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Butterflies of the Indian Subcontinent – Annotated Checklist Introduction Some years ago, when I was looking for a good checklist of the butterflies of the Indian region, I had to conclude that no such dependable modern list existed. The last comprehensive list was still the one in Evans (1932), which included the whole Indian region and Burma. I then decided to make such a list myself, with the same geographical coverage. I started, of course, from the great Evans, then incorporating his revisions of the Hesperiidae and the Arhopala group of Lycaenidae, then Talbot for the Papilionidae, Pieridae, Danainae, Satyrinae, Amathusiinae, and Acraeinae, and then Cantlie for the Lycaenidae other than the Arhopala group. Then several later revisions were consulted and comparisons were made with several modern lists. Sequence, at least among genera, was largely based on Varshney (2010), though for families I prefer the sequence Hesperiidae-Papilionidae-Pieridae-Lycaenidae-Nymphalidae. In the list, I had included synonyms and full reference to Evans, since I had observed that many people still refer to that publication; this would then also apply to Wynter-Blyth's book, which basically used the same nomenclature as Evans. This was in 2013. I was fairly content with it, but kept the distributional info to a strict minimum. More recently, I had some spare time and decided to make a new ‘Annotated Checklist of the Butterflies of the Indian Subcontinent”. I started from my old checklist, but decided to restrict myself this time to the ‘traditional’ Indian Subcontinent, viz., India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, and Bangladesh, and to give a much more detailed distribution for the 1442 species, including updated status and altitudinal distribution. I have mostly retained the sequence of the first work, as well as the references to Evans’s work, including synonyms. I have included the information given in many recent regional checklists – though some were not really that reliable and contained many obvious mistakes. The distributional data found on the Butterflies of India website have been most useful. All in all, I think the distributions I give are fairly reliable. Finally, I think it wise to elaborated somewhat on the terms used in the distribution ranges. First, for the sake of brevity I have used ‘Kashmir’ for Jammu and Kashmir, but I have always mentioned Ladakh separately, in view of the special zoogeographical position of this region. So, when a species is given as occurring in ‘Kashmir’, that means that it occurs in Jammu and Kashmir but not in Ladakh, which is always mentioned separately. I have also tried to solve the ‘Sikkim/Darjeeling’ conundrum. When a species is said to occur in Sikkim, that really means present-day Sikkim. Those occurring in Darjeeling are included in ‘N West Bengal’, which means, besides Darjeeling, the whole area of West Bengal north of Bangladesh. For NE India I have always mentioned Arunachal Pradesh separately, while ‘the rest of NE India’ means the other NE Indian states (Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Manipur, Tripura, and Mizoram). When a species is not known from one or more of these states, it is explicitly mentioned. Many species will be termed as occurring in NE India (except Tripura or Mizoram); this means that they have not been recorded, to my knowledge, from these states, but in many cases they will occur, since these are the least-known areas of the Northeast. I have mostly not bothered with city states; thus, I have mostly treated Delhi under Haryana, Chandigarh under Punjab, and Puducherry under Tamil Nadu. For Pakistan, I have still used the old North-West Frontier Province (NWFP in the text) to avoid always having to use both ‘Khyber Pakhtunkhwa’ and ‘Federally Administered Tribal Areas’. Also, I have used the old name Hazara for Abbottabad