A CHINESE WEEKLY OF NEWS AND VIEWS
Vol. 30, No. 47 November 23-29, 1987
Three Years of Autonomy Law
HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK BeijingR^ir
VOL'.'30. NO, 47 NOV, 2^-2'). mi CONTENTS Pitfalls for Developing Countries NOTES FROM THE EDITORS 4 Implementing Regional • Developing countries have to watch out for unrealistic Autonomy Law political and economic demands as they move ahead and EVENTSARENDS 5-9 open to the outside world (p. 14). ,7hao Meets Jupanc!>e Journalists Starting Point in Highway Relics, Resources and People Network Population Clro^.s^ 6.3" « • Reform and open policy have made their mark on the In f> Years •Science lirnis I'orge "thousand-lake" province Hubei in central China. The Ahead province's many historic and scenic sites are once more Beijing ^'oiuh Seek shining out and its abundant resources, untapped for Night Ltle thousands of years, are being turned into tangible wealth. INTERNATIONAL 10-13 More importantly, active efforts are being made to tap the . UN: So\ict Union Suffers province's intellectual resources (p. 23). Diplomatic Blow Arab Summit: Leaders Work To Promote -Xrah Linil> Japan: Takeshita Creates Implementing the Autonomy Law A Balanced (.abinei Tunisia; Power Shift • The Law on National Regional Autonomy, which Wins Approval came into effect on October 1, 1984, fully demonstrates Argentina: C>on/,aio/'s Visit Raises
Published every Monday by Subscription rates (1 yeai) USA US$24.00 General Editorial Office Tel: 893860 BEIJING REVIEW English Dept Tel: 831,5599 Ext 546 Australia A.$24.00 Canada Can.$23.00 ?4 BaiwanzhLi.Tnq Road, Distributed by China International Book New Zealand NZ.$33.00 Beijing lOOO:^/ Trading Corporation (GUOJI SHUDIAN) The People b H. public r'-u.t P.O. Box 399, Beijing, China UK £13.00 •1 NOTES FROM THE EDITORS •••BTIfiimf ¥
Implementing Regional Autonomy Law
by An Zhiguo
hina has a population of 1.7 vinces inhabited by sizeable Tibet Autonomous Region, and • Cbillion of which the Han are in minority populations have for• 50 percent for the Xinjiang, the overwhelming majority while mulated provisions on implement• Ningxia, Inner Mongolian and the 55 minority nationalities have ing the law. The various Guangxi autonomous regions, a combined population of 85 autonomous areas have been and Yunnan, Guizhou and million people. The government of drawing up their own regulations, Qinghai provinces — all with a the People's Republic has always and 20 such areas have already put large number of minority people. adhered to the principle of them into effect. Financial subsidies have been equality, unity and common A large number of minority increasing. In the last three years, prosperity for all nationalities. nationality cadres have been state subsidies to the five Three years ago, on October 1, assigned to government organs in autonomous regions and Yunan, 1984, the law on national regional the autonomous areas, where a Guizhou and Qinghai provinces autonomy became effective, fully great majority of their leaders are have increased at an average demonstrating the state's respect of the local nationalities. In the annual rate of 10 percent. In 1986 for the minority peoples' right to Tibet Autonomous Region, for state subsidies there amounted to administer their own affairs. example, the proportion of 7.9 billion yuan. In addition, the state continues to allocate them This law not only defines the Tibetans and other minority special allowances and grant them relations between national auto• cadres has increased from 33.3 low-interest loans. nomous areas and the state, and percent in 1962 to 80 percent at University and secondary tech• among the various nationalities present, totalling over 40,000 nical school entry requirements within the autonomous areas, but people. Of the 41 Party and for minority nationality students also lays down a series of specific government leaders at the regional are lower than for Han students. provisions on speeding up the level, 31, or 77 percent of the total, In 1986 there were over 100,000 economic and cultural develop• are Tibetans and other minority minority naUonality students in ment of the autonomous areas, on cadres. universities, a 46.2 percent the use and development of The State Council and some increase over 1984. A student minority languages, both spoken provinces implement a preferent• stipend system unlike that in the and written, and on the training of ial economic policy in the rest of China has been instituted in minority nationality cadres and autonomous areas. This includes boarding schools in remote areas specialists. delegating the management power to entersprises of the autonomous and in some middle and primary The autonomy specified in the areas; granting them greater schools in minority naUonality law consists of two basic points: independence in technical trans• areas. First, within the framework of the formation, foreign trade, finance As a result of these preferential Constitution and law, the govern• and taxation; relaxing policies on terms, the autonomous areas have ment in an autonomous area has importing funds, technology and seen an acceleration in their the right to adopt special policies equipment to those areas; expand• economic developent. In 1986, the and flexible measures in light of ing fixed asset investment there autonomous areas' total industrial local needs and conditions. and encouraging trade between and agricultural output value Second, if the resolutions, deci• border areas (often populated by exceeded 87.2 billion yuan, 27.97 sions, orders or instructions of a minority people) and their neigh• percent more than in 1984. This higher state organ are found to be bouring countries. represents an average annual unsuited to local conditions, the The proportion of foreign increase of 13.99 percent, exceed• autonomous area's government exchange earned through trade, ing the 9.7 percent rate of the may suggest their amendments or which may be retained by the previous five years. cancellation to the higher locality, is a basic 25 percent; it is However, some problems still authorities. 30 percent for the coastal remain hindering the full imple• Some departments under the provinces of Guangdong and mentation of the autonomy law. State Council and various pro• Fujian; but 100 percent for the They are mainly caused by the fact
4 BEIJING REVIEW. NOVEMBER 23-29. 1987 M EVENTS/TRENDS that while implementing reform Zhao Meets Japanese Journalists measures, some government organs fail to respect the full range of the regions' autonomy or give hinese leader Zhao Ziyang Commenting on the US-Soviet consideration to their special Cinvited Noboru Takeshita to agreement in principle to elimi• conditions. For instance, the state visit China next year and said he is nate medium- and shorter-range policy of granting the minority looking forward to discussing with nuclear missiles and the coming areas' enterprises preferential Japan's new prime minister ways meeting of the two countries' treatment has not been properly to further Sino-Japanese relations. leaders, he said, "I hope their implemented. When new reforms Zhao, who is both general agreement and meeting will be the were introduced generally in the secretary of the Chinese Commu• start of the relaxation in overall last few years, the autonomous nist Party and premier of the State US-Soviet relations and the world areas' advantages were not kept Council, made the remarks when situation, and not a temporary up, leaving the provisions requir• he met Japanese journalists who compromise made by the two ing special preferences a paper were in China to cover the visit of a countries out of strategic promise only. delegation from the Japan Socia• considerations." At a recent meeting of the list Party. Zhao also said that China Standing Committee of the Zhao congratulated Takeshita pursues an independent foreign National People's Congress, high- on his new post and also expressed policy for peace, and therefore ranking officials and specialists appreciation for Takeshita's rec• changes in US-Soviet relations from various relevent departments ent remarks on his willingness to will not affect Sino-US or Sino- proposed that while studying and contribute to developing Japan- Japanese relations. formulating reform measures in China friendship. When asked if he plans to visit the future, special consideration "The general developmental Japan, Zhao said he is busy always be given to the minority trend of Sino-Japanese relations is planning the implementation of nationalities. This will give sound," Zhao reiterated, "but the the decisions of the recent substance to the preferential two countries should not deny that Communist Party Congress and treatment clause. there are still political and has not had time to consider ideas Some have suggested that the economic problems to solve in the for visits abroad. • backward areas in western China two countries' bilateral relations. be given the same preferential "I hope Prime Minister Takesh• treatment in imports of foreign ita will make an effort to solve capkal and technology as are problems existing in the relations Starting Point in given to the coastal cities and the between our two countries." special economic zones. They say In response to a Japanese Highway Networi< it is necessary to stipulate in the journalist's question, Zhao said autonomy law that when the state the Kokario student dormitory new highway in Beijing exploits resources, carries out case is by no means a simple A opened to traffic on Novem• construcUon and estabHshes en• matter of a building. The case, ber 11. After looking it over, Qian terprises in the autonomous areas, which involves a Japanese court Yongchang. minister of commun• it should earmark a certain declaring that China's dormitory ications, described the highway as percentage of the profits for the belongs to Taiwan, touches the "a new starting point in China's autonomous areas. foundations of Sino-Japanese highway construction." There is also the problem of relations, namely the Sino- Li Daming, an official of the wasting the state's subsidies to the Japanese Joint Statement and the Ministry of Communications' minority areas, and therefore it is China-Japan Peace and Friend• Highway Bureau, told Beijing necessary to promote the spirit of ship Treaty. Review that the 14-kilometre fully hard work and self-reliance in "Both the Chinese and Japanese controlled highway is the Beijing these areas. governments signed the joint section of the Beijing- University graduates who have statement and treaty," Zhao said, Shijiazhuang (Hebei) Highway, come from autonomous areas "and since a problem has part of a state trunk highway sometimes do not want to return occurred, of course we demand the which will eventually link the and work in those areas. The Japanese government solve it. capital with Guangzhou and schools in minority nationality "In my opinion the Japanese Shenzhen. "The complete Beijing- areas are known not to bother government is capable of solving Shijiazhuang Highway, 250 kilo• training junior technical personnel this problem if it takes into earnest metres long, is expected to be in useful agricultural techniques. consideration the overall develop• opened to traffic by the end of All this must also be changed. • ment of Sino-Japanese relations," 1990," Li said. he said. I Situated in Beijing's southwest
BEIJING REVIEW, NOVEMBER 23-29, 1987 5 m EVENTS/TRENDS
Hong Kong and Macao. Money collected in tolls on these roads and bridges will go towards repaying the loans. Li said the loans can usually be repaid within five to seven years, after which the money will go towards road maintenance. He also disclosed that the state is planning to slightly increase road tolls in some areas. The present road toll is 105 to 120 yuan per tonnage. During the current Five-Year Plan period (1986-90), roads serving major ports, coal trans• port centres and tourist areas will
YANG LIMING be constructed. Of the 42 planned Beijing-Shijiazhuang Highway—Beijing's first fully controlled and divided highway. trunk highways, 27 have been completed. Construction work on 13 highways in open cities or suburbs, the highway is 26.5 new ones, the official said. There special economic zones is in full metres wide, with a 0.7-metre high are now 1,050 kilometres of first- swing. They include the Dongh- partition on its median strip and grade highway, double the total uan Highway in Hainan Island, railings on both sides to ensure before 1984, and second-grade the Fuzhou-Xiamen Highway, •against cross traffic interference. highways have also been doubled and the Jinan-Qiangdao Highway. Il is designed for speed limits of to cover 25,750 kilometres. The.highways will help tocreate a between 80 and 100 kilometres per Prior to 1978 China's roads good investment environment for hour, and a daily capacity of mainly serviced political centres, foreign investors. 50,000 cars. The highway was but the new highways reach out to There are also plans to build previously only nine metres wide, major areas with either rich seven expressways, including the and the time required to pass the natural resources or industrial Shanghai-Jiading, Shanghai- route was one hour. Now the bases. Songjiang, Guangzhou-Foshan, travel time is reduced to about 10 The rapid expansion of the Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Zhuhai as minutes. country's roads and highways has well as Xian-Lintong expressways. The highway has eight flyovers been achieved largely due to state The construction of China's first and four railway flyovers, as well policies and support from many inter-city expressway which will as pedestrian underpasses or sectors of the national economy. link Beijing with Tianjin and its overhead bridges every 500 Since 1978, various measures have port at Tanggu is due to begin metres. The longest bridge on the been adopted to speed up road before the end of this year. highway spans 1,120 metres and construction. In the 1986-90 period, China can handle vehicles weighing more The state relaxed its control on will build 60,000 kilometres of new than 500 tons. road construction investment and highways and revamp and up• Since the Third Plenary Session at the same time opened up grade 80,000 kilometres of existing of the 11th Party Central channels for fund-raising. Local roads. Committee in 1978, China's authorities, units and enterprises by Wang Yanjuan economy has been rapidly advanc• were encouraged to pool funds or ing, bringing with it an unpre• borrow money for the purpose. cedented development in the The state raised sales taxes on country's road construction. Since motor vehicles to secure funds and Population Grows 1978, 100,000 kilometres of new stipulated that 20 percent of road highway have been laid and China tolls levied by local authorities be 6.36% in 5 Years now boasts a road network of directed to funding local road 975,000 kilometres. construction. he State Statistical Bureau has To meet the demands of the Foreign investments and loans Tannounced that the total open policy and the country's were also encouraged. Li said that population on the Chinese developing commodity economy, since 1984, more than 30 bridges mainland was 1,072.33 million on China has, since 1984, given over major rivers and many roads July 1. priority to improving and upgrad• were built with foreign funds and The figure was arrived at ing existing roads, while building money pooled by compatriots in through a nationwide population
