Pacific Outbreak Manual

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Pacific Outbreak Manual PACIFIC OUTBREAK MANUAL Pacific Public Health Surveillance Network (PPHSN) March 2016 The information contained in this manual may be reproduced or translated for scientific or educational use, but not for sale or for use in conjunction with any commercial purpose. Any use of the information in the manual should be accompanied by an acknowledgment of the source. Acknowledgements This manual has been developed by the Pacific Public Health Surveillance Network (PPHSN). PPHSN is a voluntary network of countries and organisations dedicated to the promotion of public health surveillance and appropriate response to the health challenges of 22 Pacific island countries and areas. This guide was originally written by Anthony Kolbe, Jennie Musto, Boris Pavlin and Jacob Kool. The Pacific Public Health Surveillance Network (PPHSN) is particularly grateful to the range of clinicians and public health workers who have provided feedback during the updating of this edition of the manual. PPHSN would also like to thank the following organisations that have supported the development of this manual: • World Health Organization (WHO) • Pacific Community (SPC) • Hunter New England Local Health District and Hunter Medical Research Institute 2 PPHSN Pacific Outbreak Manual – March 2016 PACIFIC OUTBREAK MANUAL Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 5 Section 1: General guideline for response to outbreaks ........................................................................ 7 What is an outbreak? .......................................................................................................................... 7 How are outbreaks detected? ............................................................................................................ 7 Responding to a report of a disease outbreak ................................................................................... 7 Reporting responsibility: public health emergency of international concern ................................... 14 Conditions requiring immediate response ....................................................................................... 14 Section 2: Response guidelines for core syndromic surveillance conditions ....................................... 15 Acute fever and rash (AFR) ................................................................................................................ 15 Influenza-like illness (ILI) ................................................................................................................... 18 Diarrhoea .......................................................................................................................................... 21 Prolonged fever ................................................................................................................................ 24 Section 3: Response guidelines for additional outbreak-prone syndromes and specific diseases ...... 26 Acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) / polio .................................................................................................. 26 Chikungunya ..................................................................................................................................... 28 Cholera .............................................................................................................................................. 31 Ciguatera fish poisoning ................................................................................................................... 34 Dengue .............................................................................................................................................. 36 Epidemic hepatitis ............................................................................................................................ 39 Leptospirosis ..................................................................................................................................... 42 Malaria .............................................................................................................................................. 44 Measles ............................................................................................................................................. 47 Meningococcal disease ..................................................................................................................... 50 Pertussis (whooping cough) .............................................................................................................. 54 Rubella (German measles) ................................................................................................................ 57 Severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) ........................................................................................... 60 Tuberculosis ...................................................................................................................................... 62 Typhoid fever .................................................................................................................................... 67 Zika .................................................................................................................................................... 70 Emerging Infectious Diseases ............................................................................................................... 70 Appendix 1 ............................................................................................................................................ 75 PPHSN Pacific Outbreak Manual – March 2016 3 Additional resources ......................................................................................................................... 75 Appendix 2 ............................................................................................................................................ 76 EpiNet teams – terms of reference................................................................................................... 76 Appendix 3 ............................................................................................................................................ 78 Appendix 3 ............................................................................................................................................ 79 Risk communication challenges in outbreaks ................................................................................... 