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Birds of Gabon and Congo

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Birds of Gabon and Congo Butterflies of the Indian Subcontinent – Annotated Checklist Introduction Some years ago, when I was looking for a good checklist of the butterflies of the Indian region, I had to conclude that no such dependable modern list existed. The last comprehensive list was still the one in Evans (1932), which included the whole Indian region and Burma. I then decided to make such a list myself, with the same geographical coverage. I started, of course, from the great Evans, then incorporating his revisions of the Hesperiidae and the Arhopala group of Lycaenidae, then Talbot for the Papilionidae, Pieridae, Danainae, Satyrinae, Amathusiinae, and Acraeinae, and then Cantlie for the Lycaenidae other than the Arhopala group. Then several later revisions were consulted and comparisons were made with several modern lists. Sequence, at least among genera, was largely based on Varshney (2010), though for families I prefer the sequence Hesperiidae-Papilionidae-Pieridae-Lycaenidae-Nymphalidae. In the list, I had included synonyms and full reference to Evans, since I had observed that many people still refer to that publication; this would then also apply to Wynter-Blyth's book, which basically used the same nomenclature as Evans. This was in 2013. I was fairly content with it, but kept the distributional info to a strict minimum. More recently, I had some spare time and decided to make a new ‘Annotated Checklist of the Butterflies of the Indian Subcontinent”. I started from my old checklist, but decided to restrict myself this time to the ‘traditional’ Indian Subcontinent, viz., India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, and Bangladesh, and to give a much more detailed distribution for the 1442 species, including updated status and altitudinal distribution. I have mostly retained the sequence of the first work, as well as the references to Evans’s work, including synonyms. I have included the information given in many recent regional checklists – though some were not really that reliable and contained many obvious mistakes. The distributional data found on the Butterflies of India website have been most useful. All in all, I think the distributions I give are fairly reliable. Finally, I think it wise to elaborated somewhat on the terms used in the distribution ranges. First, for the sake of brevity I have used ‘Kashmir’ for Jammu and Kashmir, but I have always mentioned Ladakh separately, in view of the special zoogeographical position of this region. So, when a species is given as occurring in ‘Kashmir’, that means that it occurs in Jammu and Kashmir but not in Ladakh, which is always mentioned separately. I have also tried to solve the ‘Sikkim/Darjeeling’ conundrum. When a species is said to occur in Sikkim, that really means present-day Sikkim. Those occurring in Darjeeling are included in ‘N West Bengal’, which means, besides Darjeeling, the whole area of West Bengal north of Bangladesh. For NE India I have always mentioned Arunachal Pradesh separately, while ‘the rest of NE India’ means the other NE Indian states (Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Manipur, Tripura, and Mizoram). When a species is not known from one or more of these states, it is explicitly mentioned. Many species will be termed as occurring in NE India (except Tripura or Mizoram); this means that they have not been recorded, to my knowledge, from these states, but in many cases they will occur, since these are the least-known areas of the Northeast. I have mostly not bothered with city states; thus, I have mostly treated Delhi under Haryana, Chandigarh under Punjab, and Puducherry under Tamil Nadu. For Pakistan, I have still used the old North-West Frontier Province (NWFP in the text) to avoid always having to use both ‘Khyber Pakhtunkhwa’ and ‘Federally Administered Tribal Areas’. Also, I have used the old name Hazara for Abbottabad district, to avoid confusion with the town itself. For each species I have generally listed the subspecies as they occur from north to south and from west to east, and also the range of each subspecies is given from north to south and from west to east. Checklist Family Hesperiidae Subfamily Coeliadinae 1. Burara oedipodea (Branded Orange Awlet) B.o.ataphus: Rare in Sri Lanka, mainly in southern half, up to 1800m. B.o.belesis: Rare in Himalayas, mainly up to 300m but occasionally to 1500m, from Himachal Pradesh (west to Kangra) east through Uttarakhand, Nepal, Sikkim, N West Bengal, and Bhutan to Arunachal Pradesh and the rest of NE India (not recorded Mizoram), and NE Bangladesh. (= aegina, athena) [Given as Ismene oedipodea in Evans, 1932, and as Bibasis oedipodea in Evans, 1949] 2. Burara jaina (Orange-striped Awlet) B.j.fergusonii: Uncommon in Western Ghats, up to 1800m, from Kerala and W Tamilnadu north