DOCSLIB.ORG

Viability of B. Typhosus in Stored Shell Oysters

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Viability of B. Typhosus in Stored Shell Oysters PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS VOL. 40 APRIL 24, 1925 No. 17 VIABILITY OF B. TYPHOSUS IN STORED SHELL OYSTERS By CONRAD KINYOuN, Assistant Bacteriologist, hlygienic Laboratory, United Stztes Ptiblic Ilealti Serviee The object of this work was to determine whether oysters con- taminated with B. typhosuis and then stored unider uisual market conditions woul(l remain potentially infectious over a length of time sufficient to allow them to reach the consumer. Conflicting opinions are now current as to the length of time the causative agent of typhoid fever can remain viable in the oyster, and even as to whether the oyster can harbor the organisms at all. Obviouisly an oyster which harbors typhoidl organismns for as short a time as 24 hours becomes a potential infecting, agent for thlat time. Practi- cally it is of interest to know whether the time elapsing between the remov-al of the oyster from the bed and( actual consumption after passing through customary commercial channels is sufficient for oysters to rid themselves of possible infection. As early as 1603, oysters were incriminate(d in intestinal disor(lers, when suspicion was directed toward them by an illness of Henry IV of France (7). It was not uIntil the close of the nineteenth century, however, that oysters and shellfislh as agents of (lisease transmission receive(d particular attention. In October, 1894, Conn focused attention on the oyster by his investigation of the now famous Wesleyan outbreak, an(d thoughl only thlree outbreaks of typhoid fever were definitely traced to the oyster before 19,25, these stimulated wide interest and consequent study, with atten(lant epidemiological and bacteriological investigations. It is agreed that the medium of infection of oysters with B. ty- phosuis is water; but there is a wide (livergence of opinion uipon tlhe viability of the organisms in water. De Giaxa (12) fouind( numerous typhoid bacilli nine dtays after inoculation in ordinary sea water an(d 25 days after inoculation in steiilized sea water. I-le ma(le no ex- aminations later than thlese. Cassedebot, quoted by Frankland (1), foun(d the typlhoi(d organiisms (lestroyed in sterilize(d sea water within 48 houirs. Frankland (1) found 1 per cent and 3 per cent salt water prejui(licial to ty)hoid. Foote (2) conieludes that even in extremely cold weather, typlhoid bacilli will live in unsterilized brackish water (0.06 to 0.15 per cent salt) at least eight days, wlile in warnm(er 36275--25t-1 (819) April'24, 1925 8.120 water they rapi(dly (limiinish in numbers and can not be (letected after thlree weeks. Iler(linan and Boyce (3) conclude that typhoid bacilli w-ill not flourish in cleani salt water. Klein, quotedl by Reille (7), states that according to his experiments sea water is favorable to the survival of typhoid, an(l Reille (7) corroborates this finding. Burdoni et al., quoted by Conn (10), "proved the typhoid bacillus would live in sea wN-ater for 14 days." Dc Freytag, (11) found that the typhoid bacillus would live in concentrate(d salt anid gelatin solution for five months, buit not six months, at room temperature. To check the viability of the cultures used in tile present experi- nent, flasks containing 500 c. c. of 3.5 per (lent andl 30 per cent salt water were sterilized, then inoculated with a half slant eaclh of the Rawling and the Hopkinis strains of B. typhosus and kept at room temnperature. From day to (lay 0.1 c. c. from each flask was trans- ferred to Endo )lates and glucose brotlh fermentation tubes; and wlhen growth resulted, it was proved to be B. typhosus. This test slhowed that in 3.5 per cent sterilized salt water the organisms remained viable during the course of tile experiment-15 days- while in the 30 per cent salt B. typhosus was not proved after 24 hours. As to viability in the oyster itself, Harrington (13) cites the conclusion of Polak thlat during transportation the life processes of tlhe oyster have an inimical influence upon