequency, density, abundance and IVI of herb species recorded at the Power House site (S5) (summer season) Name of species Frequency Density Abundance IVI (%) (Ind. ha-1) Allium carolinianum 24.0 196 8.2 9.52 Angelica glauca Edgew. 32.0 492 15.4 17.28 Arenaria festucoides 24.0 492 20.5 17.23 Artemisia brevifolia 24.0 172 7.2 8.89 Artemisia dracunculus 20.0 492 24.6 17.64 Bupleurum falcatum 20.0 224 11.2 10.03 Bothriochloa ischaemum 32.0 288 9.0 12.55 Capparis spinosa 36.0 356 9.9 14.52 Cedrus deodara (R) 28.0 136 4.9 8.47 Chenopodium foliolosum 24.0 196 8.2 9.52 Geranium wallichianum 28.0 268 9.6 11.69 Cynoglossum micranthum 20.0 172 8.6 8.56 Heracleum candicanse 24.0 196 8.2 9.52 Impatiens edgeworthii 36.0 136 3.8 9.64 Juniperus macropoda (R ) 16.0 172 10.8 8.42 Melilotus alba 28.0 404 14.4 15.01 Oxyria digyna 12.0 260 21.7 11.99 Pinus gerardiana (R) 28.0 196 7.0 9.93 Persicaria polystachya 12.0 404 33.7 17.41 Rheum webbianum 20.0 492 24.6 17.64 Salix alba (R) 12.0 128 10.7 7.02 Salvia glutinosa 8.0 404 50.5 21.35 Silene latifolia Poir. 16.0 492 30.8 18.61 Thalictrum cultratum 20.0 136 6.8 7.54 6904 299.99
Table-3.56: Frequency, density, abundance and IVI of herb species recorded at Power House site (S5) (monsoon season) Name of species Frequency Density Abundance IVI (%) (Ind. ha- 1) Anaphalis busua (Buch.-Ham.) DC. 8 2400 3.0 4.44 Anaphalis triplinervis (Sims) Sims ex C.B.Clarke 12 3200 2.7 6.27 Angelica glauca Edgew. 8 800 1.0 2.88 Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze 12 4400 3.7 7.44 Arundinella setosa Trin. 4 400 1.0 1.44 Bidens biternata (Lour.) Merr. & Sherff 16 2800 1.8 6.93 Blumea hieracifolia Hayata 16 3600 2.3 7.71 Bothriochloa ischaemum (L.) Keng 8 2400 3.0 4.44 Chenopodium species 28 14800 5.3 21.77 Cirsium verutum (D.Don) Spreng. 8 800 1.0 2.88 Drepanostachyum falcatum (Nees) 4 400 1.0 1.44 WAPCOS Limited 3-75
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Name of species Frequency Density Abundance IVI (%) (Ind. ha- 1) Keng f. Erigeron species 4 1600 4.0 2.61 Fragaria vesca L. 8 5200 6.5 7.16 Geranium wallichianum D.Don ex Sweet 24 5200 2.2 11.37 Heliotropium strigosum Willd. 4 400 1.0 1.44 Heracleum canescens Lindl. 8 800 1.0 2.88 Hyoscyamus niger L. 12 2800 2.3 5.88 Impatiens edgeworthii Hook.f. 4 400 1.0 1.44 Inula cappa (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) DC. 8 2000 2.5 4.05 Melilotus officinalis H.Ohashi & Tateishi 24 14400 6.0 20.32 Nepeta ciliaris Benth. 4 800 2.0 1.83 Nepeta graciliflora Benth. 12 2400 2.0 5.49 Nepeta laevigata (D.Don) Hand.- Mazz. 4 1600 4.0 2.61 Nepeta podostachys Benth. 12 4800 4.0 7.83 Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill 4 400 1.0 1.44 Pentanema indicum L. 4 800 2.0 1.83 Persicaria polystachya Opiz 8 1200 1.5 3.27 Plantago depressa Willd. 12 1600 1.3 4.71 Pluchea lanceolata (DC.) C.B.Clarke 4 400 1.0 1.44 Poa species 8 1200 1.5 3.27 Pogonatherum paniceum (Lam.) Hack. 8 800 1.0 2.88 Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All. 4 1200 3.0 2.22 Potentilla species 8 2400 3.0 4.44 Pseudognaphalium hypoleucum (DC.) 4 1200 3.0 2.22 Ranunculus sceleratus L. 4 800 2.0 1.83 Rumex nepalensis Spreng. 4 400 1.0 1.44 Saxifraga species 4 1600 4.0 2.61 Senecio chrysanthemoides DC. 4 800 2.0 1.83 Setaria species 4 800 2.0 1.83 Silene latifolia Poir. 4 800 2.0 1.83 Stellaria decumbens Edgew 12 1600 1.3 4.71 Tagetes minuta L. 8 2000 2.5 4.05 Taraxacum campylodes G.E.Haglund 12 3200 2.7 6.27 Thalictrum javanicum Blume 4 800 2.0 1.83 Thymus serpyllum L. 4 400 1.0 1.44 Total 102800 200.000
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Table-3.57: Frequency, density, abundance and IVI of herb species recorded at the Power House site (S5) (winter season) Name of species Frequency Density Abundance IVI (%) (Ind. ha-1) Angelica glauca Edgew. 8.0 64 8.0 16.30 Artemisia dracunculus 4.0 44 11.0 13.65 Bothriochloa ischaemum 8.0 36 4.5 11.60 Capparis spinosa 12.0 68 5.7 17.96 Chenopodium foliolosum 8.0 68 8.5 16.97 Cynodon dactylon 16.0 92 5.8 22.91 Geranium wallichianum 4.0 48 12.0 14.64 Heracleum candicanse 4.0 64 16.0 18.60 Impatiens edgeworthii 8.0 92 11.5 21.00 Melilotus alba 4.0 56 14.0 16.62 Oxyria digyna 8.0 52 6.5 14.29 Persicaria polystachya Opiz 4.0 92 23.0 25.52 Silene latifolia Poir. 8.0 44 5.5 12.94 Rumex nepalensis 20.0 136 6.8 30.26 Juniperus macropoda (R ) 12.0 60 5.0 16.82 Pinus gerardiana (R) 8.0 60 7.5 15.63 Thalictrum foliolosum DC. 8.0 52 6.5 14.29 Total 1128 300.01
3.6.10 Density of Plant Species The overall density of plant community recorded at different study sites of Tidong HE project is given in Table-3.58 and Figures-3.15 to 3.17. Table-3.58: Density of plant community recorded at different study sites of Tidong HEP Study Area Tree density Shrub density Herb density (individuals ha-1) (individuals ha-1) (ind.ha-1) Downstream of reservoir 188 1184 86400 Barrage site 204 1232 120800 Upstream of reservoir- 128 592 86400 Catchment area I Upstream of reservoir- 208 1360 78400 Catchment area II Power House site 176 1952 102800
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Figure-3.15: Graphical analysis of tree density at different study area of Tidong HEP
Figure-3.16: Graphical analysis of Shrub density at different study area of Tidong HEP
Figure-3.17: Graphical analysis of Herb density at different study area of Tidong HEP
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3.6.11 Diversity Index Species diversity index can be considered as a measure of environmental quality and indicates the well being of any ecosystem. To assess diversity of floral elements and structure of the plant community in different study sites, various diversity indices were computed. A diversity index is a mathematical measure of species diversity in a community. They provide more information about community composition than simply species richness (i.e., the number of species present); they also take the relative abundances of different species into account. Three species diversity indices viz., Shannon index of general diversity (H), dominance index (D) and Evenness index (e) were computed using PAST software.
The species diversity index values and graphical presentation of plants at different sampling sites for studies conducted in July-August 2019 season are given in Tables 3.59 to 3.61 and Figures-3.18 to 3.20.
Table-3.59: Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index recorded for trees, shrub and herb community at Tidong HEP Project Sampling Sites Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index Tree Shrub Herb Downstream of reservoir 1.99 2.223 3.164 Barrage site 2.02 2.047 3.144 Upstream of reservoir-Catchment area I 1.105 1.53 3.19 Upstream of reservoir -Catchment area II 2.254 2.01 2.966 Power House site 1.949 2.223 3.288
Table-3.60: Dominance Index recorded for tree, shrub and herb community at different sites of Tidong HEP Project Sampling Sites Dominance Index Tree Shrub Herb Downstream of reservoir 0.184 0.176 0.060 Barrage site 0.178 0.213 0.082 Upstream of reservoir as Catchment area I 0.412 0.231 0.054 Upstream of reservoir as Catchment area II 0.144 0.162 0.067 Power House site 0.183 0.176 0.059
Table-3.61: Evenness Index recorded for tree, shrub and herb community at different sites of Tidong HEP Project Sampling Sites Evenness Index Tree Shrub Herb Downstream of reservoir 0.609 0.462 0.606 Barrage site 0.628 0.516 0.494 Upstream of reservoir as Catchment area I 0.755 0.924 0.639
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Project Sampling Sites Evenness Index Tree Shrub Herb Upstream of reservoir as Catchment area 0.635 0.746 0.669 II ( Power House site 0.702 0.462 0.595
Figure -3.18: Graphical analysis of Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index at different sites of Tidong HE project
Figure -3.19: Graphical analysis of Dominance Diversity Index at different sites of Tidong HE project
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Figure -3.20: Graphical analysis of Evenness Diversity Index at different sites of Tidong HE project
3.6.12 Lower Plant Diversity Cryptogamic flora of Himachal Pradesh state is rich in diversity with lots species composition. However, studies on this component of the flora are largely lacking. Several macro-fungi including Termitomyces heimii Natarajan (Lyophyllaceae), Macrolepiota procera Scop., Agaricus arvensis Schaeff., Calvatia gigantea (Batsch) Lloyd and Bovista minor Morgan (all Agaricaceae members) are documented from the study area.
Common Pteridophytes species reported in the study area include Adiantum, Asplenium and Pteris species. A large number of non-vascular epiphytes such as lichens and variety of mosses also covered considerable space on the barks of the trees in the forest. In the study area, Amphigymnia sp., Heterodermia sp., Menegazzia sp, Parmelina sp., Parmotrema sp. and Sticta sp.
3.6.13 Threatened Status of Plants During the study in July-August 2019 season at the proposed Tidong HE project, and following IUCN Red List of threatened plant, none of the species falls under the IUCN Red Data List category. Based on population size, there are several species in the study area of catchment zones which are of immence importance such as Aconitum heterophyllum, Artemisia maritima, Bergenia ciliata, Saussurea costus and Sinopodophyllum hexandrum are reported to be of less occurrence and are highly WAPCOS Limited 3-81
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used in different ayurvedic formulation, hence these species are important from conservation point of view. The trees Betula utilis fall under the „endangered‟ category, while Pinus gerardiana or „Chilgoza pine‟ is under the rare category. The latter tree is prominent in this region of Himachal Pradesh. However, Betula utilis or „Bhoj patra‟which forms the tree line (at ~ 3300-3500 m amsl) and is reported as „endangered‟ in Himachal Pradesh, was observed in large populations in Kinnaur.
The list of economically important plant species are given in Table-3.62.
Table-3.62: Economically important plant species recorded from the Tidong HEP Botanical Name Economic Botanical Name Economic Value Value Betula utilis D.Don Use as writing Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Medicine religous texts, egarded as sacred Trewia spp. Construction, Drepanostachyum Medicine timber falcatum Prunus armeniaca L. Edible and Gentiana kurroo Royle Medicine medicine Prinsepia utilis Royle Edible oil, Geranium wallichianum Medicine Medicine D.Don Mentha longifolia (L.) L. Essential Oil Heliotropium strigosum Medicine Willd. Tagetes minuta L. Essential Oil Heracleum canescens Medicine Lindl. Thymus serpyllum L. Essential Oil Hyoscyamus niger L. Medicine Artemisia gmelinii Weber Essential oil, Hypericum choisianum Medicine Medice Artemisia maritima L. Essential oil, Inula cappa (Buch- Medicine Medice Ham.exD.Don) Artemisia vestita Wall. ex Essential oil, Melilotus officinalis Medicine Besser Medice subsp. alba Artemisia vulgaris L. Essential oil, Nepeta ciliaris Benth. Medicine Medice Astragalus amherstianus Essential oil, Olea ferruginea Wall. ex Medicine Benth. Medice Aitch. Aconitum heterophyllum Fodder Plantago depressa Medicine Willd. Arundinella setosa Trin. Fodder Pogonatherum Medicine paniceum Bothriochloa ischaemum Fodder Polygonatum Medicine (L.) multiflorum (L.) Carpesium nepalense Less Fodder Potentilla atrosanguinea Medicine G.Lodd. WAPCOS Limited 3-82
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Botanical Name Economic Botanical Name Economic Value Value Celtis australis L. Fodder Potentilla species Medicine Clematis grata Wall. Fodder Pseudognaphalium Medicine hypoleucum Cymbopogon species Fodder Reinwardtia indica Medicine Dumort. Desmodium dichotomum Fodder Rheum australe D.Don Medicine (Willd.) DC. Festuca gigantea (L.) Vill. Fodder Saussurea costus Medicine (Falc.) Lipsch. Ficus benjamina L. Fodder Sinopodophyllum Medicine hexandrum (Royle) T.S.Ying Heliotropium strigosum Fodder Smilax vaginata Decne. Medicine Willd. Indigofera hochstetteri Fodder Sorbaria tomentosa Medicine Baker (Lindl.) Rehder Pentanema indicum L. Fodder Swertia species Medicine Piptanthus nepalensis Fodder Taraxacum campylodes Medicine (Hook.) D.Don G.E.Haglund Pluchea lanceolata (DC.) Fodder Thalictrum javanicum Medicine C.B.Clarke Blume Poa pratensis L. Fodder Urtica dioica L. Medicine Poa species Fodder Viola biflora L. Medicine Pseudognaphalium Fodder Zanthoxylum armatum Medicine hypoleucum (DC.) Hilliard & DC. B.L.Burtt Setaria species Fodder Impatiens thomsonii Ornamental Hook.f. Tripogon filiformis Nees ex Fodder Platycladus orientalis Ornamental Steud. (L.) Franco Trema politoria (Planch.) Fooder, Timber Silene latifolia Poir. Ornamental Blume Malus domestica Borkh. Fruit edible Albizia species Timber Prunus mira Koehne Fruits edible Cedrus deodara (Roxb. Timber ex D.Don) G.Don Rosa macrophylla Lindl. Fruits edible, Cupressus Timber medicine sempervirens L. Rosa webbiana Wall. ex Fruits edible, Fraxinus xanthoxyloides Timber Royle medicine Wall. ex A.DC. Rubus biflorus Buch.-Ham. Fruits edible, Gaultheria Timber ex Sm. medicine nummularioidesD.Don Prunus persica (L.) Batsch Fruits edible. Juniperus macrocarpa Timber Seed yield Sm. edible oil Rhamnus virgatus Roxb. Medicinal and Juniperus squamata Timber fuel Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don WAPCOS Limited 3-83
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Botanical Name Economic Botanical Name Economic Value Value Anaphalis adnataWall. ex Medicine Populus alba L. Timber DC. Anaphalis busua (Buch.- Medicine Prunus cerasoides Timber Ham.) DC. Buch.-Ham.ex D.Don Anaphalis triplinervis (Sims) Medicine Salix hastata L. Timber Sims ex C.B.Clarke Angelica glauca Edgew. Medicine Salix tetrasperma Roxb. Timber Anisomeles indica (L.) Medicine Ribes orientale Desf Timber, Kuntze medicinal Aquilegia fragrans Benth. Medicine Juglans regia L. Timber,dye ,medicine Berberis lycium Royle Medicine Pinus gerardiana Wall. Timber,fruits ex D.Don edible,medici ne Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Medicine Pinus wallichiana Timber,fruits Sternb. A.B.Jackson edible,medici ne Bidens biternata (Lour.) r. & Medicine Prunus cornuta (Wall. Timber,leave Sherff ex Royle) Steud. s for fodder,Fruits edible Blumea hieracifolia Hayata Medicine Alnus nitida (Spach.) Timber; Endl. Nitrogen fixing Cirsium verutum (D.Don) Medicine Dioscorea deltoides Tubers Spreng. Wall. edible and medicinal Clematis barbellata Edgew. Medicine Abelmoschus species Wild edible Coriaria nepalensis Wall. Medicine Chenopodium species Wild edible Cornus macrophylla Wall. Medicine Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill Wild edible Cotoneaster acuminatus Medicine Rumex nepalensis Wild edible Spreng.
3.6.14 Medicinal Plants Information on medicinal uses of plant species was documented during the study. Medicinal plants commonly used by the people of the area included, Angelica glauca (Chora), Allium sp (Junglibiaj), Berberis lycium (Kashmal), Berginia ciliata, Cannabis sativa, Corydalis govaniana, Dactylorhiza hatagirea (Salampanja), Datisca cannabina, Datura stramonium, Delphinium denudatum, Ephedera gerardiana (Somlata), Ferula jaeskeana, Heracleum candicans, Hyoscyaus niger, Juniperus macropoda (Dhoop), Juniperus communis (Dhoop), Nasturtium officinale, Origanum vulgare, Rheum webbianaum (Revandchini), Tagetus minuata and Thymus linearis. WAPCOS Limited 3-84
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Although, people have knowledge on medicinal uses of plants, only few people follow the traditional medicinal system. Species such as Ephedera gerardiana (Somlata) and Rheum webbianaum (Revandchini) are commercially exploited in large scale. These medicinal plants are present in the recorded in the Tidong valley and adjoining areas are also distributed elsewhere in the NW Himalaya.
3.6.15 Collection of Fodder During the survey, it was found that locals collect fodder from the study area. Plant species such as Celtis australis, Quercus ilex and Robinia pseudoacacia (Robinia) were collected for fodder.
3.7 TERRESTRIAL FAUNA The wild animals were identified by direct observation through visual field survey and information also collected based on the signs of their pellets, scats, pugmarks and claw marks and from local inquiryd. A binocular was used for bird watching and the important features were noted. The identification of avian fauna was made on the basis of available literature (Ali 1962, Gasten 1978 and Grimmett et al 2000). Interviews with the villagers and local people were also made to generate information about wild animals and avian fauna. The secondary data and reported list of wild life were also consulted. On the basis of on-site observations as well as secondary data, a check list of wild animals was prepared. The ecological status of the wild animals was categorized following IUCN Red Data Book, 1994. The terrestrial fauna in the Tidong HEP are represented by mammals, birds, reptiles, butterflies and amphibians. 3.7.1 Mammals Project Influenced area both in upstream Catchemnt/Submergence and downstream area in vicinity of the Tidong Hydropower project is inhabited by various species of mammals. Most of the species are restricted to high altitudes of Himalayas. The region is an important ecological niche because it harbours some of the the threatened and rare mammalian species. As per IUCN criterion (2019), it harbours two endangered and one vulnerable species. The species-wise threat status as per Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972) is given in the Table-3.63. Most of the species were found in the forest area and towards snow covered hill peaks, however, few species of ursidae and canidae also sighted near to WAPCOS Limited 3-85
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agricutral field at the fringes of forests in human habitation. Some of the common mammals found in the area are Himalayan brown bear (Ursus arctos), Himalayan black bear (Selenarctos thibetanus), Fox (Vulpes sp), and Yellow throated marten (Martes flavigula). Other mammals which generally remain at higher altitude peaks and alpine pature land are Musk Deer, Snow Leopards, Jungle Cat, Goral, Bharal-- Blue Sheep, Himalayan Tahr, Marmot, etc. As per survey conducted and information from the locals, presence of Tahr, bharal and musk deers on pasture and alpine meadow slopes below snow scree mountain peaks (>3500m asl) is reported on both banks across Greater himalayan range and right bank Zanskar range, which are located far away places from the deep river bed project side (2216m-2900m, asl) and will not anticipate any impacts.
Table-3.63: List of mammalian species of the study area S. Name Scientific name Family IWPA IUCN No. Schedule status 1 Himalayan Musk deer- Moschus Moschidae I EN kastura chryogaster 2 Himalayan/Asiatic black Ursus tibethanus Ursidae II VU Bear 3 Himalayan brown Bear- Ursus arctos Ursidae I CR bhalu isabellinus 4 Snow leopard –safed Panthera/Uncia Fellidae I EN bagh unicia 5 Jungle Cat Felis chaus Fellidae I - 6 Himalayan Tahr Hemitragus Bovidae I VU jemlahicus 7 Bharal- blue sheep Pseudois nayaur Bovidae I LC 8 Yak Bos grunniens Bovidae - - 9 Himalayan Red fox Vulpes vulpes Canidae II LC 10 Himalayan Weasel Mustela sibirica Mustellidae II LC 11 Himalayan Yellow- Martes flavigula Mustellidae II LC throated Marten 12 Himalayan marmot Marmota Sciuridae II LC himalayana 13 Royal,s Pika- Roungata Ochotona roylei Ochotonidae IV LC 14 Jackal Canis aureus Canidae II LC 15 Tibetian Wolf Canis lupus Canidae - - 16 Royle High Mountain Vole Alticola roylei Cricetidae - NT Note: IWPA= Indian Wildlife Protection Act; IUCN= International Union for the Conservation of Nature; I=Schedule I; II= Schedule II; III= Schedule III; IV= Schedule IV; V=Schedule V; CR= Critically Endangered; EN= Endangered, VU= Vulnerable; NT= Near Threatened; LC= Least Concern
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3.7.2 Avifauna As many as 43 birds species were observed in the study area (Refer Table-3.64). Most of the bird species are listed under Schedule IV of Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972. The commonly observed avi-faunal species include the monal and koklas, pheasants, Himalayan tragopan, snow pigeon and the Chakor. The list of avi-faunal species reported for the study area are given in Table-3.64.
Table-3.64: List of Avi-faunal species reported from the Study Area Common Name Scientific Name IWPA Status Schedule IUCN Chukar Partridge Alectoris chukar IV LC Oriental Tree Pipit Anthus hodgsoni IV LC Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos IV LC Eurasian Goldfinch Carduelis carduelis IV LC Carduelis spinoides/ IV Yellow Breasted Greenfinch LC carduelis Eurasian Tree-Creeper Certhia familiaris IV LC Brown-flanked Bush-Warbler Cettia fortipes IV LC Chaimarrornis IV White Capped Water Redstart LC leucocephalus Brown Dipper Cinclus pallasii IV LC Snow Pigeon Columba leuconota IV LC Rock Pigeon Columba livia IV LC Hill Pigeon Columba rupestris IV LC Large Billed Crow Corvus macrorhynchos IV LC White-capped Bunting Emberiza stewarti IV LC Common Kestrel Falco tinnunculus IV LC White Throated Laughing IV Garrulax albogularis LC Thrush Himalayan Griffon Gypes himalayansis IV NT Hodgsonius IV White-bellied Redstart LC phaenicuroides Snow Partridge Lerwa lerwa IV LC Himalayan Pheasant/monal Lophophorus impejanus Black Kite Milvus migrans IV LC White Wagtail Motacilla alba IV LC Citrine Wagtail Motacilla citreola IV LC Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava IV LC Blue Whistling Thrush Myophonus caeruleus IV LC Rufous-vented Tit Parus rubidiventris IV LC Simla Crested tit Parus rufonuchalis IV LC House Sparrow Passer domesticus IV LC Black Redstart Phoenicurus ochruros IV LC Western crown Warbler Phylloscopus occipitalis IV LC Alpine Accentor Prunella collaris IV LC WAPCOS Limited 3-87
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Common Name Scientific Name IWPA Status Schedule IUCN Red Vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer IV LC Himalayan Bulbul Pycnonotus leucogenys IV LC Red billed Chough Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax IV LC Yellow-billed Chough Pyrrhocorax graculus IV LC White-throated Fantail Rhipidera albicollis IV LC Plumbeous Water Redstart Rhyacornis fuliginosa IV LC Plain Martin Riparia paludicola IV LC Grey Bush chat Saxicola ferreus IV LC White-collared Blackbird Turdus albocinctus IV LC Common Hoopoe Upupa epops IV LC Note: IWPA= Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972; IUCN= International Union for Conservation of Nature.
