DOCSLIB.ORG

Characterization of a Meiotic Recombination Hotspot in Arabidopsis Thaliana Hossein Khademian

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Characterization of a Meiotic Recombination Hotspot in Arabidopsis Thaliana Hossein Khademian Characterization of a meiotic recombination hotspot in Arabidopsis thaliana Hossein Khademian To cite this version: Hossein Khademian. Characterization of a meiotic recombination hotspot in Arabidopsis thaliana. Agricultural sciences. Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. English. NNT : 2012PA112051. tel- 00800551 HAL Id: tel-00800551 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00800551 Submitted on 14 Mar 2013 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITE PARIS-SUD 11 U.F.R. Scientifique d’Orsay Thèse Présentée pour l’obtention du grade de Docteur en Sciences de l’Université Paris-Sud XI Spécialité : Sciences du Végétal par Hossein KHADEMIAN Caractérisation d’un point chaud de recombinaison méiotique chez Arabidopsis thaliana Composition du jury : Valérie BORDE Rapporteur Michel DRON Président du Jury Corinne GREY Examinateur Christine MEZARD Directeur de Thèse Minoo RASSOULZADEGAN Rapporteur Abstract Meiotic recombination initiated in prophase I of meiosis generates either crossovers (COs), which are reciprocal exchanges between chromosome segments, or gene conversion not associated to crossovers (NCOs). Both kinds of events occur in narrow regions (less than 10 kilobases) called hotspots, which are distributed non-homogenously along chromosomes. The aim of my PhD was the characterization of a hotspot of meiotic recombination (named 14a) in Arabidopsis thaliana (i) across different accessions (ii) in msh4 mutant, a gene involved in CO formation. In both ColxLer and ColxWs hybrids (i) 14a had a very high rate of COs 0.85% and 0.49%, respectively (ii) COs clustered in two small regions of a few kilobases, 14a1 and 14a2 with typical Gaussian curve distribution observed in other organisms (iii) 14a1 was also a hotspot of NCO with high rate (0.5%) in ColxLer (iv) a bias of recombination initiation at 14a1 CO and NCO hotspot was found in ColxLer. A reduction of CO frequency was observed in msh4 mutant in ColxLer background at 14a1 (6.4%) and 14a2 (18.7%) compared to wild type. This confirmed previously known role of MSH4 protein in CO formation. Frequency of NCO at 14a1 was similar to wild type. The role of putative Arabidopsis histone H3K4 trimethyltransferase in meiotic recombination as previously observed like Set1 in S.cerevisiae or PRDM9 in mammals (mice and human) was also studied. None of ten putative histone methyltransferase genes was involved in meiosis. This could be due to (i) a strong redundancy of function between gene products (ii) another histone methyltransferase in charge of labeling meiotic recombination hotspots (more than 29 putative histone methyltransferase have been identified in the Arabidopsis genome!) (iii) contrary to S. cerevisiae, mice and humans, another mechanism for epigenetic control of meiotic recombination. Résumé La recombinaison méiotique initiée en prophase I de méiose génère soit des crossing-over (COs), qui sont des échanges réciproques entre segments chromosomiques, ou des conversions géniques non associées aux COs (NCOs). Les deux types d'événements se produisent dans de petites régions (moins de 10 kilobases) appelées points chauds, qui sont distribuées de manière non homogène le long des chromosomes. L'objectif de ma thèse était la caractérisation d'un point chaud de recombinaison méiotique (nommée 14a) chez Arabidopsis thaliana (i) dans différentes accessions (ii) dans le mutant msh4, un gène impliqué dans la formation des COs. Dans les deux hybrides ColxLer et ColxWs (i) 14a a un taux très élevé de COs 0,85% et 0,49%, respectivement (ii) Les COs sont regroupés dans deux petites régions de quelques kilobases, 14a1 et 14a2 avec une distribution de type gaussienne observée aux points chauds décrits dans d'autres espèces (iii) 14a1 est aussi un point chaud de NCO avec un taux aussi élevé que celui des COs (0,5%) dans ColxLer (iv) un biais de l'initiation de recombinaison a été trouvé dans 14a1 aussi bien pour les COs que les NCOs dans le fond génétique ColxLer. Une réduction de la fréquence de CO a été observée dans le mutant msh4 dans le fond génétique ColxLer à 14a1 et 14a2 (6,4% et 18,7% par rapport au sauvage). Cela confirme le rôle précédemment connu de la protéine MSH4 impliqué dans la formation de CO. La fréquence de NCO à 14a1 est similaire à celle observéedans le fond sauvage. Le rôle des H3K4 histones trimethyltransferase d’Arabidopsis dans la recombinaison méiotique (comme précédemment observé comme Set1 chez S. cerevisiae ou PRDM9 chez les mammifères) a également été étudiée. Aucun des dix gènes d’histones méthyltransférase étudié n'a montré de rôle dans la méiose. Cela pourrait être dû à (i) une forte redondance de la fonction entre les protéines (ii) une autre histone méthyltransférase en charge de l'étiquetage des points chauds de recombinaison méiotique (plus de 29 putatif histone méthyltransférase ont été identifiés dans le génome d'Arabidopsis!) (iii) contrairement à S. cerevisiae, les souris et l'homme, un autre mécanisme de contrôle épigénétique de la recombinaison méiotique. TABLE DES MATIERES INTRODUCTION................................................................................................ 3 1.1 Meiosis (general information)................................................................................4 1.1.1 A brief history of genetics.................................................................................................................................... 