bacteria, diminishing their numiiber and, in certain cases, destroying them entirely; but Harrington states tiat this conclusion is opposed to that of others who liad found tilat the typlioid fever organisms live longer in the tissues and juice of the oyster than in the sea water. Field (6) cites experiments slhowing thlat mnany oysters are damaged and destroye(d during storage and trainsportation, thlus affording a favor- able mediunm for the multiplication of typhoid organisms. Previous laboratory work gives a range of infection lasting from eight days to six weeks. Foote (2) stated that, with oysters kept at a teulperatuire ranging from 500 to 65° F. (100 to 18.30 C.), the typhloid orgranismn lives longer in the stomiach and in the juice of the oyster thain it does in the water in whichi the oyster grows, and that if therc is an increase in organisms this increase takes place within the first two weeks, after whicil tilere is a decrease, but that the typhoid bacillus may be found even 30 (la-s after the date of in- fection. Boyce and lfcrdxnan (4) recovered typhoi(l organisms 14 days after infection; Fieldl (5, 6) 9 (lays after inf'ection, an(l from 4 to 6 weeks if oysters were cooled; Reille (7) froml 9 to 28 days; Klein fromn 7 to 11 (lays; Stiles (8) from 7 to 21 days. Park (14) states that infection is transitory and that oysters usuallv cleanse themnselves in lrom 6 to 8 davs. Gorham (9) gave an opinion, based on the seasonal counts, that oysters Iiiberniate. 81) April 24, 1:)25 Following this suggestion as to oyster hibernation, the New York City health departinent slhowed that infection (lid not occur in hibernating oysters whlen the surrounding wateI had 13O(M'() typhoid bacilli per c. c. Pease, *luoted by Patirk; (14), states that at 2.2° C. oysters close their slhells so tightly as to be im1pervious to particles of dyes in aqueous solution. The oysters use(l in the tests lhere reporte(l were of a large salt- water variety, tong(e(l fromi Tangier Sound(I in the Chesapeake Bay and broulgilt to Washington by power b)oat. By the tine they had reached Washington they had been out of water eihlt (lays. Two buslhels were purchiase(d oIn February 4, 1925, brought to the Ily- gienic Laboratory, and stored outdoor-s for the night. The followitng morning they were brought insi(le and cleaned roughly by scrubbing with brush an(l cold tap water. They were then placed in 6 large glass aquarium jars, each containing about 16 liters of sterilized tap water to whiclh 3.5 per cent sodijum chlloride C. P. had been ad(le(l. The amount of water was sufficient to cover the oysters generously. Air was passe(l througli this watet in a slow stream, allowingr ample aeration. After two lhours, when the temn- perature in tile jars ranged from 240 to 280 C., they were eaci inoculated withi two-thir(ds of a liter of 24-hour bouillon culture. The inoculum consisted of 2 liters each of Rawlings and(i Hopkins strains of B. typhossus. Previous to inoculation it was notice(d that the oysters had opened their shells. Six in each jar were tested for viability. On slight stimulation all closed their shells. During the night, air was passed through the water every two hours for 10 minutes. Cultural checks were made of the cultures used for inoculation. After 24 hours' feeding, the oysters were taken fromn thc aquariums, drained, and placed in galvanize&l-iron buckets. One portion was placed in a laboratory cold roomn, which is maintained at 100 C., and the other portion, covered with ice, was placed outtdoors. The, latter was re-ice(Idaily. During, thie test the mnean (laily outside temperature range(l from 27° F. to 580 F. (-2.80 C. to 14.40 C.), with an average of 430 F. (6.10 C.). From day to day individuals from each lot NweLre opened and cultured. Opening wtls preceded hy flaming the slhell thoroughly with a Bunsen buiner, pryina the shell apart witlh a flame(d oyster knife, and cutting the attachmneiit miiuscle of the right slhell. Cultures were obtained from the slhell liquidl with a pipette, anid from the stomnach by searing, dissecting, out anid opening the stomachl, and culturing with a loop, all un(ler aseptic