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Developing Standards of Care for Marine Mammals in Captivity and Recommendations Regarding How Best to Ensure the Most Humane Treatment of Captive Cetaceans

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Developing Standards of Care for Marine Mammals in Captivity and Recommendations Regarding How Best to Ensure the Most Humane Treatment of Captive Cetaceans Developing Standards of Care for Marine Mammals in Captivity and Recommendations Regarding How Best to Ensure the Most Humane Treatment of Captive Cetaceans A report prepared for the Ontario Ministry of Community Safety and Correctional Services Final Report: May 30, 2014 Table of Contents Report Overview .......................................................................................................5 Purpose ................................................................................................................5 Report Structure ....................................................................................................5 Committee Members .............................................................................................6 Explanation of Key Terms .....................................................................................6 Executive Summary .................................................................................................7 Part 1: Recommendations for Standards of Care for Captive Marine Mammals in Ontario .....................................................................................................................9 1.1. Overview ....................................................................................................9 1.2 Approach ....................................................................................................9 1.3 Current regulations for the care of marine mammals in Ontario .................9 1.4 Recognized concerns associated with current regulations for the care of marine mammals in Ontario ................................................................................ 11 1.5 Summary of Committee opinion and recommendations for regulations for the care of marine mammals in Ontario .............................................................. 12 1.6 Supporting information for the Committee’s recommendations .................... 14 Notes and References Cited in Part 1 ................................................................. 24 Part 2: Scientific Review of the Welfare of Cetaceans Held in Public Display Facilities ................................................................................................................. 26 Summary ............................................................................................................ 26 2.1 Framework and Overview ............................................................................. 28 2.2 Potential Environmental Sources of Stress ................................................... 32 Abiotic Environmental Stressors ...................................................................... 32 Sound levels ................................................................................................ 33 Light conditions ............................................................................................ 35 Thermal environment ................................................................................... 37 Confinement--‐specific Stressors ....................................................................... 38 Restricted movement (pool size) ................................................................. 38 Absence of retreat space (pool shape) ........................................................ 41 Proximity to humans .................................................................................... 42 Interactions with aquarium staff ................................................................ 42 Interactions with the public ....................................................................... 44 Restricted feeding and foraging opportunities ............................................. 45 Abnormal social groups ............................................................................... 46 Lack of Control (and other mediating solutions) .............................................. 49 2.3 Potential Indicators of Health and Well--‐Being of Cetaceans in Captivity ....... 50 2.3.1 Life History Characteristics as an Indicator of Cetacean Welfare ........... 51 Longevity, age structure, and survival ages ................................................. 51 Annual Survival Rates (ASRs) ..................................................................... 53 Changes in survival across time ............................................................... 53 Differences in survival between facilities .................................................. 54 Differences in survival between wild and managed populations ............... 55 Survival of cetaceans introduced from the wild. ....................................... 56 Reproductive rates in display facilities ......................................................... 58 2.3.2 Diseases and Sources of Mortality in Captive Cetaceans ...................... 59 2.3.3 Physiological Indicators of Stress in Cetaceans ..................................... 61 Definitions .................................................................................................... 61 Common physiological indicators of stress in cetaceans ............................. 62 Comparative data from wild and captive animals ......................................... 63 Stress associated with capture and handling ............................................... 63 Stress associated with holding and captivity ................................................ 65 Evidence of stress associated with anthropogenic perturbation ................... 66 Long term effects of elevated stress hormones ........................................... 66 2.3.4 Behavioural Measures of the Well--‐being of Cetaceans. ......................... 67 Food intake behaviours ............................................................................... 68 Inappetence ............................................................................................. 68 Vomiting ................................................................................................... 68 Foreign body consumption ....................................................................... 68 Self--‐inflicted trauma ..................................................................................... 69 Rubbing .................................................................................................... 69 Cribbing (tooth wear) ................................................................................ 69 Stereotyped behaviour ................................................................................. 70 Definition of stereotyped behaviour in animals ......................................... 70 Potential stereotyped behaviours seen in captive cetaceans ................... 70 Stereotypic behaviours as indicators of well–being ................................... 72 Behaviours related to aggression ................................................................ 74 Acoustic activity as a method to evaluate welfare ........................................ 75 Dolphin signature whistles ....................................................................... 76 Dolphin pulsed vocalizations .................................................................... 77 Beluga and Orca vocalizations ................................................................. 79 References Cited in Part 2 .................................................................................. 80 Appendix A: Review of Cetacean cognitive abilities ............................................ 90 Background and context ..................................................................................... 90 Main points ......................................................................................................... 91 Overview of the Science of Dolphin Cognition .................................................... 91 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 91 Brain Size and Structure.................................................................................. 92 Self--‐Knowledge and Social Cognition .............................................................. 93 Symbol and Concept Comprehension ............................................................. 96 Memory, Planning, and Problem Solving ......................................................... 97 Emotion and Subjective Experience ................................................................ 98 Tool Use and Culture ...................................................................................... 99 Language in Dolphins .................................................................................... 100 Summary .......................................................................................................... 101 Literature Cited in Review ................................................................................. 101 Appendix B: List of persons or organizations replying to the request for information. .......................................................................................................... 123 Report Overview Purpose This Committee was convened by the Government of Ontario’s Ministry of Community Safety and Correctional Services in October 2013 to (1) evaluate Ontario’s current regulations pertaining to the care of marine mammals in captivity for public display, (2) consider whether current regulations are sufficient to ensure the care of these marine mammals, and, if not, to (3) suggest how
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