district, to avoid confusion with the town itself. For each species I have generally listed the subspecies as they occur from north to south and from west to east, and also the range of each subspecies is given from north to south and from west to east. Checklist Family Hesperiidae Subfamily Coeliadinae 1. Burara oedipodea (Branded Orange Awlet) B.o.ataphus: Rare in Sri Lanka, mainly in southern half, up to 1800m. B.o.belesis: Rare in Himalayas, mainly up to 300m but occasionally to 1500m, from Himachal Pradesh (west to Kangra) east through Uttarakhand, Nepal, Sikkim, N West Bengal, and Bhutan to Arunachal Pradesh and the rest of NE India (not recorded Mizoram), and NE Bangladesh. (= aegina, athena) [Given as Ismene oedipodea in Evans, 1932, and as Bibasis oedipodea in Evans, 1949] 2. Burara jaina (Orange-striped Awlet) B.j.fergusonii: Uncommon in Western Ghats, up to 1800m, from Kerala and W Tamilnadu north through W Karnataka and Goa to W Maharashtra (north to Pune and Thane), and in Eastern Ghats in SE Chhattisgarh (Bastar). B.j.jaina: Uncommon in Himalayas, up to 900m, locally to 1500m, from Himachal Pradesh (west to Solan and Mandi) east through Uttarakhand, Nepal, Sikkim, N West Bengal, and Bhutan to Arunachal Pradesh and the rest of NE India (not recorded Tripura or Mizoram), and NE Bangladesh. (= vasundhara) B.j.astigmata: Very rare in S Andamans. [Given as Ismene jaina in Evans, 1932, and vasundhara was there given as the subspecies ranging from Assam to Burma, with jaina then confined to Mussoorie to Sikkim; given as Bibasis jaina in Evans, 1949] 3. Burara anadi (Plain Orange Awlet) Rare in Himalayas, mainly at low elevations but occasionally up to 2100m in west, from Uttarakhand east (not recorded from Nepal, but should occur) to Sikkim and N West Bengal, and in NE India south of Brahmaputra in Meghalaya (Khasi Hills) and Nagaland. (= purpurea) [Given as Ismene anadi in Evans, 1932, and as Bibasis anadi in Evans, 1949] 4. Burara etelka (Great Orange Awlet) Very rare in NE India south of Brahmaputra in Manipur (Kabaw Valley). [Given as Ismene etelka in Evans, 1932, and as Bibasis etelka in Evans, 1949] 5. Burara harisa (Orange Awlet) B.h.harisa: Rare in Himalayas, up to 700m, from C Nepal east through Sikkim, N West Bengal, and Bhutan to Arunachal Pradesh and the rest of NE India (not recorded Mizoram), and NE Bangladesh. (= asambha) B.h.andamana: Very rare in Andamans. [Given as Ismene harisa in Evans, 1932, and as Bibasis harisa in Evans, 1949; andamana was only described in 2009] 6. Burara vasutana (Green Awlet) Rare in Himalayas, from lower foothills up to 1500m, from E Uttarakhand (Kumaon) east through Nepal, Sikkim, N West Bengal, and Bhutan to Arunachal Pradesh and hills of NE India south of Brahmaputra (Meghalaya, Nagaland, and Manipur), where commoner. (= rahita, burma) [Given as Ismene vasutana in Evans, 1932, and as Bibasis vasutana in Evans, 1949] 7. Burara amara (Small Green Awlet) Rare in Himalayas, up to 1000m, from C Nepal east through Sikkim, N West Bengal, and Bhutan to Arunachal Pradesh and the rest of NE India (not recorded Manipur or Mizoram), and NE and SE Bangladesh. Very rare in S Andamans. (= pindapatra) [Given as Ismene amara in Evans, 1932, and as Bibasis amara in Evans, 1949] 8. Burara gomata (Pale Green Awlet) B.g.kanara: Uncommon in Western Ghats, up to 1800m, from Kerala and W Tamilnadu north through W Karnataka to Goa. B.g.gomata: Rare in Himalayas, up to 1500m, from E Nepal east through Sikkim, N West Bengal, and Bhutan to Arunachal Pradesh and the rest of NE India, where found up to 1800m, in Assam, Meghalaya, and Nagaland. [Given as Ismene gomata in Evans, 1932, and as Bibasis gomata in Evans, 1949] 9. Bibasis iluska (Slate Awlet) B.i.mahintha: Uncommon at fairly low elevations in NE India south of Brahmaputra (S Assam and Manipur) and in SE Bangladesh (S Chittagong area). [Given as Ismene mahintha, Slate Awlet, in Evans, 