conditions. The cultures were made on Endo plates, from which colonies were fislhed to Russell's double sugar me(liun, and to glucose brothl fer- mentation tubes. These presuimiptive tests were followed by testing April 24, 1925 8'22 motility, agglutinating power and indol production, action upon gela- tin, and fermentation reactions upon levulose, sorbitol, dulcitol, lactose, sailicin, iiositol, anI( dcxtrine. Unless an organism reacted typically to all these criteria, it was not considered to be B. typhos ts. Motility wtas observed from 24-hiour broth cultures, which were also used for aggcrlutinating tests. The latter were performed on microscopic slides by a(ldingr a (drop of culture to a dilution of monovalent seruni. Indol pro(luction was tested by moistening tile plugs of control tubes on eachl culture with a concentrated solution of oxalic acidl. Enlows' lne(liuln was use(d for the fermentation reactions. Adequate controls on a1llmedia and reactions were run. No atteinpt was made to estimate the nuimber of typhoid colonies otuantitatively on the plates from day to day. It was noticed, how- ever, that -from a very larg,e number at the first, there was no appre- ciable diminution until after thc eighthl day.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • EFFECTIVE NEBRASKA DEPARTMENT of 01/01/2017 HEALTH and HUMAN SERVICES 173 NAC 1 I TITLE 173 COMMUNICABLE DISEASES CHAPTER 1
    EFFECTIVE NEBRASKA DEPARTMENT OF 01/01/2017 HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES 173 NAC 1 TITLE 173 COMMUNICABLE DISEASES CHAPTER 1 REPORTING AND CONTROL OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION SUBJECT PAGE 1-001 SCOPE AND AUTHORITY 1 1-002 DEFINITIONS 1 1-003 WHO MUST REPORT 2 1-003.01 Healthcare Providers (Physicians and Hospitals) 2 1-003.01A Reporting by PA’s and APRN’s 2 1-003.01B Reporting by Laboratories in lieu of Physicians 3 1-003.01C Reporting by Healthcare Facilities in lieu of Physicians for 3 Healthcare Associated Infections (HAIs) 1-003.02 Laboratories 3 1-003.02A Electronic Ordering of Laboratory Tests 3 1-004 REPORTABLE DISEASES, POISONINGS, AND ORGANISMS: 3 LISTS AND FREQUENCY OF REPORTS 1-004.01 Immediate Reports 4 1-004.01A List of Diseases, Poisonings, and Organisms 4 1-004.01B Clusters, Outbreaks, or Unusual Events, Including Possible 5 Bioterroristic Attacks 1-004.02 Reports Within Seven Days – List of Reportable Diseases, 5 Poisonings, and Organisms 1-004.03 Reporting of Antimicrobial Susceptibility 8 1-004.04 New or Emerging Diseases and Other Syndromes and Exposures – 8 Reporting and Submissions 1-004.04A Criteria 8 1-004.04B Surveillance Mechanism 8 1-004.05 Sexually Transmitted Diseases 9 1-004.06 Healthcare Associated Infections 9 1-005 METHODS OF REPORTING 9 1-005.01 Health Care Providers 9 1-005.01A Immediate Reports of Diseases, Poisonings, and Organisms 9 1-005.01B Immediate Reports of Clusters, Outbreaks, or Unusual Events, 9 Including Possible Bioterroristic Attacks i EFFECTIVE NEBRASKA DEPARTMENT OF
    [Show full text]
  • Adult Vaccines
    What do flu, whooping cough, measles, shingles and pneumonia have in common? 1 They’re viruses that can make you very sick. 2 Vaccines can help prevent them. Protect yourself and those you care about. Get vaccinated at a network pharmacy near you. • Ask your pharmacist which vaccines are right for you. • Find out if your pharmacist can administer the recommended vaccinations. • Many vaccinations are covered by your plan at participating retail pharmacies. • Don’t forget to present your member ID card to the pharmacist at the time of service! The following vaccines are available and can be administered by pharmacists at participating network pharmacies: • Flu (seasonal influenza) • Meningitis • Travel Vaccines (typhoid, yellow • Tetanus/Diphtheria/Pertussis • Pneumonia fever, etc.) • Hepatitis • Rabies • Childhood Vaccines (MMR, etc.) • Human Papillomavirus (HPV) • Shingles/Zoster See other side for recommended adult vaccinations. The vaccinations you need ALL adults should get vaccinated for1: • Flu, every year. It’s especially important for pregnant women, older adults and people with chronic