3.7.3 Herpetofauna (Reptiles- Snakes & Lizards) Total 7 species of reptiles and amphibians has been reported from the Greater Himalayan region. However, only one species of herpetofauna i.e. Kashmir Rock Agama (Laudakia tuberculata) and Himalayan pit viper were sighted during the survey. However, presence of other herpetofauna species were given on the basis of secondary information collected from the locals & from the literature. However, during priamary survey, no such species was encountered except the rock agama and pit viper. The list of commonly occurring herpetofauna reported from the Study Area is given in Table-3.65.
Table-3.65: Herpetofauna species reported from the Study Area Common Name Scientific Name Project IUCN Area Status Himalayan pit viper Gloydius himalayanus(Gunther, 1864) + DD Kashmir Agama Laudakia tuberculata (Hardwickie-Gray, + LR-Ic 1827) Himalayan rock agama Paralaudakia himalayana + - Himalayan Ground Asymblepharus himalayanus (Gunther, - DD Skink* 1864) Himalayan toad# Duttaphrynus himalayanus (Gunther, + LC 1864) Ladakh Toad# Pseudepidalea latastii (Boulenger, - LC 1882) Tiny Frog# Nanorana minica (Dubois, 1975) - VU *Secondary data for Kinnaur district; #Ref. Dutta, 1997)
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3.7.4 Butterflies Butterfly being the most abundant voracious feeders of herbs, shrubs and other lower vegetations of forests acts as an indicator of diversity of flora in the ecosystem. During survey, a total of 14 species of butterflies were sighted in the study area. These include Small copper (Lycaena phlaeas), Satyr (Aulocera sps.), Indian tortoise shell (Aglais cachmirensis), Indian cabbage white (Artogeia canidia indica) and Clouded yellow (Colias sp.) were common and found throughout the study area. The occurrence of butterflies has shown interaction with some of the flowering plant species. Most of the butterfly species are occurring in the moist alpine meadows area located much higher elevation (>3500m) as compared to the submergence and influence zone of the proposed project. The list of commonly occurring butterfly species reported from the Study Area is given in Table-3.66. Table-3.66: Butterflies among Insects reported from the study area S. No. Insect Group/ Species Common Name Family Locality 1 Aglais cachmirensis Indian Tortoiseshell Nymphalidae S1, 4, 5 2 Artogeia canidia canidia Indian Cabbage Pieridae S1-3 White 3 Aulocera swaha swaha Common Satyr Satyridae S4-5, 4 Celastrina huegeli Large hedge blue Lycaenidae S1,4,5 5 Chaetoprocta odata Walnut Blue Lycaenidae S1,4,5 odata 6 Colias croceus eduzina Clouded Yellow Pieridae S1-3 7 Euchloe daphalis Pearl white Pieridae S5 8 Lycaena phlaeas Small Copper Lycaenidae S1,4,5 9 Pieris brassicae Cabbage butterfly Pieridae S1-5 10 Pieris candida Indian Cabbage Pieridae S 4-5 White 11 Polyura athamas Brush footed Nymphalidae S5 12 Pontia daplidice Bath white Pieridae S1-5 13 Vanessa cardui Painted Lady Nymphalidae common 14 Vanessa indica Indian Red Admiral Nymphalidae S4- 5
3.8 AQUATIC ECOLOGY Aquatic ecosystem harbours a variety of plants and animals varies from primary producers to large consumers forming different trophic levels. These animals and plant communities are considered as the best indicators of the environment which responds not only to one environmental factor but also to an interacting group of factors. These communities also influence and react sensitively to change in the balance of environmental stresses. Hence, aquatic ecology is the scientific study of
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the interactions of organisms with themselves and the abiotic and biotic factors of the surrounding environments. So, any change in the natural environment due to construction of barriers (diversion structures, weirs, barrages, dams etc.) or blockage of the flowing water of river/stream, can alter the habitat fragmentation, which leads to change/loss of biodiversity as the species specific interaction and their food chain links get impacted due to changes in physical, chemical and biological environment. Therefore, to assess the possible impacts of proposed Tidong Phase II additional unit (50MW) for taping the excess water in monsoon, on the aquatic environment, the present study has been undertaken. Thus, the baseline setting for aquatic ecological aspects have been covered in this section for aquatic floral and faunal accounts, habitat structure and river/ stream morphology in the project influence zone. T generate baseline data and appropriate mitigation measures, field survey was conducted for three seasons i.e. pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. As a part of the CEIA Study, aquatic ecology was studied for three seasons. The sampling sites covered are listed as below: S1: Barrage site (Lambar khad stream-31°31ˈ01.4ʺN, 78°29ˈ59.5ʺE; 2953 m; Lambar village; 31°31ˈ20.3ʺN, 78°29ˈ54.9ʺE; 2860m and above) S2: Upstream of reservoir as Catchment area I of Tidong river (Rangreek / Racho mountain, and Chharong area; Lungsu khad/Jarong stream confluence; 31°26ˈ18.8ʺN, 78°34ˈ30.4ʺE; 3573 m ): S3: Upstream of reservoir as Catchment area II (Kalimiti area; 31°28ˈ58.6ʺN, 78°32ˈ06.01ʺE; 3346 m; meeting of Kunu nala confluence with Tidong river, 31°27ˈ36.5ʺN and 78°33ˈ47.9ʺE at 3474 m; Shurting area; 31°28ˈ19.7ʺN, 78°32ˈ42. 1ʺE; 3409 m) S4: Downstream of reservoir / barrage site (approximate 2 km d/s at place named Gautam Dogri near Duwaghat (Dua khad) & Gora khad right bank streams confluence, Vill.: Roowang/Rovang dogri; 31°33ˈ03.5ʺN, 78°29ˈ11.7ʺE; 2400 m Rovang khad left bank): 2400m-2600m S5: Power House site /TWL till confluence with Satluj river (Rispa village, Moorang village; 31°34ˈ43.2ʺN, 78°24ˈ16.7ʺE, 2260m, msl; TWL 2233m) and close to the dumping grounds about 200m u/s confluence with the Sutlej river(2216m). 3.8.1 Methodology Adopted for Aquatic Ecology The river /stream morphology is determined to ascertain the type of habitats, substratum and covers, bank conditions, flow pattern, and type of valleys following flood prone area and riparian covers etc has been assessed based on the criteria
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described by Rosgen (1996) and habitat inventory described by Armontrout (1998), Myers and Swanson (1992) and Rosgen (1996). Stream order classification was based on Horton‟s (1954) approach as modified by Strahler (1954, 1957). In this system all ultimate headwaters are called first order streams. Stream formed by union of two such streams are designated second order and whenever two streams of a particular order join they form next order and so on. Habitat structures will be visually observed in the river stretches from downstream to upstream at a fixed point including longitudinal survey of submergence, barrage site and influence zones of the proposed projects.
Water samples for aquatic lifeforms was collected from the selected sampling sites. Random sampling technique has been applied during sampling. Aquatic community specimens were collected from the moist surfaces of substratum and from temporary and permanent aquatic habitats like like pocket pools and slow flowing zones.The planktonic forms were collected with the help of planktonic mesh net (pore size- 10µ) while epiphytic forms were collected by squeezing the submerged plants. The samples were stored in sterile plastic bottles, and recorded with GPS points. On return to the laboratory, they were washed thoroughly with water and preserved in 3- 4% Formalin solution and slides were prepared as per procedure of the Patrick and Reimer (1966) and mounted in DPX (Destyrene Pthalate Xylol). Semi-permanent slides were prepared from each sample for the identification of various taxa and observed under trinocular research microscope. All collected specimens –organisms of planktons, periphytons, benthoses etc are preserved in 3 % formalin solution or 70 % alcohol and to be identified by using keys formulated by different workers such as Pennak (1953), Edmondson (1959), Ward and Whipple (1959), Needham and Needham (1962), Trivedy and Goel (1984), Sarod and Kamat (1984), Hustedt and Jensen (1985), Battish (1992), Edington and Holdren (1995) and APHA (1992, 1998). The density of the plankton and periphyton /phyto-benthos samples was determined by using drop count method (Bhatt et al., 2005) and standards methods of APHA (1992, 1998). Periphytons were collected using a timed scrapping technique following Ward (1974) with the help of sharp knife at each replicate sample. The upper surface of atleast cobble sized rocks were scraped using a five minute period. Macrozoobenthos
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samples were collected by hand picking stones, and upturning stone using different sieve. Fishes occurrence were determined by visual method and by collecting samples using different fishing gears like cast net, scoop net, hand net, hook-line, pot and open local devices methods. Fish species characterization and identification, keys of Jayaram (1981), Menon (1987) and Talwar and Jhingran (1997) were followed. IUCN Red Data List (2019) was also consulted to assess threatened, endangered and vulnerable species in the study area. Similarly Conservation Assessment Management Plan of Biodiversity Conservation Prioritization Project Workshop (CAMP-BCPP, 1997) was followed to understand the threats and conservation status of Indian fish species. Sampling was made for aquatic ecology and fisheries during three seasons i.e. pre- monsoon (May 2019), monsoon (August 2019) and winters (Dec-Jan. 2019-20). Information for important fish species from primary studies as well from the secondary data has been collected including presence of any breeding and feeding grounds in the project vicinity. 3.8.2 Tidong stream morphology and basin characterization Tidong Khad originated at an elevation of 6000 m in the Zanskar range where it offers the route to Tibbetthis. It joins the River Satluj above the Rispa village. The major tributaries on right bank of this Khad are Lamber Khad, Gara Khad and Dua Khad. The Lamber Khad is snowfed tributary that joins the Tidong Khad upstream of dam site. Another tributary of Tidong Khad is Gara Khad. It is a snowfed perennial tributary of Tidong and originates from Gara glacier. It joins Tidong Khad near Thangi village down stream of dam site. The Dua Khad is also a snow fed perennial tributary that joins Tidong Khad after traveling 8.7 km from its origin. It is also fed by many small nallas. The left bank tributaries are Shankvi Khad and Roowang Khad. The Shankvi Khad is a perennial tributary that joins Tidong Khad on right bank near Thangi village after traveling 7.74 km from its origin. The Roowang Khad is perennial Khad and joins Tidong Khad its right bank near Roving Dogri village at an elevation of about 2400 m. Both banks of the river along meander space consists large rocks, boulders and bedrocks. The stream bed is high gradient and cascade and step pools observed with rapids at lower bed slopes.
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The total catchment area of Tidong at proposed barrage site is about 571 sq km, out of which about 95% is above permanent snowline (EL 4200m), which is either stony or snowbound area. No vegetation grows at such heights and in the snowbound and stony/rocky area. Therefore, Tidong is primarily a snow fed/glacial fed stream. It also receives inflow from rainfall. Tidong khad is a perennial left bank tributary of the River Sutlej, which is the third largest river of a trans-Himalayan region. The Sutlej originates beyond the Indian Territory from the Tibetan Plateau near Mansarover Lake or Rakas lake, as Longcchen Khabab river (in Tibet). It enters in to Indian Territory at Shipkila (Himachal Pradesh) at an altitude of 6,608 meters and flows in the southwesterly direction through Kinnaur, Shimla, Kullu, Solan, Mandi and Bilaspur districts. It is called River Tibet before joining the River Spiti and after the confluence with River Spiti at Khab it is known as a River Satluj. It receives water from tributaries viz. the Spiti, the Ropa, the Taiti, the Kashang, the Mulgaon, the Yula, the Wanger, the Throng and the Rupi on its right bank, whereas the Tirung, the Gayathing, the Baspa, the Duling and the Soldang are from its left bank. Satluj river divides the district into two parts. In its traverse the Sutluj river crosses three more or less parallel mountain ranges viz. Zasker Mountain. The Great Himalayas and the Dhauldhar ranges. Between three mountain ranges lie the subsidiary valleys of varying dimensions from the narrow glens and ravines of Tidong and Kerang streams to sizeable valleys of Spiti and Baspa rivers. The significant tributary streams and rivers that flow into river Satluj from south or along its left bank are successively the Tidong, Hogis, Gymthing, Baspa, Duling, Sholding and Manglad etc. Likewise those entering from the north or its right bank are Spiti river, Ropa, Kerang, Kashang, Pangi, Choling, Bhabha, Sorang, Kut and Ganwi streams. Zasker range, height up to El. 7026 m. above msl, is the eastern most range of Himachal Pradesh and separates Spiti and Kinnaur from Tibet (China) and constitutes International Boundary between India and Tibet (China). The project area falls in Upper Himalayan zone.
The River Satluj has very low flow in the Tibetan Plateau due to winter climate until it joins River Spiti, the zone experiences heavy snowfall from December to March months and contribute to the Satluj flow in the months of July, August, and WAPCOS Limited 3-93
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September 7-9. Therefore, maximum flow are noticed during the months of July and August due to snowmelt and monsoon rainfall especially in the lower elevations. On account of varying geographical features, the Satluj basin topographically divided into two parts, i.e.; the Upper Satluj basin and Lower Satluj basin. Beyond the Nathpa village in Kinnaur district, Satluj is considered to be the upper Satluj basin, while southwestern part of the Nathpa village to Bilaspur, it is known as the lower Satluj basin. Its coarse in Himachal Pradesh is 320 km. The proposed project is located in the upper basin of Sutlej river, where snowfall is common being in alpine tracts (generally above 2200 m i.e. in the higher and Trans Himalayan region) and temperature fall down below sub zero in winters. Tidong khad morphology is characterized by rugged, precipitous peaks covered by perpetual snow cover. The rock system is very fragileand liable to erosion which is often accentuated by the rigrous of severe winters, avalanches and the strong winds that accompany them. The valley is surrounded by high mountain peaks with glacier and snow covered slopes and confined valley. The aspects of the hills in the area are steep to highly steep, however u/s diversion moderately steep and baren rocky hills. The Zanskar range on right bank has much higher steep slope than the right bank side Greater himalayn range. The vegetation is sparse and river banks mostly devoid of riparian cover. The substratum is rocky which constitute large rocks, boulders with lesser amount of cobbles, pebbles and absence of sand at banks. Khad has torrent flow with bubble formation where rapids and cascade habitat is occur quite frequently. Some place scour pools, side and pocket pools also formed by the presence of rocks and boulders due to water falls of side streams. Thus, the river has high gradient slope (>10%) and fluvial morphology. At dam site and power house sites, rapids, cascade and fall habitats dominant whereas lesser number of run, pool and scour pools habitat observed in the river course. The streams of adjoining areas are first order category and consits fall and cascade habitats with torrent flow. The glacial melt water is flowing in the Tidong khad and its streams where velocity is found >4m/sec (torrent flow) due to steep slope.
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Tidong khad /stream morphology in project influenced area
3.8.3 Planktons The composition of phytoplankton and zooplankton of a particular aquatic ecosystem are indicators of environmental stress. These are the main source of energy and having a very high nutritive value (Mishra and Joshi 2003). The phytoplankton constitute bulk of primary producers and are the base of food chains in any water body while zooplankton forms important components of secondary production. Their distribution are greatly affected by physical and chemical properties of water (Sharma and Diwan 1997). Planktons are represented by two groups i.e. Phytoplanktons and Zooplanktons. Phytoplanktons are the autotrophic component of the plankton community and play an important role in the primary production process
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in the stream ecosystems. They serve as a base of the aquatic food web, providing essential ecological function for all aquatic life. In terms of numbers, the important groups of phytoplankton comprise of diatoms, dinoflagellates, cyanobacteria, and other groups of unicellular algae. Therefore, the construction of hydroelectric stations in the mountain rivers/streams will have profound impact on the planktonic communities as the planktonic organisms pass through a regulated stream with cascades of reservoirs. The species composition of two conditions viz. lake conditions and river conditions will be different. Hence, prior to dam construction it is necessary to know the composition, density and diversity of phytoplankton.
3.8.3.1 Phytoplanktons The magnitude and dynamics of phytoplankton population has become an essential tool to assess the general health of an aquatic ecosystem as some of algal genera increase in polluted waters and Palmer (1969) listed them as pollution tolerant forms. The phytoplanktonic community of water body during the present study was represented by three groups namely Chlorophyceae (green algae), cynophyceae (blue green algae) and Bacillarionphyceae (ditoms). As evident from the study, Chlorophyceae is dominant group and followed by Bacillariophyceae and Myxophyceae. The poor occurrence of phytoplankton in this study can also be attributed to the high turbidity in river due to surface runoff caused by snow melt waters and precipitation /rain at higher peaks results heavy sedimentation load and torrent flow that inhibit the photosynthetic process, thus affect the community acutely.
The stream being a freshwater body, the presence of Chlorophyceae was more prominent. Chlorophyceae included Chlorella, Zygnema and Cladophora taxon as filamentous algae forming sheets on the river/streams edges. Blue green algae are represented by Oscillatoria, and Schizothrix taxon. The diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) are found in abundance. At most of the sampling sites Achnanthes, Cocconeis, Fragilaria and Gomphonema taxon were the most common species in Tidong khad and its tributaries. The trend of aquatic flora is reflecting the local climatic conditions and oligotrophic in nature. However, the occurrence was quite low that may be attributed to the glacial melt water of oligotropic nature. Phytoplankton occurrence shows seasonal variation as illustrated in Tables-3.67 and 3.68. The diversity indices
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calculated for phytoplankton community for understanding the seasonal variation has been illustrated in Table-3.69. Shannon weiner diversity varies from 1.241 to 1.475 and found lowest in monsoon season. However, overall diversity remain low in the glacial fed streams/river. Similarly species richness varies from 23-32 and found maximum in pre- and post-monsoon season and lowest in monsoon season. The density of phytoplankton was ranged from 198 to 1166 counts ind.per litre during study period. Thus, the variation in occurrence of phytoplankton taxa is the reflection of prevailing the water quality, channel morphology, elevation, geomorphology that occur in the project influenced area of Tidong khad and its tributaries.
Table-3.67: Phytoplankton and periphyton communities observed in the Project Influenced Area Scientific Name Family Scientific name Family Oscillatoria tenuis Cyanophyceae Closterium leibleinii Chlorophyceae Phormidium Cyanophyceae Cocconeis placentula Bacillariophyceae autumnale Synechocystis sp Cyanophyceae Cyclotella species Bacillariophyceae Nostoc sp Cyanophyceae Cymbela cistula / affinis Bacillariophyceae Pseudanabaena sp Cyanophyceae Cymbella ventricosa Bacillariophyceae Leptolyngbya sp Cyanophyceae Achnanthidium exilis Bacillariophyceae Spirogyra porticalis Chlorophyceae Diatoma elongata Bacillariophyceae Scenedesmus Chlorophyceae Diatoma vulgaris Bacillariophyceae ellipticus Zygnema Chlorophyceae Fragilaria inflata Bacillariophyceae himalayense Cladophora Chlorophyceae Fragilaria capucina Bacillariophyceae glomerulata Ankistrodesmus sp Chlorophyceae Gomphonema sp Bacillariophyceae Chlorococcum sp Chlorophyceae Gomphonema Bacillariophyceae olivaceoides Chlorella vulgaris Chlorophyceae Denticulata elegans Bacillariophyceae Rhizoclonium sp Chlorophyceae Meridion circulare Bacillariophyceae Debarya sp Chlorophyceae Navicula dicephala Bacillariophyceae Hormidium sp Chlorophyceae Nitzschia accularis Bacillariophyceae Mesotaenium sp Chlorophyceae Amphora ovalis Bacillariophyceae Ulothrix zonata Chlorophyceae Hannaea arcus Bacillariophyceae Synedra ulna Chlorophyceae Planothidium lanceolata Bacillariophyceae Tabellaria fenestris Bacillariophyceae Reimeria sinuata Bacillariophyceae Astrionella species Bacillariophyceae Brebissonia sp Bacillariophyceae Diatomella sp Bacillariophyceae
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Table-3.68: Phytoplankton and their seasonal variation during study period Phytoplankton Pre-Monsoon Season Monsoon season Post-monsoon Season Taxa (units l-1) Cyanophyceae S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 Oscillatoria sp. 56 50 44 36 94 8 16 18 22 26 14 8 26 36 38 Phormidium sp. 16 32 30 44 14 12 20 12 14 20 44 28 40 16 14 Synechocystis - - - 16 16 6 - - 4 4 16 - - 18 17 sp Chlorophyceae Ankistrodesmus 32 - - 18 42 12 - - 8 12 36 - - 12 41 Chlorella sp. 46 22 28 42 90 8 8 6 8 8 14 12 6 24 32 Mesotaenium 20 10 10 46 60 6 6 4 6 6 14 6 12 14 10 sp Rhizoclonium 56 40 38 28 52 8 8 6 8 8 16 14 20 16 21 sp Hormidium sp 30 38 58 48 42 2 4 3 6 2 14 10 24 22 56 Spirogyra sp. 34 46 46 26 78 16 12 10 12 16 18 14 34 28 18 Ulothrix sp. 30 - - 42 68 6 - - 4 6 36 - - 30 24 Debarya sp 44 20 16 30 12 6 8 4 6 6 28 22 16 6 12 Chlorococcum 24 - - 34 32 8 - - 10 14 44 - - 14 48 sp Cladophora sp. 16 12 16 30 24 12 12 10 12 12 12 10 22 18 36 Zygnema sp. 38 38 42 20 56 6 6 5 6 6 24 20 28 16 40 Bacillariophycea e Amphora sp. 18 16 24 24 20 6 - - 42 46 22 - - 12 50 Cymbella sp. 30 20 28 32 34 4 6 3 46 56 28 16 32 12 18 Fragillaria sp. 35 18 30 65 36 12 6 4 18 56 30 22 18 24 36 Gomphonema 10 - - 56 30 10 - - 20 40 12 8 16 28 19 sp. Navicula sp. 26 32 22 36 20 6 6 6 16 10 14 12 10 22 54 Nitzschia sp. 36 28 34 30 24 16 2 8 34 46 18 14 16 36 56 Synedra sp. 34 26 39 20 46 12 4 9 66 64 16 12 14 16 38 Astrionella sp. 16 14 15 30 26 18 6 3 8 12 16 18 22 26 16 Cocconeis sp. 12 - - 26 14 - - - 16 26 26 22 32 14 12 Meridion sp. 24 14 16 46 16 - - - 32 18 12 10 12 16 14 Hannaea sp 24 14 12 14 34 16 6 3 46 26 22 18 26 34 24 Pinnularia sp. 12 14 12 24 18 8 8 4 34 40 12 6 12 18 12 Achnanthidium 32 12 14 26 12 6 6 10 16 28 30 26 38 12 18 sp Tabellaria sp. 24 - - 24 32 - - 12 14 12 14 12 16 32 24 Cyclotella sp. 12 12 8 16 20 6 2 12 12 10 16 - - 20 12 Brebissonia sp 22 36 38 20 48 4 6 10 12 14 18 18 22 48 42 Diatomella sp 12 30 32 28 26 22 26 6 20 26 12 14 12 38 12 Denticulata sp 39 36 44 39 30 36 39 30 14 28 18 20 26 28 28
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Table-3.69: Diversity Indices of Phytoplankton community present in the study area Phytoplankton Taxon Index S-I S-II S-III S-IV S-V Pre-Monsoon Season Shannon H' 1.446 1.352 1.347 1.475 1.435 Shannon Hmax 1.491 1.398 1.398 1.505 1.505 Shannon J' (Eveness ) 0.970 0.967 0.964 0.980 0.953 Species Richness(N) 31 25 25 32 32 Total Individuals(Density ind/l) 860 630 696 1016 1166 Monsoon season Shannon H' 1.386 1.241 1.291 1.391 1.386 Shannon Hmax 1.462 1.362 1.380 1.505 1.505 Shannon J' (Eveness ) 0.948 0.911 0.935 0.924 0.921 Species Richness(N) 29 23 24 32 32 Total Individuals(Density ind/l) 298 223 198 592 704 Post-monsoon Season Shannon H' 1.468 1.382 1.377 1.467 1.448 Shannon Hmax 1.505 1.415 1.415 1.505 1.505 Shannon J' (Eveness ) 0.975 0.977 0.973 0.974 0.962 Species Richness(N) 32 26 26 32 32 Total Individuals(Density ind/l) 666 392 552 706 892
3.8.4 Periphytons Periphyton is a complex mixture of algae, cyanobacteria, heterotrophic microbes, and detritus that is attached to submerged surfaces in most aquatic ecosystems. It serves as an important food source for invertebrates, tadpoles, and some fish. It can also absorb contaminants; removing them from the water column and limiting their movement through the environment. The periphyton is also an important indicator of water quality; responses of this community to pollutants can be measured at a variety of scales representing physiological to community-level changes. Therefore, construction of concrete structures on flowing waters, alter the flow and temperature regimes, hydraulics, the availability and stability of substrata, channel morphology, the riparian vegetation, and as a result, the community structure of aquatic communities get affected at large. Samples of periphytic algae were collected by scraping 1 cm2 area of the substratum on which they were growing. The scraped algae were then put in a small container and brought to the laboratory for identification. Density of the periphytic algae was expressed in terms of cm2. Periphyton communities observed during present study period is given in Table-3.70 and the diversity indices with the seasonal variation has been illustrated in Table- 3.71. Shannon weiner diversity varies from 1.060 to 1.289. Similarly, species WAPCOS Limited 3-99
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richness varies from 17 to 21. The density of phytobenthos was found minimum in monsoon and maximum in post monsoon season followed by pre monsoon and monsoon season i.e. 110-956 counts ind.per sq cm. The common periphyton genera found in the project sites were Nitzchia, Hormidium, Spirogyra, Chlorella, Gloeocapsa and Cymbella etc.