79 Appendix 4 ............................................................................................................................................ 80 Situation report format for use on PacNet ....................................................................................... 80 Examples of recent PacNet situation reports ................................................................................... 81 Appendix 5 ............................................................................................................................................ 83 Decision Instrument for the Assessment and Notification of Events that may be a Public Health Emergency of International Concern ................................................................................................ 83 Appendix 6 ............................................................................................................................................. 87 Principles of infection control ........................................................................................................... 87 Appendix 7 ............................................................................................................................................ 90 Information for patients and family ................................................................................................. 90 Appendix 8 ............................................................................................................................................. 93 Glossary............................................................................................................................................. 93 Appendix 9 ............................................................................................................................................ 98 Sample outbreak investigation summary form ................................................................................ 98 4 PPHSN Pacific Outbreak Manual – March 2016 Introduction It is important to recognise infectious disease outbreaks so that control measures can be taken to stop them. Some diseases that cause outbreaks can cause serious illness and deaths if they are not rapidly brought under control. An effective surveillance system can provide early warning of disease outbreaks. Responding effectively will reduce the spread and impact of the disease. Purpose of the manual This manual is meant to be a practical guide for health-care workers in the Pacific for the management of infectious diseases of public health importance. Expert advice should always be sought if an outbreak is detected. Individual countries and areas are encouraged to adapt this manual to local conditions – for example by including local testing protocols, local treatment recommendations, forms, etc. It is also suggested that a country’s or territory’s ‘notifiable diseases’ list be attached
Recommended publications
  • History of the Development of the ICD
    History of the development of the ICD 1. Early history Sir George Knibbs, the eminent Australian statistician, credited François Bossier de Lacroix (1706-1777), better known as Sauvages, with the first attempt to classify diseases systematically (10). Sauvages' comprehensive treatise was published under the title Nosologia methodica. A contemporary of Sauvages was the great methodologist Linnaeus (1707-1778), one of whose treatises was entitled Genera morborum. At the beginning of the 19th century, the classification of disease in most general use was one by William Cullen (1710-1790), of Edinburgh, which was published in 1785 under the title Synopsis nosologiae methodicae. For all practical purposes, however, the statistical study of disease began a century earlier with the work of John Graunt on the London Bills of Mortality. The kind of classification envisaged by this pioneer is exemplified by his attempt to estimate the proportion of liveborn children who died before reaching the age of six years, no records of age at death being available. He took all deaths classed as thrush, convulsions, rickets, teeth and worms, abortives, chrysomes, infants, livergrown, and overlaid and added to them half the deaths classed as smallpox, swinepox, measles, and worms without convulsions. Despite the crudity of this classification his estimate of a 36 % mortality before the age of six years appears from later evidence to have been a good one. While three centuries have contributed something to the scientific accuracy of disease classification, there are many who doubt the usefulness of attempts to compile statistics of disease, or even causes of death, because of the difficulties of classification.
    [Show full text]
  • A Brief Evaluation and Image Formation of Pediatrics Nutritional Forum in Opinion Sector Disouja Wills* Nutritonal Sciences, Christian Universita Degli Studo, Italy
    d Pediatr Wills, Matern Pediatr Nutr 2016, 2:2 an ic l N a u n t DOI: 10.4172/2472-1182.1000113 r r e i t t i o Maternal and Pediatric a n M ISSN: 2472-1182 Nutrition ShortResearch Commentary Article OpenOpen Access Access A Brief Evaluation and Image formation of Pediatrics Nutritional Forum in Opinion Sector Disouja Wills* Nutritonal Sciences, Christian Universita degli studo, Italy Abstract Severe most and one of the main global threat is Nutritional disorders to backward countries, with respect to this issue WHO involved and trying to overcome this issue with the Co-ordination of INF and BNF. International Nutrition Foundation and British Nutrition Foundation, development in weight gain through proper nutrition and proper immune mechanism in the kids is their main role to eradicate and overcome nutritional problems in world. Keywords: INF; BNF; Malnutrition; Merasmus; Rickets; Weight loss; Precautions to Avoid Nutrition Deficiency in Paediatric health issue Paediatrics Introduction Respective disease having respective deficiency dis order but in the case of nutritional diseases. Proper nutrition is the only thing to cure In the mankind a respective one health and weight gain is fully nutritional disorders. Providing sufficient diet like fish, meat, egg, milk based on perfect nutritional intake which he is having daily, poor diet to malnourished kids and consuming beef, fish liver oil, sheep meat, will show the improper impact and injury to the some of the systems boiled eggs from the age of 3 itself (Tables 1 and 2). in the body, total health also in some times. Blindness, Scurvy, Rickets will be caused by nutritional deficiency disorders only, mainly in kids.