6 BEIJING REVIEW, NOVEMBER 23-29, 1987 sample survey conducted this year •increased from 6.7 to 8 percent. through its science and technology in the mainland's 26 provinces and Of the people covered in the reforms, sought to ensure that autonomous regions and the three survey, 2,205,642 were illiterate or achievements in scientific research municipalities that come under the semi-illiterate (people over 12 are quickly applied to production, authority of the central years of age who cannot read or giving the widest possible scope to government. can read very little). The scientific and technical personnel Compared with the population proportion of illiterates or semi- and enabling scientific productiv• of 1,008.18 million on July 1,1982, illiterates in the total population ity to bring about great economic China's total population increased diropped from 23.6 to 20.6 percent and social advances. by 64.15 million, or 6.36 percent in five years. Non-state-run scientific re• over the past five years. The The bureau said that errors search firms have demonstrated average annual growth was 12.83 have to be allowed for in the the power released by linking million — a rate of 1.24 percent. calculations. The error for the scentific research to production in a new way. This is the main thrust According to the bureau, the birth rate for the first half of 1987 of the reform programme, an 10,711.652 people covered in the is 0.11 per thousand and that for official of one firm said. survey were picked from 1,045 the death rate for the same period Jinghai Computer Technology counties and cities. They account is 0.06 per thousand. This shows Development Co., initiated by for approximately 0.999 percent of that the survey was successful and Wang Hongde and seven other the total population. the data are reliable, the bureau computer engineers, is an enterpr• Of the people covered in the said. • ise which combines scientific survey, 104.949 were born in the research, engineering, production first half of! 987 while 34.624 died and sales. Depending on its during the same period. Science Firms technical strength in computer Based on these figures, the Forge Aliead room design and construction, bureau estimated that the birth Jinghai has completed 300 pro• rate this year is about 21.2 per jects all over the country and thousand whereas the death rate is on-state-run scientific re• developed more than 10 high- around 6.4 per thousand and the Nsearch and development firms technology products to directly natural growth rate is 14.8 per in Beijing are prospering and satisfy market demand. These thousand. contributing greatly to China's have brought the enter• The survey, which covered economic construction thanks to prise about 160 million yuan of 5,473,066 males and 5,238,586 reforms in the field of science and gross output value, adding 6 females, concluded that China has technology. million yuan to the national a sex ratio of 104.5 males to 100 Two years ago, a number of income. females. .scientific and technical specialists The survey, the first of its kind, left the universities and other Kehai New Technology Devel• reveals that the proportion of state-run scientific research units opment Centre set up a testing children in the total population and launched several unofficial operation which has spread more decreased from 33.45 to 28.68 research and development enter• than 30 achievements in scientific percent compared with the age prises in the Zhongguancun area research and turned them into composition found by the third of Beijing. Today there are 516 products. Based on its results, nine national census in 1982. The such firms in the city. Just 200 of more factories have been set up in proportion of people over 65 in the them have developed more than Beijing's Haidian District. Their total population rose from 4.89 to 1.590 projects and new products, annual profit totals more than 4 5.46 percent. valued at 350 million yuan (about million yuan. Kehai's speed in US$95 million). turning research achievements Compared with the 1982 census, into products is two to three times the survey found an increase in the For a long time, China's science greater than state-run units. number of people with various and technology have been out of educational attainments. line with economic construction, Wan Runnan, the general The number of people with because the state monopoly on manager of Stone Co., analysed university education climbed by scientific research — from assign• the reasons for his company's ing projects, to providing funds, to 43.27 percent over the five-year rapid development. "Collecting applying the results — made it period, for an average increase of funds by ourselves, people wor• impossible for researchers to deal 7.5 percent a year. king for us by choice, independent directly with the market. Scientific Compared with 1982, the management and assuming sole achievements could not be quickly proportion of people of the Han responsibility for the profits or transferred to social productivity. nationality decreased from 93.3 to losses give us full freedom in 92 percent while the proportion of The Central Committee of the decision making," he said. "We people of various minority groups Communist Party of China, are able to make plans according
BEIJING REVIEW, NOVEMBER 23-29, 1987 7 WANG WENLAN Computerized Traffic Control System Beijing is using a British-made computer system to control traffic at busy junctions. The system, the first of its kind in China, went into operation on Novermber 10. It monitors the traffic flow at crossings and feeds the information back to an operation room, which controls traffic lights accordingly. A trial run showed that the system reduced the time spent at road crossings by 24 percent for cars and 15 percent for bicycles. The photo shows one of the operation rooms. to the market situation and carry eyes of pedestrians. Being a novel them out at the right speed." Beijing Youth thing, dance halls became a The firms serve a wide area subject of conversation. But many beyond Beijing, helping to create Seek Night Life young people flinch at the cost of links among various sectors, the admission tickets, and wealthy provinces and cities. Dongsheng hen evening falls and the young business people make up Technology Development and Wlights come on in Beijing, the majority of dancers. One Consulting Co. spread its non- elegantly dressed young people young man who runs a private oxidation heat treatment tech• head for the Happy Garden, one restaurant is a constant customer nology across the country by of the best-known commercial of the Happy Garden. "Why forming a bloc with some dance halls in Beijing. Economic shouldn't we find a place to enjoy electrical, mechanical, metallurg• reform is changing more than the ourselves after a hard day's work? ical and other industries. markets in China's capital. Before there was no place to go. Since the summer, Beijing's In the past, dance parties were Since this dance hall opened. I non-state-run science firms have held only by some work units at come often. I'm looking for a good taken further steps towards the holiday times. When the dance time and never think about the outside world and their new craze spread from Shanghai and money I spend," he said. technology and products have Guangzhou to Beijing, some Other people prefer to spend entered the international market. young people would try every their evening at cultural perfor• Jinghai has established technical means to obtain tickets to work mances. "I go to all the first-class co-operation and technology unit dance parties. concerts performed in Beijing. trade ties in the United States, At the end of last year, Really excellent music should be Britain, Japan, Finland, Canada, commercial dance halls began to appreciated live," said a young Itally, Singapore, the Federal open up in Beijing. Advertise• man who went to a recital by Republic of Germany and Hong ments for dance parties started to Luciano Pavarotti at a cost of 30 Kong. • appear on the streets, catching the yuan (about US$8).
8 BEIJING REVIEW, NOVEMBER 23-29, 1987 •
Young people out on dates Weekly Chronicle industrial centre. often go to symphony concerts or (November 9-15) As part of Shenyang's Tiexi the ballet. There was always a full industrial zone, China's largest, house when the opera film La POLITICAL the new centre will house high- Dame aux Camelias was shown technology enterprises related to from May to August. Some youth November 14 the production of machinery, are so anxious to get tickets for • The first plenary session of the electronics, textiles and cultural events that they are pharmaceuticals. willing to buy them from newly elected Political Bureau of the 13th CPC Central Committee unscrupulous people who acquire CULTURAL blocks of tickets and sell them at meets in Beijing. inflated prices. Zhao Ziyang, CPC general November 11 secretary, presides over the • The first Chinese National Not satisfied to listen to others, meeting. The session discusses and Peasants Games is to be held next some young people like to perform ratifies trial work rules for the year in Beijing, an official from the themselves. The Kara OK bar in Political Bureau, the bureau's State Physical Culture and Sports the Dongsi area of the city offers Standing Committee and the Commission announces at a press these youth a chance to give free Secretariat of the 13th CPCconference . rein to their talent. Not everyone Central Committee. The games will include seven who goes there aspires to become a competitive events: track and The Political Bureau also singer. One young man who sings field, basketball, table tennis, discusses and approves a report as if to shout himself hoarse does wrestling, cycling, shooting and prepared by the Central Party not care about critical comments football. School on reforming the school's from the audience. "Ifs wonder• About 2,500 peasants are work. ful! I just listened to others singing expected to participate in the before, but today I really sing to largest sports meet in China's November 14 • my heart's content," he said history. The event is slated for • A forum of about 150 well- enthusiastically. October 9-16, 1988. known figures not affiliated with The bar stays open until 11 the Communist Party, including every evening, attracting lots of leaders of China's democratic young people. parties, is held to discuss key state SOCIAL affairs and voice opinions and Other youth pursue their own November 10 interests and like to get together suggestions on the Party's current with people who share them. One work. The forum is sponsored by • Seven people in Changde group often gathers in the evening the CPC Central Committee. Prefecture,Hunan Province, ac• to discuss what it calls "'taijiqiiuii cused of illegally wholesaling 11 theory." These young people plan ECONOMIC million cartons of cigarettes to 100 to establish an institute for farmers, are detained. The state- November 10 research on taijiqiian, a tradition run cigarette marketing agencies • China has manufactured 12.86 Chinese form of martial art and in 10 counties and cities in the million TV sets over the past nine exercise. They are confident that prefecture are reported to be their project will be a success. months, 43.3 percent more than in involved in what is believed to be the same period last year, the the biggest cigarette smuggling The young manager of a private overseas edition of Rcninin Rihao ever uncovered in China. coffee house in the busy Xidan (People's Daily) says. area has no time to dance or go to concerts. He runs his coffee house Many Chinese products have FOREIGN RELATIONS from 5 to 11 every evening. He is won prizes in foreign countries also thinking about holding a this year. The Beijing brand colour November 13 monthly fashion show to display TV set produced by the Tianjin • Chinese Vice-Foreign Minister clothes designed by his customers. Radio Plant won a gold medal in Liu Shuqing, who is leading a Czechoslovakia and the Kunlun delegation to New Delhi for the Some young people, therefore, brand set made by the Beijing eighth round of Sino-Indian try their luck on the streets. Seeing Dongfeng TV Plant won a gold official talks, says at the New a pretty girl walking alone, a medal in Brussels. Delhi Airport that the focus of the young man will try to make friends talks will be the border issue. He with her. Many of these youth do November 11 says the issue will not be hard to not mean any harm. They just feel • Shenyang, one of northeast resolve with goodwill and sincerity lonely and long for communic• China's key industrial cities, has on both sides. The talks start ation and understanding. • started construction on a new November 15.