Table-3.70: Periphyton community observed in project influenced area Periphyton Pre-Monsoon Monsoon season Post-monsoon Taxa Season Season (units sq cm-1) S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 Oscillatoria sp 72 56 38 74 64 6 6 6 8 14 46 18 10 26 42 Phormidium sp 40 34 32 44 24 8 2 8 4 16 30 14 12 26 28 Leptolyngbya 18 22 18 12 - 10 2 10 6 12 16 18 12 32 36 sp Hormidium sp. 36 18 30 18 32 10 6 10 3 18 38 12 16 24 26 Spirogyra sp. 65 34 38 76 76 8 6 10 4 18 18 14 12 36 40 Cladophora 32 18 22 48 12 2 6 8 5 10 18 18 12 22 28 sp. Zygnema sp. 14 8 10 18 46 2 3 6 6 16 38 28 16 38 48 Closterium sp. 46 - - 58 42 8 - - - 12 16 - - 30 38 Debarya sp 30 22 27 14 10 10 6 8 16 24 14 16 24 32 Cymbella sp. 20 15 20 16 18 4 6 4 2 18 18 48 22 38 18 Diatoma sp. 18 12 14 34 32 10 4 10 4 12 38 12 10 58 80 Fragillaria sp. 42 29 28 52 70 6 4 8 64 16 16 58 18 56 48 Gomphonema 38 18 12 40 46 10 2 14 6 16 42 16 14 87 60 sp Navicula sp. 18 16 12 36 58 6 7 6 8 18 14 14 26 61 68 Nitzschia sp. 12 - - 32 52 7 - - 2 16 20 - - 36 82 Synedra sp. 26 8 10 38 58 4 4 2 4 18 64 14 16 62 42 Cocconeis sp. 24 - - 16 22 2 - - 8 10 46 - 8 34 34 Reimeria sp 18 4 8 42 56 3 - 6 6 8 28 - - 46 68 Synedra sp 18 15 14 14 64 18 12 26 5 56 20 10 8 68 48 Achnanthidium 17 13 15 20 14 20 10 20 11 16 14 18 14 20 26 sp Coccoconeis 24 20 12 34 44 16 20 14 24 22 16 16 12 56 64 sp
Table-3.71: Diversity Indices of Phytobenthos community present in the study area Phytoplankton Taxon Index S-I S-II S-III S-IV S-V Pre-Monsoon Season Shannon H' 1.268 1.191 1.207 1.262 1.233 Shannon Hmax 1.322 1.255 1.255 1.322 1.279 Shannon J' (Eveness ) 0.959 0.949 0.962 0.954 0.964 Species Richness(N) 21 18 18 21 19
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Phytoplankton Taxon Index S-I S-II S-III S-IV S-V Total Individuals(Density ind sq cm-1) 628 362 360 736 830 Monsoon season Shannon H' 1.240 1.144 1.189 1.060 1.276 Shannon Hmax 1.322 1.230 1.255 1.301 1.322 Shannon J' (Eveness ) 0.937 0.930 0.947 0.815 0.965 Species Richness(N) 21 17 18 20 21 Total Individuals(Density ind sq cm-1) 170 110 174 188 358 Post-monsoon Season Shannon H' 1.274 1.164 1.234 1.285 1.289 Shannon Hmax 1.322 1.230 1.255 1.322 1.322 Shannon J' (Eveness ) 0.964 0.946 0.983 0.972 0.975 Species Richness(N) 21 17 18 21 21 Total Individuals(Density ind sq cm-1) 580 342 254 880 956
3.8.5 Zooplanktons Zooplanktons are the heterotrophic component of the plankton community, and is a broad categorization spanning a range of organism sizes that includes both small protozoans and large metazoans and play an important role in aquatic food webs, both as a resource for consumers on higher trophic levels (including fish), and as a conduit for packaging the organic material in the biological pump. According to Hynes (1970) certain zooplankton, like some species of rotifers occur in polluted waters. The occurrence of certain type of biota in freshwater bodies is indicative of water quality and environmental health as a whole. Therefore, samples were made for three season to inventorize the presence of zooplanktons in the study area. Zooplanktons are represented by protozoa, rotifer and crustaceans. Among protozoans Arcella, Peridinium, and Ceratium taxon are commonly observed. Rotifers are represented by Keratella, Brachionus and Philodina taxon. Copepod consists of Cyclopes species whereas cladocerans are represented by Daphnia and Bosmina sp. The occurrence are mainly from the edge pools of side stream and river banks, however, the group in totality is poorly represented due to climate conditions followed by long winters and torrential flow. The low occurrence is also linked to rapid habitat and rocky substratum.The zooplankton occurrence and density observed for pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons during the study period as predicted in Tables-3.72 and 3.73. Shannon weiner diversity varies from 0.928 to 1.209. Similarly, species richness varies from 10 to 17. The density of zooplankton was varies from 44 to 118 counts ind.per litre. However, overall species richness found supporting of conducive aquatic environment and reflection of WAPCOS Limited 3-101
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heterogenous habitat and substratum with gentler bed slope. The seasonal zooplanktonic association of various species may be attributed to irregular changes in water characteristics caused by fluctuations in flow regime, discharge from springs and snow clad mounntains and rains etc. Table-3.72: Zooplanktons observed during study period in project influenced area Zooplankton Taxa Pre-Monsoon Monsoon season Post-monsoon Season Season (units l-1) S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 Protozoans Arcella crenulata 4 4 7 4 4 3 5 6 3 4 8 6 6 8 4 Peridinium cinctum 6 2 8 4 6 3 4 4 3 2 6 8 6 0 4 Ceratium furka 8 6 5 8 4 4 6 4 4 6 6 4 6 10 6 Centropyxis sp. 3 - - 1 4 3 - - 3 4 6 - - 6 6 Arcella discoides 4 6 3 2 5 4 6 4 3 4 6 4 6 4 8 Euplotes muscicola 3 - - 2 4 3 - - 3 5 8 - - 3 6 Rotifers Asplanchna priodonta 2 - - 0 3 14 - - 24 20 8 - - 5 10 Trichocera longiseta 2 - - 7 3 8 - 3 18 14 12 - - 8 14 Keratella quadrata 6 8 5 8 7 4 6 4 3 4 8 10 10 14 12 Brachinous (B.bidenta) 8 4 6 8 6 3 6 9 3 5 8 14 16 12 12 Philodena roseola 2 2 7 6 9 8 5 - 18 14 4 6 6 6 6 Cladocerans Alone sp (A.affinis) 2 - - 4 4 3 - - 3 4 4 - - 3 4 Bosmina(B.longirostris) 3 5 4 3 7 5 6 3 3 5 3 6 3 3 5 Testudinella sp 6 8 5 9 2 3 4 7 2 6 4 7 Daphnia (D. pulax) 2 6 2 8 4 4 6 4 3 4 5 3 2 4 2 Copepods Cyclops glacialis 3 5 3 4 3 2 3 3 4 6 8 7 5 6 4 Cyclops scutifer 6 - - 2 6 3 - - 4 4 6 - - 8 8
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Table-3.73: Diversity Indices of Zooplankton community present in the study area Zooplankton Taxon Index S-I S-II S-III S-IV S-V Pre-Monsoon Season Shannon H' 1.178 1.008 0.967 1.145 1.209 Shannon Hmax 1.230 1.041 1.000 1.204 1.230 Shannon J' (Eveness ) 0.958 0.968 0.967 0.951 0.983 Species Richness(N) 17 11 10 16 17 Total Individuals(Density ind/l) 70 56 50 76 88 Monsoon season Shannon H' 1.165 1.033 0.964 1.061 1.145 Shannon Hmax 1.230 1.041 1.000 1.230 1.230 Shannon J' (Eveness ) 0.947 0.992 0.964 0.862 0.930 Species Richness(N) 17 11 10 17 17 Total Individuals(Density ind/l) 76 59 44 106 112 Post-monsoon Season Shannon H' 1.196 1.003 0.928 1.155 1.184 Shannon Hmax 1.230 1.041 1.000 1.204 1.230 Shannon J' (Eveness ) 0.972 0.963 0.928 0.959 0.963 Species Richness(N) 17 11 10 16 17 Total Individuals(Density ind/l) 108 74 66 104 118
3.8.6 Benthos Invertebrates
Members of Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera, Plecoptera and Diptera dominated the invertebrate group in the project sites. The families of macroinvertebrates comprised by Heptageniidae, Baetidae, Ephemerellidae, Perlidae, Hydropsychidae, Hydroptilidae, Chironomidae, Simulidae, Blepharoceridae and Amphizoidae families and their abundance varied across different seasons as well as at different sites. Maximum occurrence of chironomids and simulids are dominant in high sedimentation zone, where the habitat structures, pools and riffles of slow flow zone and wide and open valley type. These areas also have shown algal blooms and mats of filamentous algae where bottom consists of sand and mud with lesser amount of cobbles, pebbles and gravels and few scattered boulders. The presence of lavae of may flies, stone flies, caddis flies and chironomids were observed common in all the sites. The distribution and occurrence is directly related to the habitat structure of river. Habitats like falls, cascades, rapids and scour pools with high gradient bed slopes (>10%) with rocky bottom and banks were showing poor growth of micro and macro flora and fauna including benthos. Shannon weiner diversity varies from 0.612 to 1.131. Among benthos, taxon from 14 families has been observed and the
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occurrence varies from 5 to 14 families in the study area. Density of macrozoobenthos was varies from 16 to 250 counts ind.per sq m.The diversity indices calculated for macro-benthos community for depicting the seasonal variation has been illustrated in Tables-3.74 to 3.76 .
Table-3.74: Macrozoobenthos communities present in the study area S.No. Order Family Genera 1. Ephemeroptera Baetidae Baetis himalayana 2. Ephemeroptera Baetidae Baetis spp (B.chandra, B.rhodani) 4. Ephemeroptera Ephemerellidae Ephemeralla major/notate 5. Ephemeroptera Ephemerellidae Ephemerella indica/ignata 6. Ephemeroptera Heptageniidae Epeorus lauhalensis 7. Ephemeroptera Heptageniidae Ameletus / Heptagenia sp 8. Ephemeroptera Heptageniidae Rhithrogena sp 9. Ephemeroptera Heptageniidae Stenonema tripunctatum 10. Ephemeroptera Siphlonuridae Siphlonurus sp 11 Trichoptera Hydropsychidae Hydropsyche sp 12 Trichoptera Rhyacophilidae Rhyacophila fuscula/ torrentium 13 Trichoptera Hydroptilidae Hydroptila /Ochrotrichia sp 14 Diptera Chironomidae Tendipes sp. 15 Diptera Athericidae Atherix sp 16 Diptera Tipulidae Tipulids larvae 17 Diptera Simulidae Simulium pictipus 18 Plecoptera Perlodidae Isoperla montana 19 Plecoptera Perlidae Perla marginata 20 Coleoptera Amphizoidae Amphizoa sp. 21 Coleoptera Dytiscidae Dystiscus sp, Cybster sp
Table-3.75: Benthic invertebrates observed in the project influenced area Zoobenthos Pre-Monsoon Monsoon season Post-monsoon Taxa Season Season (ind. sqm-1) S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 Baetidae 8 2 - 12 14 10 6 - - 14 10 6 - 10 18 Ephemerellidae 7 - - 10 16 5 - - 6 12 14 - - 14 14 Heptageniidae 12 12 8 16 14 6 2 8 8 4 9 4 7 10 24 Siphlonuridae - - - 11 8 9 - - 3 9 16 - - 5 20 Hydropsychidae 5 - - 12 6 8 8 - 6 14 12 - - 8 14 Rhycophilidae 18 - - 14 6 12 4 - 4 4 6 8 9 8 16 Hydroptilidae 8 - - 8 4 6 0 2 2 6 7 4 5 8 10 Chironomidae 12 8 3 22 28 8 4 9 8 12 16 4 8 22 38 Simulidae 10 5 2 12 14 5 - - 6 16 14 6 4 10 18 Athrecidae 8 - - 15 12 6 - - 6 8 10 - 9 12 21 Tipulidae 6 4 0 11 20 5 6 2 2 9 6 - 8 10 13 Perlodidae 10 5 3 9 18 6 2 3 4 6 10 2 2 16 12 Amphizoidae - - - 10 18 - - - 3 9 - - - 7 16
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Zoobenthos Pre-Monsoon Monsoon season Post-monsoon Taxa Season Season (ind. sqm-1) S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 Dytiscidae 14 - - 14 28 - - - 5 8 - - 14 16
Table-3.76: Diversity Indices of Zoobenthos community present in the study area Zoobenthos Taxon Index S-I S-II S-III S-IV S-V Pre-Monsoon Season Shannon H' 1.052 0.718 0.536 1.131 1.093 Shannon Hmax 1.079 0.778 0.602 1.146 1.146 Shannon J' (Eveness ) 0.975 0.923 0.890 0.987 0.953 Species Richness(N) 12 6 4 14 14 Total Individuals (Ind. sqm-1) 118 36 16 176 206 Monsoon season Shannon H' 1.061 0.799 0.612 1.039 1.108 Shannon Hmax 1.079 0.845 0.699 1.079 1.146 Shannon J' (Eveness ) 0.983 0.946 0.875 0.963 0.967 Species Richness(N) 12 7 5 12 14 Total Individuals (Ind. sqm-1) 86 32 24 58 128 Post-monsoon Season Shannon H' 1.092 0.814 0.869 1.117 1.120 Shannon Hmax 1.114 0.845 0.903 1.146 1.146 Shannon J' (Eveness ) 0.980 0.963 0.962 0.974 0.977 Species Richness(N) 13 7 8 14 14 Total Individuals (Ind. sqm-1) 138 34 52 154 250
3.8.7 Aquatic Macrophytes The upper Kinnaur presents an arid zone and the studied localites include Ropa valley, Kanam, Jangi, Ribba, Moorang, Thangi, alpine meadows in Charang valley, and cold desert areas of Pooh (Pooh, Chulling, Yangthang, Nako etc.). The trek of tidong river/ valley has some sparse habitation along its course with extreme cold climatic conditions (Rispa village -2233 m, Moorang, 2434 m; Ribba, 2711 m; Thangi, 2666 m;. Lambar, 3392 m; and the last settlements is Charang 3450 m, with Charang glaciar, 3899 m). Hill peaks and slopes are rocky and barren however downslopes has shown growth of vegetation. No growth of macrophytes seen in the area that may be due to rapid currents and fall habitats. However, some of the aquatic macrophytes from trachyophytes, fers and mosses were found places of slow flow zones with cobbles/small boulders and graveld surfaces especially sites of ground water seepage zones. The common species identified were Equisetum sp, Adiantum and Selaginella sp. These were spotted from the wet area of Tidong khad. Among other group bryophytes were also
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reported. The mosses grow on stone and boulders that protrude a few centimeters above the surface of water sometimes growth reaches in the flowing water edges stones. 3.8.8 Fish Composition and Diversity Coldwater fisheries occupy an important place among the freshwater fishes of India. The Satluj river basin has the potential for mahseer (Tor putitora) and snow trout (Schizothoarx richardsonii that are famous for sport and food. They belong to family cyprinidae. The important food species in the region is the tiger fish-mahseer and local snow trout- schizothoracids. Schizothorax sp and Schizoraichthys are herbivorous in nature, however absence of these fishes in the catch could be attributed to extreme climatic conditions i.e. winters temperature remain below sub zero or some times upto -20-30 degree and in summer and monsoons due to torrent flow with high gradient bed slopes. The fish species distribution in the Himalayan streams depends on the flow rate, nature and substratum, water temperature, and the availability of food. In the torrential streams Sehgal (1988) identified several zones on the basis of the dominant fish species and the hydrographical features: (i) headwater zone inhabited by rheophilic species of loaches and catfishes (Nemacheilus gracilis, N. stoliczkae and Glyptosternum reticulatum) (ii) large stream zone, formed by the joining of headwater streams, inhabited by Diptychus maculatus and Nemacheilus spp. In the upper reaches of the most torrential section of this zone, the rheophilic species of snow trouts, Schizothoraichthys esocinus, S. progastus, Schizothorax richardsonii and Schizopygopsis stoliczkae, are reported. Salmofario (Brown trout) and Orenius sinuatus are found in Baspa river of Sangla valley and Shongtong Tapri belt of Sutlej river. At Sangla, which is about 35 to 40 km from the project site, there is a trout fish hatchery for the production of trout fish fingerlings.
The present study of aquatic vertebrates especially fish was assessed in the influenced zone of Tidong khad sub- basin. Fishing efforts were made in river regime for taxonomical classification / identification of resident fish species using local gears i.e.cast net, rod and hook, pocket net, hand picking, stick, sickle and simple cloth etc. for fish catches efforts over the 10 km length along river Tidong khad(Rispa village downward at 2216m confluence point, Moorang, 2434m; Ribba, 2711m; Thangi, 2666m;. Lambar, 3392m; and the last settlements is Charang 3450m, towards origin WAPCOS Limited 3-106
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with Charang glaciar, 3899m). Secondary data were also included for this project report referring published articles, local residents and help was also taken from the state fishery department. As such no fish is recorded from the catchment area of the Tiidong HEP, however, in the downstream of the main river, few fish were recorded is given in Table-3.77. None of the fish species fall under threatened category of IUCN.
The temperature in Tidong khad remains below 10 degree round the year. None of the fish species found in the Tidong khad during the time of fish catch efforts made and same was confirmed from the locals.
Therefore, it can be inferred that the fishery in the project area is poorly developed since the potential has remained unexploited owing to difficult terrain, unfavorable climate and poor infrastructure facilities. The elevation, temperature, current, velocity and natural biota are the factors governing the growth of fish in the rivers and water bodies in the area. Commercial fishing is not in practiced in the study area. However, a total nine fish species were reported from the secondary data at till the middle juncture of Satluj basin in the Baspa Satluj confluence (Table-3.78). So far no fish species has been reported from the Tidong valley. Among these fishes six species were endemic in nature like Schizothorax richardsonii, Glyptothorax pectnopteerus and Triplophysa loaches whereas three species of trouts are introduced and exotic in nature. Table-3.77: Fish species reported in u/s of middle basin till begning Upper Satluj basin Fish Species (Scientific Name) Common Ref. Project IUCN Name Upper Influenced status Satluj Area 2019-3 Basin Cyprinidae : Schizopygopsis stoliczkai Kinnaur + - - Steindachner Snow trout Diptychus maculatus Steindachner Saly + - - osman Schizothorax richardsonii Snow trout + - VU Nemacheilidae Triplophysa microps(Steindachner) Loach + - LC Triplophysa stoliczkae Loach + - NE (Steindachner) Sisoridae WAPCOS Limited 3-107
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Glyptothorax pectinopterus + - LC (Mc.Cll.) Salmonidae Oncorhynchus mykis (Smith & Rainbow + - INTR Stearby) Trout Salmo trutta fario Linnaeus Brown + - INTR Trout Salvelinus spp (S.fontalis / alpinus Arctic Char + INTR Note- Ref. #Sharma & Sidhu, (2016); Menon, A.G.K., 1999; Indu Sharma, 2018; Talwar, P.K. and A.G. Jhingran, 1991; State Fishery Deptt. Threat Status LC-Least Concern; NT-Near Threatened; NE- Not Evaluated; VU-Vulnerable; EN-Endangered, (+) present & (-) Absent or status not known
3.8.9 Fisheries Potentials and Economics The altitudinal range of the submergence area of proposed dam lies between 2216 m to 2900 m mean sea level. For fishing the cast net is the commonest method being used and, the other methods such as goda or basket trap are fixed for 2-3 days, but no fish catch was recorded during the survey. Also, information collected from the local inhabitants, officials of the local Fisheries Department and reference from literature. Sparse habitation near the project site on the Tidong Khad River was observed. There is no fishing activity was observed. Tidong confluence near Rispa village to its origin has elevation varies as rispa, 2300m, Moorang, 2434m; Ribba, 2711m; Thangi, 2666m; Lambar, 3392m; and Charang, 3899m, asl) indicating glacial stream. There are no fisherman families; hence no commercial fishing exists in the study area.