health conditions. • Tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis (whooping cough). Adults should get a one-time dose of the Tdap vaccine. It’s different from the tetanus vaccine (Td), which is given every 10 years. You may need additional vaccinations depending on your age1: Young adults not yet vaccinated need: Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine series (3 doses) if you are: • Female age 26 or younger • Male age 21 or younger • Male age 26 or younger who has sex with men, who is immunocompromised or who has HIV Adults born in the U.S. in 1957 or after need: Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccine2 Adults should get at least one dose of MMR vaccine, unless they’ve already gotten this vaccine or have immunity to measles, mumps and rubella Adults born in the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Characterization of a Meiotic Recombination Hotspot in Arabidopsis Thaliana Hossein Khademian
    Characterization of a meiotic recombination hotspot in Arabidopsis thaliana Hossein Khademian To cite this version: Hossein Khademian. Characterization of a meiotic recombination hotspot in Arabidopsis thaliana. Agricultural sciences. Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. English. NNT : 2012PA112051. tel- 00800551 HAL Id: tel-00800551 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00800551 Submitted on 14 Mar 2013 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITE PARIS-SUD 11 U.F.R. Scientifique d’Orsay Thèse Présentée pour l’obtention du grade de Docteur en Sciences de l’Université Paris-Sud XI Spécialité : Sciences du Végétal par Hossein KHADEMIAN Caractérisation d’un point chaud de recombinaison méiotique chez Arabidopsis thaliana Composition du jury : Valérie BORDE Rapporteur Michel DRON Président du Jury Corinne GREY Examinateur Christine MEZARD Directeur de Thèse Minoo RASSOULZADEGAN Rapporteur Abstract Meiotic recombination initiated in prophase I of meiosis generates either crossovers (COs), which are reciprocal exchanges between chromosome segments, or gene conversion not associated to crossovers (NCOs). Both kinds of events occur in narrow regions (less than 10 kilobases) called hotspots, which are distributed non-homogenously along chromosomes. The aim of my PhD was the characterization of a hotspot of meiotic recombination (named 14a) in Arabidopsis thaliana (i) across different accessions (ii) in msh4 mutant, a gene involved in CO formation.
    [Show full text]
  • Measles: Chapter 7.1 Chapter 7: Measles Paul A
    VPD Surveillance Manual 7 Measles: Chapter 7.1 Chapter 7: Measles Paul A. Gastanaduy, MD, MPH; Susan B. Redd; Nakia S. Clemmons, MPH; Adria D. Lee, MSPH; Carole J. Hickman, PhD; Paul A. Rota, PhD; Manisha Patel, MD, MS I. Disease Description Measles is an acute viral illness caused by a virus in the family paramyxovirus, genus Morbillivirus. Measles is characterized by a prodrome of fever (as high as 105°F) and malaise, cough, coryza, and conjunctivitis, followed by a maculopapular rash.1 The rash spreads from head to trunk to lower extremities. Measles is usually a mild or moderately severe illness. However, measles can result in complications such as pneumonia, encephalitis, and death. Approximately one case of encephalitis2 and two to three deaths may occur for every 1,000 reported measles cases.3 One rare long-term sequelae of measles virus infection is subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), a fatal disease of the central nervous system that generally develops 7–10 years after infection. Among persons who contracted measles during the resurgence in the United States (U.S.) in 1989–1991, the risk of SSPE was estimated to be 7–11 cases/100,000 cases of measles.4 The risk of developing SSPE may be higher when measles occurs prior to the second year of life.4 The average incubation period for measles is 11–12 days,5 and the average interval between exposure and rash onset is 14 days, with a range of 7–21 days.1, 6 Persons with measles are usually considered infectious from four days before until four days after onset of rash with the rash onset being considered as day zero.