BEIJING REVIEW. NOVEMBER 23-29. 1987 9 m INTERNATIONAL
UN Clearly, such absurd logic cannot, be accepted by Afghan people or the international community. Soviet Union Suffers Diplomatic Blow Meanwhile, it should be obvious that there has been no Despite growing international pressure, the Soviet Union has ceasefire on the Afghan battlefield shown no sign of sincerity about withdrawing its troops from despite the so-called ceasefire that was declared. On the contrary, Afghanistan. under the cover of a "ceasefire," the Soviet-Kabul troops have intensified their military oper• he current session of the the Kabul regime, encouraged by ations against the Afghan re• TUnited Nations General As• Moscow, proposed what it called a sistance, their murderous attacks sembly ended its debate on unilateral ceasefire, national re• on innocent civilians and their Afghanistan on November 10 with conciliation and power-sharing incursions into and sabotage the adoption of a draft resolution with the opposition. Before the against Pakistan. This shows that demanding an immediate and current UN session, the Soviet the Soviet Union's talk of a total Soviet troop withdrawal Union also played up its political settlement in Afghanistan from the war-lorn country. willingness to "get out" of is only empty words. The resolution, co-sponsored Afghanistan and called for by Pakistan and 47 other Islamic renewing the indirect talks The key to the resolution of the and non-aligned countries, was between Pakistan and Afghanis• Afghan problem is Soviet troop adopted by an overwhelming tan. But the Soviet Union's withdrawal — as soon as possible majority with 123 votes in favour. scheme for withdrawal is only two or at least on a short timetable. It reiterated that the preservation months shorter than before, and Otherwise, all talk of a "ceasefire" of Afghanistan's sovereignty, its plans still involve building a and "national reconciliation" is territorial integrity, political inde• future government around the meaningless and unbelievable. It is pendence and non-aligned status current Kabul regime. It also hoped that the Soviet Union will is essential for a peaceful insists that its precondition for give in to world opinion and start resolution of the country's troop withdrawal from Afghanis• to act on it rather than continuing problem. tan is "the termination of outside "to employ ruses and trying to It also reaffirmed the right of interference" and the realization befuddle international opinion. the Afghan people to determine of "national reconciliation." by Zhao Xin their own form of government and choose their economic, political and social system free from any ARAB SUMMIT outside intervention, subversion, coercion or constraint. Before voting for the resolution, Leaders Work to Promote Arab Unity representatives from many coun• tries pointed out that although The recent Arab emergency conference, which was called eight General Assembly sessions have overwhelmingly approved primarily to seek ways to end the seven-year-old Iran-Iraq similar resolutions, Soviet troops war, showed many encouraging signs that Arab co-operation still occupy Afghanistan. They is to be strengthened. said only an immediate, total and unconditional Soviet troop with• drawal can resolve the Afghan he four-day extraordinary Morocco exchanged views and problem. TArab summit meeting closed in opinions mainly on the escalating Observers said the UN move Amman on November 11 with a Gulf war. suggested that the "peace offens• communique describing the com• The situation in the Gulf is ives," launched by Moscow and mon stand the participants deteriorating and peace in the the Kabul regime before the reached on the issues discussed. Middle East still seems to be far General Assembly session opened, The leaders of 15 Arab states, olT. The moderate Arab leaders, failed in their attempts to soften Palestine Liberation Organization spearheaded by the six-member international criticism of the (PLO) Chairman Yasser Arafat Gulf Co-operation Council Soviet invasion. and delegates from Saudi Arabia, (GCC), have used every occasion At the beginning of this year. Libya, Tunisia, Mauritania and to repeat their appeals for a
10 BEIJING REVIEW. NOVEMBER 23-29. 19S7 actions are an encouraging step towards the unity sought by the summit. The conference also decided to permit individual Arab nations to restore ties with Egypt, which was expelled from the Arab League in 1979 after Cairo signed a peace treaty with Israel. Arab countries have been trying to pull Egypt back into the Arab fold, believing it to be a strong counterweight against Iran. Some Arab countries restored relations with Egypt after this summit. On the Arab-Israeli conflict, the Arab League Secretary-General Chadii Klibi, King Hussein of Jordan and Jordanian communique said it is necessary to Prime iVIinister Zaid Rifai (left to right) at the meeting. back the Palestinian struggle and popular resistance by Palestinians peaceful settlement of the Iran- security. Reports say that Syria, in the Israeli-occupied territories. Iraq war, which they say neither which has had a long-time dispute The summit also called for the side can win. But the appeals go with Iraq, has promised to be PLO's participation in the pro• unheeded and the Gulf waterway neutral towards the Iran-Iraq war posed international Middle East grows increasingly hazardous. and that Syrian President Hafez peace conference under the During the seven years of the war, Assad agreed at the summit to auspices of the United Nations as some 350 ships, mainly oil tankers, head an Arab delegation to the sole legitimate representative have been damaged or destroyed. Tehran to negotiate a ceasefire. of the Palestinian people and on The security and income of the The delegation will be made up of an equal footing with other Gulf oil-producing countries are five members from the United participants. seriously threatened. Arab Emirates, Jordan, Syria, King Hussein of Jordan, the At the request of the Kuwait Algeria and Arab Yemen. summit host, initiated the effort to government, six Soviet naval Optimism in Amman was close the Arab ranks. He stressed vessels sailed into the Persian Gulf heightened when, at a banquet that the Arab nations cannot meet in May to escort three Kuwaiti following a lengthy reconciliation the current challenges without tankers flying the Soviet flag. The meeting, Iraqi President Saddam unity. Though some analysts Soviets were followed by a US Hussein and Assad embraced, remain sceptical that the rift navy force which has so far chatted and exchanged pleasan• within the Arab world can be massed about 40 warships and tries. Although the differences mended at a conference, they note 25.000 troops in the area, the between Syria and Iraq cannot be that the cry for unity is mounting. largest military force assembled solved overnight, the leaders" by Rui Yingjie since Viet Nam war. Kuwait and the other GCC nations have reiterated that they will not allow the United States to use any of .lAPAN their naval or air bases. The past two months have Takeshita Creates a Balanced Cabinet witnessed growing tension be• tween the United States and Iran. The Gulf war is on the brink of Shortly after he was elected Japan's 46th prime minister on escalating into an internat• November 6, Nohoru Takeshita named a cabinet which ionalized conflict. This is what reflects the subtle balance ofpower among the factions in the compelled the Arab leaders to sit ruling Liberal Democratic Party. The new cabinet has its down and co-ordinate their stand on the war. work cut out. The final communique issued by the summit called for an early oboru Takeshita became the hand-picked by former Prime end to the Iran-Iraq war and for N 12th president of Japan's Minister Yasuhiro Nakasone on Arab unity in the face of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party October 20. On November 6 mounting threat to regional (LDP) on October 31, after being Takeshita was elected as the BEIJING REVIEW, NOVEMBER 23-29. 1987 II INTERNATIONAL country's new prime minister after policy — an area where Takeshita soaring land prices. the Diet (parliament), convened in is generally considered to be In an interview, Takeshita a six-day extraordinary session, lacking in experience. spoke enthusiastically about tax held balloting in the House of The post of director-general of reform. He said it must be Representatives and the House of the defence agency went to completed so as to promote Councillors. Tsutomu Kawara, a member of domestic demand and quell Three opposition parties — the the Miyazawa faction, as was the complaints from Japan's trading Japan Socialist Party (JSP), the former defence chief, Yuko partners. He also said he may Komeito and the United Social Kurihara. The Nakasone faction's propose a new indirect tax scheme, Democratic Party — put up JSP Eiichi Nakao was appointed as which would be "a m^jor pillar of leader Takako Doi as their joint state minister in charge of the tax reform," during the next tax candidate for prime minister. But economic planning agency. year. But the failure of Nakasone's the LDP has an overwhelming Of the 20 cabinet posts proposed sale tax suggests that majority in both houses of the Diet excluding the prime minister, five Takeshita's scheme will face a and Takeshita was a shoo-in. were allocated to the Takeshita rough road and could adversely The new prime minister named faction, and four each to the affect the stability of the cabinet if his cabinet on the day of his Nakasone, Miyazawa and Shin- it cannot be dealt with properly. election. Takeshita had said taro Abe factions. Abe also fought In foreign affairs, there are also before that he intended to select for the party leadership. The thorny problems, such as how to his ministers with a view to faction led by former State meet the US demand that Japan maintaining LDP unity, balancing Minister Toshio Komoto, who open its markets and how to party factions and "putting the formed an alliance with Takeshita reduce the pressure from its right man in the right place." The in the LDP presidential race, took trading partners and ease trade new cabinet reflects these aims. two cabinet jobs, while the frictions. In addition, the cabinet To balance the factions, Tak• remaining one was filled by an faces the test of establishing a eshita named Miyazawa Kiichi, unaffiliated Diet member. mature relationship with China one of his rivals for the LDP and of dealing with Kokario presidency, as deputy prime The most pressing tasks facing student dormitory case, in which minister, Miyazawa also remains the new administration will be the an Osaka court ruled that the finance minister, as suggested by reform of Japan's taxation system, dormitory, China's state property, Nakasone. easing trade frictions with other belongs to Taiwan. Obuchi Keizo, said to be one of nations and controlling Japan's by Zeng Hu Takeshita's most trusted lieuten• ants, was named chief cabinet TUNISIA secretary. The new prime minister also Power Shift Wins Approval kept Hajime Lamura, another supporter, in his post as minister of International Trade and The replacement of the aged Tunisian President has breathed Industry. Observers in Tokyo said hope into the Tunisians and has also won international this shows Takeshita's determin• approval. ation to continue efforts to ease frictions with trading partners, particularly the United States. n November 7, Tunisian Prime The new government intends to Former Deputy LDP Secretary- OMinister Zine El Abidine Ben announce an amnesty and allow General Sosuke Uno, a member of Aii took over the presidency and all overseas Tunisians to return to Nakasone's faction, was named formed a new government. Ben create a relaxed and harmonious foreign minister. Sources in Japan Ali declared that he had taken the environment. It is also preparing said Uno cornered the important action in accordance with to amend the Constitution, hold foreign ministry job when former Tunisia's Constitution because the talks with opposition parties and finance minister Michio Wata- former President Habibi admit all political factions to the nabe, his main rival in the Bourguiba's old age and ill health National Assembly to take charge Nakasone faction, became chair• rendered him no longer capable of of the country's affairs. man of the LDP's policy affairs holding office. The new govern• In his statement to the research council on October 31. It ment is headed by Hedi Baccouche parliament, Ben Ali expressed his has been suggested that this as prime minister, Mahmoud hope for preserving Tunisia's appointment is a sign that Mestiri as foreign minister and relations and co-operation with all Nakasone is trying to influence the Habib Ammar as minister of the nations, especially friendly ones, new government's foreign interior. saying the new Tunisian govern-