3.9 BASELINE STATUS-SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS 3.9.1 General The baseline setting for Socio-Economic aspects have been covered in this section. The data presented in this section is based on analyses done from 2011 Census data. 3.9.2 Demograhic Profile The total population in the study area is about 4812 residing in 1056 households. It is observed from Census 2011 that the male and female population in villages comprise of 55.0% and 45.0% respectively of the total population. Whereas Population below the age of six years is 10.2% of total population The overall sex ratio (i.e. no. of females per 1000 males) in the study area is about 818 and average
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family size (persons per household) is 5. The details of Demographic Profile of Villages is given in Table-3.78 and Figure -3.21. Table-3.78: Demographic Profile of study area
Total Total Total
6 years
Average
Sex Ratio
Total Total Male
Population
FamilySize
Households
Population< S. No Name Total Female Study Area 1 Thuwaring (64/5) 70 339 159 180 22 1132 5 2 Gramang (64/6) 119 489 254 235 42 925 4 3 Jangi Khas (28/1) 209 1175 703 472 128 671 6 4 Akpa Khas (33/1) 125 470 247 223 61 903 4 5 Up Muhal Holdo (48/3) 2 6 3 3 0 1000 3 6 Rispa Khas (48/1) 103 492 263 229 44 871 5 7 Lijing (48/2) 6 19 13 6 4 462 3 8 Khokpa (64/2) 78 373 177 196 42 1107 5 9 Shiling Khas (64/1) 140 489 270 219 46 811 3 10 Roowang (64/3) 35 141 75 66 24 880 4 11 Swaling (53/4) 10 41 20 21 4 1050 4 12 Lambar (53/3) 26 135 100 35 10 350 5 13 Thangi Khas (53/1) 132 636 356 280 64 787 5 14 Surting Ting (59/4) 1 7 7 0 0 0 7 Total 1056 4812 2647 2165 491 818 5
Figure-3.21: Demographic Profile of the study area
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3.9.3 Caste Profile The total Population in the study area is 4812.The caste profile of the population in submergence area village is given in Table-3.79 and depicted in Figure-3.22. It is observed that the maximum amount of population belongs to the Schedule Tribe population which comprises of 63.9% followed by the General Category population comprising of 27.2% of the total population in the submergence area. Only 9.9% of the total study area population belongs to the Schedule Caste Population. Table-3.79: Caste Profile of the study area
S. No Name of Village
Total Total
Tribe
Caste
General
Schedule Schedule
Population Population Population Population Morang 1 Thuwaring (64/5) 339 0 339 0 2 Gramang (64/6) 489 0 471 18 3 Jangi Khas (28/1) 1175 62 560 553 4 Akpa Khas (33/1) 470 69 167 234 5 Up Muhal Holdo (48/3) 6 0 1 5 6 Rispa Khas (48/1) 492 101 345 46 7 Lijing (48/2) 19 4 7 8 8 Khokpa (64/2) 373 83 269 21 9 Shiling Khas (64/1) 489 133 205 151 10 Roowang (64/3) 141 7 46 88 11 Swaling (53/4) 41 3 25 13 12 Lambar (53/3) 135 3 40 92 13 Thangi Khas (53/1) 636 10 554 72 14 Surting Ting (59/4) 7 0 0 7 15 Total 4812 475 3029 1308
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Figure-3.22: Caste Profile of study area
3.9.4 Literacy Level The education level or the literacy level of Villages is given in Table-3.80 and Figure- 3.23. It has been observed that out of the total population of 4812 residing in the study area villages, overall Literacy Rate is 71.7%. The illiterate population accounts for about 28.3% of the total population in project affected villages. The overall male and female literacy rates are 77.2% and 64.9% respectively. Table-3.80: Literacy Profile of the Submergence Area Villages
Male Male
Total Total
Female Female
Illterate
Literate Literate Literate
Illiterate Illiterate
S.No Name of Village Population Population Population Morang 1 Thuwaring (64/5) 339 270 141 129 69 18 51 2 Gramang (64/6) 489 339 192 147 150 62 88 3 Jangi Khas (28/1) 1175 721 461 260 454 242 212 4 Akpa Khas (33/1) 470 372 212 160 98 35 63 5 Up Muhal Holdo (48/3) 6 5 3 2 1 0 1 6 Rispa Khas (48/1) 492 408 231 177 84 32 52 7 Lijing (48/2) 19 11 8 3 8 5 3 8 Khokpa (64/2) 373 266 141 125 107 36 71 9 Shiling Khas (64/1) 489 375 221 154 114 49 65 10 Roowang (64/3) 141 75 41 34 66 34 32 11 Swaling (53/4) 41 32 14 18 9 6 3 12 Lambar (53/3) 135 108 87 21 27 13 14
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Male Male
Total Total
Female Female
Illterate
Literate Literate Literate
Illiterate Illiterate
S.No Name of Village Population Population Population 13 Thangi Khas (53/1) 636 460 285 175 176 71 105 14 Surting Ting (59/4) 7 7 7 0 0 0 0 Total 4812 3449 2044 1405 1363 603 760
Figure-3.23: Literacy Profile of the study area
3.9.5 Occupational Profile The population involved in any kind of economically productive activity constitutes about 76.1% of the total population. On the other hand, non-working population, which is not involved in any kind of economic activity, constitutes 23.9% of the total population. The main working population (population engaged in any kind of economically productive activity for six months or more from the date of enumeration) comprises 77.1% of the total working population. Marginal workers (population involved in any kind of economically productive activity for less than six months) constitute about 22.9% of the total working population. The occupational profile of the submergence area villages is summarized in Table-3.81 and depicted in Figure-3.24.
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Table-3.81: Occupational Profile of the Command Area Villages
-
Main Non
Total Total Total
Workers Workers Workers Workers
Marginal
S.No Name Population Subdistrict Morang 1 Thuwaring (64/5) 339 303 206 97 36 2 Gramang (64/6) 489 399 274 125 90 3 Jangi Khas (28/1) 1175 980 734 246 195 4 Akpa Khas (33/1) 470 329 327 2 141 5 Up Muhal Holdo (48/3) 6 3 3 0 3 6 Rispa Khas (48/1) 492 335 326 9 157 7 Lijing (48/2) 19 13 11 2 6 8 Khokpa (64/2) 373 245 86 159 128 9 Shiling Khas (64/1) 489 428 310 118 61 10 Roowang (64/3) 141 82 43 39 59 11 Swaling (53/4) 41 25 17 8 16 12 Lambar (53/3) 135 103 97 6 32 13 Thangi Khas (53/1) 636 412 383 29 224 14 Surting Ting (59/4) 7 7 7 0 0 Total 4812 3664 2824 840 1148
Figure-3.24: Occupational Profile of the study area Villages
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3.9.6 Amenities and Facilities in Villages (Census 2011) a) Educational Facilities As per the Census 2011 VDA data Government Primary School are available in 12 villages. Students from two that do not have Govt.Primary school have to travel distance of <5 km to access the Govt.Primary school in nearby villages. There are no Private Primary schools available in the villages. Government Middle school are available in 6 villages. There are no private middle school available in any of the villages, students have to travel to Shitinga, Shiling, Holdo, Reckong Peo or Thango any of the mentioned villages nearest to them. Similarly Government Secondary schools are available only in 4 villages. No private Secondary schools are available in any of the villages.Students have to travel to varying distances upto Ribba, Rispa, Shitinga, Shiling, Holdo, Reckong Peo or Thango as per the proximity of the mentioned villages from their residence. As per the secondary data Shiling Khas is the only village that has one Senior Secondary School. Students have to travel varying distances to access Senior Secondary School. There are no facility of higher education in any of the villages whether Government or private. Table-3.82: Educational Facility in villages
S.No Village Name
Status
School School School
(Numbers)
Gov Senior Gov Senior Gov Senior
Govt Middle Middle Govt
Govt Middle Middle Govt
Govt Primary Primary Govt Primary Govt
Nearest Facility Facility Nearest
Govt Secondary Secondary Govt Secondary Govt
School (Numbers) School (Numbers) School (Numbers) School
Secondary School Secondary School Secondary 1 Thuwaring (64/5) A 1 N.A 0 N.A 0 N.A 0 2 Gramang (64/6) A 1 N.A 0 N.A 0 N.A 0 3 Jangi Khas (28/1) A 1 A 1 A 1 N.A 0 4 Akpa Khas (33/1) A 2 A 1 A 1 N.A 0 5 Up Muhal Holdo (48/3) A 1 A 1 N.A 0 N.A 0 6 Rispa Khas (48/1) A 1 A 1 N.A 0 N.A 0 7 Lijing (48/2) N.A 0 <5 km N.A 0 N.A 0 N.A 0 8 Khokpa (64/2) A 1 N.A 0 N.A 0 N.A 0 9 Shiling Khas (64/1) A 1 A 1 A 1 A 1 10 Roowang (64/3) A 1 N.A 0 N.A 0 N.A 0 11 Swaling (53/4) N.A 0 <5 km N.A 0 N.A 0 N.A 0 12 Lambar (53/3) A 1 N.A 0 N.A 0 N.A 0 13 Thangi Khas (53/1) A 2 A 1 A 1 N.A 0 WAPCOS Limited 3-114
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S.No Village Name
Status
School School School
(Numbers)
Gov Senior Gov Senior Gov Senior
Govt Middle Middle Govt
Govt Middle Middle Govt
Govt Primary Primary Govt Primary Govt
Nearest Facility Facility Nearest
Govt Secondary Secondary Govt Secondary Govt
School (Numbers) School (Numbers) School (Numbers) School
Secondary School Secondary School Secondary 14 Dhar Shangchawal (71) A 2 0 1 1 1 1 N.A 0 b) Health Facility Health profile of the villages elucidates that there isn‟t very good medical facility available in the area on the basis of Census 2011. It is observed that Primary Health Centres are available only in 4 villages namely Gramang, Shiling Khas, Thangi Khasa and Dhar Shangchawal. Whereas out of these 4 Primary Health Centres (PHCs) 3 PHCs have one doctor each. Villagers have to travel varying distances of <5 km, 5-10 km and >10 km to avail the medical facility. Maternity and Child Welfare Centres are available in only one village namely Shiling Khas. Dispensary is available in villages Akpa Khas, Thangi Khas and Dhar Shangchawal. Shiling Khas is the only village in the Study Area that has Veterinary Hospital Doctor. c) Drinking Water Tap treated Water is available in almost all the villages. It is observed that tap water is available all round the year except in Swaling.Whereas Handpump and water facility through River and Canal is available only in Jangi Khas. d) Drainage of Domestic Waste As per analyses of data it is observed that there is no proper Drainage Facility available in the any of the villages. Almost all the households in the villages dispose waste in the Open Drains. Pucca Open drainage is available in Up Muhal Holdo and Rispa Khas villages only other villages have Kaccha Open Drains. Jangi Khas is the only village that has facility of Community Toilet (without bath). Up Muhal Holdo and Jangi Khas are the only two villages that have Total Sanitation Campaign running in the village. e) Power Supply Power supply for the domestic purpose is available in almost all the villages for 24 hours as per Census 2011 records.
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Power Supply for Agriculture and Domestic use is not available in any of the villages separately except Akpa Khas village. f) Postal Facility There are 6 villages namely Thuwaring, Jangi Khas, Akpa Khas, Rispa Khas, Shiling Khas and Thangi Khas. Subpost Office are available in Jangi Khas,Akpa Khas, Rispa Khas,Shiling Khas and Thangi Khas. The telephone facility is available in almost all the villages. g) Transport Facility Transport facility available in the villages Jangi Khas, Akpa Khas, Rispa Khas, Thangi Khas, Up Muhal Holdo and Roowang have Public Bus services. Residents of other villages have to travel between 5-10 km depending on the distance from there to avail services of Public Bus Services. h) Road Jangi Khas, Akpa Khas, Up Muhal Holdo, Khokpa, Shiling Khas and Roowang are the villages that have Black Topped Road. Gravel Roads are constructed in Up Muhal Holdo, Khokpa, Shiling Khas, Roowang and Thangi Khas out of all the villages. Whereas water bounded Macada is available in Shiling Khas village only. Foothpaths are available in almost all the villages.
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CHAPTER-4 PREDICTION OF IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES
Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
CHAPTER-4 PREDICTION OF IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES
4.1 GENERAL Based on the project details and the baseline environmental status, potential impacts as a result of the construction and operation of the proposed Third Unit of 50 MW for Tidong hydroelectric project have been identified. This Chapter addresses the basic concepts and methodological approach for conducting a scientifically based analysis of the potential impacts likely to accrue as a result of the proposed project. Wherever possible, the impacts have been quantified and otherwise, qualitative assessment has been undertaken. This Chapter deals with the anticipated positive as well as negative impacts due to construction and operation of the proposed project. The construction and operation phase comprises of various activities each of which are likely to have an impact on environment. Thus, it is important to understand and analyze each activity so as to assess its impact on environment. The status of construction of Phase-I of the project i.e 100 MW is given in Table-4.1. Table-4.1: Status of Construction of Phase-I of the project S. Component / Activity Unit Total Status of Remarks No. Quantity Progress 1 Intake Structure 1.1 Diversion Structure Each 1.000 0 / 1 In Progress 1.2 Spillway (Un-Gated) Each 1.000 0 / 1 In Progress 1.3 Under Sluice Each 1.000 0 / 1 In Progress 1.4 Diversion Channel Each 1.000 1 / 1 Completed 1.5 Head Regulator Each 1.000 0 / 1 In Progress 1.6 Feeder Channel Each 1.000 0 / 1 In Progress 2 De-Silting Chamber Each 1.000 0 / 1 In Progress Storage Reservoir and 3 Each 1.000 0 / 1 In Progress Gravity Wall 4 Adits 4.1 Adit-1 245.46 m / 4.1.1 Excavation Rmt 245.460 Completed 245.46 m 4.1.2 Plugging Nos 1.000 0 / 1 4.2 Adit-2 136.10 m / 4.2.1 Excavation Rmt 136.100 Completed 136.10 m 4.2.2 Plugging Nos 1.000 0 / 1 4.3 Adit-3
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
S. Component / Activity Unit Total Status of Remarks No. Quantity Progress 186.00 m / 4.3.1 Excavation Rmt 186.000 Completed 186.00 m 4.3.2 Plugging Nos 1.000 0 / 1 4.4 Adit-4 78.00 m / 4.4.1 Excavation Rmt 78.000 Completed 78.00 m 4.4.2 Plugging Nos 1.000 0 / 1 4.5 Adit-5 116.128 m / 4.5.1 Excavation Rmt 116.128 Completed 116.128 m 4.5.1 Plugging Nos 1.000 0 / 1 5 Head Race Tunnel 8528.96 m / 5.1 Excavation Rmt 8528.960 Completed 8528.96 m 5293.50 m / 5.2 Concrete Lining Rmt 8528.960 In Progress 8528.96 m 6 Surge Shaft 110.00 m 6.1 Pilot Excavation Rmt 110.000 Completed / 110.00 m 66.00 m / 6.2 Widening Excavation Rmt 89.000 In Progress 110.00 m Steel Lining with backfill 0.00 m / 6.3 Rmt 110.000 concrete 110.00 m Pressure Shaft (2.5m ɸ 7 Finished) 926.30 m / 7.1 Excavation Rmt 926.300 Completed 926.30 m Steel Lining with backfill 340.00 m / 7.2 Rmt 926.300 In Progress concrete 926.30 m 8 Power House 8.1 Machine Hall (33 X 19.10) 8.1.1 Structural Work Each 1.000 1 / 1 Completed 8.1.2 Building Each 1.000 1 / 1 Completed 8.1.3 Turbine Floor Each 1.000 0 / 1 In Progress 8.1.4 Roofing Each 1.000 1 / 1 Completed 8.1.5 E&M Work Each 1.000 0 / 1 In Progress 8.2 Service Bay (20.85 X 19.10) 8.2.1 Structural Work Each 1.000 1 / 1 Completed 8.2.2 Roofing Each 1.000 1 / 1 Completed Transformer Hall and GIS 8.3 Building (72.765 X 14.00) 8.3.1 Structural Work Each 1.000 0 / 1 In Progress 8.3.2 Building Each 1.000 0 / 1 In Progress 8.3.3 E&M Work Each 1.000 0 / 1 In Progress
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
S. Component / Activity Unit Total Status of Remarks No. Quantity Progress 9 Switchyard Each 1.000 0 / 1 In Progress 10 TRT Each 1.000 0 / 1 In Progress 0.00 KM / 11 Transmission Line km 16.854 In Progress 16.854 KM
The impacts which have been covered in the present Chapter are categorized as below: Impacts on Water Environment Impacts on Air Environment Impacts on Noise Environment Impacts on Land Environment Impacts on Biological Environment Impacts on Socio-Economic Environment
4.2 IMPACTS ON WATER ENVIRONMENT The various aspects covered under water environment are: Water quality Sediments Water resources and downstream users 4.2.1 Water Quality a) Construction phase The major sources of surface water pollution during project construction phase are as follows: Sewage from labour camps/colonies. Effluent from crushers.
i) Sewage from labour camps It is worthwhile to mention here that construction of Phase-I for 100 MW is under construction and the peak labour strength likely to be employed during project construction phase is about 800 workers and 150 technical staff. No additional manpower is required for Phase-II of 50 MW. However, total peak labour population for implementation of mitigation measures is considered around 950. The domestic water requirement has been estimated as 70 lpcd. Thus, total water requirements work out to 0.066 mld. It is assumed that about 80% of the water supplied will be generated as sewage. Thus, total quantum of sewage generated is expected to be of the order of 0.053 mld. The BOD load contributed by domestic sources will be about 42.75 kg/day. It is assumed that the sewage is discharged
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW without any treatment for which, the minimum flow required for dilution of sewage is about 1 cumec. Detailed DO modelling was done using Streeter Phelp’s model. The D.O. level was estimated using the following equation: -K1t -K2t K1LA [10 – 10 ] -K2t Dt = ------+ DA 10 K2 – K1 Dt = D.O. deficit downstream at time t. K1 = Deoxygenation rate K2 = Reaeration rate LA = Ultimate upstream BOD DA = D.O. deficit upstream t = Time of stream flow upstream to point at which D.O. level is to be estimated
The D.O. level in the river was taken as 8.0 mg/l. The ten day minimum flow in the river Tidong was taken as 7.37 cumec. The results of D.O. model are summarized in Table-4.2. Table-4.2 Results of D.O. Modelling due to disposal of sewage from labour camps in river Tidong
Distance from outfall (km) D.O. (mg/l) 0.1 8.00 0.2 8.00 0.3 8.00 0.4 8.00 0.5 8.00 1.0 8.00
It can be observed from Table-4.2, that no impact is anticipated on river water quality, as a result of disposal of sewage from labour camps. Even though no impact is envisaged on water quality of river Tidong, as a result of disposal of untreated sewage, it is recommended to commission units for treatment of sewage generated from labour camps. During construction phase, normally large scale secondary treatment facilities are not commissioned, because they are likely to remain unutilized, once the construction activities are over.
Mitigation Measures Two package sewage treatment plants of 60 and 40 kld capacities have been commissioned for the treatment of sewage generated during construction phase. The package sewage treatment plant has the treatment units as screen cum grit
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW chamber, aeration, clarifier, disinfection and filter press. Treated water is being disinfected before its disposal into the river. A provision of Rs. 35.00 lakh has been spent on these facilities. The same unit will be utilized during construction period of phase-II of the project. The details are given in Table-4.3. Table-4.3: Cost of water supply and sanitation facilities Rate Cost S. No Description Numbers (Rs/Unit) (Rs. lakh) Water treatment and supply facility 1 1,000,000 1 10.00 (1 modules of .15 MLD capacity) 2 Package Sewage Treatment Plant 3,500,000 1 25.00 Total 35.00 ii) Effluent from crushers During construction phase, a stone crusher is being operated near the project site. Water is required in the dust suppression system installed in the crusher. About 0.1 m3 of water is required per tonne of material crushed. The effluent from the crusher would contain high-suspended solids. The effluent, if disposed without treatment can lead to marginal increase in the turbidity levels in the receiving water bodies. The natural slope in the area is such that, the effluent from the crushers will ultimately find its way in river Tidong. The effluent from crusher will have suspended solids level of 3000-4000 mg/l. It is recommended to treat the effluent prior to disposal. Mitigation Measures A stone crusher along with water sprinkler to arrest the dust and sedimentation tank is provided at site, hence no additional unit need to be installed for phase-II of Tidong HEP. The same stone crusher along with pollution control facilities will continue to operate during construction of the Phase-II of the project. b) Operation phase The major sources of water pollution during project operation phase include: Effluent from project colony. Impacts on reservoir water quality. i) Effluent from project colony During project operation phase, due to absence of any large-scale construction activity, the cause and source of water pollution will be much different. Since, only a small number of O&M staff will reside in the area in a well-designed colony with sewage treatment plant and other infrastructure facilities, the problems of water pollution due to disposal of sewage are not anticipated.
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
In operation phase, about 40-50 number technical staff and workers will be residing in the project colony. The sewage generated will be treated in the already established STPs The biological treatment facilities shall be proposed including secondary treatment units for sewage so generated from the BOD load after treatment will reduce to <30 mg/l. Thus, with commissioning of facilities for sewage treatment, no impact on receiving water body is anticipated. Thus, no impacts are anticipated as a result of disposal of effluents from the project colony. ii) Impacts on reservoir water quality The flooding of previously forest and agricultural land in the submergence area will increase the availability of nutrients resulting from decomposition of vegetative matter. In the proposed project a barrage is proposed to be constructed. The proposed project is envisaged as a runoff the river scheme, with significant diurnal variations in water level. In such a scenario, significant re-aeration from natural atmosphere takes place, which maintains Dissolved Oxygen in the water body. Thus, in the proposed project, no significant reduction in D.O. level in reservoir water is anticipated. 4.2.2 Sediments When a river flows along a steep gradient, it could carry a significant amount of sediment load, depending on the degradation status of the catchment. When a hydraulic structure is built across the river, it creates a reservoir, which tends to accumulate the sediment, as the suspended load settles down due to decrease in flow velocity. The proposed project is envisaged as a runoff the river scheme. At regular intervals, flushing will be done to clear out the sediments. Thus, in the proposed project, sedimentation problems are not anticipated. Mitigation Measures The Forest Department, state of Himachal Pradesh is implementing the Catchment Area Treatment measures and the requisite amount has been deposited to the concerned department by project proponent. As Catchment Area for Phase-I & Phase-II is same; hence, no additional mitigation measures for sediment control or Catchment Area Treatment is recommended for phase-II of Tidong HEP.
4.2.3 Water Resources and Downstream Users The proposed project is a run of the river scheme. The river flow will be diverted through a barrage and no major storage is envisaged in the project. Water will be
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW diverted through a tunnel for power generation and the tail race discharge outfall in Tidong river about 8.5 km downstream from the diversion site. The river stretch between downstream of the diversion site and the confluence point of tailrace discharge (about 8.5 km) will have reduced flow. The flow will be augmented by contribution of flow by release of adequate quantum of Environmental Flows for sustenance of riverine ecology. TPGPL is required to maintain 20% of average of lean flow season of 90% dependable year i.e. 0.99m3/s through out the year as ecological flow in the river during operation. There are four major streams viz. Dua Khad, Gora Khad, Shanku Khad and Thangi Khad joining either side of Tidong river downstream of dam site. This further ensures the availability of sufficient water flow in Tidong River. The reduction in flow or drying of the river in the intervening stretch is not likely to have any adverse impact on the downstream users. This is mainly because of the fact that settlements/ villages within this dry stretch are not dependent on the water of river Tidong, as the villagers use water of small streams or nallahs flowing adjacent to their habitation. The aquatic study also confirm that the Tidong river is devoid of fish population.
Mitigation Measures No additional waste water discharge or solid waste generation during implementation phase is envisaged. Confinement of construction and concreting works within designated areas of key project components to avoid contamination of river Muck disposal would be done in accordance with muck disposal plan outlined in Environmental Management Plan to avoid any negative impacts on water quality
4.3 IMPACTS ON AIR ENVIRONMENT In a water resources project, air pollution occurs mainly during project construction phase. The major sources of air pollution during construction phase are: Pollution due to fuel combustion in various equipment Emission from various crushers Fugitive emissions from various sources. Pollution due to increased vehicular movement Dust emission from muck disposal
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
Pollution due to fuel combustion in various equipment The operation of various construction equipment requires combustion fuel. Normally, diesel is used in such equipment. The major pollutant which gets emitted as a result of combustion of diesel is SO2. The SPM emissions are minimal due to low ash content in diesel. The short-term increase in SO2, even assuming that all the equipment are operating at a common point, is quite low, i.e. of the order of less than 1g/m3. Hence, no major impact is anticipated on this account on ambient air quality. Emissions from crushers Stone crusher is installed in the Phase-I which is currently under construction. The fugitive emission from the crusher is likely to increase the concentration of particulate matter of ambient air quality. The crusher under operation is equipped with water sprinkling system to mitigate the dust pollution. The quarterly ambient air quality monitoring results indicate that the dust control system is working very effectively in the project area.
The same set up of DG set and stone crusher will be used in Pahse-II project. The same impacts will be extended for the longer period till completion of construction of Phase-II project. The current mitigation measures will be continued up to completion of construction of Phase-II. Fugitive Emissions from various sources During construction phase, there will be increased vehicular movement. Lot of construction material like sand, fine aggregates are stored at various places, during the project construction phase. Normally, due to blowing of winds, especially when the environment is dry, some of the stored material can get entrained in the atmosphere. However, such impacts are visible only in and around the storage sites. The impacts on this account are generally, insignificant in nature. Mitigation Measures It is important to mention here that regular water sprinkling on the internal roads and PWD road is being done during construction of Phase-I of Tidong HEP and three dedicated water tankers and two water filling system are deployed for this purpose. These would continue to work during construction of phase-II of Tidong HEP. Hence, no additional water tankers are suggested for phase-II of Tidong HEP.
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
Pollution due to increased vehicular movement The phase-II project requires limited material with respect to electro-mechanical equipment only which will be transported by road. The increase in traffic is expected to be around 8-10 trucks/hour. The increase in vehicular traffic is not expected to lead to any significant adverse impact on ambient air quality. Therefore, there will not be any increase in vehicular traffic. Logistic department is set up to ensure the smooth movement of the vehicles. Mitigation Measures The stone crusher and vehicular traffic within the project area are the main sources of pollution in the project area during construction phase contributing to higher concentration of particulate matter and as mitigation measures, regular water sprinkling on the internal roads and PWD road is being done. For this purpose, three dedicated water tankers and two water filling system have been deployed. In addition, the crusher with dust suppression system is already operating in the area and the same shall continue during construction of phase-II of the project. Dust emission from muck disposal The loading and unloading of muck is one of the source of dust generation. Since, muck will be mainly in form of small rock pieces, stone, etc., with very little dust particles. Significant amount of dust is not expected to be generated on this account. Thus, adverse impacts due to dust generation during muck disposal are not expected.
