Spongy bone

Compact bone

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 (b) Flat bone (sternum)

(a) Long bone (humerus)

(d) Irregular bone (vertebra), right lateral view (c) Short bone (talus)

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 Articular cartilage

Proximal epiphysis Spongy bone

Epiphyseal line Periosteum Compact bone Medullary cavity (lined by endosteum)

Diaphysis

Distal epiphysis

(a) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 Trabeculae of spongy bone Osteon (Haversian Perforating system) (Volkmann’s) canal Blood vessel continues into medullary cavity containing marrow Blood vessel Lamellae Compact bone Central (Haversian) canal Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers

Periosteum

Periosteal blood vessel

(a) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 4 Lamella

Osteocyte

Canaliculus Lacuna Central Bone matrix (Haversian) canal (b)

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 5 Osteon

Interstitial lamellae

Lacuna Central (Haversian) canal (c)

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 6 Articular cartilage Hyaline Spongy cartilage bone New center of bone growth New bone Epiphyseal forming plate cartilage Growth Medullary in bone cavity width Bone starting Invading to replace Growth blood cartilage in bone vessels length New bone Bone collar forming Hyaline Epiphyseal cartilage plate cartilage model In an embryo In a fetus In a child

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 7 Bone growth Bone grows in length because:

Articular cartilage 1 Cartilage grows here. Epiphyseal plate 2 Cartilage is replaced by bone here.

3 Cartilage grows here.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 8 Bone remodeling Growing shaft is remodeled as:

Articular cartilage

Epiphyseal plate 1 Bone is resorbed by osteoclasts here. 2 Bone is added (appositional growth) by osteoblasts here.

3 Bone is resorbed by osteoclasts here.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 9 Hematoma External Bony callus callus of spongy bone New Internal blood callus vessels Healed (fibrous fracture tissue and Spongy cartilage) bone trabecula

1 Hematoma 2 Fibrocartilage 3 Bony callus 4 Bone remodeling forms. callus forms. forms. occurs.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 10 Cranium Skull Facial bones

Clavicle Thoracic cage Scapula (ribs and Sternum sternum) Rib Humerus Vertebra Vertebral Radius column Ulna Sacrum Carpals

Phalanges Metacarpals Femur Patella

Tibia Fibula

Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges (a) Anterior view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 11 Cranium Bones of pectoral Clavicle girdle Scapula Sternum Upper Rib limb Humerus Vertebra Radius Bones of Ulna pelvic Carpals girdle

Phalanges Metacarpals Femur Lower Tibia limb Fibula

(b) Posterior view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 12 Parietal bone Frontal bone of skull Occipital bone Mandible Clavicle Scapula

Radius Ulna Humerus

Femur

Tibia Ribs

Vertebra Hip bone

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 13 Anterior fontanel Sphenoidal Parietal bone fontanel Frontal Posterior bone fontanel

Occipital bone Mastoid fontanel Temporal bone (b)

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 14 Anterior fontanel Frontal bone

Parietal bone

Posterior fontanel Occipital (a) bone

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 15 Coronal suture Frontal bone

Parietal bone Sphenoid bone

Temporal bone Ethmoid bone

Lambdoid Lacrimal bone suture

Squamous suture Nasal bone Occipital bone

Zygomatic process Zygomatic bone Maxilla External acoustic meatus Mastoid process Alveolar processes Styloid process Mandible (body) Mental foramen Mandibular ramus

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 16 Coronal suture Frontal bone Parietal bone

Nasal bone Superior orbital fissure Sphenoid bone

Optic canal Ethmoid bone Temporal bone Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone Infraorbital foramen Middle nasal concha of ethmoid bone Maxilla Inferior nasal concha Vomer Mandible

Alveolar processes Mental foramen Sagittal suture

Anterior view Parietal bone

Lambdoid suture Occipital bone

Mastoid process of temporal bone Posterior view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 17 Greater horn Lesser horn

Body

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 18 Anterior Posterior 1st cervical vertebra (atlas) Cervical curvature 2nd cervical (concave) 7 vertebrae, vertebra (axis) C1 – C7

1st thoracic vertebra Transverse process Spinous Thoracic curvature process (convex) 12 vertebrae, T1 – T12 Intervertebral disc Intervertebral foramen 1st lumbar vertebra Lumbar curvature (concave) 5 vertebrae, L 1 – L 5

Sacral curvature (convex) 5 fused vertebrae Coccyx 4 fused vertebrae © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 19 Posterior Lamina Vertebral arch Transverse Spinous process process