12 BEIJING REVIEW, NOVEMBER 23-29, 1987 ment will respect its international his health deteriorated, the choice trade surplus this year is again agreements and commitments. He of his successor became a hot expected to fall by 50 percent after pledged to give utmost consider• issue. Bourguiba's former wife a similar drop last year. Its hopes ation to solidarity with Islamic, once sought to exercise some for the easing of protectionism by Arab and African countries as well influence in Tunisian politics and European countries lie in medi• as the Mediterranean states. He take over the presidency, but in ation by Spain — one of the EC's said Tunisia will also strive to August 1986, Bourguiba divorced most recent members. During his consolidate Greater Maghreb her. visit Gonzalez said Spain had unity based on mutual interests. Mohammed Mzali was appoin• proposed that the EC alter its Situated in northern Africa, ted prime minister in April 1980 policies towards Latin America. south of the Mediterranean, and the secretary-general of the Rising interest rates have Tunisia covers 160,000 square Socialist Destour Party in June resulted in an increase in kilometres and has a population of 1986. However, the lawful suc• Argentina's loan repayments of 7.5 million. At his swearing-in cessor to the president was several hundred million US ceremony, Ben Ali highly praised deprived of all power on July 8 of dollars. Argentina maintains that the 84-year-old former president, the same year. Mzali's successor its debt problems should be solved one of the oldest leaders suffered the same fate after through discussions between advocating Africa's indepen• holding office for little more than creditor and debtor countries. dence, saying that he made a year. Ben Ali, who was then Another recent proposal was that "greatest sacrifices to liberate minister of the interior, was the interest rates for debts accrued Tunisia." Bourguiba became pre• appointed prime minister and prior to 1982 should be main• sident of the Socialist Destour secretary-general of the Socialist tained at their former level, but Party in 1938 and assumed the Destour Party. The subsequent this proposal got a cold response post of president of Tunisia's changes frequently made by from developed countries. Argent• Constitutional Assembly in 1956 Bourguiba caused continual dis• ina is expecting Spain to play an when the northern African ruptions to normal affairs. important role in initiating more country declared independence Tunisia's power shift has won contact with major creditor from France. The National the approval of its people, who countries. Assembly proclaimed Bourguiba expect the younger president to During his visit, Gonzalez president-for-life in April 1976. invigorate the country's economy. expressed definite views on the debt problems. He said Spain As Bourguiba became older and by Zhang Zhuji would back Latin America's stance, and he himself will support ARGENTINA Argentina's propositions in any Gonzalez's Visit Raises Great Expectations international discussions. Argentina hopes that Spain will help promote significant It is only four years since democracy returned to Argentina changes in European Community's policies towards Latin and the consolidation of the America and advance discussions between Latin American system is a major concern for the countries and the main creditor nations. whole country. Spain's successful transformation from a dictatorial panish Prime Minister Felipe tion to the Spanish prime regime to a democratic system, S Gonzalez paid a six-day visit minister's visit for several reasons: and its rapid economic develop• to Argentina between October 28 Argentine authorities maintain ment, have aroused much interest and November 2. In addition to that falling export prices and in Argentina. In his speech to the bilateral relations and the pros• rising interest rates on loans are Argentine Congress, Gonzalez pects of peace in Central America, the two major causes of the discussed the agreement signed 11 Gonzalez's talks with President country's current economic dif• years ago by the various political Raul Alfonsin focused on rel• ficulties. The EC is the traditional forces in Spain. The agreement is ations between Latin America and market for Argentina's products: generally regarded as the basis for the European Community (EC), 80 percent of its beef exports, the country's democratic political and Latin America's serious debt which account for one-third of its system, and the Argentine govern• problem. These issues also total export value, go to the EC. ment is currently striving for a dominated Gonzalez's talks with In recent years, the EC's severe similar social contract with all the presidents of Uruguay and protectionist measures have resul• political parties and social strata. Mexico when he continued his ted in a sharp decline in The government is obviously tour there. All three countries are Argentina's export revenue and an trying to win the opposition shouldering heavy debt burdens. adverse international balance of parties over to this idea through Argentina paid particular atten- payments. Argentina's foreign the example of Spain. •
BEIJING REVIEW, NOVEMBER 23-29, 1987 13 ^ 1 m ARTICLES iBBiMHi
DELIBERATIONS ON CHINA'S 2ND REVOLUTION (III)) New Conflicts Emerge With Development
"Would that all the common people had enough to eat and wear." This was the wish of enlightened leaders since ancient times. But in these days of social development and technological growth, new problems have arisen in many countries following the fulfilment of that wish. by Luo Rongxing, Zhu Huaxin and Cao Huanrong
t has been noticed that upheavals intensifying contradictions bet• much more quickly than it did in I seem to happen more easily in ween the various social strata and developed countries. This speed developing countries than in the even civil wars not dissimilar to will exacerbate the contradictions developed world, and especially those in developing countries. In and confiicts. where per-capita gross national The History of the Turbulent Opening to the outside world product is US$400 to 1,000. Century by former Prime Minister and the introduction of advanced The China Research Institute of Shigeru Yoshida there is also an technology from abroad will lead Economic Restructuring call this excellent account of the social people to forget the reality of their the "instability period between upheavals and suffering which own country and the general subsistence and wealth." It has were endured during the in• course of historical development. studied the economic and social dustrialization and modernization They will regard developed situations of over 100 developing of Japan. countries as "models" and seek countries and discovered that The transition from a tra• solely to catch up with them. where food and clothing are still ditional agricultural society to Demands for consumption and inadequate people's demands are modernized industrial one is a "democracy" before they can be simple and they are not restive. process of drastic social changes. satisfied will cause problems. After these basic problems have Gao Liang, director of the A number of Latin American been solved, people's require• comparative economic research countries experienced economic ments will diversify, and if these office of the Research Institute of take-offs in the 1960s. In the late demands are not met in time, new Economic Restructuring, puts it 1970s, the debt crisis had begun to problems will arise. With this way: From the economic loom large so that by the end of economic growth and compe• point of view, industrialization last year the total foreign debt of tition, unfair distribution of social demands, first of all, changes in Latin American countries amoun• wealth will be aggravated, and the the traditional mode of produc• ted to US$382 billion. new prosperity of some will lead to tion in the rural areas, large In the meantime a consumption the frustration of the less well-off. numbers of the rural people will boom had erupted with huge Looking at developing coun• inevitably switch to the indusiiial numbers wanting Scotch whisky, tries in Asia, Africa and Latin sector. Urbanization will certainly French perfume and everything America, besides ethnic and occur. The growth of the market which Europe and the United religious conflicts, one also finds and the development of the States used. These Latin American strikes, student unrest, civil wars commodity economy will shatter countries imported colossal quan• and coups whose real roots are in the original order and set of values tities of expensive consumer the social contradictions of and will redistribute interests goods; the amounts spent on economic growth, and not the among the social sectors. From travel to the United States and guises in which they appear. the cultural point of view, opening Europe were US$7.2 billion When developed countries to the outside world, which is a annually. Between 1980 and 1982, moved to the so-called "take-off prerequisite for industrialization, the consumption funds of Latin stage of industrialization, they too will necessarily lead to cultural American countries accounted experienced social turbulences. collisions. for, on average, 79 percent of their Britain in the late 18th century and The international climate and GNPs. High wages and high the United States in the Mid-19th the domestic situation in develop• spending led to galloping infl• century both experienced periods ing countries demand that in• ation. Prices for consumer goods of corruption and degeneration. dustrialization take place there in these countries rose at an
14 BEIJING REVIEW, NOVEMBER 23-29. 1987 average rate of 55.2 percent in world broke the British- and are universally available, people 1980, 144.9 percent in 1984 and American-style "democratic" will naturally begin to demand a 164 percent in 1985. That was not dream. Although bourgeois role in the country's politics along welcomed by the population. democracy and politics hardly with the rise in their cultural life. Then there were the political remain in some developing The demand will give the impetus issues. The "democratic question" countries, they have all tasted the to the building of democratic is a complicated one. Associate full bitterness of this kind of politics. To refuse this demand Professor Wang Huning of Fudan "democracy." Some countries will naturally cause discontent. University believes that "politics have retained certain character• However, until the form of and democracy appear in the istics of the Western representa• political participation and the forms given them by the social, tive system: however, the govern• problems of democratization have historical, economic and cultural ments have, in reality, always had been worked out, to act with situations in which they arise. to take measures contrary to the undue haste would also bring They are like an organic growth principles of democracy. This self- about social instability. and cannot be transplanted, or contradictory situation has only Confronted with unrealistic speeded up by force-feeding." helped perpetuate other social, demands for higher consumption national and religious and democracy, any developing Following World War II, many contradictions. developing countries proclaimed country, be it socialist or Without denying the successes their independence after casting capitalist, must establish a cohes• some talented economists and off colonial rule. The colonialists ive and authoritative power at the political leaders have achieved, the often designed political systems top. Western democratic model has for the new countries before their As for the path taken by China nowhere in the developing world departure. Some of the new over the past 38 years, the reason it managed to solve the problem of leaders, who had received a was able quickly to march ahead people's food and clothing needs, Western education, set up their from meeting people's needs in let alone achieve prosperity. political systems on the Western food and clothing onto prosperity pattern. For instance, countries of As Wang Huning says, "The despite setbacks and having to the British Commonwealth adop• political form is not a mere correct its mistakes by its own ted approximations of the British decoration, what counts is its efforts is the staunch leadership parliamentary system, and coun• social effect." A high degree of core of the Chinese Communist tries in Latin America adopted the democracy is, of course, the Party which has maintained flesh- presidential system of the United orientation of social development. and-blood ties with the people. It States. A society which can healthily is also because history enabled us promote democracy will enjoy to select the path of people's "Democratic experiments" order and stability. But democ• democracy and socialism. have taken place all over the racy itself is also a process of Dr. Gao Yuanzheng, an developing world. However, they development; only the political economist, believes that the key to have been consummate failures. form which is compatible with the China's economic and social No developing country has given social, economic and development is to rely on the actually established a political cultural conditions will be truly powerful organizational force of system just like the Western successful. the Communist Party and govern• bourgeois "democratic republic." Political and social develop• ment so that there will be a stable The 104 coups which took place ments are defined by economic social environment for the reform. . between 1962 and 1975 in the third growth. After food and clothing