    [Show full text]
  • EFFECTIVE NEBRASKA DEPARTMENT of 01/01/2017 HEALTH and HUMAN SERVICES 173 NAC 1 I TITLE 173 COMMUNICABLE DISEASES CHAPTER 1
    EFFECTIVE NEBRASKA DEPARTMENT OF 01/01/2017 HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES 173 NAC 1 TITLE 173 COMMUNICABLE DISEASES CHAPTER 1 REPORTING AND CONTROL OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION SUBJECT PAGE 1-001 SCOPE AND AUTHORITY 1 1-002 DEFINITIONS 1 1-003 WHO MUST REPORT 2 1-003.01 Healthcare Providers (Physicians and Hospitals) 2 1-003.01A Reporting by PA’s and APRN’s 2 1-003.01B Reporting by Laboratories in lieu of Physicians 3 1-003.01C Reporting by Healthcare Facilities in lieu of Physicians for 3 Healthcare Associated Infections (HAIs) 1-003.02 Laboratories 3 1-003.02A Electronic Ordering of Laboratory Tests 3 1-004 REPORTABLE DISEASES, POISONINGS, AND ORGANISMS: 3 LISTS AND FREQUENCY OF REPORTS 1-004.01 Immediate Reports 4 1-004.01A List of Diseases, Poisonings, and Organisms 4 1-004.01B Clusters, Outbreaks, or Unusual Events, Including Possible 5 Bioterroristic Attacks 1-004.02 Reports Within Seven Days – List of Reportable Diseases, 5 Poisonings, and Organisms 1-004.03 Reporting of Antimicrobial Susceptibility 8 1-004.04 New or Emerging Diseases and Other Syndromes and Exposures – 8 Reporting and Submissions 1-004.04A Criteria 8 1-004.04B Surveillance Mechanism 8 1-004.05 Sexually Transmitted Diseases 9 1-004.06 Healthcare Associated Infections 9 1-005 METHODS OF REPORTING 9 1-005.01 Health Care Providers 9 1-005.01A Immediate Reports of Diseases, Poisonings, and Organisms 9 1-005.01B Immediate Reports of Clusters, Outbreaks, or Unusual Events, 9 Including Possible Bioterroristic Attacks i EFFECTIVE NEBRASKA DEPARTMENT OF
    [Show full text]
  • Viability of B. Typhosus in Stored Shell Oysters
    PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS VOL. 40 APRIL 24, 1925 No. 17 VIABILITY OF B. TYPHOSUS IN STORED SHELL OYSTERS By CONRAD KINYOuN, Assistant Bacteriologist, hlygienic Laboratory, United Stztes Ptiblic Ilealti Serviee The object of this work was to determine whether oysters con- taminated with B. typhosuis and then stored unider uisual market conditions woul(l remain potentially infectious over a length of time sufficient to allow them to reach the consumer. Conflicting opinions are now current as to the length of time the causative agent of typhoid fever can remain viable in the oyster, and even as to whether the oyster can harbor the organisms at all. Obviouisly an oyster which harbors typhoidl organismns for as short a time as 24 hours becomes a potential infecting, agent for thlat time. Practi- cally it is of interest to know whether the time elapsing between the remov-al of the oyster from the bed and( actual consumption after passing through customary commercial channels is sufficient for oysters to rid themselves of possible infection. As early as 1603, oysters were incriminate(d in intestinal disor(lers, when suspicion was directed toward them by an illness of Henry IV of France (7). It was not uIntil the close of the nineteenth century, however, that oysters and shellfislh as agents of (lisease transmission receive(d particular attention. In October, 1894, Conn focused attention on the oyster by his investigation of the now famous Wesleyan outbreak, an(d thoughl only thlree outbreaks of typhoid fever were definitely traced to the oyster before 19,25, these stimulated wide interest and consequent study, with atten(lant epidemiological and bacteriological investigations.