Mitigation Measures a) Control of Emissions Minor air quality impacts will be caused by emissions from construction vehicles, equipment and DG sets, and emissions from transportation traffic. Frequent truck trips will be required during the construction period for removal of excavated material and delivery of select concrete and other equipment and materials. The following measures are recommended to control air pollution: Contractor will be responsible for maintaining proper functioning construction equipment to minimize exhaust. Construction equipment and vehicles will be turned off when not used for extended periods of time. Unnecessary idling of construction vehicles to be prohibited. Effective traffic management to be undertaken to avoid significant delays in and around the project area.
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
Road damage caused by sub-project activities will be promptly attended to with proper road repair and maintenance work. b) Air Pollution control due to DG sets The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has issued emission limits for generators upto 800 KW. The same are outlined in Table-4.4, and are recommended to be followed. Table-4.4: Emission limits for DG sets prescribed by CPCB Parameter Emission limits (gm/kwhr) NOx 9.2 HC 1.3 CO 2.5 PM 0.3 Smoke limit* 0.7 Note : * Light absorption coefficient at full load (m-1) The above standards need to be followed by the contractor operating the DG sets. c) Dust Control The project authorities will work closely with representatives from the community living in the vicinity of project area to identify areas of concern and to mitigate dust- related impacts effectively (e.g., through direct meetings, utilization of construction management and inspection program, and/or through the complaint response program). To minimize issues related to the generation of dust during the construction phase of the project, the following measures have been identified: Identification of construction limits (minimal area required for construction activities). When practical, excavated spoils will be removed as the contractor proceeds along the length of the activity. When necessary, stockpiling of excavated material will be covered or staged offsite location with muck being delivered as needed during the course of construction. Contractors will be required to cover stockpiled soils and trucks hauling soil, sand, and other loose materials (or require trucks to maintain at least two feet of freeboard). Contractor shall ensure that there is effective traffic management at site. The number of trucks/vehicles to move at various construction sites to be fixed. Three personnel will be earmarked for this purpose.
Existing Air Pollution Control Measures adopted at Site Stone crusher is provided with water sprinkler to arrest the dust. Regular water sprinkling over the internal roads and PWD road is being done. Three dedicated water tankers and two water filling stations are deployed for this purpose.
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
Ambient air quality is being conducted once in three months by a third-party consultant in and around project area. The results indicate that all the parameters are within the permissible limit.
Water sprinkler at site Water sprinkler system in Stone crusher
These measures will continue to be implemented during construction of phase-II of the project as well.
4.4 IMPACTS ON NOISE ENVIRONMENT a) Construction phase In a water resource projects, the impacts on ambient noise levels are expected only during the project construction phase, due to earth moving machinery, etc. Likewise, noise due to excavation, blasting, vehicular movement will have some adverse impacts on the ambient noise levels in the area. i) Impacts due to operation of construction equipment The noise level due to operation of various construction equipment is given in Table-4.5 Table-4.5: Noise level due to operation of various construction equipment Equipment Noise level dB(A) Earth moving Compactors 70-72 Loaders and Excavator 72-82 Dumper 72-92 Tractors 76-92 Scrappers, graders 82-92 Pavers 86-88 Truck 84-94 Material handling Concrete mixers 75-85 Movable cranes 82-84 Stationary Pumps 68-70 Generators 72-82
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
Equipment Noise level dB(A) Compressors 75-85 Others Vibrators 69-81 Saws 74-81
Under the worst-case scenario, it has been assumed that all these equipment generate noise from a common point. The increase in noise levels due to operation of various construction equipment is given in Table-4.6. Table-4.6: Increase in noise levels due to operation of various construction equipment Distance (m) Ambient noise Increase in noise Resultant Noise levels dB (A) level dB (A) levels dB (A) 100 55 45 55.4 200 55 39 55.1 500 55 31 55.0 1000 55 25 55.0 1500 55 21 55.0 2000 55 19 55.0 2500 55 17 55.0 3000 55 15 55.0
It would be worthwhile to mention here that in absence of the data on actual location of various construction equipment, all the equipment have been assumed to operate at a common point. This assumption leads to over-estimation of the increase in noise levels. Also, it is a known fact that there is a reduction in noise level as the sound wave passes through a barrier. All the DG sets are provided with acoustic enclosure to attenuate the noise. All the vehicles are maintained in order. The transmission loss values for common construction materials are given in Table-4.7. Table-4.7: Transmission loss for common construction materials Material Thickness of construction Decrease in noise level material (inches) dB(A) Light concrete 4 38 6 39 Dense concrete 4 40 Concrete block 4 32 6 36 Brick 4 33 Granite 4 40
Thus, the walls of various houses will attenuate at least 30 dB(A) of noise. In addition there are attenuation due to the following factors.
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
Air absorption Rain Atmospheric inhomogeneties. Vegetal cover
Thus, no increase in noise levels is anticipated as a result of various activities, during the project construction phase. The noise generated due to blasting is not likely to have any effect on habitations. However, blasting can have adverse impact on wildlife, especially along the alignment of the tunnel portion. It would be worthwhile to mention that no major wildlife is observed in and around the project site. In Phase-II project very limited blasting is required at power house building. Most of the other components of Phase–I projects are same for the Phase-II project. The major excavation in the project under Phase-I is already completed. Hence, no significant impact is expected on this account. Impacts due to increased vehicular movement During construction phase, there will be significant increase in vehicular movement for transportation of construction material. During construction phase, the vehicular movement is expected to increase upto a maximum of 5 to 6 trucks/hour. As a part of CEIA study, impact on noise level due to increased vehicular movement was studied using Federal Highway Administration model. The results of modelling are outlined in Table-4.8.
Table-4.8: Increase in noise levels due to increased vehicular movement Distance (m) Ambient noise Increase in noise Resultant Noise level dB (A) level dB (A) levels dB (A) 10 55 72 72.1 20 55 67 67.3 50 55 61 62.0 100 55 57 59.1 200 55 52 56.8 500 55 46 55.5 1000 55 42 55.2
As mentioned earlier, there will be significant attenuation due to various factors, e.g. absorption by construction material, air absorption, atmospheric inhomogeneties, and vegetal cover. Thus, no significant impact on this account is anticipated. Appropriate measures have been suggested as a part of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) report to minimize impacts on wildlife.
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
Impacts on labour The effect of high noise levels on the operating personnel, has to be considered as this may be particularly harmful. It is known that continuous exposures to high noise levels above 90 dB(A) affects the hearing acuity of the workers/operators and hence, should be avoided. To prevent these effects, it has been recommended by Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) that the exposure period of affected persons be limited as per the maximum exposure period specified in Table- 4.9. Table-4.9: Maximum Exposure Periods specified by OSHA Maximum equivalent continuous Unprotected exposure period per day for 8 Noise level dB(A) hrs/day and 5 days/week 90 8 95 4 100 2 105 1 110 ½ 115 ¼ 120 No exposure permitted at or above this level
Noise generated due to drilling The noise levels generated during drilling operation are given in Table-4.10. Table-4.10: Noise generated due to drilling Equipment (s) Noise level at source dB (A) Standing idle (inside cabin) 70-72 Standing idle (10 m radius) 72-74 On load (inside cabin) 78-80 On load (10 m radius) 82-84
The noise levels during various construction activities have been compared to various standards prescribed by Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), which are being implemented in our country through rules framed under Factories Act. It can be observed (Refer Table-4.10) that for an 8 hour duration, equivalent noise level exposure should be less than 90 dB(A). The Director General of Mines Safety in its circular no. DG(Tech)/18 of 1975, has prescribed the noise level in mining operations for workers in 8 hour shift period with unprotected ear as 90 dB(A) or less. Similar norms can be considered for construction phase of the proposed project as well. The workers who are expected to be exposed to noise levels greater than 90 dB(A), should not work in these areas beyond 6 to 8 hours. In addition, they also need to be provided with ear plugs. Thus,
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW increased noise levels due to drilling are not expected to adversely affect the workers operating the drill or involved in other mining activities closely. Noise generated due to blasting Noise generated by blasting is instantaneous, site specific and depends on type, quantity of explosives, dimension of drill hole, degree of compaction of explosives in the hole and rock. Noise levels generated due to blasting have been monitored at various sites and the results have been summarized in Table-4.11. Table-4.11: Noise generation due to blasting No. of holes Total charge Maximum Distance Noise level (kg) charge/delay (kg) (m) dB(A) 15 1500 100 250 76-85 17 1700 100 250 76-86 18 1800 100 250 74-85 19 1900 100 400 70-75 20 2000 100 100 76-80 It can be observed from Table-4.11, that noise level due to blasting operations are expected to be of the order of 75-86 dB(A). Since, the nearest settlement are about 0.8 to 1.0 km away, the incremental noise due to blasting is expected to be 50-60 dB(A). As the blasting is likely to last for 4 to 5 seconds depending on the charge, noise levels over this time would be instantaneous and short in duration. Considering attenuation due to various sources, even the instantaneous increase in noise level is not expected to 60 dB(A). Hence, noise level due to blasting is not expected to cause any significant adverse impact. Mitigation Measures Contractors will be required to properly maintain various construction equipment and comply with occupational safety and health standards. The construction equipment will be required to use available noise suppression devices and properly maintained mufflers. Vehicles to be equipped with mufflers recommended by the vehicle manufacturer. Staging of construction equipment and unnecessary idling of equipment within noise sensitive areas to be avoided whenever possible. Monitoring of noise levels will be conducted during the construction phase of the project. In case of exceeding of pre-determined acceptable noise levels by the machinery will require the contractor(s) to stop work and remedy the situation prior to continuing construction. Provision with ear muffs or plugs for the workers, so as to attenuate the noise level near the crusher by atleast 15 dB(A).
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
Working hours of the laborers working on dredgers will decided considering the guidelines of Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) To prevent other psychological and physiological impacts as mentioned in literature, the exposure period of affected persons be limited as recommended by OSHA limits in the Table- 4.10. The following Noise Standards for DG sets are recommended for the running of DG sets during the construction: Maximum permissible sound pressure level for new diesel generator sets with rated capacity upto 1000 KVA shall be 75 dB(A) at 1 m from the enclosure surface. Noise from the DG set shall be controlled by providing an acoustic enclosure or by treating the enclosure acoustically. Acoustic Enclosure should be made of CRCA sheets of appropriate thickness and structural/ sheet metal base. The walls of the enclosure should be insulated with fire retardant foam so as to comply with the 75 dB(A) at 1m sound levels specified by CPCB, Ministry of Environment & Forests. Acoustic enclosure/acoustic treatment of the room shall be designed for minimum 25 dB(A) Insertion Loss or for meeting the ambient noise standards, whichever is on the higher side. DG set shall also be provided with proper exhaust muffler with insertion loss of minimum 25 dB(A). Proper efforts to be made to bring down the noise levels due to the DG set, outside its premises, within the ambient noise requirements by proper siting and control measures. A proper routine and preventive maintenance procedure for the DG set should be set and followed in consultation with the DG set manufacturer which would help prevent noise levels of the DG set from deteriorating with use.
Implementing Agency The above referred management measures shall be implemented by the Contractor involved in construction phase. The same shall be monitored on a regular basis by the project proponents. Further to strengthen the mitigation measures to control the Air Pollution and Noise Pollution an amount of Rs. 25 lakh is earmarked for Phase-II of Tidong HEP.
4.5 IMPACTS ON LAND ENVIRONMENT a) Construction phase The major impacts anticipated on land environment during construction are as follows:
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
Operation of construction equipment Soil erosion Muck disposal Acquisition of land
i. Operation of construction equipment During construction phase, various types of equipment will be brought to the site. These include crushers, batching plant, drillers, earth movers, rock bolters, etc. The siting of this construction equipment would require significant amount of space. Similarly, space will be required for storing of various other construction equipment. In addition, land will also be temporarily acquired, i.e. for the duration of project construction for storage of quarried material before crushing, crushed material, cement, rubble, etc. Mitigation Measures Efforts shall be made for proper siting of these facilities. The various criteria for selection of these sites would be: Proximity to the site of use Sensitivity of forests in the nearby areas Proximity from habitations Proximity to drinking water source
Efforts must be made to site the contractor’s working space in such a way that the adverse impacts on environment are minimal, i.e. to locate the construction equipment, so that impacts on human and faunal population is minimal. ii. Soil erosion The runoff from the construction sites will have a natural tendency to flow towards river Tidong or its tributaries. For some distance downstream of major construction sites, such as barrage, power house, etc. there is a possibility of increased sediment levels which will lead to reduction in light penetration, which in turn could reduce the photosynthetic activity to some extent of the aquatic plants as it depends directly on sunlight. This change is likely to have an adverse impact on the primary biological productivity of the affected stretch of river Tidong. Since, river Tidong has sufficient flow even in the lean season, hence, adverse impacts on this account are not expected to be significant. However, runoff from construction sites, entering small streams would have significant adverse impact on their water quality. The runoff would increase the turbidity levels with corresponding adverse impacts on
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW photosynthetic action and biological productivity. The impacts on these streams and rivulets thus, would be significant. Adequate measures need to be implemented as a part of EMP to ameliorate this adverse impact to the extent possible. Mitigation Measures The Forest Department is implementing the Catchment Area Treatment measures and requisite amount has been deposited to the concerned department by project proponent for Phase-I HEP. As Catchment Area for Phase-I & Phase-II is same; hence, no additional mitigation measures for sediments is suggested for phase-II of Tidong HEP. iii. Muck disposal Based on the geological nature of the rocks and engineering properties of the soil, a part of the muck generated can be used as construction material. The balance needs to be suitably disposed. Normally, muck is disposed in low-lying areas or depressions. Trees, if any, are cut before muck disposal, however, shrubs, grass or other types of undergrowth in the muck disposal at sites perish. The muck disposal sites will be suitably stabilized on completion of the muck disposal. Muck disposal can lead to impacts on various aspects of environment. Normally, the land is cleared before muck disposal. During clearing operation trees are cut, but undergrowth perishes as a result of muck disposal. In many of the sites, muck is stacked without adequate stabilization measures. In such a scenario, the muck moves along with runoff and creates landslide like situations. Many a times, boulders/large stone pieces enter the river/water body, affecting the benthic fauna, fisheries and other components of aquatic biota. Increased vehicular movement near muck disposal sites lead to adverse impacts on ambient air quality as well. However, increase in vehicular traffic is not significant to cause major impact on ambient air quality. Normally muck disposal is done at low lying areas, which gets filled up due to stacking of muck. This can sometimes affect the natural drainage pattern of the area leading to accumulation of water or partial flooding of some area which can provide ideal breeding habitat for mosquitoes.
Thus, it is necessary to develop a proper muck disposal plan for amelioration of above referred impacts. Muck Disposal Sites Under Phase-I project, four muck dumps are approved by Forest Department but only three dumps are developed. near power house and barrage sites having total capacity of 0.765 million m3 to accommodate muck. The muck dumps are provided with adequate slopes to ensure stability. The muck stored in the dumps is being
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW crushed to produce sand and other aggregates required in the construction. There is no need for the sand mining in the nearby river bed. This practice helps to restore the environment. After completion of construction, the balance muck available, if any, will be reclaimed by developing vegetation. All the dumps are provided with protection wall i.e. retaining wall to prevent any spillage of muck into river. The total area covered under muck dump is 29.985 ha. Current Status of Muck Dumping Estimated quantity of the muck is 0.025 million m3. 4 muck dumping sites were identified by the project proponent within the project area approved by Forest Department (Refer Table-4.12) The total capacity of these dumping site is 0.842 million m3 (Refer Table-4.13) Excess capacity available as on 31/01/2020 is 0.168 million m3. The muck available in the dump is being utilized for sand and aggregates. It is estimated that all the muck available in the dump will be utilized at the end of the project construction activity. The muck dumping sites will be handed over to forest department for the reclamation. The fees of the reclamation are already paid to forest Department, Himachal Pradesh
Table-4.12: Details of muck dumping location and status
Dumping Site Location Capacity (m3) Remark
PA-1 (b) Crusher Plant, Intake site 4,08,358 In use PA-2 Adit I, Intake site 1,07,652 Closed PA-3 Behind Power House Building 77,180 Not Developed PA-4 Crusher Plant, Power House Site 2,49,400 In use
Table-4.13: Details of capacity of each muck dumping site Details PA-1 A&B PA2 PA 3&4 Total Muck 702586 9300 363443 1075329 Generated (m3) Utilized (m3) 451714 1300 221005 674019 Disposed (m3) 250872 8000 142428 401300 Capacity of 408000 107652 326580 842232 dump (m3)
At present combined capacity of 0.17 million m3 is available in three operating dumps. The muck generated in Phase-II will be accommodated in muck dump PA 3&4 close to Power House. The excess capacity of 0.11 million m3 is available in PA 3&4 muck dump site which is sufficient to accommodate estimated 0.0025 million m3 of muck in
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
Phase-II. Adequate slope is provided for the stability of the muck. The retaining walls are constructed at the bottom of the dump to prevent spillage of muck into river. The entire muck dump will be handed over to forest department for reclamation after completion of construction work. A provision of Rs 132.00 lakh towards development of muck disposal sites has been made as estimated in Table-4.14. The approved Muck Disposal Plan is given in Annexure-III. Table-4.14: Cost of Development and restoration of muck disposal sites S. No Item Cost (Rs. lakhs) 1 Engineering measures Leveling of sites before dumping 118.82 Boulder crate as per requirement Catch water drain as per requirement Retaining wall as per requirement Fencing in selected patches for 2.5km @ Rs. 2.00 80,00/km Provision of top sol for plantation (25% of total area) 6.59 including leveling/dressing, 10980 cum @ Rs.60/cum 2 Biological measures: Plantation of 3.66 Ha @ Rs. 27.310/- per ha incl of 5 1.00 yrs maintenance Beautification works LS 4.00 Total 132.00
Dumping site PA-1 (Intake Site)
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
Dumping site PA-4 (Power House Site) The excavation in the project is almost completed and very minimal muck may be generated. The excess muck dump capacity is available at the identified locations. Acquisition of Land The total quantum of land required for Phase-I of the project is 42.2557 ha. The details are given in Table-4.15. The 3rd unit will be installed within the area which has already been acquired. No additional land required for Phase-II of the project. Table-4.15: Land proposed for Acquisition for Tidong HEP, Phase-I Type of Land Area (ha) Private land 3.2011 Forest land 39.0546 Total 42.2557
4.6 IMPACTS ON BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT a) Construction phase 4.6.1 Impacts on Terrestrial Flora i) Increased human interferences The direct impact of construction activity of any water resource project in a Himalayan terrain is generally limited in the vicinity of the construction sites only. As mentioned earlier, a large population (950) including technical staff, workers and other group of people are likely to congregate in the area during the project construction phase. It can be assumed that the technical staff will be of higher economic status and will live in a more urbanized habitat, and will not use wood as fuel, if adequate alternate sources of fuel are provided. However, workers and other population groups residing in the area may use fuel wood, if no alternate fuel is provided for whom alternate fuel could be provided. The staff colony is equipped with all the facilities and only LPG fuel will be used for cooking. Electric heaters or diesel
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW as fuel is being/will be used during winter season. There is/will be no fire wood used for any purpose. Thus, no major adverse impact on forest on account of increased human interferences during project construction phase. Mitigation Measures Acquisition of forest land During project construction phase, land will be required for location of construction equipment, storage of construction material, muck disposal, widening of existing roads and construction of new project roads. The forest in the area has already been degraded due to a large-scale human interference. Though the project area is located in an ecologically sensitive area, the forests in and around the project area are quite degraded. Normally in a dense forest, tree density is of the order of 1000- 1200 trees/ha. No additional land is to be acquired for Phase-II (50MW) development of the project. Thus, no impacts on forest are anticipated due to the project. A total land of 45.557 ha has been acquired for phase-I of the project of which 39.0546 ha is forest land. The details of ownership status of land acquisition are given in Table-4.16. It was proposed to carry out compensatory afforestation over an area of 78.10 ha in the nearby degraded forest area. The afforestation work has been carried out by the Local Forest Department. Compensatory afforestation will be carried out in UF Charang, C-194 and UF Thangi C·186 over 79.00 hectare of degraded forest land as per proposed scheme, at a cost of Rs.266.76 lakh. The NPV amount has been estimated as Rs. 244.89 lakh. The conditions outlined in the Forest Clearance (FC) are being implemented during construction of Phase-I of the project and shall be implemented in Phase-II of the project. 4.6.2 Impacts on Terrestrial Fauna i) Disturbance to wildlife During construction phase, large number of machinery and construction labour will have to be mobilized. The operation of various construction equipment, and blasting is likely to generate noise. These activities can lead to some disturbance to wildlife population. Likewise, siting of construction equipment, godowns, stores, labour camps, etc. can lead to adverse impacts on fauna in the area. Since, phase-I of the project is already construction and no additional land is to be acquired for the project. Hence, no additional impacts on fauna due to construction of Phase-II of the project is anticipated.
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
Mitigation Measures It is proposed that during construction phase, strict surveillance measures be adopted to minimize adverse impacts due to increased human interferences. Stray animals, however, may sometimes drift to the construction site. It shall be ensured through stringent anti-poaching surveillance that the stray animals are not killed. b) Operation phase i) Increased accessibility During operation phase very limited staff will be posted for operating the project. The staff colony will be equipped with all the facilities and only LPG fuel will be used for the cooking. Electric heaters will be used during winter season. There will be no fire wood used for any purpose. Therefore, there will be no human interference with forest. Aquatic Flora a) Construction phase During construction phase wastewater mostly from domestic source will be discharged mostly from various camps of workers actively engaged in the project area. We designed sewage network is developed to collect all the sewage and feed to Sewage Treatment Plan. It is ensured that no untreated sewage is discharged in to river. Around 0.066 mld of water is required for the workers during the peak construction phase out of which 80% (i.e. about 0.053 mld) will be discharged back to the river as wastes, more or less as a point sources from various congregation sites where workers will reside. Sufficient water for dilution will be available in Tidong to keep the DO of the river to significantly high levels. The sewage is being treated prior to disposal. Hence, no adverse impact on this account is anticipated. b) Operation phase The completion of Tidong hydroelectric Project would bring about significant changes in the riverine ecology, as the river transforms from a fast-flowing water system to a quiescent lacustrine environment. Such an alteration of the habitat would bring changes in physical, chemical and biotic life. Among the biotic communities, certain species can survive the transitional phase and can adapt to the changed riverine habitat. There are other species amongst the biotic communities, which, however, for varied reasons related to feeding and reproductive characteristics cannot acclimatize to the changed environment, and may disappear in the early years of impoundment of water. The micro-biotic organisms especially diatoms, blue-green and green algae
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW before the operation of project, have their habitats beneath boulders, stones, fallen logs along the river, where depth is such that light penetration can take place. But with the damming of river, these organisms may perish as a result of increase in depth. 4.6.3 Impacts on Aquatic Fauna a) Construction phase During construction, no material like sand is being extracted from the river bed. The requirement of sand and other aggregates in the project construction is met from the crushing the muck generated during excavation of tunnel. Therefore, no impacts on the aquatic life is envisaged. b) Operation phase The important change, which can be expected is reduced flow in the river section between the dam and Tail Race Channel. The aquatic ecology study indicates there are no fishes in Tidong river and aquatic life is also very poor. Further, it is mandatory for the project to release ecological flow of 20% of the lean flow i.e 0.99 m3/s throughout the year. This will ensure to maintain sufficient flow in the river for survival of aquatic life. There are four perennial streams joining the Tidong river between dam and TRC which further help to maintain sufficient water in the Tidong river. Therefore the reduced flow in the river may not impact aquatic life.
Mitigation Measures 20% of lean flow should be released as ecological flow as stipulated by HPSPCB; Sewage Treatment Plan should be maintained in appropriately and operated continuously the discharge of wastewater so as to avoid adverse impacts on riverine ecology.