1932] 10. Bibasis sena (Orangetail Awl) B.s.sena: Rare in Sri Lanka, mainly in central areas up to 1400m. Rare in Western Ghats, up to 1800m, from Kerala and W Tamilnadu north through W Karnataka and Goa to W Maharashtra (north to Thane), in Satpura Range in S Madhya Pradesh (Hoshangabad), and in N Eastern Ghats in N Orissa (Similipal Biosphere Reserve). Uncommon in Himalayas, up to 1500m, from NW Punjab (south to Islamabad) in Pakistan east (should also occur in Kashmir) through Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Nepal, Sikkim, N West Bengal, and Bhutan to Arunachal Pradesh and the rest of NE India (not recorded Tripura or Mizoram), and NE Bangladesh. Very rare in S Andamans. 11. Hasora salanga (Green Awl) Vagrant in Nicobars (recorded once). (= woolletti) 12. Hasora anura (Slate Awl) H.a.anura: Rare in Himalayas, up to 2100m, from C Nepal east through Sikkim, N West Bengal, and Bhutan to Arunachal Pradesh and hills of NE India south of Brahmaputra (not recorded Tripura). 13. Hasora danda (Smoky Awl) Very rare in hills of NE India south of Brahmaputra, where recorded only from Imphal in Manipur at 900m. [Described in Evans, 1949; very like anura] 14. Hasora chromus (Common Banded Awl) H.c.chromus: Common in Sri Lanka, in all zones, up to 1800m. Generally common all over India, up to 2000m in Western Ghats, from Kerala and Tamilnadu north through all states (except W Rajasthan, W Haryana, and S Punjab, and not recorded from Kashmir, though should occur) to Himalayas, up to 2100m, from Himachal Pradesh east through Uttarakhand, Nepal (where uncommon), Sikkim, N West Bengal, and Bhutan to Arunachal Pradesh and the rest of NE India (not recorded Tripura or Mizoram), and C, NE, and SE Bangladesh (where rare). Rare in Pakistan in Baluchistan (straggler at 1650 and 2250m), Sind (Karachi), and N Punjab (Murree, where not uncommon, Islamabad region, and Lahore).
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    Treubia 2003 33 (1) 71-87 SYSTEMATICS OF VAGRANTINI BUTTERFLIES (LEPIDOPTERA: NYMPHAlIDAE). PART 1. CLADISTIC ANALYSIS Djunijanti Peggie . Division of Zoology, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences JI. Raya Jakarta Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia Abstract Eiglit ge/lera of lndo-Australian butterjiies: Algia. Algiachroa, Cirrochroa, Cupha, Phalanta, Terinos, Vagrans, and Vindula are presented here. These genera together with two Afrotropical genera: Lachnoptera and Smerina, and a Central American genlls Euptoieta were previollsly placed as subiribe uncertain. One-hundred adult morphological characters were scored for fifty-four taxa, and were analyzed simultaneousuj (Nixon and Carpenter, 1993). The cladistic analysis showed that all species were properly assigned to monophyletic genera, and the arrangement of the outgroup taxa is in concordance with the classification previously suggested. The eight lndo-Australian and two Afrotropical genera belong to the tribe Vagrantini within the subfamily Heliconiinae. Key words: Heliconiines, Vagrantini, Indo-Australian, butterflies. Introduction The subfamily Heliconiinae is recognized by most authorities but the included taxa may differ. Ackery (in Vane-Wright and Ackery, 1984) suggested that the heliconiines may prove to represent a highly specialized subgroup of the Argynnini sensu lato. Heliconiinae sensu Harvey (in Nijhout, 1991) also include Acraeinae and Argynninae of Ackery (1988).Parsons (1999)included argynnines within Heliconiinae but retained Acraeinae as a distinct subfamily. Harvey (in N ijhou t, 1991) recognized three tribes of Heliconiinae: Pardopsini, Acraeini, and Heliconiini. The Heliconiini include the Neotropical Heliconiina (Brower, 2000), some genera which were placed as "subtribe uncertain", Argynnina, Boloriina and three other genera (the Neotropical genusYramea, the Oriental Kuekenthaliella, and Prokuekenthaliella) with uncertain relationships.