    [Show full text]
  • Measles Diagnostic Tool
    Measles Prodrome and Clinical evolution E Fever (mild to moderate) E Cough E Coryza E Conjunctivitis E Fever spikes as high as 105ºF Koplik’s spots Koplik’s Spots E E Viral enanthem of measles Rash E Erythematous, maculopapular rash which begins on typically starting 1-2 days before the face (often at hairline and behind ears) then spreads to neck/ the rash. Appearance is similar to “grains of salt on a wet background” upper trunk and then to lower trunk and extremities. Evolution and may become less visible as the of rash 1-3 days. Palms and soles rarely involved. maculopapular rash develops. Rash INCUBATION PERIOD Fever, STARTS on face (hairline & cough/coryza/conjunctivitis behind ears), spreads to trunk, Average 8-12 days from exposure to onset (sensitivity to light) and then to thighs/ feet of prodrome symptoms 0 (average interval between exposure to onset rash 14 day [range 7-21 days]) -4 -3 -2 -1 1234 NOT INFECTIOUS higher fever (103°-104°) during this period rash fades in same sequence it appears INFECTIOUS 4 days before rash and 4 days after rash Not Measles Rubella Varicella cervical lymphadenopathy. Highly variable but (Aka German Measles) (Aka Chickenpox) Rash E often maculopapular with Clinical manifestations E Clinical manifestations E Generally mild illness with low- Mild prodrome of fever and malaise multiforme-like lesions and grade fever, malaise, and lymph- may occur one to two days before may resemble scarlet fever. adenopathy (commonly post- rash. Possible low-grade fever. Rash often associated with painful edema hands and feet. auricular and sub-occipital).
    [Show full text]
  • Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Uals Were 2 to 16 Times More Likely to Develop Kaposi Sarcoma Than Were Uninfected Individuals
    Report on Carcinogens, Fourteenth Edition For Table of Contents, see home page: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/go/roc Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus uals were 2 to 16 times more likely to develop Kaposi sarcoma than were uninfected individuals. In some studies, the risk of Kaposi sar- CAS No.: none assigned coma increased with increasing viral load of KSHV (Sitas et al. 1999, Known to be a human carcinogen Newton et al. 2003a,b, 2006, Albrecht et al. 2004). Most KSHV-infected patients who develop Kaposi sarcoma have Also known as KSHV or human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) immune systems compromised either by HIV-1 infection or as a re- Carcinogenicity sult of drug treatments after organ or tissue transplants. The timing of infection with HIV-1 may also play a role in development of Ka- Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is known to be a posi sarcoma. Acquiring HIV-1 infection prior to KSHV infection human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence from studies in hu- may increase the risk of epidemic Kaposi sarcoma by 50% to 100%, mans. This conclusion is based on evidence from epidemiological compared with acquiring HIV-1 infection at the same time as or after and molecular studies, which show that KSHV causes Kaposi sar- KSHV infection. Nevertheless, patients with the classic or endemic coma, primary effusion lymphoma, and a plasmablastic variant of forms of Kaposi sarcoma are not suspected of having suppressed im- multicentric Castleman disease, and on supporting mechanistic data. mune systems, suggesting that immunosuppression is not required KSHV causes cancer, primarily but not exclusively in people with for development of Kaposi sarcoma.