5 1.1.2 Meiosis as Mendel’s law key ............................................................................................................................... 6 1.2. Chronology and cytological aspects of prophase I of meiosis.................................7 1.2.1 Leptotene ............................................................................................................................................................ 8 1.2.2 Zygotene.............................................................................................................................................................. 9 I.2.3 Pachytene Stage ................................................................................................................................................. 10 I.2.4 Diplotene and Diakinesis Stages......................................................................................................................... 11 1.2. 5 Metaphase, anaphase and telophase 1............................................................................................................ 11 1.2. 6 Metaphase, anaphase and telophase 2............................................................................................................ 11 1.3 Molecular description of meiotic recombination .................................................. 12 1.3.1 Double strand breaks (DSB) forMation.............................................................................................................. 13 1.3.2 Maturation of DSBs ........................................................................................................................................... 14 1.3.3 Strand invasion.................................................................................................................................................. 15 1.3.4 Inter-homologue bias ........................................................................................................................................ 16 1.3.5 HoMologous RecoMbination Pathways............................................................................................................. 17 1.3.5.1 Type I Crossover......................................................................................................................................... 17 1.3.5.2 Type II Crossover........................................................................................................................................ 19 1.3.5.3 Non Crossover (Gene Conversion non associated with CO) ....................................................................... 19 1.3.6. What about Molecular MechanisMs of Meiotic recoMbination in Arabidopsis thaliana? ............................... 21 1.4 Distribution of Crossovers .................................................................................... 25 1.4.1 ChroMosoMal Map DeterMination of Crossover Location................................................................................ 25 1.4.2 GenoMic Map DeterMination of Crossover Location........................................................................................ 26 1.5 Distribution of DSBs ............................................................................................. 27 1.6 Meiotic Recombination Hotspots ......................................................................... 28 1.6.1 Meiotic RecoMbination Hotspots in Fungi ........................................................................................................ 29 1.6.2 Meiotic RecoMbination Hotspots in MamMals................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Hotspots of Homologous Recombination in the Human Genome: Not Comment All Homologous Sequences Are Equal James R Lupski
    Minireview Hotspots of homologous recombination in the human genome: not comment all homologous sequences are equal James R Lupski Address: Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Current address (sabbatical until July 2005): Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK. E-mail: [email protected] Published: 28 September 2004 reviews Genome Biology 2004, 5:242 The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at http://genomebiology.com/2004/5/10/242 © 2004 BioMed Central Ltd reports Abstract Homologous recombination between alleles or non-allelic paralogous sequences does not occur uniformly but is concentrated in ‘hotspots’ with high recombination rates. Recent studies of these hotspots show that they do not share common sequence motifs, but they do have other features in common. deposited research Homologous recombination is the process whereby two DNA this is not the case and have provided evidence for local sequence substrates that share a significant stretch of iden- ‘hotspots’ - short regions of the genome where strand tity are brought together, in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, exchanges are more common than elsewhere. These obser- and undergo strand exchange to give a product that is a vations come from pedigree studies that examined the novel amalgamation of the two substrates. It occurs during parent-to-offspring transmission of alleles, linkage disequi- meiosis, leading to crossovers between alleles (allelic homol- librium (LD) studies and, more recently, direct DNA refereed research ogous recombination, AHR), and during repair of double- sequencing of the products of recombination using either strand breaks in DNA and other processes, leading to sperm (which represent a large number of recombination recombination between paralogous sequences (non-allelic products from a single meiosis) or junction fragments from homologous recombination, NAHR, also known as ectopic ectopic recombination (NAHR) [4,5].