Relics, Resources and People •—Notes on a Trip to Hubei Province
by Our Correspondent Luo Huiyou Not long ago I embarked on a obvious that reform and the open once more shining out and its 40-day tour of central China's policy were making their mark on abundant resources, untapped for Hubei Province with some the "thousand-lake" province. Its thousands of years, are now being colleagues from the capital. It was many historic and scenic sites are turned into tangible wealth. More BEIJING REVIEW, NOVEMBER 23-29. 1987 15 •i ARTICLES
have been provided with the construction of several top-class hotels over the last few years. They include the Qingchuan Hotel, Xiling N4ansions and the Chang• jiang Restaurant. Jingzhou (also called Jiangling), about 200 kilometres to the west of Wuhan, is an ancient city which features in 70 chapters of the 120- chapter classic The Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Now on display in the Museum of Jingzhou Prefecture are the long-hilt sword, the stone horse watering manger and the field cauldron used by Guan Yu, a famous general of the State of Shu. In and around the city are the Temple of Guan Yu, The Qingchuan Hotel. his roll calling platform and horse washing pool, as well as the Mapao Spring. importantly, active efforts are preserved. The Yellow Crane Jingzhou is one of the 24 being made to tap the province's Tower on top of Sheshan Hill was famous historic and cultural cities intellectual resources. first built in 223 AD. Destroyed many times during wars in history, declared by the State Council in it was rebuilt on each occasion 1982. With a history dating back Ancient Civilization until in 1884 when it was for the more than 2,600 years, it is the last time reduced to ashes. In 1981 centre of China's Chu culture and the local government decided to a treasure house of underground Hubei Province is the birth• rebuild the tower with an cultural relics. Qu Yuan, a great place of the Chu (State of Chu) investment of 22 million yuan. patriotic poet who lived more than culture in the Warring States Completed in June 1985, the tower 2,000 years ago, lived in the city Period (475-221 BC), the centre has since attracted large numbers for over 20 years and there he of rivalry in the Three wrote many brilliant works. Kingdoms —the State of Wei, the of domestic and overseas visitors and the plan to recover the The Museum of the Jingzhou State of Shu and the State of Wu Prefecture covers an area of 31,000 period (220-280 AD) —and the investment in five years is within reach. Of the 8 million visitors, square metres. With a floor space home of the world-famous of more than 14,000 square Three Gorges on the Changjiang over 15,000 were tourists from some 80 countries and more than metres, it has one jewelry and six (Yangtze) River. It boasts many exhibition halls, housing more historical relics and an enchanting 20,000 were from Hong Kong and natural scenery. In an endeavour Macao. to open up to the outside world To serve the growing number of and stimulate the economy, local visitors, comfortable facilities authorities are encouraging the development of the province's tourist resources. They are turning their attention to the construction of a few major tourist resorts, including Wuhan, the Three Gorges and its historical relics from the Three Kingdoms period.
The provincial capital Wuhan has a long history and offers several historical and scenic sites, including the Qingchuan Pavil- lion, Guiyuan Temple and East Lake, all attractive and well
16 BEIJING REVIEW, NOVEMBER 23-29, 1987 The city now has a population of more than 140,000. It offers an enchanting setting with its tidy streets lined with trees, and has become a city much frequented by domestic and overseas visitors. In 1986, over 600,000 domestic and 10,000 foreign tourists visited the city. Shashi, near Jingzhou, is a newly emerged industrial city on the Jianghan Plain. With a population of 270,000, the city exports more than 100 products to over 100 countries and regions. Over the 38 years since the founding of New China, the city has handed over 2.59 billion yuan in profits and taxes to the state, 7.2 times the state investment in the city. A two-hour bus trip from Shashi took us to Dangyang, a famous battlefield in the Three Kingdoms Period. There we visited the Yuquan Temple, one of Xingyin Pavilion in Wuhan's Donghu Lal BEIJING REVIEW, NOVEMBER 23-29, 1987 17 •i ARTICLES undergone renovation to its major paradise on earth, I think this is celebrating some event. On hall and Buddha statues, with it." hearing that Hu"s wife had given state-funding set aside in 1982. In Since 1979. more than 30,000 birth to a daughter. Premier Zhou front of the temple is China's overseas and domestic tourists chose a name for the baby and earliest cast iron pagoda (built in have visited Gaolan. To keep up gave Hu five yuan to buy 1061), now an important cultural with the developing tourist something for his wife. Even now relic under state protection. industry, a canteen specially this is fresh in the minds of the Travel to the Three Gorges on catering to the needs of overseas local people. the Changjiang River has been visitors and capable of simulta• Chinese Minister of Water made simple and more convenient neously serving more than 200 Resources and Electric Power since a military airport, capable of people will soon be opened. Plans Qian Zhengying last year wrote an serving large civilian aircraft, was are also under way to build the article on the construction of the converted for civilian use in April Gaolan Hotel. dam. In it she said that the Three this year. This is the 17th airport to Gorges project would be a key to be opened to foreign tourists by controlling the Changjiang River the Chinese air force. Future Super Dam fioods, would increase electricity producfion and improve navig• By the entrance of Xiling Gorge ation. On the day we arrived in Natural Gallery (one of the Three Gorges on the Yichang, deputy mayor of the city Changjiang River) is Zigui, the told us that the leading group from the ministry in charge of the dam By the Three Gorges and the hometown of Qu Yuan, a great feasibility studies just concluded a city of Yichang is the natural poet and politician of ancient meeting in the city, at which an landscape area of Gaolan which is China. East of the city is the initial report on the dam was called the "ten-// art gallery" (one magnificent memorial hall to the accepted. // equals to half a kilometre) poet, which covers an area of more Crustal movements have marked than 12,000 square metres, and the area with many peculiar land encompasses the Qu Yuan forms — towering peaks, strange Museum and a tomb containing Farmer Entrepreneurs rocks and deep valleys. Many of Qu's personal effects. Over the last the rocks take on vivid images, one five years, the monument has Xiangfan by the Hanshui River resembling a sleeping Buddha, attracted more than 250,000 in northern Hubei is also a city another a barking dog and tourists, including overseas visi• with a long history. Zhuge Liang, another two lovers in quiet tors from 27 countries and Hong prime minister of the State of Shu conversation. Kong and Macao compatriots. during the Three Kingdoms Although this spectacular Travelling downstream we period, lived there for 10 years. natural scene is known to only a reached the Zhongbao Islet (37 Xiangfan, well-known for its small number of people so far, all kilometres to the west of the century-old tradition of respecting its visitors are without exception famous Gezhou Dam). The young knowledge and talents, now offers carried away by its fantastic man accompanying us on our tour an attractive new industrial centre beauty. Han Kehua. director of informed us that this was the for people ambitious and State Administration of Travel future site for the Three Gorges pioneering. and Tourism, toured Gaolan in Dam. Already quite a few In the eastern suburbs of the 1982 and decided to make the area buildings dotted both banks of the city, we visited the Fancheng a major scenic spot in the Three river, probably part of the Friendship Hotel, which was built Gorges tourist zone. Inspired by preparations for the dam cons• by farmers with funds raised by the beauty of the site, he wrote this truction. The islet covers an area themselves. The city now has ten poem: "Both Guilin and Gaolan of more than 15,000 square metres hotels run by farmers. This one is are fairyland; their mountains and and had part of the ruins of the the earliest, established in 1976, waters varied and pleasant. All the Neolithic Daxi culture. The layer before the end of the "cultural cloud-capped peaks are full of of hard granite beneath its surface revolution," through the leader• charm, like a landscape painted by makes the site ideal for the base of ship of Zheng Chongying, former a master artist." In 1982, Frank E. a large dam. Party branch secretary of Meiman Polrier, an anthropologist from In March 1958, the late Premier Village and a bold far-sighted the Ohio State University of the Zhou Enlai went to the islet to woman. At that time, much of the United States, visited the area on a inspect the dam site. While there village's land was requisitioned for study tour of the snub-nosed he visited the home of a local urban construction, which resul• monkeys and was so absorbed by farmer, Hu Yanfen by name. A ted in a large labour surplus. To the wonderful scene that he was piece of red cloth on Hu's front• solve this problem. Zheng prompted to say, "If there is a door indicated that the family was Chongying decided to use the 1.6 18 BEIJING REVIEW, NOVEMBER 2.^-29, 1987 The Chalalugu Grottoes on the Southern slope of the Yaowang Hill in Lhasa, a famous shrine in Tibet, were carved out during the seventh century under the Tubo Dynasty. Photos by our correspondent Chen Zonglie million yuan from the village's bankruptcy reversed their down• land requisition charges to build a ward trend through improved seven-storey hotel with more than management. 