through W Karnataka and Goa to W Maharashtra (north to Pune and Thane), and in Eastern Ghats in SE Chhattisgarh (Bastar). B.j.jaina: Uncommon in Himalayas, up to 900m, locally to 1500m, from Himachal Pradesh (west to Solan and Mandi) east through Uttarakhand, Nepal, Sikkim, N West Bengal, and Bhutan to Arunachal Pradesh and the rest of NE India (not recorded Tripura or Mizoram), and NE Bangladesh. (= vasundhara) B.j.astigmata: Very rare in S Andamans. [Given as Ismene jaina in Evans, 1932, and vasundhara was there given as the subspecies ranging from Assam to Burma, with jaina then confined to Mussoorie to Sikkim; given as Bibasis jaina in Evans, 1949] 3. Burara anadi (Plain Orange Awlet) Rare in Himalayas, mainly at low elevations but occasionally up to 2100m in west, from Uttarakhand east (not recorded from Nepal, but should occur) to Sikkim and N West Bengal, and in NE India south of Brahmaputra in Meghalaya (Khasi Hills) and Nagaland. (= purpurea) [Given as Ismene anadi in Evans, 1932, and as Bibasis anadi in Evans, 1949] 4. Burara etelka (Great Orange Awlet) Very rare in NE India south of Brahmaputra in Manipur (Kabaw Valley). [Given as Ismene etelka in Evans, 1932, and as Bibasis etelka in Evans, 1949] 5. Burara harisa (Orange Awlet) B.h.harisa: Rare in Himalayas, up to 700m, from C Nepal east through Sikkim, N West Bengal, and Bhutan to Arunachal Pradesh and the rest of NE India (not recorded Mizoram), and NE Bangladesh. (= asambha) B.h.andamana: Very rare in Andamans. [Given as Ismene harisa in Evans, 1932, and as Bibasis harisa in Evans, 1949; andamana was only described in 2009] 6. Burara vasutana (Green Awlet) Rare in Himalayas, from lower foothills up to 1500m, from E Uttarakhand (Kumaon) east through Nepal, Sikkim, N West Bengal, and Bhutan to Arunachal Pradesh and hills of NE India south of Brahmaputra (Meghalaya, Nagaland, and Manipur), where commoner. (= rahita, burma) [Given as Ismene vasutana in Evans, 1932, and as Bibasis vasutana in Evans, 1949] 7. Burara amara (Small Green Awlet) Rare in Himalayas, up to 1000m, from C Nepal east through Sikkim, N West Bengal, and Bhutan to Arunachal Pradesh and the rest of NE India (not recorded Manipur or Mizoram), and NE and SE Bangladesh. Very rare in S Andamans. (= pindapatra) [Given as Ismene amara in Evans, 1932, and as Bibasis amara in Evans, 1949] 8. Burara gomata (Pale Green Awlet) B.g.kanara: Uncommon in Western Ghats, up to 1800m, from Kerala and W Tamilnadu north through W Karnataka to Goa. B.g.gomata: Rare in Himalayas, up to 1500m, from E Nepal east through Sikkim, N West Bengal, and Bhutan to Arunachal Pradesh and the rest of NE India, where found up to 1800m, in Assam, Meghalaya, and Nagaland. [Given as Ismene gomata in Evans, 1932, and as Bibasis gomata in Evans, 1949] 9. Bibasis iluska (Slate Awlet) B.i.mahintha: Uncommon at fairly low elevations in NE India south of Brahmaputra (S Assam and Manipur) and in SE Bangladesh (S Chittagong area). [Given as Ismene mahintha, Slate Awlet, in Evans, 1932] 10. Bibasis sena (Orangetail Awl) B.s.sena: Rare in Sri Lanka, mainly in central areas up to 1400m. Rare in Western Ghats, up to 1800m, from Kerala and W Tamilnadu north through W Karnataka and Goa to W Maharashtra (north to Thane), in Satpura Range in S Madhya Pradesh (Hoshangabad), and in N Eastern Ghats in N Orissa (Similipal Biosphere Reserve). Uncommon in Himalayas, up to 1500m, from NW Punjab (south to Islamabad) in Pakistan east (should also occur in Kashmir) through Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Nepal, Sikkim, N West Bengal, and Bhutan to Arunachal Pradesh and the rest of NE India (not recorded Tripura or Mizoram), and NE Bangladesh. Very rare in S Andamans. 11. Hasora salanga (Green Awl) Vagrant in Nicobars (recorded once). (= woolletti) 12. Hasora anura (Slate Awl) H.a.anura: Rare in Himalayas, up to 2100m, from C Nepal east through Sikkim, N West Bengal, and Bhutan to Arunachal Pradesh and hills of NE India south of Brahmaputra (not recorded Tripura). 13. Hasora danda (Smoky Awl) Very rare in hills of NE India south of Brahmaputra, where recorded only from Imphal in Manipur at 900m. [Described in Evans, 1949; very like anura] 14. Hasora chromus (Common Banded Awl) H.c.chromus: Common in Sri Lanka, in all zones, up to 1800m. Generally common all over India, up to 2000m in Western Ghats, from Kerala and Tamilnadu north through all states (except W Rajasthan, W Haryana, and S Punjab, and not recorded from Kashmir, though should occur) to Himalayas, up to 2100m, from Himachal Pradesh east through Uttarakhand, Nepal (where uncommon), Sikkim, N West Bengal, and Bhutan to Arunachal Pradesh and the rest of NE India (not recorded Tripura or Mizoram), and C, NE, and SE Bangladesh (where rare). Rare in Pakistan in Baluchistan (straggler at 1650 and 2250m), Sind (Karachi), and N Punjab (Murree, where not uncommon, Islamabad region, and Lahore).
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