    [Show full text]
  • Characterization of a Meiotic Recombination Hotspot in Arabidopsis Thaliana Hossein Khademian
    Characterization of a meiotic recombination hotspot in Arabidopsis thaliana Hossein Khademian To cite this version: Hossein Khademian. Characterization of a meiotic recombination hotspot in Arabidopsis thaliana. Agricultural sciences. Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. English. NNT : 2012PA112051. tel- 00800551 HAL Id: tel-00800551 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00800551 Submitted on 14 Mar 2013 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITE PARIS-SUD 11 U.F.R. Scientifique d’Orsay Thèse Présentée pour l’obtention du grade de Docteur en Sciences de l’Université Paris-Sud XI Spécialité : Sciences du Végétal par Hossein KHADEMIAN Caractérisation d’un point chaud de recombinaison méiotique chez Arabidopsis thaliana Composition du jury : Valérie BORDE Rapporteur Michel DRON Président du Jury Corinne GREY Examinateur Christine MEZARD Directeur de Thèse Minoo RASSOULZADEGAN Rapporteur Abstract Meiotic recombination initiated in prophase I of meiosis generates either crossovers (COs), which are reciprocal exchanges between chromosome segments, or gene conversion not associated to crossovers (NCOs). Both kinds of events occur in narrow regions (less than 10 kilobases) called hotspots, which are distributed non-homogenously along chromosomes. The aim of my PhD was the characterization of a hotspot of meiotic recombination (named 14a) in Arabidopsis thaliana (i) across different accessions (ii) in msh4 mutant, a gene involved in CO formation.
    [Show full text]
  • Eye Disease 1 Eye Disease
    Eye disease 1 Eye disease Eye disease Classification and external resources [1] MeSH D005128 This is a partial list of human eye diseases and disorders. The World Health Organisation publishes a classification of known diseases and injuries called the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems or ICD-10. This list uses that classification. H00-H59 Diseases of the eye and adnexa H00-H06 Disorders of eyelid, lacrimal system and orbit • (H00.0) Hordeolum ("stye" or "sty") — a bacterial infection of sebaceous glands of eyelashes • (H00.1) Chalazion — a cyst in the eyelid (usually upper eyelid) • (H01.0) Blepharitis — inflammation of eyelids and eyelashes; characterized by white flaky skin near the eyelashes • (H02.0) Entropion and trichiasis • (H02.1) Ectropion • (H02.2) Lagophthalmos • (H02.3) Blepharochalasis • (H02.4) Ptosis • (H02.6) Xanthelasma of eyelid • (H03.0*) Parasitic infestation of eyelid in diseases classified elsewhere • Dermatitis of eyelid due to Demodex species ( B88.0+ ) • Parasitic infestation of eyelid in: • leishmaniasis ( B55.-+ ) • loiasis ( B74.3+ ) • onchocerciasis ( B73+ ) • phthiriasis ( B85.3+ ) • (H03.1*) Involvement of eyelid in other infectious diseases classified elsewhere • Involvement of eyelid in: • herpesviral (herpes simplex) infection ( B00.5+ ) • leprosy ( A30.-+ ) • molluscum contagiosum ( B08.1+ ) • tuberculosis ( A18.4+ ) • yaws ( A66.-+ ) • zoster ( B02.3+ ) • (H03.8*) Involvement of eyelid in other diseases classified elsewhere • Involvement of eyelid in impetigo
    [Show full text]
  • DIAGNOSIS and TREATMENT of BRUCELLOSIS (Undulant Fever)
    DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF BRUCELLOSIS (Undulant Fever) CHARLES L. HARTSOCK, M.D. Not only the treatment but also the diagnosis of undulant fever are far from being satisfactory, although many types of therapy are being tried and critically evaluated. Because of the tremendous scope of the disease, frequent discussions and reappraisals of our ideas about bru- cellosis will be absolutely essential for some time. Some physicians more or less disregard brucellosis and even scoff at the chronic phase of this new intruder in the realm of human disease. Others are overenthusi- astic and attempt to explain many vague and indefinite problems upon the basis of chronic brucellosis without sufficient evidence. Still other physicians have lost their original enthusiasm and have reverted to the first viewpoint, probably because of the great difficulty in coping with the caprices and vagaries of this disease and the marked uncertainties in diagnosis and treatment. Even though this disease is extremely protean and remarkably bizarre in its manifestations, it is a disease of known causative organism to which the generic term of brucella has been given. The original infection in man was traced to the drinking of goat's milk on the Island of Malta, and for many years this disease was known as Malta fever. Because of the undulating character of the fever with a tendency for remissions and recurrences, it was later called undulant fever which proved to be a very poor description of the febrile reaction in many instances. Brucellosis is the more specific term derived from the organism causing the disease. Three strains of the brucella organism have been isolated and named for their respective hosts: b.