    [Show full text]
  • Th2bs11ph Histone Mark Is Enriched in the Unsynapsed Axes of the XY Body and Predominantly Associates with H3k4me3-Containing Ge
    Mahadevan et al. Epigenetics & Chromatin (2019) 12:53 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13072-019-0300-y Epigenetics & Chromatin RESEARCH Open Access TH2BS11ph histone mark is enriched in the unsynapsed axes of the XY body and predominantly associates with H3K4me3-containing genomic regions in mammalian spermatocytes Iyer Aditya Mahadevan1†, Satyakrishna Pentakota2†, Raktim Roy3, Utsa Bhaduri1 and Manchanahalli R. Satyanarayana Rao1* Abstract Background: TH2B is a major histone variant that replaces about 80–85% of somatic H2B in mammalian spermato- cytes and spermatids. The post-translational modifcations (PTMs) on TH2B have been well characterised in spermato- cytes and spermatids. However, the biological function(s) of these PTMs on TH2B have not been deciphered in great detail. In our attempt to decipher the unique function(s) of histone variant TH2B, we detected the modifcation in the N-terminal tail, Serine 11 phosphorylation on TH2B (TH2BS11ph) in spermatocytes. Results: The current study is aimed at understanding the function of the TH2BS11ph modifcation in the context of processes that occur during meiotic prophase I. Immunofuorescence studies with the highly specifc antibodies revealed that TH2BS11ph histone mark is enriched in the unsynapsed axes of the sex body and is associated with XY body-associated proteins like Scp3, γH2AX, pATM, ATR, etc. Genome-wide occupancy studies as determined by ChIP sequencing experiments in P20 C57BL6 mouse testicular cells revealed that TH2BS11ph is enriched in X and Y chromosomes confrming the immunofuorescence staining pattern in the pachytene spermatocytes. Apart from the localisation of this modifcation in the XY body, TH2BS11ph is majorly associated with H3K4me3-containing genomic regions like gene promoters, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • EFFECTIVE NEBRASKA DEPARTMENT of 01/01/2017 HEALTH and HUMAN SERVICES 173 NAC 1 I TITLE 173 COMMUNICABLE DISEASES CHAPTER 1
    EFFECTIVE NEBRASKA DEPARTMENT OF 01/01/2017 HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES 173 NAC 1 TITLE 173 COMMUNICABLE DISEASES CHAPTER 1 REPORTING AND CONTROL OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION SUBJECT PAGE 1-001 SCOPE AND AUTHORITY 1 1-002 DEFINITIONS 1 1-003 WHO MUST REPORT 2 1-003.01 Healthcare Providers (Physicians and Hospitals) 2 1-003.01A Reporting by PA’s and APRN’s 2 1-003.01B Reporting by Laboratories in lieu of Physicians 3 1-003.01C Reporting by Healthcare Facilities in lieu of Physicians for 3 Healthcare Associated Infections (HAIs) 1-003.02 Laboratories 3 1-003.02A Electronic Ordering of Laboratory Tests 3 1-004 REPORTABLE DISEASES, POISONINGS, AND ORGANISMS: 3 LISTS AND FREQUENCY OF REPORTS 1-004.01 Immediate Reports 4 1-004.01A List of Diseases, Poisonings, and Organisms 4 1-004.01B Clusters, Outbreaks, or Unusual Events, Including Possible 5 Bioterroristic Attacks 1-004.02 Reports Within Seven Days – List of Reportable Diseases, 5 Poisonings, and Organisms 1-004.03 Reporting of Antimicrobial Susceptibility 8 1-004.04 New or Emerging Diseases and Other Syndromes and Exposures – 8 Reporting and Submissions 1-004.04A Criteria 8 1-004.04B Surveillance Mechanism 8 1-004.05 Sexually Transmitted Diseases 9 1-004.06 Healthcare Associated Infections 9 1-005 METHODS OF REPORTING 9 1-005.01 Health Care Providers 9 1-005.01A Immediate Reports of Diseases, Poisonings, and Organisms 9 1-005.01B Immediate Reports of Clusters, Outbreaks, or Unusual Events, 9 Including Possible Bioterroristic Attacks i EFFECTIVE NEBRASKA DEPARTMENT OF
    [Show full text]
  • Activates the M26 Meiotic Recombination Hotspot in Schizosaccharomyces Pombe
    Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 94, pp. 13765–13770, December 1997 Genetics Transcription factor Mts1yMts2 (Atf1yPcr1, Gad7yPcr1) activates the M26 meiotic recombination hotspot in Schizosaccharomyces pombe NING KON*, MICHELLE D. KRAWCHUK*, B. GREG WARREN*, GERALD R. SMITH†, AND WAYNE P. WAHLS*‡ *Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 621 Light Hall, Nashville, TN 37232-0146; and †Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N., Seattle, WA 98109 Communicated by Sydney Kustu, University of California, Berkeley, CA, October 13, 1997 (received for review July 11, 1997) ABSTRACT Homologous recombination hotspots in- regulatory elements, there are proteins that interact with crease the frequency of recombination in nearby DNA. The hotspots to mediate their biological activity. In Escherichia coli M26 hotspot in the ade6 gene of Schizosaccharomyces pombe is the RecBCD enzyme interacts with Chi sites to enhance a meiotic hotspot with a discrete, cis-acting nucleotide se- recombination (12). The M26 recombination hotspot of the quence (5*-ATGACGT-3*) defined by extensive mutagenesis. A fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe (5) is a well- heterodimeric M26 DNA binding protein, composed of sub- characterized eukaryotic hotspot. The M26 mutation is a single units Mts1 and Mts2, has been identified and purified 40,000- base pair substitution in ade6 that increases meiotic recombi- fold. Cloning, disruption, and genetic analyses of the mts genes nation up to 20-fold relative to other ade6 alleles, such as M375 demonstrate that the Mts1yMts2 heterodimer is essential for (Fig. 1) (5, 7, 13). Mutational analysis revealed that a specific hotspot activity. This provides direct evidence that a specific 7-bp nucleotide sequence at M26 is required for hotspot trans-acting factor, binding to a cis-acting site with a unique activity (14) (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • A Second Generation Human Haplotype Map of Over 3.1 Million Snps
    Vol 449 | 18 October 2007 | doi:10.1038/nature06258 ARTICLES A second generation human haplotype map of over 3.1 million SNPs The International HapMap Consortium* We describe the Phase II HapMap, which characterizes over 3.1 million human single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) genotyped in 270 individuals from four geographically diverse populations and includes 25–35% of common SNP variation in the populations surveyed. The map is estimated to capture untyped common variation with an average maximum r2 of between 0.9 and 0.96 depending on population. We demonstrate that the current generation of commercial genome-wide genotyping products captures common Phase II SNPs with an average maximum r2 of up to 0.8 in African and up to 0.95 in non-African populations, and that potential gains in power in association studies can be obtained through imputation. These data also reveal novel aspects of the structure of linkage disequilibrium. We show that 10–30% of pairs of individuals within a population share at least one region of extended genetic identity arising from recent ancestry and that up to 1% of all common variants are untaggable, primarily because they lie within recombination hotspots. We show that recombination rates vary systematically around genes and between genes of different function. Finally, we demonstrate increased differentiation at non-synonymous, compared to synonymous, SNPs, resulting from systematic differences in the strength or efficacy of natural selection between populations. Advances made possible by the Phase I haplotype map In Phase II of the HapMap Project, a further 2.1 million SNPs The International HapMap Project was launched in 2002 with the were successfully genotyped on the same individuals.