    [Show full text]
  • Eye Disease 1 Eye Disease
    Eye disease 1 Eye disease Eye disease Classification and external resources [1] MeSH D005128 This is a partial list of human eye diseases and disorders. The World Health Organisation publishes a classification of known diseases and injuries called the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems or ICD-10. This list uses that classification. H00-H59 Diseases of the eye and adnexa H00-H06 Disorders of eyelid, lacrimal system and orbit • (H00.0) Hordeolum ("stye" or "sty") — a bacterial infection of sebaceous glands of eyelashes • (H00.1) Chalazion — a cyst in the eyelid (usually upper eyelid) • (H01.0) Blepharitis — inflammation of eyelids and eyelashes; characterized by white flaky skin near the eyelashes • (H02.0) Entropion and trichiasis • (H02.1) Ectropion • (H02.2) Lagophthalmos • (H02.3) Blepharochalasis • (H02.4) Ptosis • (H02.6) Xanthelasma of eyelid • (H03.0*) Parasitic infestation of eyelid in diseases classified elsewhere • Dermatitis of eyelid due to Demodex species ( B88.0+ ) • Parasitic infestation of eyelid in: • leishmaniasis ( B55.-+ ) • loiasis ( B74.3+ ) • onchocerciasis ( B73+ ) • phthiriasis ( B85.3+ ) • (H03.1*) Involvement of eyelid in other infectious diseases classified elsewhere • Involvement of eyelid in: • herpesviral (herpes simplex) infection ( B00.5+ ) • leprosy ( A30.-+ ) • molluscum contagiosum ( B08.1+ ) • tuberculosis ( A18.4+ ) • yaws ( A66.-+ ) • zoster ( B02.3+ ) • (H03.8*) Involvement of eyelid in other diseases classified elsewhere • Involvement of eyelid in impetigo
    [Show full text]
  • Varicella (Chickenpox): Questions and Answers Q&A Information About the Disease and Vaccines
    Varicella (Chickenpox): Questions and Answers Q&A information about the disease and vaccines What causes chickenpox? more common in infants, adults, and people with Chickenpox is caused by a virus, the varicella-zoster weakened immune systems. virus. How do I know if my child has chickenpox? How does chickenpox spread? Usually chickenpox can be diagnosed by disease his- Chickenpox spreads from person to person by direct tory and appearance alone. Adults who need to contact or through the air by coughing or sneezing. know if they’ve had chickenpox in the past can have It is highly contagious. It can also be spread through this determined by a laboratory test. Chickenpox is direct contact with the fluid from a blister of a per- much less common now than it was before a vaccine son infected with chickenpox, or from direct contact became available, so parents, doctors, and nurses with a sore from a person with shingles. are less familiar with it. It may be necessary to perform laboratory testing for children to confirm chickenpox. How long does it take to show signs of chickenpox after being exposed? How long is a person with chickenpox contagious? It takes from 10 to 21 days to develop symptoms after Patients with chickenpox are contagious for 1–2 days being exposed to a person infected with chickenpox. before the rash appears and continue to be conta- The usual time period is 14–16 days. gious through the first 4–5 days or until all the blisters are crusted over. What are the symptoms of chickenpox? Is there a treatment for chickenpox? The most common symptoms of chickenpox are rash, fever, coughing, fussiness, headache, and loss of appe- Most cases of chickenpox in otherwise healthy children tite.
    [Show full text]
  • Managing Communicable Diseases in Child Care Settings
    MANAGING COMMUNICABLE DISEASES IN CHILD CARE SETTINGS Prepared jointly by: Child Care Licensing Division Michigan Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs and Divisions of Communicable Disease & Immunization Michigan Department of Health and Human Services Ways to Keep Children and Adults Healthy It is very common for children and adults to become ill in a child care setting. There are a number of steps child care providers and staff can take to prevent or reduce the incidents of illness among children and adults in the child care setting. You can also refer to the publication Let’s Keep It Healthy – Policies and Procedures for a Safe and Healthy Environment. Hand Washing Hand washing is one of the most effective way to prevent the spread of illness. Hands should be washed frequently including after diapering, toileting, caring for an ill child, and coming into contact with bodily fluids (such as nose wiping), before feeding, eating and handling food, and at any time hands are soiled. Note: The use of disposable gloves during diapering does not eliminate the need for hand washing. The use of gloves is not required during diapering. However, if gloves are used, caregivers must still wash their hands after each diaper change. Instructions for effective hand washing are: 1. Wet hands under warm, running water. 2. Apply liquid soap. Antibacterial soap is not recommended. 3. Vigorously rub hands together for at least 20 seconds to lather all surfaces of the hands. Pay special attention to cleaning under fingernails and thumbs. 4. Thoroughly rinse hands under warm, running water. 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Vaccine Information Statement