    [Show full text]
  • European Conference on Rare Diseases
    EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON RARE DISEASES Luxembourg 21-22 June 2005 EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON RARE DISEASES Copyright 2005 © Eurordis For more information: www.eurordis.org Webcast of the conference and abstracts: www.rare-luxembourg2005.org TABLE OF CONTENT_3 ------------------------------------------------- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AND CREDITS A specialised clinic for Rare Diseases : the RD TABLE OF CONTENTS Outpatient’s Clinic (RDOC) in Italy …………… 48 ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- 4 / RARE, BUT EXISTING The organisers particularly wish to thank ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AND CREDITS 4.1 No code, no name, no existence …………… 49 ------------------------------------------------- the following persons/organisations/companies 4.2 Why do we need to code rare diseases? … 50 PROGRAMME COMMITTEE for their role : ------------------------------------------------- Members of the Programme Committee ……… 6 5 / RESEARCH AND CARE Conference Programme …………………………… 7 …… HER ROYAL HIGHNESS THE GRAND DUCHESS OF LUXEMBOURG Key features of the conference …………………… 12 5.1 Research for Rare Diseases in the EU 54 • Participants ……………………………………… 12 5.2 Fighting the fragmentation of research …… 55 A multi-disciplinary approach ………………… 55 THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION Funding of the conference ……………………… 14 Transfer of academic research towards • ------------------------------------------------- industrial development ………………………… 60 THE GOVERNEMENT OF LUXEMBOURG Speakers ……………………………………………… 16 Strengthening cooperation between academia
    [Show full text]
  • Diseases Transmitted Through the Food Supply
    DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Diseases Transmitted through the Food Supply AGENCY: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Department of Health and Human ­ Services (HHS). ­ ACTION: Notice of annual update of list of infectious and communicable diseases that are ­ transmitted through handling the food supply and the methods by which such diseases are ­ transmitted. ­ SUMMARY: Section 103 (d) of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, Public Law 101–336, ­ requires the Secretary to publish a list of infectious and communicable diseases that are ­ transmitted through handling the food supply and to review and update the list annually. The ­ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) published a final list on August 16, 1991 (56 ­ FR40897) and updates on September 8, 1992 (57 FR 40917); January 13, 1994 (59 FR 1949); ­ August 15, 1996 (61 FR 42426); September 22, 1997 (62 FR 49518–9); September 15, 1998 (63 ­ FR 49359); September 21, 1999 (64 FR 51127); September 27, 2000 (65 FR 58088); September ­ 10, 2001 (66 FR 47030); September 27, 2002 (67 FR 61109); September 26, 2006 (71 FR 56152); ­ November 17, 2008 (73 FR 67871); and November 29, 2009 (74 FR 61151). The final list has ­ been reviewed in light of new information and has been revised as set forth below. ­ DATES: Effective Date: January 31, 2014. ­ FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: ­ Dr. Art Liang, Division of Foodborne Waterborne and Environment Diseases, National Center for ­ Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), ­ 1600 Clifton Road, NE., Mailstop G–24, Atlanta, Georgia 30333.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Nutrition: Redefining Healthy Food
    Environmental Nutrition Redefining Healthy Food in the Health Care Sector ABSTRACT Healthy food cannot be defined by nutritional quality alone. It is the end result of a food system that conserves and renews natural resources, advances social justice and animal welfare, builds community wealth, and fulfills the food and nutrition needs of all eaters now and into the future. This paper presents scientific data supporting this environmental nutrition approach, which expands the definition of healthy food beyond measurable food components such as calories, vitamins, and fats, to include the public health impacts of social, economic, and environmental factors related to the entire food system. Adopting this broader understanding of what is needed to make healthy food