    [Show full text]
  • Viability of B. Typhosus in Stored Shell Oysters
    PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS VOL. 40 APRIL 24, 1925 No. 17 VIABILITY OF B. TYPHOSUS IN STORED SHELL OYSTERS By CONRAD KINYOuN, Assistant Bacteriologist, hlygienic Laboratory, United Stztes Ptiblic Ilealti Serviee The object of this work was to determine whether oysters con- taminated with B. typhosuis and then stored unider uisual market conditions woul(l remain potentially infectious over a length of time sufficient to allow them to reach the consumer. Conflicting opinions are now current as to the length of time the causative agent of typhoid fever can remain viable in the oyster, and even as to whether the oyster can harbor the organisms at all. Obviouisly an oyster which harbors typhoidl organismns for as short a time as 24 hours becomes a potential infecting, agent for thlat time. Practi- cally it is of interest to know whether the time elapsing between the remov-al of the oyster from the bed and( actual consumption after passing through customary commercial channels is sufficient for oysters to rid themselves of possible infection. As early as 1603, oysters were incriminate(d in intestinal disor(lers, when suspicion was directed toward them by an illness of Henry IV of France (7). It was not uIntil the close of the nineteenth century, however, that oysters and shellfislh as agents of (lisease transmission receive(d particular attention. In October, 1894, Conn focused attention on the oyster by his investigation of the now famous Wesleyan outbreak, an(d thoughl only thlree outbreaks of typhoid fever were definitely traced to the oyster before 19,25, these stimulated wide interest and consequent study, with atten(lant epidemiological and bacteriological investigations.
    [Show full text]
  • Fine-Scale Recombination Landscapes Between a Freshwater and Marine Population of Threespine 4 Stickleback Fish 5 6 Alice F
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/430249; this version posted September 29, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Research Article 2 3 Fine-scale recombination landscapes between a freshwater and marine population of threespine 4 stickleback fish 5 6 Alice F. Shanfelter1, Sophie L. Archambeault2,3, Michael A. White1* 7 8 1Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA 9 2Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland 10 3Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 11 98195, USA 12 13 *Author for Correspondence: Michael White, Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, 14 Athens, USA, Voice: 706-542-2464, Fax: 706-542-3910, [email protected] 15 16 Data deposition: Raw sequences are deposited in NCBI’s Short Read Archive, reference number 17 SRP137809 (https://submit.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/subs/sra/SUB3748706/overview). 18 19 Short title: Recombination hotspots in threespine stickleback fish 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/430249; this version posted September 29, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-ND 4.0 International license.
    [Show full text]
  • Eye Disease 1 Eye Disease
    Eye disease 1 Eye disease Eye disease Classification and external resources [1] MeSH D005128 This is a partial list of human eye diseases and disorders. The World Health Organisation publishes a classification of known diseases and injuries called the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems or ICD-10. This list uses that classification. H00-H59 Diseases of the eye and adnexa H00-H06 Disorders of eyelid, lacrimal system and orbit • (H00.0) Hordeolum ("stye" or "sty") — a bacterial infection of sebaceous glands of eyelashes • (H00.1) Chalazion — a cyst in the eyelid (usually upper eyelid) • (H01.0) Blepharitis — inflammation of eyelids and eyelashes; characterized by white flaky skin near the eyelashes • (H02.0) Entropion and trichiasis • (H02.1) Ectropion • (H02.2) Lagophthalmos • (H02.3) Blepharochalasis • (H02.4) Ptosis • (H02.6) Xanthelasma of eyelid • (H03.0*) Parasitic infestation of eyelid in diseases classified elsewhere • Dermatitis of eyelid due to Demodex species ( B88.0+ ) • Parasitic infestation of eyelid in: • leishmaniasis ( B55.-+ ) • loiasis ( B74.3+ ) • onchocerciasis ( B73+ ) • phthiriasis ( B85.3+ ) • (H03.1*) Involvement of eyelid in other infectious diseases classified elsewhere • Involvement of eyelid in: • herpesviral (herpes simplex) infection ( B00.5+ ) • leprosy ( A30.-+ ) • molluscum contagiosum ( B08.1+ ) • tuberculosis ( A18.4+ ) • yaws ( A66.-+ ) • zoster ( B02.3+ ) • (H03.8*) Involvement of eyelid in other diseases classified elsewhere • Involvement of eyelid in impetigo
    [Show full text]
  • Managing Communicable Diseases in Child Care Settings
    MANAGING COMMUNICABLE DISEASES IN CHILD CARE SETTINGS Prepared jointly by: Child Care Licensing Division Michigan Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs and Divisions of Communicable Disease & Immunization Michigan Department of Health and Human Services Ways to Keep Children and Adults Healthy It is very common for children and adults to become ill in a child care setting. There are a number of steps child care providers and staff can take to prevent or reduce the incidents of illness among children and adults in the child care setting. You can also refer to the publication Let’s Keep It Healthy – Policies and Procedures for a Safe and Healthy Environment. Hand Washing Hand washing is one of the most effective way to prevent the spread of illness. Hands should be washed frequently including after diapering, toileting, caring for an ill child, and coming into contact with bodily fluids (such as nose wiping), before feeding, eating and handling food, and at any time hands are soiled. Note: The use of disposable gloves during diapering does not eliminate the need for hand washing. The use of gloves is not required during diapering. However, if gloves are used, caregivers must still wash their hands after each diaper change. Instructions for effective hand washing are: 1. Wet hands under warm, running water. 2. Apply liquid soap. Antibacterial soap is not recommended. 3. Vigorously rub hands together for at least 20 seconds to lather all surfaces of the hands. Pay special attention to cleaning under fingernails and thumbs. 4. Thoroughly rinse hands under warm, running water. 5.