Superior articular process and facet

Pedicle Vertebral foramen Body

Anterior

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 20 (a) ATLAS AND AXIS

Transverse Posterior process arch

Anterior arch

Superior view of atlas (C1)

Spinous Transverse process process Facet on superior articular process Dens Body

Superior view of axis (C2)

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 21 (b) TYPICAL CERVICAL VERTEBRAE

Facet on superior Spinous articular process process Vertebral foramen

Transverse Transverse process foramen Superior view Superior articular Body process Spinous process Transverse process Facet on inferior articular process Right lateral view

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 22 (c) THORACIC VERTEBRAE Spinous process

Transverse Vertebral process foramen

Facet Facet on for rib superior articular process

Body Superior view

Facet on Body superior articular process

Facet on transverse process Costal facet Spinous for rib process

Right lateral view

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 23 (d) LUMBAR VERTEBRAE Spinous process

Vertebral foramen Transverse process

Facet on superior Body articular process Superior view

Superior Body articular process

Spinous Facet on inferior process articular process Right lateral view

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 24 Superior Auricular Ala Sacral articular surface canal process

Body

Median Sacrum sacral crest

Posterior sacral foramina Sacral Coccyx hiatus

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 25 T1 vertebra Jugular notch Clavicular notch

Manubrium Sternal angle Body Xiphisternal Sternum True joint ribs Xiphoid (1–7) process

False ribs (8–12) Intercostal spaces L1 Floating vertebra Costal cartilage ribs (11, 12) (a) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 26 Acromio- clavicular Clavicle joint

Scapula

(a) Articulated right shoulder (pectoral) girdle showing the relationship to bones of the thorax and sternum © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 27 Coracoid process Suprascapular notch

Superior Acromion angle

Glenoid cavity at lateral angle Spine

Medial border Lateral border

(c) Right scapula, posterior aspect © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 28 Acromion Suprascapular notch Superior border Coracoid process Superior angle Glenoid cavity Lateral angle

Lateral (axillary) Medial border (vertebral) border

Inferior angle

(d) Right scapula, anterior aspect © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 29 Greater Head of tubercle humerus Lesser tubercle Anatomical neck Intertubercular sulcus

Deltoid tuberosity

Radial fossa Medial epicondyle Coronoid fossa Capitulum Trochlea (a) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 30 Head of humerus

Anatomical Surgical neck neck

Radial groove Deltoid tuberosity

Medial epicondyle Olecranon fossa

Lateral Trochlea epicondyle (b) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 31 Trochlear notch Olecranon Head Coronoid process Neck Radial Proximal tuberosity radioulnar joint

Radius

Ulna

Inter- osseous membrane

Ulnar Radial styloid styloid Distal process process radioulnar joint (c) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 32 Distal Middle Phalanges (fingers)

Proximal

4 3 2 Metacarpals 5 (palm) 1

Hamate Trapezium

Carpals Pisiform Trapezoid (wrist) Triquetrum Scaphoid Lunate Capitate Ulna Radius © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 33 Iliac crest Sacroiliac joint

llium

Coxal bone Sacrum (or hip bone) Pelvic brim

Pubis Coccyx Ischial spine Acetabulum

Ischium Pubic symphysis

Pubic arch (a)

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 34 Ilium Ala Iliac crest Posterior superior iIiac Anterior superior spine iliac spine Posterior Anterior inferior inferior iIiac spine iliac spine Greater sciatic notch Acetabulum Ischial body Body of pubis Ischial spine Pubis Ischial tuberosity Inferior pubic ramus Ischium Obturator Ischial ramus foramen (b) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 35 False pelvis

Inlet of true pelvis

Pelvic brim

Pubic arch (less than 90º)

False pelvis

Inlet of true pelvis

Pelvic brim

Pubic arch (more than 90º) (c) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 36 Surgical neck Head Inter- trochanteric line Lesser trochanter

Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Patellar surface (a) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 37 Greater Head trochanter Inter- trochanteric Lesser trochanter crest Gluteal tuberosity

Intercondylar fossa Medial Lateral condyle condyle

(b) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 38 Intercondylar eminence Lateral Medial condyle condyle Head Tibial tuberosity Proximal tibiofibular joint Interosseous membrane

Anterior border Fibula

Tibia

Distal tibiofibular joint

Medial Lateral malleolus malleolus (c) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 39 Phalanges: Distal Middle Proximal

Tarsals: Medial Metatarsals cuneiform Tarsals: Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneiform Navicular Cuboid

Talus

Calcaneus

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 40