shifts our focus from personal responsibility for eating a healthy diet to our collective social responsibility for creating a healthy, sustainable food system. We examine two important nutrition issues, obesity and meat consumption, to illustrate why the production of food is equally as important to consider in conversations about nutrition as the consumption of food. The health care sector has the opportunity to harness its expertise and purchasing power to put an environmental nutrition approach into action and to make food a fundamental part of prevention-based health care. but that it must come from a food system that conserves and I. Using an Environmental renews natural resources, advances social justice and animal welfare, builds community wealth, and fulfills the food and Nutrition Approach to nutrition needs of all eaters now and into the future.i Define Healthy Food This definition of healthy food can be understood as an environmental nutrition approach.
    [Show full text]
  • Managing Communicable Diseases in Child Care Settings
    MANAGING COMMUNICABLE DISEASES IN CHILD CARE SETTINGS Prepared jointly by: Child Care Licensing Division Michigan Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs and Divisions of Communicable Disease & Immunization Michigan Department of Health and Human Services Ways to Keep Children and Adults Healthy It is very common for children and adults to become ill in a child care setting. There are a number of steps child care providers and staff can take to prevent or reduce the incidents of illness among children and adults in the child care setting. You can also refer to the publication Let’s Keep It Healthy – Policies and Procedures for a Safe and Healthy Environment. Hand Washing Hand washing is one of the most effective way to prevent the spread of illness. Hands should be washed frequently including after diapering, toileting, caring for an ill child, and coming into contact with bodily fluids (such as nose wiping), before feeding, eating and handling food, and at any time hands are soiled. Note: The use of disposable gloves during diapering does not eliminate the need for hand washing. The use of gloves is not required during diapering. However, if gloves are used, caregivers must still wash their hands after each diaper change. Instructions for effective hand washing are: 1. Wet hands under warm, running water. 2. Apply liquid soap. Antibacterial soap is not recommended. 3. Vigorously rub hands together for at least 20 seconds to lather all surfaces of the hands. Pay special attention to cleaning under fingernails and thumbs. 4. Thoroughly rinse hands under warm, running water. 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Regulations for Disease Reporting and Control
    Department of Health Regulations for Disease Reporting and Control Commonwealth of Virginia State Board of Health October 2016 Virginia Department of Health Office of Epidemiology 109 Governor Street P.O. Box 2448 Richmond, VA 23218 Department of Health Department of Health TABLE OF CONTENTS Part I. DEFINITIONS ......................................................................................................................... 1 12 VAC 5-90-10. Definitions ............................................................................................. 1 Part II. GENERAL INFORMATION ............................................................................................... 8 12 VAC 5-90-20. Authority ............................................................................................... 8 12 VAC 5-90-30. Purpose .................................................................................................. 8 12 VAC 5-90-40. Administration ....................................................................................... 8 12 VAC 5-90-70. Powers and Procedures of Chapter Not Exclusive ................................ 9 Part III. REPORTING OF DISEASE ............................................................................................. 10 12 VAC 5-90-80. Reportable Disease List ....................................................................... 10 A. Reportable disease list ......................................................................................... 10 B. Conditions reportable by directors of
    [Show full text]