4.7 INCREASED INCIDENCE OF WATER-RELATED DISEASES 4.7.1 Increased incidence of water-related diseases The construction of a barrage would convert riverine ecosystem into a lacustrine ecosystem. The vectors of various diseases may breed in shallow parts of the impounded water. The magnitude of breeding sites for mosquitoes and other vectors in the impounded water is in direct proportion to the length of the shoreline. Since, this is a run-of river project in a mountainous region, increase in water spread area will be marginal and it would remain mostly confined in the gorge of the river, the increase in
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW the incidence of water borne disease is not expected. Further, mosquitoes are normally observed upto a maximum elevation of about 1950-1960 m above sea level. The proposed project is located much above this elevation. Hence, increase in incidence of mosquitoes is not expected at the barrage site. The dam site and power house are located at an elevation of about 2900 m and 2300 m above mean sea level (MSL) respectively. Mitigation Measures The project proponent, i.e., Tidong Power Generation Power Limited (TPGPL) has established two medical centres one each at dam site and power house site for the treatment of workers as a part of Phase-I of Tidong HEP. These medical centres are managed by one well experienced Doctor and assisted by two paramedical staff throughout the day and both these centres are well equipped with basic life support equipment like Oxygen cylinders, cardiac monitors, drugs for daily usage & emergency, automated external defibrillator, nebulizer machines, IV Fluids, suturing material etc. Two basic life support ambulances are also available on site, and facilitated with two expert ambulance drivers round the clock which is fully equipped with oxygen supply, nebulization, cardiac monitor, IV fluids along with life-saving drugs.
In addition to above medical set up, there are two separate medical first aid centres at intake and power house area being run by the contractors for wellbeing of the workers. Further to strengthen the existing medical facility an amount of Rs. 20 lakh has been earmarked for Phase-II (50MW) Tidong HEP.
Ambulance with basic life support Medical Facilities available at site system
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4.7.2 Aggregation of labour The labours and technical staff will congregate in the project area during construction phase. Most of the labour has come from various parts of the country. The labours live in colonies provided by the Contractors. Proper potable water supply and sanitation facilities along with solid waste management facilities have been provided at labour camps. As a mandatory condition for Environmental Management following measures are adopted as a part of EMP for Tidong HEP, Phase-I:
The staff/labour colony is provided with treated potable drinking water. Two Water Treatment Plants (WTPs) are provided in the project area one each at dam site and power house. Each WTP consists of water filter and Reverse Osmosis (RO). TPGPL has commissioned two Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) in the project area having capacity 60 and 40 KLPD each at dam site as well power house to treat the sewage generated for Colonies. Treated wastewater is discharged in the river after conforming quality stipulated by HPSPCB. The wastewater quality monitoring confirms the stipulated standards by HPSPCB. 4.7.3 Excavations The excavation of earth from borrow pits etc. is one of the major factor for the increase in prevalence of malaria. After excavation of construction material, the depressions are generally left without treatment where water gets collected. These pools of water, then serves as breeding grounds for mosquitoes. However, in the present case, no borrow pits are excavated for the construction material. The demand of sand and aggregates are met from the crushing of muck generated during excavation of tunnel. Therefor no impacts due to borrow pits envisaged. Mitigation Measures Measures to be taken for provision of adequate drinking and sanitation facilities for the labors and their families. Adequate measures for supply of potable water and sewage treatment have been recommended as a part of Environmental Management Plan. A proper surveillance, immunization schedule and medical facilities would be provided for the labour population migrating into the project area.
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
4.8 IMPACTS ON SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT 4.8.1 Impacts during construction phase the labour force engaged in Phase-I construction will be utilized for the phase-II project also . There will not be increase in labour force in Phase-II project. The paek around 950 labours will be working during peak construction works.At present all the facilities with respect to labour are made available within the project area .The interaction between the labour and the locals is very minimal. In the Phase- I there is no issue related to social, cultural, economic and security related problems. The important adverse impact during construction phase will be that, pertaining to land acquisition. About 3.2011 ha of private land was acquired for the 100 MW Phase-I under construction project under Land Acquisition Act. During acquisition none of the families, households and commercial establishments were displaced. None of the families rendered landless after land acquisition. Revenue department of Government of Himachal Pradesh (GoHP) has prepared Resettlement and Rehabilitation Plan and under finalization. It will be implemented by project proponent after notification from GoHP. The compensation to the Project Affected Families has been disbursed. For Phase-II of the project, no additional land is to be acquired, hence no adverse impacts due to acquisition of private/community land is anticipated. Local employment opportunities TPGPL has already recruited 60 people from project affected panchaytas. In addition, 17 people from project affected families due to land acquisition. The local contractors are engaged in small works in the project area. This has helped the local community economically. This will be continued under Phase-II also based on the work requirement. Improved access facilities in the project area Construction of Phase-I of the proposed Tidong HEP project has multifold beneficial impacts. A key beneficial impact of the project is the improved connectivity by the road. The improved road access has brought an improvement of food security situation and overall economic and social stability. The improved access road has also provided cheap, safe and fast transport of goods and services from rural areas to urban centers and vice versa. This has contributed significantly to improve the overall socio-economic condition of the people. Similar benefits are expected to continue during construction of phase-II of the project as well.
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
Impacts on public health due to migrant population The labourers, technical staff and service providers will congregate in the project area during construction phase. There will not be increase in workers since same work force will be utilized for Phase-II project. Most of the labour would come from various parts of the country. The labourer are housed in the labour colony equipped with all the amenities including medical facility and good sanitation. . The same facilities shall continue during construction of Phase-II of the project as well. 4.8.2 Impacts during Operation Phase Although there are a number of positive impacts of the proposed project, certain negative impacts will also be there, which are described in the following paragraphs. Community Development Once the construction of the project starts, significant and visible impacts will be felt in the project area. During operation, fund towards Corporate Social Responsibility will be implemented which will help in developing the infrastructure in the project affected panchayats. Local employment opportunities The operation of the project will provide an impetus to the industrialization and urbanization in the area.
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CHAPTER -5 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES
Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
CHAPTER - 5 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES
5.1 GENERAL Originally, Tidong I project was conceived as 100 MW (2X 50 MW) run of river project with diurnal storage. During construction phase of the project, developer continuously measured the discharge of Tidong Khad. It was observed that during monsoon the actual discharge in Tidong Khad is very much higher than the design discharge for about 60 days. Based on the Techno-economic Study carried out by Engineering Consultant, it was found that there is possibility of putting additional 50 MW unit adjacent to two units each of 50 MW. The DPR for the 3rd Unit was prepared and submitted to Department of Energy (DOE), State Govt. of Himachal Pradesh. In principle approvals were accorded by the State Govt. of Himachal Pradesh vide their letter Dt. 24/09/2015 to go ahead for additional 50 MW unit in the power house.
The location of 3rd Unit of Phase-II (50MW) is adjacent to the proposed unit of phase-I in the same Powerhouse. Alternatives of smaller turbines etc. were explored. A third unit of the same type allows synergy with respect to construction costs, spares and maintenances. Without such synergies, other units were not feasible economically.
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CHAPTER-6 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME
Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
CHAPTER-6 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME
6.1 THE NEED Monitoring is an essential component for sustainability of any water resources project. It is an integral part of any environmental assessment process. Any water resources development project introduces complex inter-relationships in the project area between people, various natural resources, biota and the many developing forces. Thus, a new environment is created. It is very difficult to predict with complete certainty the exact post-project environmental scenario. Hence, monitoring of critical parameters is essential in the project operation phase. Monitoring of environmental indicators signal potential problems and facilitate timely prompt implementation of effective remedial measures. It will also allow for validation of the assumption and assessments made in the present study. Monitoring becomes essential to ensure that the mitigation measures planned for environmental protection function effectively during the entire period of project operation. The data so generated can also serve as a data bank for prediction of post-project scenarios in similar projects as well. 6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING FOR PHASE-I OF TIDONG HEP The details of environmental monitoring during the construction phase for Phase-I of Todong HEP as a current practice by TPGPL is given in Table-6.1. Table-6.1: Environmental Monitoring for Phase-I of Tidong HEP by TPGPL Environmental Parameters No. of Frequency of Attributes Locations Monitoring
Ambient air quality PM2.5, PM10, SO2, 8 Twice a week every NO2, CO quarter
Dust fall pH, dust fall 8 Monthly
Source Monitoring PM, SO2 NO2, CO 8 Once in a quarter (DG Set)
Ambient Noise Leq, L max, Lmin 8 Once in a quarter
Source Noise Leq, L max, Lmin 8 Once in a quarter Monitoring (DG)
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Environmental Parameters No. of Frequency of Attributes Locations Monitoring
River Water pH, odour, colour, 4 Once in a quarter Temperature, Turbidity, Taste, Conductivity, TDS, Alkalinity, Total Hardness, Ca, Mg, Mn, Chloride, NO3, SO , H2S, F, Cl, Total Drinking water 4 2 Once in a quarter ammonia, MBAS, Fe, Phenolic compound, Cu, Al, Ba, B, Zn, Hg, Cd, As, Pb, Ni, Cr, Total Coliform, Fecal Coliform.
Waste water (STP) pH, TSS, BOD, Fecal 4 Once in a quarter coliform
The above referred Environmental Monitoring Programme would continue during construction phase-II of the project as well. To strengthen the existing environmental monitoring programme during the construction phase an amount of Rs. 21.00 lakh is earmarked.
6.3 WATER QUALITY Construction Phase It is proposed to monitor the effluent before and after treatment from STP. The frequency of monitoring could be once per month. Since, 2 modular STP have been proposed for labour camps, a total of 48 samples need to be analysed. The parameters to be monitored include pH, Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand, Total Suspended Solids and Total Dissolved Solids. The analysis work can be done by any laboratory recognized by Himachal Pradesh Pollution Control Board. The monitoring carried under Phase-I will continue till completion of Phase-II construction. Operation phase During project operation phase, a sewage treatment plant (STP) is proposed to be set up to treat the effluent from the project colony. Once every week, it is envisaged to analyse a sample each before and after treatment from the STP. The parameters
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to be analysed include pH, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Total Suspended Solids and Total Dissolved Solids.
6.4 AIR QUALITY AND METEOROLOGY Construction Phase The ambient air quality monitoring during construction phase can be carried out by an external agency, approved by State Pollution Control Board at two stations. Every year monitoring is to be done for three seasons namely, winter, pre-monsoon and Post-monsoon. The frequency of monitoring could be twice a week for four consecutive weeks at each station for each season. The parameters to be monitored are PM10, PM2.5, SO2 and NO2. The monitoring carried under Phase-I will be continued till completion of Phase-II construction. A meteorological laboratory can be set up at one of the ambient air quality monitoring stations. Automatic recorders for temperature, wind speed and direction, humidity, rainfall needs to be commissioned at the site.
6.5 NOISE Construction Phase Noise emissions from vehicular movement, operation of various construction equipment may be monitored during construction phase at major construction sites. The frequency of monitoring could be once every three months. For monitoring of noise level, an integrating Sound Level Meter will be required. The monitoring carried under Phase-I will continue till completion of Phase-II construction.
6.6 ECOLOGY Project Operation Phase Status of afforestation programmes, changes in migration patterns of the aquatic and terrestrial fauna species should be studied. The study could be undertaken twice every year till the entire design life of the dam. The monitoring can be done for two seasons in a year namely pre-monsoon and post-monsoon. The study can be conducted by an external agency having an experience to conduct such studies.
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6.7 AQUATIC ECOLOGY Project Construction Phase No monitoring programme has been suggested for the project construction phase. Project Operation Phase As stated earlier there are no fishes observed during survey in the river. However, due to reduced inflow in the river during operation phase, it is worthwhile to monitor aquatic life of the river. The phytoplankton, zooplankton and benthos can be monitored once in six months. The monitoring can be conducted by a reputed external agency. River Flow Measurement As per the statutory requirement of HPSPCB, proponent has to maintain 15% of lean flow in the river. It is mandatory to measure the flow and upload the real time data to HPSPCB. Therefore, continuous flow measuring equipment shall be installed to measure hourly flow.
6.8 INCIDENCE OF WATER-RELATED DISEASES Project Construction Phase During project construction phase, the incidence of various water-related diseases can be monitored. The various parameters to be covered include various diseases cause and control measures. The monitoring can be conducted by the medical staff posted at the dispensary near construction site. Project Operation Phase Various parameters to be covered included various disease cause and control measure. The monitoring can be conducted by Environmental Cell.
6.9 SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME The summary of Environmental Monitoring Programmes to be implemented in project construction and operation phases is given in Tables 6.1 and 6.2 respectively.
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Table-6.2: Summary of Environmental Monitoring Programme during Project Operation Phase S. No. Items Parameters Frequency Location 1. Effluent from STP pH, BOD, COD, Once After treatment TSS, TDS every six from STP month 2. Water related Identification of Once in a Villages adjacent diseases water related year to project sites diseases, sites, adequacy of local vector control measures, etc. 3. Terrestrial Ecology Status of Two - afforestation seasons programme of green belt development 4. Aquatic ecology Phytoplanktons, Two 1 km upstream zooplanktons, seasons of reservoir benthic life, fish Reservoir area composition 1, 3 and 5 km downstream of barrage site
6.10 COST FOR IMPLIMENTING ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PRORAMME The cost required for strengthening implementation of Environmental Monitoring programme Rs. 20.00 lakh is earmarked for construction phase. In addition, an amount of Rs. 12.00 lakh has been earmarked for setting up of a meteorological observatory and a noise meter. The cost required for implementation of the Environmental Monitoring Programme during operation phase is the order of Rs.28.20 lakh/year. A 10% annual price increase may be considered for every year. The details are given in Table-6.4. Table-6.3: Cost for implementing Environmental Monitoring Programme during project operation phase Item Cost (Rs. lakh/year) Water quality and effluent from project colony 5.2 Ecology 10.0 Aquatic ecology and Environmental Releases 8.0 Incidence of water related diseases 5.0 Total 28.2
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CHAPTER-7 ADDITIONAL STUDIES
Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
CHAPTER–7 ADDITIONAL STUDIES 7.1 INTRODUCTION The present chapter shall discuss about the Local Area Development Fund (LADF), Corporate Environment Responsibility (CER) and social impact assessment study for the proposed 3rd Unit of Tidong Hydro Electric Project, Himachal Pradesh. The present chapter outlines the Corporate Environment Responsibility (CER) Guidelines issued by Government of India and mentioned in Terms of Reference (ToR). The guideline makes it mandatory for companies to set aside funds for CER over and above what is required for executing the environment management plan in a project affected area. A special provision of Local Area Development Fund (LADF) has been made under the State Hydro Power Policy to carry out local developmental activities so as to ensure visible additional benefits to the local communities in the project area as part of the Project cost.
7.2 CORPORATE ENVIRONMENT RESPONSIBILITY PLAN As per CER rules (Office Memorandum No. 22-65/2017-IA.III issued on 1/5/2018) projects with capital investment between Rs.100 and Rs.500 crore Greenfield project have to allocate 1.50% of the project cost towards implementation of Corporate Environment Responsibility Plan (CERP). Total cost of Tidong Hydro Electric Project Phase-II is Rs.158.50 crore and therefore total cost of CER funds works out to be Rs.2.38 crore. In line with the order, CER fund can be utilized for infrastructure creation for the following; Drinking water; Sanitation; Education; Skill development; Roads; Cross drains; Electrification including solar power; Solid waste management facilities; Scientific support and awareness to local farmers to increase yield of crops; Rain water hervesting; Soil moisture conservation; Avenue plantation; and Plantation in community areas.
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
The activities will be planned based on the issues raised during Public Hearing and need of the local community. Based on the requirement which are in line with above mentioned activities, CER will be planned and funds will be allocated accordingly. Following facilities are proposed as a part of CER activities in the area: 7.2.1 Upgradation of Educational Facilities It is proposed to upgrade the primary schools in 12 villages in the periphery of the affected villages. The following activities are proposed under CER activities: Up-gradation of school fixtures, equipment Improvement of drinking water facilities School bus service It is suggested to Up-gradation of school fixtures, equipment, etc., and to improve drinking water facilities in one primary school in 12 study area villages. A lump-sum amount of Rs. 4.0 lakh per primary school is being made for this purpose. The details are given in Table-7.1. Since 12 primary schools are to be upgraded, an amount of Rs.48.0 lakh needs to be earmarked for this purpose. In addition, an amount of Rs.82.0 lakh has been earmarked for purchase of 4 school vans/mini- buses. Thus, total lump-sum amount of Rs.160.0 lakh needs to be earmarked for this purpose. Table 7.1: Break up of cost required for up-gradation of existing primary schools S. Particular Amount Amount (Rs. No. (Rs. lakh) lakh) for 12 /school schools 1 Furniture & fixtures and equipment 3.0 36.0 2 Improvement of drinking water facilities 3.0 36.0 Sub-Total (A) 6.0 72.0 3 Purchase of school vans/mini-buses x 22.0 88.0 4 Nos. Sub-Total (B) 88.0 Total (A + B) 160.0
7.2.2 Scholarships for Students It is suggested to provide scholarships for local students. On the one hand school going students who are presently studying between Class–I to Class-XII, scholarships are suggested for an amount of Rs.1500 per year for a period of 12 years may be extended as scholarship to about 70 students in the Villages. On the other hand, scholarships are also suggested for students going in for higher studies. Meritorious students from the above mentioned category or students who
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
are presently pursuing higher studies will then be supported for their college/ higher education. A scholarship provision of Rs.4500 per year for meeting their fee and study material requirement along with Rs.2000 per year for meeting their hostel expenses for a period of 4 years is being made for meritorious students for higher studies. About 25 students are proposed to be covered under this scheme. A total amount of Rs.24.0 lakh may be earmarked for providing scholarships, details of which are given in Table-7.2. Table-7.2: Details of scholarships S. Activities Amount No. (Rs. lakh) 1 Scholarship for School going students (70 students x 1500 12.6 per year for 12 years) 2 Scholarship for meritorious students–College/ higher education a) Fees/course material (@ Rs. 4500/year x10 1.8 students x 4 years) b) Hostel expenses (@ Rs. 24,000/year x 25 students 9.6 x 4 years) Total 24.0
7.2.3 Improvement of Public Health Facilities It is proposed up-grade 2 existing Primary Health Centers to be identified by the Local Administration. Up-gradation of this health care facility would involve renovation of existing structure/ construction of new wing, if required. Provision of new and/or latest gadgets and instruments, such as furniture, beds, laboratory equipment/instruments, computers wherever possible, installation of new floorings and ceilings, up-gradation/ construction of new of lavatories, electrification and adequate and proper lighting in rooms, facilities for cold storage of essential medicines, provision of drinking water facilities, etc. An amount of Rs.18 lakh (9 lakh x 2 PHCs) is being made for up-gradation of the existing PHCs. The details are given in Table-7.3. In addition, it is suggested to purchase 1 van fitted with life saving equipment and stocked with medicines, which will function as a mobile clinics. It is further suggested to attach these mobile clinics to any of the above mentioned PHCs from where these mobile units will operate. A lump-sum amount of Rs.30.0 lakh is being earmarked for this purpose.
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
A total amount of Rs.54.0 lakh is being earmarked for extending health facilities under CERP. The details are given in Table 7.3. Table-7.3: Budget for up-gradation of PHSCs S. Items Cost Cost for 2 No. (Rs. lakh) PHCs (Rs.lakh) 1 Furniture, Beds and other items 4.0 8.0 2 Up-gradation of Pathological laboratory 4.0 8.0 3 Up-gradation of operation theater (labor room) 4.0 8.0 Sub-Total (A) 12.0 24.0 4 Purchase of 1 mobile clinic vans 30.0 30.0 Sub-Total (B) 30.0 Total (A+B) 54.0
7.2.4 Budget for CERP An amount of Rs. 2.38 crore is being made for implementation of the Corporate Environment Responsibility Plan. The details are shown in Table-7.4. Table-7.4: Budget for implementation of Corporate Environment Responsibility Plan Items Budget (Rs. lakh) (CERP)*S. No. 1 Construction/Up-gradation schools (refer Table– 160.0 7.1) 2 Scholarships to students (refer Table–7.2) 24.0 3 Improvement of Public Health Facility (refer Table- 54.0 7.3) Total 238.0 lakh say 2.38 crore * Note: CER budget shall be discussed with district authorities (LADC) in consultation with stakeholders during public hearing and shall be finalizing and incorporated in the ESIA report.
7.3 LOCAL AREA DEVELOPMENT PLAN
While developing hydro power projects, there will be direct and indirect impacts on the environment, existing infrastructure, individual and community resources, etc. This needs to be mitigated by making appropriate and adequate provisions in the Project design and cost. Provision for mitigating these adverse consequences is provided for in schemes like Environment Management Plan (EMP).
In addition, a special provision of Local Area Development Fund (LADF) has been made under the State Hydro Power Policy to carry out local developmental activities so as to ensure visible additional benefits to the local communities in the project area
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as part of the Project cost. LADF funds are managed by Local Area Development Authority which is chaired by Deputy Commissioner. The committee plans the developmental schemes and allocates funds. The people of the affected area should be aware of the allocations likely to flow to them so that on the one hand gainful infrastructure and local development activities can be planned well in advance and on the other hand, local communities develop an interest in expeditious completion of projects. 7.3.1 Definition and Declaration of PAF, PAA & PAZ Project Affected Family (PAF) means ‘a family whose land or house or other property or source of livelihood has been partly or fully acquired for the development of project’. Project Affected Area (PAA) means – ‘the area where actual project components including submergence area/muck dumping area, mine/quarry area, infrastructure including roads, project dedicated townships, offices, construction facilities, welfare facilities and any other facilities directly related to Project implementation are located’. Unit for declaring Project Affected Area would ordinarily be the Gram Panchayat. Affected Panchayats under Project Affected Area (PAA) of Tidong HEP District Kinnaur (HP) for declaration by the GoHP. Project Affected Zone (PAZ) means–‘the area surrounding such project affected area where impact of the project on the lives of people is considerable even if no direct project activity is taking place there’. Entire block or all such adjoining Panchayats to PAA as are considered to be impacted by the project in the same or adjoin district/s. The Tidong Hydro Electric Project is envisaged in Kinnaur District and confined to Sub Block, therefore, Project Affected Zone (PAZ) is hereunder for declaration by the GoHP: 1. Affected District : Kinnaur Himachal Pradesh. 2. Affected Sub-Tehsil : Morang, District Kinnaur, H P.
7.3.2 Local Area Development Committee (LADC) As per clause no. 6.2 of LADF Notification, the LADF will be administered by a committee called the Local Area Development Committee (LADC) which will be constituted for each project separately.
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
7.3.3 Parameters for Allocation of Fund The allocation of fund as depicted in Table-7.5 will be applicable for Tidong Hydro Electric Project (100 MW+50 MW) as per Clause 8.1 of LADF Notification-Fund Allocation Prior to Commissioning of the Project: Table-7.5: Norms for allocation of LADA Fund Norms for allocation of LADA Fund during the construction phase of Tidong HEP S. Project Project Affected Zone (PAZ) Category of HEP No. Affected Project Project Project Area Affected Affected Affected (PAA) Panchayat (s) Block(s) District (s) 5-100 MW Capacity As Tidong 1 60% 20% 10% 10% HEP=100MW + 50 MW
Funds amongst GPs in the Project Affected Zone (PAZ) shall be allocated as per ratio of population of each GP to the population of all GPs in the PAZ under clause 8.1.3 of LADF Notification. 7.3.4 Allocation of Funds as per LADF As per GoHP, LADF policy about 1.5% of the project cost i.e. Rs. 158.5 crore to be allocated for LADF, Hence about Rs. 2.38 crore has been earmarked for local area development. The funds will be disbursed to PAA, PAZ and Project Affected District as per policy. The summary of allocation of funds is given in Table-7.6. Table-7.6: Summary of Allocation of funds as per LADF for PAA, PAZ and Project Affected District for Tidong hydroelectric project S. No. Unit Fund Allocated (Rs. crore) A. Project Affected Area 1.428 B. Project Affected Panchayat 0.476 C. Project Affected Block 0.238 D. Project Affected District 0.238 Total 2.38
The local area development fund will be administered by a committee called Local Area Development Committee (LADC) & entire developmental activities like water supply schemes, development of approach roads, play grounds, community welfare center, market etc. in the local areas will be done by the LADC in consultation with affected gram panchayats member.