  • Pest Problems of Coconut Hybrid Production in Indonesia with Special Reference to Scdp 1

    Pest Problems of Coconut Hybrid Production in Indonesia with Special Reference to Scdp 1

    PEST PROBLEMS OF COCONUT HYBRID PRODUCTION IN INDONESIA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SCDP 1 by Dante R.A. Benigno, PhD. (Crop Protection Specialist) and Ir. Soetardjo Soewarno (Project Manager) 1. INTRODUCTION SCDP is a World Bank and Government of Indonesia fundect project managed by the Directorate General of Estates of the Ministry of Agriculture. This project is responsbile for the planting of coconut hybrids as well as local talls, but mostly hybrids. Since 1981 to date, some 22,000 ha have already been planted to hybrids in 70 coconut working centers (CWC) widely scattered in 6 provinces such as Aceh, Lampung, South Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, North Sulawesi, and Maluku (Fig.1). At present, three hybrids (MYD x WAT, MRD x WAT, and NYD x WAT)2, are used in the planting program. Because these three hybrids are new under Indonesian conditions, it was deemed necessary to monitor the kinds of pest attacking these hybrids. Therefore, in 1982 a surveillance and early warning system was set-up with the following objectives: to detennine whether these hybrids are equally susceptible to the major pests of the local coconut varieties, and to determine which pests are of econornic importance in each CWC and Province. It is not the intention of this paper to present the results of research for there are none, nor to describe the pests of coconuts in Indonesia for most of thern are already well described (Van der Laan, 1981), but to provide informations on the pest problems smallholder coconut farmers encounter in growing these hybrids from the nursery to the field.
  • 1 Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul Instituto De

    1 Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul Instituto De

    UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL INSTITUTO DE BIOCIÊNCIAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ECOLOGIA Tese de Doutorado Dispersão, processo chave para modular a dinâmica ecológica e evolutiva de borboletas Dirleane Ottonelli Rossato Tese de Doutorado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul como um dos pré-requisitos para obtenção do título de Doutora em Ciências – ênfase em Ecologia. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Leandro da Silva Duarte Co-orientador: Prof. Dr. Cristiano Agra Iserhard Porto Alegre, Maio de 2018. 1 Dispersão, processo chave para modular a dinâmica ecológica e evolutiva de borboletas Dirleane Ottonelli Rossato Tese de Doutorado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul como um dos pré-requisitos para obtenção do título de Doutora em Ciências – ênfase em Ecologia. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Leandro da Silva Duarte Co-orientador: Prof. Dr. Cristiano Agra Iserhard Banca examinadora: Prof. Dra Helena Piccoli Romanowski Prof. Dr. Thales Renato O. de Freitas Dr. Lucas Jardim Data de defesa pública 28 de maio de 2018. 2 Pés, para que os quero, se tenho asas para voar? Frida Kahlo 3 AGRADECIMENTO Aos orientadores, Professor Leandro Duarte pela orientação, discussão e proposições investigativas tão interessantes envolvendo sistemas ecológicos e evolutivos complexos, Professor Cristiano pela coorientação e suporte na identificação das borboletas. Aos colaboradores de cada um dos capítulos da presente tese, vocês foram essenciais para que esta tese contemplasse diferentes aspectos das causas e efeitos do processo dispersivo de borboletas. Ao Dr. Kaminski pelos seus instigantes questionamentos e interessantes perspectivas sobre a evolução dos caracteres, além da grande colaboração em diversas discussões teóricas e filosóficas relacionadas ou não com a presente tese.