200 rooms and a floor space of Zhao acknowledged that 6,000 square metres. At that time, Wuhan, as the largest metropolis Zheng faced a great deal of in central China, still faces many pressure from people who felt that difficulties. Problems such as farmers involved in such an ensuring a dependable supply of enterprise were "ignoring their vegetables and finding accom• honest occupation." However, the modation for visitors have been city authorities supported her largely solved through the efforts efforts and named the hotel the of past years. But other problems, "No. 2 Hostel of Xiangfan," such as public transport, housing leaving its ownership and manage• and sewage disposal, are still a ment to the village itself. It was not major concern, according to until the end of 1978 when the Zhao. Third Plenary Session of the 11th Wuhan has an urban popul• Party Central Committee was held ation of more than 3 million, in that farmers managing hotels were addition to a daily 600,000- accepted. In 1983, Zheng decided LI YANG 700,000 visitors from other parts to use the 2.7 million yuan profits Ji Yesheng, director of the Shashi of the country. With the increasing Domestic Chemicals Factory. earned to build a high-grade hotel number of vehicles in recent years, by the original one. Since its traffic on the Changjiang River completion in October 1985, the before their appointments (Guan Bridge far exceeds its maximum hotel has always remained full. was the director of the Hubei limits and lorries on the bridge Last year, the hotel hosted three branch of the People's Bank of have had to be banned during the national conferences, and catered China, and Guo, director of the day. Zhao said that the construc• for more than 200 tourists from Hubei branch of the People's tion of a second highway bridge on Japan, the United States, the Construction Bank of China). the Changjiang River is included Federal Republic of Germany and Deputy provincial Party secretary in the Seventh Five-Year Plan Hong Kong. Qian Yunlu was only 38 when he (1986-90), but the project will Hotels managed by farmers was elected to his current post in require a total investment of 500 have relieved the burden of 1984. After graduating from million yuan and sources for the providing tourist accommodation university, Qian served success• funds have not been ascertained. and added new vitality to the ively as head of a rural people's So the project cannot be urban economy. City leaders feel commune and a county, and immediately undertaken. that further urban construction secretary of the Hubei Provincial Leaders of Wuhan's enterprises should be conducted by pooling Communist Youth League are even younger than the city and the strengths of various sectors. Committee. provincial leaders. Take the Zhao Baojiang, 46-year-old Zhongnan Department Store for mayor of Wuhan and a graduate example. With a payroll of more of Beijing's Qinghua University in Young, Able Leaders than 1,600 and a floor space of the 1960s. briefed us on Wuhan's 35,000 square metres, it sells some economic reforms. "When the city During our tour of Hubei, we 28,000 commodities and serves opened its doors in 1984, famous- met over 60 leading figures at 100,000 customers each day. brand and quality products from provincial, prefectural and county General Manager Yan Guifang, other parts of the country flooded levels, more than 90 percent of now 38 years old, was deputy our market. This created an them in their 40s. Most have eenerai manager of the store until awkward situation for the city's sound educations and work the second half of 1986. At that own products," he said. experience, and are hard-working time, the store introduced a fixed and full of energy and confidence. "However," he continued, "we asset-related management re• On May 28, the day we arrived stood firm against the pressure sponsibility system and a public in Wuhan, we met with some and coined the slogan 'we would bidding was opened for the best major provincial leaders. They all rather have our bowls broken than contractor. Out of the 49 entries, looked young and energetic. The protect the backward.'" Yan's plan to raise profits to 22 provincial Party secretary Guan With this, enterprises were million yuan within three years Guangfu and provincial governor forced to survive and develop was accepted by the evaluation Guo Zhenqian, both in their 50s, through competition. Many enter• committee and Yan signed a worked in the financial field prises which looked set for contract with the board of BEIJING REVIEW, NOVEMBER 23-29, 1987 19 •i ARTICLES Company, with 136,000 em• period of time. Their speed of ployees and generating an annual construction, high quality and low output valued at 3.3-3.5 billion cost has won the company much yuan, has four general manager praise from central government and deputy general managers. leaders. Yu's company has now Except for the 65-year-old general extended to offer its co-operation manager, all three deputy general to firms in India, the Netherlands managers are around 45 and are and Sweden. graduates of institutes of metal• Yu told us that his secret lurgy. The No. 2 Automotive weapon for success is the proper Factory, one of the world's largest and effective use of power. He said lorry producers, employs more one should never abuse power for than 66,000 people and generates personal gain. Yu Zhian is indeed an output value of 2.4 billion yuan selfiess and leads a plain life. He a year. Its director is 50, and its and his family still live in an old chief engineer, only 46. Both of two-room fiat despite several them are graduates of the offers by the workers' congress of Department of Automobile Ma• a new flat and upgraded salary, king in Beijing's Qinghua which Yu refuses to accept. University. Perhaps his selflessness is an Lt YANG important factor in his ability to Yu Zhian, director of the Wuhan win support and co-operation Turbogenerator Plant. Role of Veteran Cadres from the workers and staff. directors representing the owner of the state assets. Although there is a general Yan told us that staff en• move to make the ranks of Pending Problems thusiasm has been enhanced since officials younger, veteran cadres Of course, Hubei also has its the introduction of the responsi• still have a role to play. Director of share of nasty things. During our bility system. Compared with the the Wuhan Turbogenerator Plant stay in Xiangfan, local newspapers corresponding period of 1986, the Yu Zhian, 54, is one example. criticized four directors of Yi- store's sales and profits increased Yu, a native of Shandong cheng County's construction 48.6 percent and 84.38 percent in Province, joined the People's bureau, who used public cement, the first half of this y6ar. Liberation Army in 1945 when he bricks, tiles and timber to build Yan is a graduate of the Wuhan was only 12 years old. He was houses for themselves. They were Business School. After leaving demobilized in 1956 and assigned ordered to move out. school, he successively served as a to the Wuhan Turbogenerator In Xiantao (a city at the county sales clerk, a section chief and Plant. His obvious organizational level), the existence of privileges deputy general manager in the ability led to his appointment as for leading cadres was also department store. director of the plant in 1981. In obvious. In the past, district heads We also visited some factories in that year, the plant incurred a loss and Party committee secretaries Shashi, including the Shashi of 2.4 milUon yuan, but within the travelled to meetings by bicycle. Domestic Chemicals Factory. following five years it was turned Now, they refuse to attend unless Factory Director Ji Yesheng is into a flourishing modern enterpr• they are picked up by a car. This only 30 and fresh from the Wuhan ise earning an annual profit of 10 has justifiably raised public Chemical Engineering Institute. million yuan. discontent as taking a car is still Under his leadership, the plant In March last year, Yu considered a luxury in China. imported advanced Italian equip• organized the Changjiang Motive Other matters of great concern. ment for the production of over 30 Power Company, a large enterpr• were the destruction of the kinds of chemical products for ise group comprising more than 50 ecological balance through the daily use. Last year, the factory factories in eight provinces. The development of rural industry in turned out nearly 50,000 tons of company undertakes the construc• Hanyang County, and the reap• quality washing powder with an tion of power stations and power pearance of gambling activities in output value of more than 100 station equipment, equipment the Jingzhou Prefecture. Their million yuan. More than 10 installation and personnel train• presence suggests that legal and million yuan in profits and taxes ing. Through this group investors moral education should not be were handed over to the state. with a selected power station site relaxed while the implementation Some key state enterprises and a set investment can of policies of reform and opening located in Hubei also have young requisition a completely fitted and to the outside world are still in leaders. The Wuhan Iron and Steel operating power station in a set progress. • 20 BEUrNG REVIEW, NOVEMBER 23-29, 1987 A DIALOGUE ON TIBET (III) Regional Autonomy and Special Policies This is the third instalment of the series "A Dialogue on Tibet, which is based on a "Beijing Review" interview with senior officials from the State Nationalities Commission, the first two appeared in Issue Nos. 42 and 43. Question: What do you mean by autonomous counties. The chair• national autonomous area shall "regional national autonomy?" man and vice-chairmen of the use the languages of the locality; Answer: Regional national auto• standing committee of the where several languages exist, the nomy is the basic policy the people's congress of a national language of the nationality government adopts to solve the autonomous area, the chairman of exercising regional autonomy may nationalities question in China an autonomous region, the prefect be used as the main language. and as such it is an important of an autonomous prefecture or In accordance with the needs of political element within the state. the head of an autonomous socialist construction, the self- According to the Constitution and county shall be members of the government organ of a national the Law on Regional National nationality exercising regional autonomous area shall take Autonomy, regional national autonomy in the area concerned. various measures to train large autonomy means that the minor• The people occupying the other numbers of cadres at different ity nationalities, under unified posts in the people's government levels and various kinds of state leadership, practise regional of an autonomous region, an specialized personnel from among autonomy in areas where they live autonomous prefecture or an the people of all nationalities in in compact communities, and autonomous county, and cadres in the area. The organs of self- establish organs of self- the departments under the organs government of national autonom• government for the exercise of of self-government of a national ous areas may, in accordance with autonomy. All national autonom• autonomous area should, whene• the military system of the state and ous areas are integral parts of the ver possible, be people of the practical local needs and with the People's Republic of China. nationality exercising regional approval of the State Council, autonomy and of other minority Regional national autonomy organize local public security nationalities in the area. embodies the state's respect for forces for the maintenance of and guarantee of the right of The people's congresses of public order. minority nationalities to admini• national autonomous areas have Under the guidance of state ster their own affairs, and its the power to enact regulations on plans the organs of self- adherence to the principle of the exercise of autonomy and government of national autonom• equality, unity and common separate regulations as well in the ous areas may independently prosperity for all nationahties. light of the political, economic and arrange and administer local The policy has played an cultural characteristics of the economic development, and work enormous role in fully freeing the nationalities in the areas. These out the guidelines, policies and initiative of all nationalities as regulations must be submitted to plans for their economic develop• masters of the state, developing the Standing Committee of the ment. They also have autonomy in among them a socialist relation• National People's Congress for administering the finances of their ship of equality, unity and mutual approval before they go into areas. In accordance with legal assistance, consolidating the unif• effect. If a resolution, decision, stipulations, they must manage ication of the country, and order or instruction of a state and protect the natural resources promoting socialist construction organ at a higher level does not of these areas, and define the in the national autonomous areas suit the conditions in a national ownership and the rights of use of and the rest of the country. autonomous area, the self- the pastures and forests within government organ of the area may these areas. In accordance with The Constitution and the law either implement it with certain also stipulate that the organs of legal stipulations and unified state alterations or cease implementing plans the self-government organs self-government of national auto• it after receiving the approval of enjoy priority in exploiting and nomous areas are the people's the higher state organ. using the natural resources which congresses and people's govern• the local authorities are entitled to ments of autonomous regions, While performing its functions, develop. autonomous prefectures and the organ of self-government of a BEIJING REVIEW, NOVEMBER 23-29, 1987 21 •1 ARTICLES In addition, local self- regulations have been legally a series of policies and adopted government organs shall inde• enacted, including Separate Regu• many measures. We have invested pendently develop national cul• lations of the Tibet Autonomous several dozen million yuan in the ture, education, science, tech• Region on Implementing the Law region's grassland improvement, nology, medicine and sports in of Criminal Procedure of the and built 1,967 ditches for forms characteristic of the People's Republic of China, Rules irrigating 3 million mu (15 mu— 1 nationalities. on Preventing Forest Fires, hectare) of grasslands. We have Detailed Rules on Election to the also enclosed