    [Show full text]
  • ICD-10 International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems
    ICD-10 International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision Volume 2 Instruction manual 2010 Edition WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems. - 10th revision, edition 2010. 3 v. Contents: v. 1. Tabular list – v. 2. Instruction manual – v. 3. Alphabetical index. 1.Diseases - classification. 2.Classification. 3.Manuals. I.World Health Organization. II.ICD-10. ISBN 978 92 4 154834 2 (NLM classification: WB 15) © World Health Organization 2011 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization are available on the WHO web site (www.who.int) or can be purchased from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel.: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; e-mail: [email protected]). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications – whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution – should be addressed to WHO Press through the WHO web site (http://www.who.int/about/licensing/copyright_form). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.
    [Show full text]
  • FAQ REGARDING DISEASE REPORTING in MONTANA | Rev
    Disease Reporting in Montana: Frequently Asked Questions Title 50 Section 1-202 of the Montana Code Annotated (MCA) outlines the general powers and duties of the Montana Department of Public Health & Human Services (DPHHS). The three primary duties that serve as the foundation for disease reporting in Montana state that DPHHS shall: • Study conditions affecting the citizens of the state by making use of birth, death, and sickness records; • Make investigations, disseminate information, and make recommendations for control of diseases and improvement of public health to persons, groups, or the public; and • Adopt and enforce rules regarding the reporting and control of communicable diseases. In order to meet these obligations, DPHHS works closely with local health jurisdictions to collect and analyze disease reports. Although anyone may report a case of communicable disease, such reports are submitted primarily by health care providers and laboratories. The Administrative Rules of Montana (ARM), Title 37, Chapter 114, Communicable Disease Control, outline the rules for communicable disease control, including disease reporting. Communicable disease surveillance is defined as the ongoing collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of disease data. Accurate and timely disease reporting is the foundation of an effective surveillance program, which is key to applying effective public health interventions to mitigate the impact of disease. What diseases are reportable? A list of reportable diseases is maintained in ARM 37.114.203. The list continues to evolve and is consistent with the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) list of Nationally Notifiable Diseases maintained by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). In addition to the named conditions on the list, any occurrence of a case/cases of communicable disease in the 20th edition of the Control of Communicable Diseases Manual with a frequency in excess of normal expectancy or any unusual incident of unexplained illness or death in a human or animal should be reported.
    [Show full text]
  • Differences of Progressive Retinal Atrophy in Dogs
    Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Differences of Progressive Retinal Atrophy in dogs Lisen Ekroth Examensarbete / Swedish University of Agricultural Examensarbete, 15 hp Sciences, Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics – Bachelor Thesis (Literature study) 416 Agriculture programme Uppsala 2013 – Animal Science Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics Differences of Progressive Retinal Atrophy in dogs Skillnader i progressiv retinal atrofi hos hund Lisen Ekroth Supervisor: Tomas Bergström, SLU, Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics Examiner: Stefan Marklund, SLU, Department of Clinical Sciences Credits: 15 hp Course title: Bachelor Thesis – Animal Science Course code: EX0553 Programme: Agriculture programme – Animal Science Level: Basic, G2E Place of publication: Uppsala Year of publication: 2013 Cover picture: Lisen Ekroth Name of series: Examensarbete 416 Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, SLU On-line publication: http://epsilon.slu.se Key words: Atrophy, Retina, Dog, PRA Contents Sammanfattning ......................................................................................................................... 2 Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... 2 Introduction ...............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]