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
7.3.5 Status of Ongoing LADA Programs
Total fund allocated for implementation of LADP is Rs. 802 lakh. Out of which 752 lakh expenses already done by the LADC Kinnaur. The balance 50 lakh is available with LADC Kinnaur. The statement of fund utilization of LADF is given in Tables-7.10 and 7.11. Table-7.7: Status of Fund utilization of LADF
Total Balance Total LADF Balance available S. Project Project LADF Deposit by Due from with No Name Capacity amount Concerned Concerned LADC (Rs) Project Project Kinnaur (Rs) Tidong Hydro 1. 100 MW 8,02,68,000 8,02,68,000 0 50,00,000 Electrical Project
Table-7.8: Statement of LADA Payment and its Utilization up to September 2019
Total Payment Balance Name of Gram S. Total Share of Released till date for amount is to PAA/Panchayat/Block/ No. LADF (Rs) Various development be released District works (Rs) (Rs)
1 Moorang 22964076 17591842 2 Thangi 23018887 21145850 3 Rispa 10204636 9191466 50,000,00 4 Block and District Level 9902215 9902215 5 Other District level expenses 17436627 17436627 Total 8,35,264,41 7,52,68,000 50,00,000 Note: LADC has allocated more amount i.e. Rs. 32,58,441 towards LADF against Rs. 8,02,68,000
7.4 STATUS ON ONGOING COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVES BY TPGPL
The acquired land of the project falls in the three gram panchayats viz. Moorang, Thangi and Rispa, which are declared as Project Affected Area. The community development schemes were undertaken and implemented in these Project Affected Panchayats. This is in addition to the schemes implemented by Local Area Development Authority (LADA). In total Rs. 1,61,04000/- is estimated for these schemes and amount of Rs. 71,42,968/- is already spent on the implementation of
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
various developmental schemes. The schemes implemented are given in Tables-7.7 to 7.9. Table-7.9: Status of Community Infrastructure Development Programs Amount S. Estimated Activity Name of Activity utilized No. Cost (INR) Status (INR) Setting up of 25 Street Lights in Complete 1 484000 484000 Rispa d Construction of Drinking Water Complete 2 850000 850000 Scheme in Rispa d Complete 3 Construction of Temple in Rispa 300000 300000 d Construction of approach road Complete 4 150000 150000 to Lamber d Renovation of Temple in Complete 5 50000 50000 Moorang d Setting up of 30 Street Lights in Complete 6 520000 814572 Thangi** d Construction of Steel Bridge at Complete 7 1850000 1250000 Thangi d Construction of Foot Path-Skiba Complete 8 300000 300000 Rispa d 4,19,857 Total 4,20,4000 2
Table-7.10: Status on Financial support for promotion and awareness on Health, Education, sports etc. Amount S. Estimated Focus Area Utilized Activity Status No. Cost (INR) (INR) Promoting local culture & 1 2500000 2350000 In Progress tradition Support towards 2 300000 73000 In Progress educational activity Support towards sports 3 300000 193600 In Progress activity Support towards Public 4 Health and awareness 500000 157972 In Progress program Awareness on Eco To be 5 Restoration and 600000 10000 implemented conservation Awareness- water 6 conservation and 1200000 Yet to be started harnessing practices Knitting machines/ Support towards gender 7 250000 240000 material activity- Knitting program distributed, training
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
Amount S. Estimated Focus Area Utilized Activity Status No. Cost (INR) (INR) in progress.
Awareness on Animal 8 200000 Yet to be started Husbandry Awareness on Horticultural 9 500000 Yet to be started and Medicinal Plants Promoting National 10 500000 437595 In Progress Integration 11 Philanthropy 150000 146801 In Progress Public Information System 12 200000 50000 In Progress and awareness Total 7200000 3658968
Table-7.11: Status of Community Development Programs in Project Affected Panchayats S. Name of Activity Amount Amount Status No. (INR) Utilized (Rs. A Rispa Panchayat CCTV Camera installation for 1 1,00,000 1,00,000 Completed village Temple Survey is 2 Bio-toilets 10,00,000 completed Narenas Mandir Construction 3 7,00,000 Yet to be started work Kuhal construction from Pyau Survey is 4 Tank to Bodarden Nala (2x2 8,00,000 completed feet wide and 350 mtr Long) Survey is Water sever line- village Rispa completed and 5 Ward No. 4 to Satluj River 4,00,000 construction will be (300m Long) initiated shortly Sub-Total 30,00,000 B Jangi Panchayat 1 Temple Construction 2,00,000 2,00,000 Completed 2 Footpath Construction 15,00,000 5,00,000 In progress Sub-Total 17,00,000 Grand Total 47,00,000 8,00,000
7.5 CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR): As per CSR policy, during operation phase 2% share of the profit shall be incurred on CSR programs.
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
7.6 DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN The emergency planning for Barrage break scenario is devised on the basis of results of dam break analysis mainly the travel time of flood wave to various locations in the downstream stretch of the river. It is inferred from the analysis that in case of main Barrage failure the flood peak discharge as it prorogates through valley shall inundate downstream stretch and the flood wave peak implying that a little reaction time for executing any rescue plan. The plan is, therefore, based on such measures, which are purely preventive in nature. However in present case no village will be affected.
The degree of alertness has to enhance during high stage of river manifested with sharp increase in discharge. Though there cannot be very sharp edge demarcation between different levels of emergency yet the following flood conditions have been contemplated and the preventive measures suggested against each as given in Table-7.12. Table-7.12: Status of Emergency S. Status of Water Level Preventive measures No. emergency 1. Normal Normal Below FRL 2873.5 masl and flood discharge Flood Flood 2. Level –1 Level –1 Rises above FRL 2873.5 masl but below MWL Emergency Emergency 3. Level –2 Level –2 Above MWL but below top of Barrage Emergency Emergency 4. Level –3 Level –3 Top of Barrage Emergency Emergency 5. Disaster Disaster Rising above top of Barrage and the breach appears in any form
I. Barrage Safety and Maintenance Manual Based on standard recommended guidelines for the safety inspection of Barrage a manual should be prepared by the project proponents in respect of dam safety surveillance and monitoring aspects. This should be updated with the availability of instrumentation data and observation data with periodical review. The need for greater vigil has to be emphasized during first reservoir impoundment and first few years of operation. The manual should also delve on the routine maintenance schedule of all hydro-mechanical and electrical instruments. It should be eloquent in respect of quantum of specific construction material needed for emergency repair
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
along with delineation of the suitable locations for its stocking and also identify the much needed machinery and equipment for executing emergency repair work and for accomplishing the evacuation plan.
II. Emergency Action Plan (EAP) Barrage safety programme as indicated above includes the formation of an Emergency Action Plan for the barrage. An emergency is defined as a condition of serious nature which develops unexpectedly and endangers downstream property and human life and required immediate attention. Emergency Action Plan should include all potential indicators of likely failure of the dam/barrage, since the primary concern is for timely and reliable identification and evaluation of existing of potential emergency.
This EAP presents warning and notification procedures to follow during the monsoon season in case of failure or potential failure of the dam/barrage. The objective is to provide timely warning to nearby residents and alert key personnel responsible for taking action in case of emergency.
III. Administration and Procedural Aspects The administrative and procedural aspects of the Emergency Action Plan consist of flow chart depicting the names and addresses of the responsible personnel of project proponent and the Dist. Administration. In order of hierarchy, the following system will usually be appropriate. In the event that the failure is imminent or the failure has occurred or a potential emergency conditions is developing, the observer at the site is required to report it to the Junior Engineer who will report to the Executive Engineer / Superintending Engineer for their reporting to the Chief Engineer through a wireless system or by any available fastest communication system. The Engineer- in-Charge is usually responsible for making cognizant with the developing situation to the Civil Administration. Each personnel are to acknowledge his/her responsibilities under the EAP in an appropriate format at a priority.
The technical aspects of the EAP consist of preventive action to be taken with regards to the structural safety of the barrage. The EAP is drawn at a priority for the regular inspection of the barrage. For this purpose, providing an adequate and easy access to the barrage site is a necessity. The dam/barrage, its sluices, overflows and non-overflow sections should be properly illuminated for effective operations during
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
night time. Whenever sinkholes, boils, increased leakages, movement of masonry rock, gate failure, rapid rise or fall of the level in the reservoir, rise in the level of reservoir beyond the maximum working level, or wave overrun of the dam/barrage crest are observed, the personnel on patrol is required to inform immediately to the Junior Engineer (JE) / Assistant Engineer (AE) for initiation of the execution of EAP. They are required to inform the Engineer-in-Charge and the local administrative authorities. It is desirable if the downstream inhabitants are warned using siren, if available, so as to make them aware the likely imminent danger.
The other preventive measures may include availability of sufficient number of sandbags at several selected downstream locations and logs (for holding sandbags) and at the barrage site, one tractor, two motor boats, gas lanterns, Manila ropes and life jackets. Areas from where the labour can be mobilized should be chalked out at a priority. In addition to these, public participation in the process of execution of the EAP may further help in amelioration of the adverse impacts of the likely disaster. For this, it is necessary that the public should be made aware of its responsibilities.
IV. Preventive Action Once the likelihood of an emergency situation is suspected, action has to be initiated to prevent a failure. The point at which each situation reaches an emergency status shall be specified and at that stage the vigilance and surveillance shall be upgraded both in respect of time and level. At this stage a thorough inspection of the dam/barrage should be carried out to locate any visible sign(s) of distress.
Engineers responsible for preventive action should identify sources of equipment needed for repair, materials, labour and expertise for use during an emergency. The amount and type of material required for emergency repairs should be determined for dam/barrage, depending upon its characteristics, design, construction history and past behavior. It is desirable to stockpile suitable construction materials at appropriate sites. The anticipated need of equipment should be evaluated and if these are not available at the dam/barrage site, the exact location and availability of these equipments should be determined and specified. The sources/agencies must have necessary instructions for assistance during emergency. Due to the inherent uncertainties about their effectiveness, preventive actions should usually be carried
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out simultaneously with the appropriate notification on alert situation or a warning situation.
V. Communication System An effective communication system and a downstream warning system are absolutely essential for the success of an emergency preparedness plan. The difference between a high flood and dam-break situation must be made clear to the downstream population.
VI. Evacuations Plans Emergency Action Plan includes evacuation plans and procedures for implementation based on local needs. These could be:
- Demarcation / prioritization of areas to be evacuated. - Notification procedures and evacuation instructions. - Safe routes, transport and traffic control. - Safe areas/shelters. - Functions and responsibilities of members of evacuation team. Any precarious situation during floods will be communicated either by an alert situation or by an alert situation followed by a warning situation. An alert situation would indicate that although failure of flooding is not imminent, a more serious situation could occur unless conditions improve. A warning situation would indicate that flooding is imminent as a result of an impending failure of the dam/barrage. It would normally include an order for evacuation of delineated inundation areas.
VII. Evacuation Team It will comprise of following official / Representative:
District Magistrate (D. M.)/ His Nominated officer (To peacefully relocate the people to places at higher elevation with state administration). Engineer in charge of the project (Team Leader) Superintendent of Police (S. P.) / Nominated Police Officer (To maintain law and order) Chief Medical Officer (C. M. O.), (To tackle morbidity of affected people) Head of affected village to execute the resettlement operation with the aid of state machinery and project proponents. Sub committees at village level The Engineer-in-Charge will be responsible for the entire operation including prompt determination of the flood situation time to time. Once the red alert is declared the whole state machinery will come into swing and will start evacuating people in the
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inundation areas delineated in the inundation maps. For successful execution, annually demo exercise will be done. The D.M. is to monitor the entire operation.
VIII. Public Awareness for Disaster Mitigation In addition, guidelines that have to be followed by the inhabitants of flood prone areas, in the event of flood resulting from dam/barrage failure, which form part of public awareness for disaster mitigation may also include following:
Listen to the radio for advance information and advice. Disconnect all electrical appliances and move all valuable personal and household goods beyond the reach of floodwater, if one is warned or if one suspects that flood waters may enter the house. Move vehicles, farm animals and movables goods to the higher place nearby. Keep sources of water pollution i.e. insecticides out of the reach of water. Turn off electricity and LPG gas before one has to leave the house. Lock all outside doors and windows if one has to leave the house. Do not enter floodwaters. Never wander around a flood area.
IX. Notifications Notification procedures are an integral part of any emergency action plan. Separate procedures should be established for slowly and rapidly developing situations and failure. Notifications would include communication of either an alert situation or an alert situation followed by a warning situation. An alert situation would indicate that although failure or flooding is not imminent, a more serious situation could occur unless conditions improve. A warning situation would indicate that flooding is imminent as a result of an impending failure of the dam/barrage. It would normally include an order for evacuation of delineated inundation areas.
X. Notification Procedures Copies of the EAP that also include the above described inundation map are displayed at prominent locations, in the rooms and locations of the personnel named in the notification chart. For a regular watch on the flood level situation, it is necessary that the flood cells be manned by two or more people so that an alternative person is always available for notification round the clock. For speedy and unhindered communication, a wireless system is a preferable mode of communication. Telephones may be kept for back up, wherever available. It is also preferred that the entire flood cells, if more that one, are tuned in the same wireless
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
channel. It will ensure communication from the dam/barrage site to the control rooms. The communication can be established by messenger service in the absence of such modes of communication.
XI. Management after receding of Flood Water It is to be accepted that in the even of dam/barrage break, even with maximum efforts, the loss of human lives, livestock and property would be inevitable. Under such a scenario, a massive effort would be used by various government agencies to provide various relief measures to the evacuees. Formulation of a plan delineating such measures is beyond the scope of work of this document. However, some of the measures which need to be implemented are listed as below:
Provision of various food items and shelter to the evacuees. Provision of fuel for various evacuees. Provision of adequate fodder supply. Arrangements for potable water supply. Commissioning of low cost sewage treatment and sanitation facilities, and disposal of treatment sewage. Expeditious disposal of dead bodies human and livestock. Immunization programmes for prevention of outbreak of epidemics of various water related diseases. Adequate stocks of medicines of various diseases, especially water- related diseases.
XII. Reservoir Induced Seismicity The incidence of reservoir induced seismicity (RIS) or some time referred as reservoir triggered seismicity (RTS) is usually confined in both time and space. It has been observed that in some reservoirs seismicity begins immediately after the first filling while at others it is not observed until several years of filling cycles. The differential behavior in spatial and temporal pattern of RIS is attributed to two fundamental mechanisms – one related to rapid increase in the elastic stress due to loading of the reservoir and the other to the more gradual diffusion of water from the reservoir to hypo central depths. Until recently it was surmised that RIS was triggered by the loading of the reservoir and/or by the effect of pore pressure (Pp) in lowering the strength of rocks at hypo central depths. The analysis of case histories accumulated suggest that the latter i.e. pore-pressure is the prime factor and a small perturbation in the in situ stress field due to Pp changes triggers the RIS. Pore pressure can play a twofold roles in the seismic process, the first, as mechanical effect as pore pressure, and second, a chemical effect in reducing the co-efficient of
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
friction between the clays in the pre-existing fractures and the rocks that enclose these fractures. This underlines need for routine monitoring of seismic data on dense and local networks. The seismic data so collected shall help to study the mechanism of RIS in particular and the physics of the earthquake process in general. For mitigation of the seismic hazard, the only option available is to upgrade our knowledge on the co-dynamics of earthquakes and to utilize the state-of-the-art technology to constraint the motion characteristics. This would help in seismic designing of the components of the project. The reservoir induced seismic concerns, however, requires a special emphasis for judging the effect of impoundment of the reservoir on seismic status of the area. With this background, it is proposed that a seismic observatory may be made compatible with IMD National Grid for recording and analyzing the nation-wide seismic activity. This would not only help the project authorities to plan the disaster management scheme related to the project but will also be helpful for the other projects in the area. The budget for different activities required to be carried out for mitigation and prevention of dam/barrage break hazard exclusively from the barrage is Rs 90.00 lakh as per details given in Table-7.13. Table-7.13: Budget earmarked for implementation of Disaster Management Plan S. No. Particular Cost (Rs. lakh) 1. Installation of alert system in control room 15.0 2 Setting up of communication between various 20.0 projects on river Tidong /Satluj 3 Setting up of communication system between 20.0 barrage and d/s settlements 4 Public information system 20.0 5 Training and miscellaneous expenses 15.0 Total 90.0
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CHAPTER-8 PROJECT BENEFITS
Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
CHAPTER-8 PROJECT BENEFITS 8.1 GENERAL The development of Tidong I project was conceived as 100 MW (2X 50 MW) run of river project with diurnal storage. During construction phase of the project, developer continuously measured the discharge of Tidong Khad. The project would add a peak power of 100MW to the northern grid. The project would also promote social and economic uplifment of people in the remote location of District Kinnaur by providing ample opportunities of employment, development and improvement of road connectivity through LADF, CER activities and community development plan. The gross energy benefits from the project have been assessed as about 632.63 Gwh per annum. The project would provide peaking capacity benefits of 150 MW for about three hours per day during lean season
8.2 BENEFITS DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE i) Local employment opportunities The construction phase will last for about 2 years. The construction of the proposed project would invariably create a number of direct employment opportunities. Generation of several indirect employment opportunities would provide great impetus to the economy of the local area. Various types of businesses, such as shops, food- stalls, tea stalls, restaurants, workshops, etc. would invariably come-up, which would be run by the more entrepreneurial local residents. Besides, a variety of suppliers, traders, transporters, service providers, etc., are also likely to concentrate here and likely to benefit immensely, as demand for almost all types of goods and services will increase significantly. At present most of the population sustains on agriculture and allied activities. There are no major industries or other avenues of occupation in the area. The project will open a large number of jobs for the local population during project construction phase. ii) Business opportunities Various types of business like shops, food-stall, tea stalls, etc. besides a variety of suppliers, traders, transporters will operate from the project area and benefit immensely as demand will increase significantly for almost all types of goods and services. The business community as a whole will be benefited.
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iii) Improved access facilities in the project area Development of the proposed Tidong HE project will have multifold beneficial impacts. The immediate beneficial impacts from the project will be improved connectivity by the road. The improved road access will bring an improvement of food security situation and overall economic and social stability. 8.3 BENEFITS DURING OPERATION PHASE Although there are a number of positive impacts of the proposed project, certain negative impacts will also be there, which are described in the following paragraphs. i) Improved Access to social services (education, health, market etc) Improvement in the education centers, health post, market etc will take place during construction phase. After construction phase, there will be withdrawal of economic activities which flourished during construction phase since most of the construction related workforce will leave the project area. However, it is likely that some economic activities will continue or be further promoted in these areas because of the relatively good accessibility to cities and urban areas. ii) Community health improvement It is expected there will be better accessibility condition to and around the project area. At the same time, project will establish one health care units at the dam site area. Improvement the project area people will have easy access to the district hospital as well as project health care units. The improvement in electrification programme (with the implementation of rural electrification program) will further enhance the facilities available at the centers. iii) Local employment opportunities The operation of the project will provide an impetus to the industrialization and urbanization in the area. Job opportunities will drastically improve in this area. At present most of the population sustains on agriculture and allied activities. There are no major industries or other avenues of occupation in the area. The project will open a large number of jobs to the local population during project operation phase.
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CHAPTER-9 ENVIRONMENTAL COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS
Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
CHAPTER - 9 ENVIRONMENTAL COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS
This chapter is not applicable as it was not recommended at the Scoping Stage
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CHAPTER-10 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
CHAPTER-10 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
10.1 INTRODUCTION Environmental Management Plan is a planning that seeks to achieve a required end state and describes how activities that have or could have an adverse impact on the environment, will be mitigated, controlled, and monitored. The EMP will address the environmental impacts during design, construction and operation phases of a project. Due regard must be given to environmental protection during the entire project. In order to achieve this, number of environmental specifications/ recommendations has been made. These are aimed at ensuring that the proponent/contractor maintains adequate control over the project in order to minimize the extent of impact during construction, ensuring appropriate restoration of areas affected by construction, and preventing long term environmental degradation. Environmental impacts arising due to development activities are the key aspects of an EIA study. An equally essential element of this process is to develop measures to eliminate, offset, or reduce adverse impacts to acceptable levels and enhance the beneficial ones during implementation and operation phases of the project. The integration of the project planning has been done by clearly defining the environment requirements within an Environment Management Plan (EMP). The Environmental Management Plan, specifies mitigation measures, monitoring activities and indicators to be covered as a part of Annual and periodic activity plans for project implementation. An abstract of EMP for the project has been prepared and presented in Table-10.1.
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
Table-10.1: Key aspects of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Environmental Responsibility Mitigation Measures Location Time Frame Impact/Issue Implementation Supervision 1. PRE-CONSTRUCTION/PROJECT LOCATION STAGE The compensation is Before taking Local already paid to the land Village Lumber, Compensation for possession of the Local revenue administration loosers during Phase-I. No Roowang and Loss of Land* land. Activity department and Project additional land is acquired Lizang completed. Proponent for Phase-II. Compensatory Degraded forest To be finished one Plant double the area of Afforestation* area as identified year before the Local Forest Project forest land diverted for the (Under by the local forest completion of project Department Proponent project implementation) department construction Preservation of Facilitate for nurseries of endangered those endangered species. During entire Local forest Project species/ species of In the compensatory local Forest Area construction phase department Proponent medicinal value of endangered species are terrestrial flora* taken up. All the components of the project are designed Inadequate design considering safety of provision for safety structures against worst All structures of DPR and detailed DPR and design Project against combination of forest in the the project design stage consultant Proponent seismological probability of an hazard* earthquake likely to occur in seismic zone-IV Drying of river stretches between The ecological flow of 20% Diversion During feasibility Project barrage and tail of lean flow is to be DPR consultant structure study and DPR stage Proponent race disposal site maintained
Failure to include The compliances with With reference to Before construction Project Project
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Environmental Responsibility Mitigation Measures Location Time Frame Impact/Issue Implementation Supervision environmental respect to Environmental the entire EMP, begins Proponent Proponent clauses in contracts Clearance, Consent to and mitigation defining the Establish and Hazardous actions required mitigation actions Waste Authorization during various with time frame and obtained for Phase-I are stages of the measurable included in the contracts. project Same will done for the development Phase-II contracts. 2. CONSTRUCTION PHASE Lack of Environmental training Initially before starting environmental programs would be Anywhere on the construction work and Project Project awareness among organized for effective project sites subsequent periodic Proponent Proponent project engineers implementation of the EMP refreshing courses /managers All the muck dumps are provided with tow walls at bottom to prevent spillage Muck disposal Uncontrolled of muck. All the muck area, excavation Entire construction Project Contractor erosion of soil generated is stored at for foundation of period Proponent earmarked muck dumps structures only.