a total of 2.65 Q: Is there a Han or Tibetan People's Congresses at Various million mu of grassland. In majority among the cadres in Levels in Tibet, Separate Regu• addition we have designated Tibet? Is the present chairman of lations of the Tibet Autonomous natural reserves of forest and wild the regional people's govern• Region on Implementing the animals and plants. ment a Tibetan? Was the post of Marriage 'Law of the People's the regional Party committee's Republic of China and Provisions Q: Is there enormous unemploy• first secretary ever occupied by a on the Administration of Tree ment in Tibet? Tibetan? Planting in Lhasa City. A: Unemployment is a problem A: There are 40,000 minority which has been basically solved in nationality cadres in the region, A: What specific policies has the China. In Tibet labour is short, making up more than 80 percent region implemented? and cannot meet the demands of of the total. Among the heads of A: Since 1980 the region has its social and economic develop• the regional Party committee, introduced a series of special ment. Tibet often finds difficulty standing committee of the regi• policies promulgated in ac• in fulfilling the annual labour onal people's congress, govern• cordance with the local conditions recruitment target set by the central government. Unemploy• ment and political consultative aimed at developing the economy ment is not an issue. Among newly conference, Tibetans and people swiftly. They include a household- recruited workers Tibetans make of other minority nationalities based diverse management system up the majority. Tibetan and Han account for 83.8 percent. The which retains all land, forests and workers receive the same wages, leading posts in the people's pastures in the ownership of the congresses and local governments welfare and labour protection state; allowing the selling of farm terms. at various levels are all occupied produce and the products of by Tibetans and other minority animal farming to be regulated people. The current chairman of mainly by the market; livestock Q: What kinds of Sino-foreign the regional people's government raised by the herds people belong joint ventures and wholly Dorje Cerang is a Tibetan. The to them and farmland is used and foreign-owned enterprises have post was previously occupied by managed by farmers themselves, been set up in Tibet? Ngapo Ngawang-Jigme and Dorje and this practice will remain A: In the last few years, many Cedan, both Tibetans. unchanged for a long time. Tibetans residing abroad, com• Thus far no Tibetan has held the While developing industrial and patriots from Hong Kong and post of first secretary of the commercial enterprises priority is Macao, and foreign firms have regional Party committee. Our given to private and collective applied to build Sino-foreign joint Party organization is the same to businesses. Until 1990 agricultural ventures and wholly foreign- all nationalities. Party members of and animal husbandry taxes will owned enterprises in Tibet. At a any nationality can be Party not be levied. For the near future, Hong Kong trade fair last year the cadres if they meet the require• commodities produced by collec• Tibet Autonomous Region signed ments stipulated by the Party tive and private businesses needed 22 letters of intent for 15 co• Constitution. Thus there is no by minority nationality peoples operative projects. All foreign- direct link between whoever takes will be exempt from industrial and funded businesses in Tibet can pay the post of first secretary of the commercial consolidated taxes. In taxes at a reduced rate or be regional Party committee and foreign trade the region is enjoying exempt from taxes and have regional national autonomy. more preferential terms than other priority for preferential loans. provinces, municipalities and Q: Does Tibet have its own autonomous regions, and can Q: Which fields does foreign- policies and regulations? retain all foreign exchange earned. Chinese co-operation cover in A: Yes. The People's Congress of Tibet? the Tibet Autonomous Region has Q: Does the central government A: Energy, communications, enacted many special rules and protect natural resources in building, textiles, foodstuffs, pro• regulations in accordance with Tibet? cessing and light industries, local conditions. Since 1979, a A: To protect the ecological agriculture, forestry and animal total of 12 provisions and balance in Tibet, we have enacted husbandry. • 22 BEIJING REVIEW, NOVEMBER 23-29, 1987 PROFILE OF TIBET (III) Cultural Relics: Repair & Surveying by Our Correspondent Wu Naitao handful of electricians from Dalai Lamas paid annual homage overhaul the Qiangba Hall. The A Beijing busily work at improv• to the emperor's portrait and northern part of the hall was ing the lighting conditions in the memorial tablet. dismantled and a new foundation famous Potala Palace in Lhasa. The Trashilhunpo Monastery laid; the wooden eaves, decor• The State Administrative Bureau houses many well-preserved gifts ations and murals were restored to of Museum and Archaeological presented to Panchens by various their original state. While keeping Data has allocated special funds emperors through history. Among to the original architectural style, for revamping the palace's power the gifts are small Buddha figures modern building materials were system and lighting equipment. from the Sui and Tang dynasties used in the repair. For example, The project is to be undertaken by (581-907), the smallest measuring reinforced concrete was used to technicians from Beijing's Palace 10 cm in height. Nearby, in strengthen the hall's pillars. The Museum and aims to eliminate another hall, the world's largest face of the Buddha was gilded to unsafe factors in Potala Palace, extant gold-plated bronze Buddha add to its splendour. which has been plagued by is preserved. The figure, called Xalu Monastery, built in 1087, lightning and fire in the past. Qiangba Buddha, is 26.2 metres is the main temple of the Xalu sect, Potala Palace, once the seat of high and its shoulders measure and one of the most magnificent Tibetan government and the 11.5 metres across; its middle buildings in the region. Almost all winter residence of the Dalai finger is 120 cm long. The seven- Tibet's temples feature splendid Lama, is one of the 11 key cultural storey, 30-metre Qiangba Hall, green and gold roofs and the relics declared under state protec• covering an area of 860 square glazed roof of the Xalu Monastery tion by the central government metres, was built in 1914 under the has a unique style of its own. The after Tibet's peaceful liberation. personal guidance of the ninth monastery's halls were built in the There are also 12 temples or Panchen. According to an official Han-nationality style like those in historical sites under the protec• of the local cultural relics other parts of the country, but the tion of the autonomous region. department, the foundation of the walls, laid irregularly with rocks, Many monasteries were destroyed hall was not solidly laid, so with are in typical Tibetan style. during the "cultural revolution." the passage of time, many crevices One of Xalu Monastery's 22 After that, the local cultural relics have begun to appear in the walls. department mounted a full-scale Lamas said that Xalu was To protect the valuable cultural converted into a granary during effort to repair, and survey relics, the central government cultural relics and, in just a few the "cultural revolution." It was allocated a huge sum of money in restored as a temple in 1986, and years, achieved remarkable late 1981 and organized artisans to success. its three main halls, which have An outer view of Xalu Monastery. Repairing Historical Sites Xigaze, a major town in Tibet, has two monasteries — Trashilhunpo and Xalu. Built in 1447, the Trashilhunpo Monastery is a Han-style hall of worship. Mounted in the hall is a large portrait of Emperor Qian- long of the Qing Dynasty (1644- 1911), said to be an original from the Beijing Palace Museum. Potala Palace also houses a portrait of Emperor Qianlong, as well as a memorial tablet to the emperor bearing words written in Mandarin, Tibetan, Mongolian and Manchurian. It is said that generation after generation of the BEIJING REVIEW, NOVEMBER 23-29, 1987 23 •1 ARTICLES Age period and over 20 sites from been repaired, are attracting many Cultural Relics Survey worshippers. The monastery's the Neolithic Age. These historical In 1984 the autonomous roof, damaged during the "cul• sites are scattered in Burang and region's cultural relics department tural revolution," has been re• Tingri in western Tibet, Sogxian decided to carry out comprehens• fitted with made-to-order glazed County in the north, Qamdo in the ive region-wide survey of cultural east and the valley of the Yarlung tiles shipped in from other parts of relics that would take four to six Zangbo River in the south. The the country. years to complete. However, due discoveries point to communities to the vastness of the region and existing on the vast Tibetan An official from one of Tibet's the shortage of professionals, it Plateau tens of thousands of years cultural departments said that will be difficult for Tibet to meet ago. Soanam Wongdui said these each year the central government this goal on its own. Shaanxi communities developed into the and Tibet's cultural departments Province where the world-famous Tibetan nationality of today and allocate special funds for the terra-cotta worriors of the Qin created its splendid age-old restoration of historical sites and Dynasty (221-207 BC) were culture. discovered sent specialists to aid cultural relics. Officials respo• The archaeological team dis• Tibet in the massive task. Over the nsible for the protection of covered over 100 ancient graves in last few years, the survey not only cultural relics are appointed to Nangxian County in Shannan, the uncovered tens of thousands of important temples. The cultural largest one covering an area of cultural relics scattered through• relics administrative bureau sends over 3,000 square metres. In out the region, but also gave rise to technicians to various prefectures Nedong County 11 graves with some new discoveries. For to check on the use of funds and over 750 tombs were also found. example, the discovery in Qamdo assist with maintenance plans. Prior to this, the only known Prefecture of a site dating back to Experts from central ^ cultural ancient tomb was that of a Tibetan the Neolithic Age indicates that relics departments are also invited king in Qonggyai County. For a primitive Tibetan societies had by the bureau to offer assistance. long time, celestial burial was formed close ties with people The bureau has adopted measures regarded, especially by the along the Huanghe (Yellow) River integrating long-term and key- common people, as Tibet's main up to 4,000-5,000 years ago. The project maintenance and arranged form of burial. The discovery of survey will undoubtedly have funds for the maintenance of numerous grave sites provides great significance in the study of cultural relics in order of rich, concrete materials for studies the history of Tibet and in research importance and urgency. Since of ancient Tibetan burial customs into other scientific fields. early 1980, the bureau has and opens up a new area for repaired Daipung Monastery and Soanam Wongdui, deputy dir• archaeological research into 22 other relics under the ector of the Tibet Cultural Relics Tibetan culture. The new discov• protection of the state and the Administrative Bureau, said that eries and studies have given rise to autonomous region. Re-fitting the the Tibetan archaeological team the publication of numerous new power circuits in Potala Palace has unearthed five historical sites treaties by specialists in the field. was one of the endeavours. dating back to the late Old Stone 24 BEIJING REVIEW, NOVEMBER 23-29, 1987 Political Bureau Veterans and Their Resumes of the Ministry of Light Industry, first secretary of the Anhui provincial Party committee, chairman of the provincial revolutionary committee and first political commissar of the Anhui Military Area. After 1980, he served as vice-premier of the State Council, chairman and secretary of the leading Party group of the State Agricultural Commission, member of the financial and economic leading group of the CPC Central Committee, deputy leader of the leading group of the foreign affairs committee, chairman of the Central .Afforestation Commission and chairman of the State Civil Air Defence Committee. Wan Li was elected member of the CPC's 11th and 12th Central Committees, member of the Secretariat of the Uth CPC Central Committee, member of the Political Bureau of the 12th CPC Central Committee and member of its Secretariat. Wan Li A native of Dongping County, Shandong