    VACCINE INFORMATION STATEMENT Many Vaccine Information Statements are available in Spanish and other languages. MMRV (Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and See www.immunize.org/vis Hojas de información sobre vacunas están Varicella) Vaccine: What You Need to Know disponibles en español y en muchos otros idiomas. Visite www.immunize.org/vis 1 Why get vaccinated? 2 MMRV Vaccine Measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella are viral diseases that can MMRV vaccine may be given to children 12 months through 12 have serious consequences. Before vaccines, these diseases were years of age. Two doses are usually recommended: very common in the United States, especially among children. First dose: 12 through 15 months of age They are still common in many parts of the world. Second dose: 4 through 6 years of age Measles A third dose of MMR might be recommended in certain mumps Measles virus causes symptoms that can include fever, cough, outbreak situations. runny nose, and red, watery eyes, commonly followed by a rash There are no known risks to getting MMRV vaccine at the same that covers the whole body. time as other vaccines. Measles can lead to ear infections, diarrhea, and infection of the lungs (pneumonia). Rarely, measles can cause brain damage or Instead of MMRV, some children 12 months death. through 12 years of age might get 2 separate Mumps shots: MMR (measles, mumps and rubella) and Mumps virus causes fever, headache, muscle aches, tiredness, chickenpox (varicella). MMRV is not licensed for loss of appetite, and swollen and tender salivary glands under the people 13 years of age or older.
    [Show full text]
  • ICD-10 International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems
    ICD-10 International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision Volume 2 Instruction manual 2010 Edition WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems. - 10th revision, edition 2010. 3 v. Contents: v. 1. Tabular list – v. 2. Instruction manual – v. 3. Alphabetical index. 1.Diseases - classification. 2.Classification. 3.Manuals. I.World Health Organization. II.ICD-10. ISBN 978 92 4 154834 2 (NLM classification: WB 15) © World Health Organization 2011 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization are available on the WHO web site (www.who.int) or can be purchased from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel.: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; e-mail: [email protected]). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications – whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution – should be addressed to WHO Press through the WHO web site (http://www.who.int/about/licensing/copyright_form). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.
    [Show full text]
  • FAQ REGARDING DISEASE REPORTING in MONTANA | Rev
    Disease Reporting in Montana: Frequently Asked Questions Title 50 Section 1-202 of the Montana Code Annotated (MCA) outlines the general powers and duties of the Montana Department of Public Health & Human Services (DPHHS). The three primary duties that serve as the foundation for disease reporting in Montana state that DPHHS shall: • Study conditions affecting the citizens of the state by making use of birth, death, and sickness records; • Make investigations, disseminate information, and make recommendations for control of diseases and improvement of public health to persons, groups, or the public; and • Adopt and enforce rules regarding the reporting and control of communicable diseases. In order to meet these obligations, DPHHS works closely with local health jurisdictions to collect and analyze disease reports. Although anyone may report a case of communicable disease, such reports are submitted primarily by health care providers and laboratories. The Administrative Rules of Montana (ARM), Title 37, Chapter 114, Communicable Disease Control, outline the rules for communicable disease control, including disease reporting. Communicable disease surveillance is defined as the ongoing collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of disease data. Accurate and timely disease reporting is the foundation of an effective surveillance program, which is key to applying effective public health interventions to mitigate the impact of disease. What diseases are reportable? A list of reportable diseases is maintained in ARM 37.114.203. The list continues to evolve and is consistent with the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) list of Nationally Notifiable Diseases maintained by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). In addition to the named conditions on the list, any occurrence of a case/cases of communicable disease in the 20th edition of the Control of Communicable Diseases Manual with a frequency in excess of normal expectancy or any unusual incident of unexplained illness or death in a human or animal should be reported.
    [Show full text]