Indiscriminate No tree felling is envisaged Entire project Entire construction Project Contractor felling of trees* in the Phase-II project. area period Proponent Contractors are providing All contractors Entire construction Contractor Project free LPG for cooking camp period Proponent purpose to prevent any
kind of tree felling in the area. Till completion of the Local Forest Project
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
Environmental Responsibility Mitigation Measures Location Time Frame Impact/Issue Implementation Supervision Plantation is being done as Locations plantation program Department Proponent part of Compensatory identified in the including Affoestation. CAT plan maintenance period Provide pollution control devices and obtain necessary license from state pollution control board Entire construction Air and noise in case of stone crusher. Through project Project period Contractor pollution area Proponent
Specify norms of air and noise pollution control for various construction equipment/machinery Define contractor’s Deterioration of responsibility towards existing road maintenance of All construction network due to Throughout Project approach/service roads in sites and Contractor transportation of construction period Proponent the work contracts in approach roads construction conditions of particular material application Drinking water The workers camp is well facility and Pollution equipped with safe drinking Throughout Project All workers camp Contractor Control at Workers water, hot water, heater, construction period Proponent Camp kitchen/dining room etc. First aid facilities at every work site. Indoor treatment Workers health facility for workers should Any construction/ Throughout Project Contractor hazard be provided at contractors camp site construction period Proponent cost, which need to be mentioned in the conditions
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
Environmental Responsibility Mitigation Measures Location Time Frame Impact/Issue Implementation Supervision of particular application 3. OPERATION PHASE Receipt of The operation unit in Monitoring Report charge will actively obtain and Preparation of the mitigation report and To cover all areas At time when Environmental & Project an operational based on that prepare the defined in the construction is Social Experts of Proponent period implementation timetable EMP completed the operation unit environmental for the operating stage of mitigation measures the project Upstream and Environmental Regular monitoring of water Project Water quality downstream of Operation period engineer of the quality Proponent the reservoir operation unit Solid waste and Provide waste water and At all office and Operation unit During operation Project sewage disposal solid waste treatment/ residential through period Proponent facility disposal facility accommodation contractor
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
10.2 COMPENSATORY AFFORESTATION AND BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION PLAN 10.2.1 Impacts on Forests The forest land of 39.05 ha has already been diverted and Forest Clearance is granted in this regard by MoEFCC on for Phase-I project. There is no additional land required for the Phase-II project which will be constructed within the existing land. No tree felling is required in the proposed Phase-II. There will not be any impact on the forest and forest land due to Phase-II project. . The copy of FC obtained for Phase-I is enclosed as Annexure-IV.
10.2.2 Compensatory Afforestation A total forest land of 39.05 ha has been diverted for phase-I of the project. The compensatory afforestation over an area of 78.10 ha in the nearby degraded forest area is planned by Forest Department. Forest Department has identified 78.10 ha of land in UF Charang, C-194 and UF Thangi C-186 for the implementation of compensatory afforestation. The objectives of the afforestation programme should be to develop natural areas in which ecological functions could be maintained on sustainable basis. Therefore planting of miscellaneous indigenous tree species should be applied. Forest department is developing the saplings in the nursery. The charges of Rs.266.77 lakh has been deposited with CAMPA towards compensatory afforestation. The amount towards NPV Rs. 272.99 lakh also deposited with CAMPA. The conditions stipulated in Stage-I and II clearance are being implemented under Phase-I of the project and will continued till completion of Phase-II project.
10.3 CATCHMENT AREA TREATMENT PLAN It is a well-established fact that reservoirs formed by dams, weirs or barrages on rivers are subjected to sedimentation. The process of sedimentation embodies the sequential processes of erosion, entrainment, transportation, deposition and compaction of sediment. The study of erosion and sediment yield from catchments is of utmost importance as the deposition of sediment in reservoir reduces its capacity, and thus affecting the water availability for the designated use. The eroded sediment from catchment when deposited on streambeds and banks causes braiding of river reach. The removal of top fertile soil from catchment adversely affects the
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agricultural production. Thus, a well-designed Catchment Area Treatment (CAT) Plan is essential to ameliorate the above-mentioned adverse process of soil erosion. Soil erosion may be defined as the detachment and transportation of soil. Water is the major agent responsible for this erosion. In many locations, winds, glaciers, etc. also cause soil erosion. In a hilly catchment area as in the present case erosion due to water is a common phenomenon and the same has been studied as a part of the Catchment Area Treatment (CAT) Plan. The total catchment area of river Tidong at proposed barrage site is 570.55 km2, of which about 95% is above permanent snowline (EL 4200m), which is either stony or snowbound area. No vegetation grows in the snowbound and stony area. Any kind of treatment is neither possible nor warranted in such area. The remaining 5% area where any kind of vegetation can grow is substantially denuded and deforested due to indiscriminate tree felling, repeated lopping of trees for fodder, uncontrolled excessive grazing and annual burning of forests. Reduction of vegetative cover in the recent times has worsened the ecosystem of Tidong valley, which is otherwise fragile due to its geomorphologic features. The Catchment area for phase-II of project remains same as for the Phase-I of Tidong HEP. The Catchment Area Treatment (CAT) Plan for phase-I of Tidong HEP was prepared in October 2007 and was approved by HP Forest Department. The details of approved CAT plan and its implementation status is given in the subsequent paragraphs. Status of CAT Plan of Tidong HEP, Phase-I A detailed CAT Plan for Tidong-I HEP is prepared in October 2007 and has been approved by HP Forest Department. An amount of Rs. 72.484 million has been deposited by TPGPL with HP Forest Department for implementation. The CAT Plan aims to develop catchment area in an integrated manner by improving the vegetal cover over the degraded and blank areas through afforestation and bio- engineering measures. It also envisages an active participation of the local community and to treat the flood prone nallas, stabilization of Tidong River bank, road side slopes by providing suitable bio-engineering structures and soil conservation measures. Some of these include the following: Establishment of Nurseries Forest Conservation & Improvement of Tree Cover Pasture Improvement Soil & Moisture Conservation Works Road side avenue Planting and Landscaping
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Forest Infrastructure Development Rural Infrastructure Development Treatment of Private Lands Fuel Saving Devices Rain/ Snow Harvesting Structure Wildlife Management Training and Studies Awareness and Publicity Operational Supports Agricultural Support Horticultural Support Animal Husbandry Support Development of ECO Tourism Eco Task Force Allied Activities, etc. Component-wise Physical and Financial Outlays Total cost earmarked for implementation of CAT Pan is 724.84 lakh. The amount has been deposited to Forest Department, Himachal Pradesh. As per the approved CAT Plan, details of funds allocated for various parameters in terms of Physical and financial terms are given in Table-10.2. The implementation of CAT plan commenced during FY 2010-2011. The year wise fund utilization and balance fund remaining in the proposed project is given in Table-10.3. Table-10.2: Physical and Financial Layout of CAT Plan S. Particulars Physical Financial No (Rs) 1. Establishment of CAT Plan Nurseries 3 ha. 1500000 2. Forest Conservation and Improvement of Tree Cover (a) Afforestation of Degraded Forest Lands (i) Chilgoza Plantation 28 ha. 2755200 (ii) Conifer & B/L Plantation 16 ha. 1328240 (b) Replenishment Afforestation 30 ha. 2104500 (c) Assisted natural Regeneration 35 ha. 1537275 (d) Introductory Plantation of N.T.F.P 20 ha. 1117400 Total 129 ha. 8842715 3. Pasture Development (a) Alpine Pasture 10 ha. 122000 (b) Low Line Pasture 15 ha. 851550 Total 30 ha. 973550 4. Subsidiary Silvicultural Operation 15 ha. 52500 5. Soil and Moisture Conservation Works (a) Stabilization of Active Land Slide 6500000 (b) Treatment of Nallas 8300000 (c) River Bank Stabilization 4700000 (d) Road Side Erosion Control 800000
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S. Particulars Physical Financial No (Rs) (e) Snow Avalanche Control 7260000 Total 27560000 6. Road Side Avenue Planting and landscaping 800000 7. Forest Infrastructure Development (a) Repair of Forest Paths 315000 (b) Repair of Bridges 500000 (c) Repair/Construction of Operational Buildings 1500000 Total 2315000 8. Rural Infrastructural Development (a) Village Ponds and Tanks 400000 (b) Repair of other Water Sources 1000000 (c) Strengthening of Village Road and Path 660000 (d) Construction of Foot Bridges 400000 Total 2460000 9. Treatment of Private Land 10 ha 500000 10. Fuel Saving Device (a) Construction of Crematoria 4 No 400000 (b) Provision/Distribution of Solar Appliances 1044000 Total 1444000 11. Rain/Snow Harvesting Structure 8 No 1200000 12. Wildlife Management (a) Wildlife Improvement (i) Survey and documentation of Wildlife over 2 No 250000 Moorang Forest Range I/C Lippa Asrang WLS (ii) Incentive to local communities for fire L/S 250000 prevention (iii) Incentive to local communities for protection of L/S 250000 wildlife (iv) Incentive to community to regulate local and L/S 250000 migratory Gaziers in Lippa Asrang WLS (b) Intensive Management of Wildlife (i) Habitat improvement in Lippa Asrang WLS 5 ha. 250000 (ii) Wildlife Census Survey every alternate Years 5 No 250000 (iii) Capacity Building of Staff and Community I/C L/S 650000 Two Exposure visit in 3rd and 7th year (iv) Support for communication-mobile connectivity 30 No 100000 (v) Purchase of Equipment L/S 250000 (vi) Amenities to Staff and Labour (LPG etc) 50 No 200000 (vii) Establishment of nursery with infrastructure for 1 ha 500000 distribution of plants in public (viii) Annual maintenance of plants in nursery 400000 (ix) Soil and moisture conservation 50 No 1000000 (x) Monitoring, evaluation and impact assessment 3 No 600000 survey (xi) Audio-visual documentation and publicity L/S 300000 (xii) Research Studies (for 3 years) 3 No 600000 (c) Eco Development Activities
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S. Particulars Physical Financial No (Rs) (i) Support for Vermi compost development L/S 100000 (ii) Support for introduction of LPG for poor 125 No 500000 households around Lippa Asrang WLS (iii) Socio-economic survey around Lippa Asrang 1 100000 WLS (iv) Promotion of Eco-tourism L/S 500000 (d) Ex-Situ Support for Pheasant Breeding 925000 Total 8225000 13. Training and Studies 300000 14. Awareness and Publicity 200000 15. Operational Supports (i) Establishment Charges of CAT Plan Division 2500000 (ii) O.E 150000 (iii) T.E 100000 (iv) Office Equipment 150000 (v) Amenities of Staff and Labour 80000 (vi) Motor Vehicle 150000 (vii) Operational Mobility L/S 500000 Total 3630000 16. Agricultural Support 400000 17. Horticultural Support 400000 18. Animal Husbandry 400000 19. Development of Eco-Tourism 612028 20. Provision for Eco-Task Force 2472592 21 Provision for Allied Activities 1607185 22. Contingency 6589457 Grand Total 72484026
Table-10.3: Year-wise CAT Fund Utilization up to 31st March 2018 S. No Financial Year Fund Utilized (Rs) 1 2010-2011 35,00,000 2 2011-2012 75,88,000 3 2012-2013 38,74,303 4 2013-2014 52,11,000 5 2014-2015 68,35,000 6 2015-2016 86,35,400 7 2016-2017 1,11,49,900 8 2017-2018 85,65,900 Total Fund Utilized 5,53,59,503 Total CAT Fund Paid to Forest Department 7,24,84,026 Balance unutilized CAT Fund available with 1,71,24,523 Forest Department, Himachal Pradesh
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10.4 FISHERIES MANAGEMENT PLAN 10.4.1 Fisheries Status The fisheries in the project area are poorly developed since the potential has remained unexploited owing to difficult terrain, unfavorable climate and poor infrastructure facilities. The elevation, temperature, current, velocity and natural biota are the factors governing the growth of fish in the rivers and water bodies in the area. Most of the streams, rivers, and village ponds and other aquatic body in the upper reaches maintains fairly low temperature, which results into low primary productivity. As per approved EIA report, there was no fish species found at the site. It was reconfirmed that no fish species found at the site during the field survey in the month of July, 2019 conducted by WAPCOS. Fisheries Department of Government of Himachal Pradesh prepared Fishery Development Plan and granted No Objection Certificate (NOC) for Phase-I project.. An amount of Rs. 1.11 crore has already been deposited to Fisheries Department, state government of Himachal Pradesh. The copy of NOC by Fisheries Department, state government along with fishery development plan is enclosed as Annexure-V. 10.4.2 Provision of minimum flow The construction of the proposed project will lead to reduction in flow, especially during dry months, in the intervening stretch between the dam site and the tail race disposal point. Such a situation will adversely affect the benthic communities. Environmental Flows of 20% of average of lean flow season is recommended. Any additional condition, if stipulated in Environmental Clearance/Consent to Establish for Phase-II will be implemented. This will be adhered by the project proponent during operation of the project. Flow measuring device will be installed to monitor the ecological flow. There are four perennial streams join Tidong River in the stretch between Dam site and Tail Race Channel. This ensures sufficient water availability in this stretch of the river.
10.5 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN LABOUR CAMPS 10.5.1 Amenities in Labour Camps As a mandatory condition for Environmental Management following measures are adopted as for Tidong HEP, Phase-I:
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The staff/labour colony is provided with safe potable drinking water. Two water treatment plants (WTP) are installed in the project area one each at dam site and power house. Each WTP consists of water filter and Reverse Osmosis (RO). Hence, no additional cost shall be earmarked TPGPL has installed two Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) in the project area having capacity 60 and 40 KLPD one each at dam site as well power house to treat the organic waste water from kitchen and colony. The treated wastewater is discharged in the river after conforming quality stipulated by HPSPCB. The wastewater quality monitoring confirms the stipulated standards by HPSPCB; Every room is provided with electric heater and geysers; All the rooms are constructed with Pre-fab material to maintain proper temperature during winter season;
Water Treatment Plant installed at Dam site and Powerhouse Site
Water Treatment Plant and Storage Multi Layer Filter
Sewage Treatment Plant installed at Dam site and Powerhouse Site
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10.5.2 Solid Waste Management The solid waste management measures adopted for Tidong HEP, Phase-I are briefed in the following paragraphs and the same shall be continued during construction of phase-II as well: Hazardous Waste Hazardous waste like used/waste oil is generated from the DG sets and construction machinery. In addition, waste paints, grease etc. is also generated during construction activities. All the hazardous waste is being handed over M/s Shivalik Solid Waste Management Pvt. Ltd. for final disposal. TPGPL has signed an agreement with M/s. Shivalic Solid Waste Management Pvt. Ltd. a company authorized by HPSPCB for disposal of hazardous waste. Non-Hazardous Waste Muck excavated during construction is being stacked at approved muck dumps. These dumps are provided with adequate slope and tow wall at the bottom to prevent the sliding of the muck into river. Organic waste generated in the kitchen is being treated in the composter to convert it into manure, which is used for the plantation. Other municipal waste is being stacked systematically in the pit and soil layer is provided. Plastic waste is stored and given it to the vendors for the recycling.
Organic waste composter installed at project site
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10.5.3 Facilities provided for staff and labours in labour camps
The labour colony is provided to labours of all the contractors. Considering the cold climate and severe winter, the thermal insulated containers are provided to all the labours and staff. The colony is equipped with the following:
Sewage Treatment Plant to treat the wastewater Water Treatment Plant for safe drinking water Well equipped kitchen Recreation center
Recreation Facilities (Indoor games)
Gymnasium
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Central Laundry
Kitchen and Dining Room
10.5.4 Details of PPEs provided to labours
Suitable personal protective equipment (PPE) will be provided to ensure the safety of each workers/labour,. PPE consists of hard hat, hand gloves, safety shoes, ear plugs, reflective jackets, masks etc. in addition, labours working at height are provided with safety rope and fall arresters. Further to strengthen the Labour Camp facilities at site an amount of Rs. 20 Lakh is earmarked for Phase-II of Tidong HEP.
10.6 RESTORATION AND LANDSCAPING OF CONSTRUCTION SITES To control erosion from and collapsing of side slopes of excavations and quarries, following measures need to be taken.
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The quarrying operation should be controlled and permitted in specified area earmarked for such purpose. On completion of the excavations the excavated surface shall be dressed neatly and covered with plantation, wherever possible.
10.7 GREENBELT DEVELOPMENT PLAN Although the forest loss due to reservoir submergence and other project appurtenances have been compensated as a part of compensatory afforestation. However in addition to above, it is proposed to develop greenbelt around the perimeter of various project appurtenances, selected stretches along reservoir periphery, etc. The general consideration involved while developing the greenbelt are: - Trees growing up to 10 m or above in height with perennial foliage should be planted around various appurtenances of the proposed project. - Planting of trees should be undertaken in appropriate encircling rows around the project site. - Generally fast growing trees should be planted - Since, the tree trunk area is normally devoid of foliage upto a height of 3 m, it may be useful to have shrubbery in front of the trees so as to give coverage to this portion. The details of Greenbelt development are given as below: Plantation will be done along the boundaries of project colony The inter-connecting/approach roads of various project components, within the colonies, working sites, etc. shall be covered with avenue plantation. Available space within the colonies will be brought under Greenbelt for plantation of fruit, ornamental and shade trees along with shrubs, climbers etc. Fruit trees can be protected with angle iron guards. During the initial phase of plantation and summer seasons, watering of plants can be done. In addition if required farm yard manure and agro-chemicals can also be applied. Along the road sides, 2 to 3 rows of ornamental trees can be planted. At the construction site and colony sites, the width of Greenbelt development can be increased depending on the quantum of land available. Thickness of greenbelt along reservoir periphery can be about 4–6 m. The saplings for Greenbelt can be processed from nearby nurseries of the Forest Department.
An amount of Rs. 10 lakh is earmarked for greenbelt development plan for Phase-II of Tidong HEP.
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10.8 COST ESTIMATES 10.8.1 Cost for Implementing Environmental Management Plan The total capital amount to be spent for implementation of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) would be Rs. 2425.31 lakh for Phase-I and Rs. 435.00 lakh (excluding Rs. 238.0 lakh for Corporate Environment Responsibility) for Phase-II of Tidong-I HEP. The details of the cost are given in Table-10.4. Table-10.4: Cost for implementing Environmental Management Plan EMP Cost in EMP Cost S. Phase-I (Rs. in Phase-II No. Item Lakh) (Rs. Lakh) Capital Cost Compensatory Afforestation & Bio-Diversity 1 266.76 - Conservation Plan 2 Net Present Value (NPV) 272.99 - 3 Catchment Area Treatment 724.84 - 4 Fisheries Management Plan 111.00 - 5 Public Health Delivery System 40.0 20.0 6 Labour Camp Facilities 55.0 20.0 7 Muck Management Plan 132.0 8 Air Pollution Control measures 35.00 25.00 9 Noise Pollution Control measures - 10 Greenbelt Development 10.0 11 Disaster Management Plan - 90.0 12 Local Area Development Fund 802.72 238.00 Implementation of Environmental Monitoring 13 40.00 20.00 Programme during construction stage 14 Setting up of Meteorological Laboratory - 10.00 15 Purchase of noise meter - 2.00 Total (A) 2425.31 435.00 Recurring Cost Cost of Environmental monitoring during 1 project operation phase (Rs. lakh/yr.) (Refer - 28.2 Table-6.4) Total (B) 28.2 Corporate Environment Responsibility 1 (CER) Corporate Environment Responsibility & Local - 238.0 Area Development Plan (Refer Table-7.4) Total (C) 238.0
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CHAPTER-11 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
CHAPTER-11 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 11.1 INTRODUCTION Tidong I project was conceived as (2X 50 MW) 100 MW run of river project with diurnal storage. During construction phase of the project, developer continuously measured the discharge of Tidong Khad. It was observed that during monsoons, actual discharge in Tidong Khad is very much higher than the design discharge for about 60 days. Tidong-I hydroelectric project involves construction of a diversion barrage with river bed El 2880 m, under sluice, reservoir to store 0.265 Mm3 of water to provide peaking generation of 4 hour during lean season, head works, desilting basin to remove silt particles above 0.2 mm in size, 8.5 km long head race tunnel, 10 m diameter surge shaft with a height of 110 m, 1145 m long and 2.5 m diameter steel lined pressure shaft (partly inclined and partly horizontal), surface power house having installation of two high head Pelton type generating units each of 50 MW capacity with compatible generator and other auxiliary equipment, and tail race channel. The project proposes to utilize about 610.977 m of maximum gross head and a rated discharge of 19.2 m3/s for power generation. The energy benefits were assessed at 414.15 Gwh in 90% dependable year. For Phase-II (50MW), existing civil works at barrage, head regulator, desilting tank, storage reservoir, HRT, pressure shaft are proposed to be utilized. Existing surge shaft will require increase in finished diameter from 8 m to 10 m. For installing the third unit in phase– II of project, a new machine hall bay will be required adjacent to Unit 2 of existing power house. Control room building of existing units will be used for the new unit also. The net energy generation considering 95% plant availability in 90% dependable year is estimated as 543.0 MU. Power evacuation arrangement as finalized with HPPTCL involves construction of 16.50km long 220 kV D/C transmission line from Tidong to Kashang. This arrangement has been confirmed by HPPTCL vide their letter No.: HPPTCL//Tidong-I/CORR/09/1229 dated 06/09/2009 and later modified vide their letter no MPP-F(2) -9/2007-IV dated 11.10.2013. The same power evacuation arrangement has been assessed and is adequate to carry the additional unit of 50 MW of power in phase – II.
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Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
The project cost for Phase – II works is estimated as Rs. 158.5 crore and the project shall be completed in a period of 20 months, after obtaining all clearances and financial closure. Power shall be sold to HPSEB or any of the utilities in Delhi, Chandigarh, Haryana, Punjab or other states in Northern India.
11.2 CONCLUSIONS The development of Tidong I project was conceived as 100 MW (2X 50 MW) run of river project with diurnal storage. During construction phase of the project, developer continuously measured the discharge of Tidong Khad. The project would add a peak power of 100MW to the northern grid. The project would also promote social and economic uplifment of people in the remote location of District Kinnaur by providing ample opportunities of employment, development and improvement of road connectivity through LADF, CER activities and community development plan. Power Benefits The gross energy benefits from the project have been assessed as about 632.63 Gwh per annum in 90% dependable year after ecological release as per requirement viz. 15% of minimum flow. The project would afford peaking capacity benefits of 150 MW for about three hours per day during lean season. Local employment opportunities The construction phase will last for about 2 years. The construction of the proposed project would invariably create a number of direct employment opportunities. Generation of several indirect employment opportunities would provide great impetus to the economy of the local area. At present most of the population sustains on agriculture and allied activities. There are no major industries or other avenues of occupation in the area. The project will open a large number of jobs for the local population during project construction phase. Business opportunities Various types of business like shops, food-stall, tea stalls, etc. besides a variety of suppliers, traders, transporters will operate from the project area and benefit immensely as demand will increase significantly for almost all types of goods and services. The business community as a whole will be benefited.
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Improved access facilities in the project area Development of the proposed Tidong HE project will have multifold beneficial impacts. The immediate beneficial impacts from the project will be improved connectivity by the road. The improved road access will bring an improvement of food security situation and overall economic and social stability.
It can be concluded that the proposed Tidong-I HEP is likely to entail certain adverse environmental impacts. However, these impacts have been ameliorated to a large extent by implementing appropriate mitigation measures (Chapter-4). Appropriate management measures too has been suggested and delineated as a part of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) in Chapter-10 of this Report.
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CHAPTER-12 DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANTS INVOLVED IN THE EIA STUDY
Tidong Power Generation Pvt. Limited EIA Study Report for Third Unit of 50 MW
CHAPTER-12
DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANTS INVOLVED IN THE EIA STUDY
The CEIA study has been conducted by WAPCOS Ltd., a government of India Undertaking under Ministry of Jal Shakti. The company has a full-fledged Centre for Environment who has conducted the above referred study. The list of the Experts involved in the CEIA study is given in Table-12.1. Table-12.1: List of Experts involved in the CEIA study S. Name Expertise Signature No. 1. Dr. Aman Sharma EIA Coordinator Air Pollution Expert Water Pollution Expert Solid Waste Management Expert Hydrologist & Ground Water Expert 2. Dr. S. K. Tyagi Ecology and Bio-diversity Expert
3. Mr. R.V. Ramana Noise Expert
4. K P S Malik Soil Conservation Expert
5. Dr. K.K. Gaur Social Expert
6. Mr. S.M. Dixit Air Quality Expert
7. Mrs. Moumita Landuse Expert Mondal Ghosh
8. Mr. Sanjeev Noise & Vibration Expert Sharma
10. Dr. H S Rumana Ecology and Bio-diversity Expert
11. Dr. Santosh K Sati Geologist
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ANNEXURES
TIDONG POWER GENERATION PRIVATE LIMITED
WAPCOS LIMITED (A Government of India Undertaking) 76 C, Sector 18, Gurugram - 122015, Haryana, INDIA Tel. +91-124-2397396, email: [email protected]
MARCH 2020