Province, Wan Li was born in December 1916. He joined the Communist Party of China in May 1936 and took part in the revolutionary work in the same year. He graduated from a normal school. After 1936. he did underground work in Dongping County and served as secretary of the Dongping county Party committee; director of the propaganda department, of organization depart• ment of the Taixi prefectural Party committee; and vice-director of the propaganda department of the Party committee of western Shandong district. After 1947, he served as member and secretary- general of the Party committee of Hebei-Shandong- Henan district, and director of the economic department and director of the construction bureau of Nanjing. After 1949, he served as vice-minister and minister of the industrial department of the TIan Jiyun Southwest Army and Government Committee, vice-minister of construction and minister of urban construction in the central government, secretary of Tian Jiyun was born in June 1929 in Feicheng the Beijing municipal Party committee and deputy County, Shandong Province. He joined the mayor of Beijing. He suffered persecution during Communist Party of China in May 1945. the "cultural revolution." After 1945, he was head of a land reform work After 1973, he served successively as secretary team in Chaoyang County. After 1949 he served as of the Beijing municipal Party committee, deputy confidential secretary of the Financial Takeover director of the Beijing municipal revolutionary Department of the Guiyang Military Control committee, minister of railways, first vice-minister Commission, and class instructor at the Guiyang BEIJING REVIEW, NOVEMBER 23-29, 1987 25 •1 ARTICLES People's Revolutionary University and the Unions and director of the Propaganda Guizhou Provincial Training Centre for Financial Department of the CPC Central Committee, and Cadres. After 1953, he served as deputy head and took part in organizing and leading the workers' then head of the secretariat section under the movement and the movement of resistance against Guizhou provincial Department of Finance, Japanese aggression and national salvation in director of its general office and head of its Shanghai. budgetary division. After 1961, he served in Sichuan From 1933 he served as editor of Red China and Province, as deputy director and then director of the Struggle, which were published in the Central provincial Bureau of Finance, and director and Soviet Area, vice-principal of the Party School, secretary of the Party committee of the provincial deputy director of the Political Department of the Department of Finance. First Front Army of the Red Army, political After 1981, he served as deputy secretary- commissar of the Third Army Group of the Red general of the State Council. Army, and deputy director of the General Political After 1983, he served as vice-premier and Department of the Red Army. He took part in the secretary-general of the State Council. Long March and served as director of the Political Tian Jiyun was elected member of the Political Department of the Shaanxi and Gansu Bureau and member of the Secretariat of the 12th Detachment, director of the Political Department Party Central Committee. of the Field Army of the Red Army, and Secretary of the Northern Bureau of the CPC Central Committee. After 1945 he was secretary-general of the Military Commission of the CPC Central Committee, and after 1948 he served as director of the General Office of the CPC Central Committee, deputy secretary-general of the CPC Central Committee and concurrently director of the first office of the Secretariat of the Party Central Committee, alternate member of the Secretariat of the Party Central Committee, and member of the secretariat of the Guangdong provincial Party committee. He was persecuted during the "cultural revolution." From 1978 onward he became second secretary of the Guangdong provincial Party committee, deputy head of the Guangdong provincial revolutionary committee, deputy governor of Guangdong Province, first secretary of the Guangzhou city Party committee and head of the Guangzhou city revolutionary committee. After 1980 he served as vice-chairman and concurrently secretary-general of the Standing Committee of the Fifth National People's Congress, Standing Committee member and secretary-general of the Military Commission of the CPC Central Committee, and deputy head and head of the Party Central Committee's Taiwan Work Leading Group. Yang Shangkun Yang Shangkun was also a member of the Eighth, llth and 12th Party Central Committees, Yang Shangkun was born in 1907. A native of an alternate member of the Secretariat of the Eighth Tohgnan County, Sichuan Province. Party Central Committee and member of the He joined the Chinese Communist Youth Political Bureau of the 12th Party Central League in 1925, and became a member of the Committee. Communist Party of China in 1926. After 1925 he took pari in the student and workers' movements in Chengdu, Chongqing and Shanghai and later he Wu Xueqian studied at_^Sun Yat-sen University in Moscow. He served successively as the secretary of the Party Wu Xueqian, born in December 1921, is a Fraction of the Shanghai Federation of Trade native of Shanghai. He joined the Communist 26 BEIJING REVIEW, NOVEMBER 23-29. 1987 Bureau and deputy head of the International Liaison Department of the CPC Central Committee. Since 1982, has successively served as first vice-minister and minister of foreign affairs as well as secretary of the ministry's Party committee, member of the CPC Central Committee's leading group for foreign affairs and state councillor. Wu Xueqian was a member of the 12th Party Central Committee and a member of the Pohtical Bureau of the 12th Party Central Committee. Party of China in May 1939. After 1938, he served as a group leader of the students association in Shanghai, and a member and then secretary of a Party committee in charge of Party work in middle schools. From 1944. he was successively member, deputy secretary and secretary of the Student Work Committee of the Shanghai underground Party organization, member of Shanghai's underground municipal committee and secretary-general of the Shanghai municipal committee of the Communist Youth League. After 1949, he served as a representative of the Central Committee of the Communist Youth Hu Yaobang League (CYC) at the World Federation of Democratic Youth, deputy director and then director of the International Liaison Department Hu Yaobang, a native of Liuyang County. of the CYC Central Committee, and member and Hunan Province, was born in November 1915. He standing committee member of the CYC Central joined the Communist Youth League in May 1930 Committee. and was admitted into the Communist Party in After 1958, he served as head of the Fifth November 1933. Section of the International Liaison Department After 1930, he did work among children and of the CPC Central Committee. He was subjected later became secretary-general of the Central Committee of the Young Communist League in the to persecution during the "cultural revolution" Central Soviet Area. and was sent to do physical labour in a cadre He took part in the famous Long March in school. 1934 and served successively as secretary of the After 1972, he served as head of the Western Youth League general branch in a Red Army unit, Asia and Africa Section, director of the Third secretary of the Party general branch of another BEIJING REVIEW, NOVEMBER 23-29, 1987 27 •i ARTICLES Red Army unit, and director of the organizational and propaganda departments and secretary-general of the Central Committee of the Young Communist League'. After 1937, he served in succession as Party branch secretary of the No. 1 team of the Chinese People's Anti-Japanese Military and Political College, deputy head of the political department of the college, political commissar of the No. 1 brigade of the college, and deputy head and head of the organizational department of the Military Commission. After 1946, Hu Yaobang served successively as political commissar of a column and director of the political department of an army group of the Chinese People's Liberation Army. After 1950, he served concurrently as secretary of the north Sichuan regional Party committee and chairman of the regional administrative office, and later as political commissar of the military area. After 1952, he served as secretary and then first secretary of the Central Committee of the Youth League and then as first secretary of the Shaanxi provincial Party committee. During the "cultural revolution," he suffered persecution and was sent to a cadre school to do physical labour. After 1975, he served in succession as deputy branch of the Taihang Military Area, deputy head of the leading Party group of the Chinese brigade commander of the 129th Division of the Academy of Sciences, deputy president of the Eighth Routh Army, and commander of the first Central Party School, head of the Organization branch of the faihang Military Area and Department of the CPC Central Committee, third concurrently the prefectural Party secretary. secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline After 1945, he served in succession as Inspection, secretary-general of the CPC Central commander of the Taihang Military Area, Committee and concurrently head of the Commander of the Ninth Column of the Second Propaganda Department of the Party Centra! Field Army and commander of the 15th Army of Committee. the Fourth Army Group of the Chinese People's He was a member of the Eighth, 11 th and 12th Liberation Army. Party Central Committees; a Standing Committee After 1950, he studied in the Nanjing Military member of the Political Bureau, and chairman of Academy, and later served as commander of the the 11th Party Central Committee; and Political 15th Army of the Chinese People's Volunteers in Bureau Standing Committee member and general Korea, deputy commander and chief of staff of the secretary of the 12th Party Central Committee. Yunnan Military Area, standing committee After January 1987, he served as a member of the member of the Yunnan provincial Party committee Political Bureau Standing Committee. and deputy commander of the PLA Kunming Units. After 1957, he served as commander and con• currently second Party secretary of the PLA Kunming Units and member of the secretariat of Qin Jiwei the Yunnan provincial Party committee. Since 1973, 'ne served as commander and Party Qin Jiwei, born in November 1914, is a native secretary of the PLA Chengdu Units, second and of Hongan County, Hubei Province. He joined the then first political commissar of the PLA Beijing Red Arr^y in August 1929 and the Chinese Units. Communist Party in April 1930. After 1980. he has served as commander and After 1929, he successively served as a platoon, first Party secretary of the PLA Beijing Units. company, regiment and division commander of the Qin Jiwei was a member of the 10th. 11th and Red Army. Qin took part in the Long March. 12th Party Central Committees, and an alternate After 1937, he served as commander of a member of the Political Bureau of the 12th Party guerrilla detachment and commander of the second Central Committee. 28 BEIJING REVIEW, NOVEMBER 23-29, 1987 BH BOOKS HI expressionism. This type of design 'Stage Design of China' Comes off Press is featured in the Tibetan opera Prinee Nuo Sang, an ancient fairy tage Design of China" pub• movements to evoke the story and tale depicting the love story of a S lished in June this year by the setting. In recent years, to satisfy prince and a fairy. On the stage, a Chinese Theatre Publishing rising aesthetic expectations in colourful curtain hanging from House, is a 260 x 250 mm picture modern audiences, Chinese art the ceiling represents an imagina• album in both Chinese and designers have created various tive fairyland. The stage is flanked English. In his foreward to the styles of stage settings based on by two columns each entwined album, Cao Yu, noted playwright national traditions, and blended with dragons standing on a lotus and president of the Chinese with modern stage design. They flower symbolizing a fairy girl Dramatists' Association ex• can be divided into the following descending from the skies. All the pressed his hope that China's categories: stage constructions are decorated achievements on the stage will Stage design with distinctive with typical Tibetan style patterns serve as contribution to the national features. Take for to create an appeahng combin• treasure house of world culture. instance the Beijing opera Women ation of realism and idealism. Symbolic style. It is exemplified The picture album is a Generals of the Yang Family, a play about the Yang women by the Shaoxing opera Xiang Lin's compilation of more than 600 Wife. The story tells of an outstanding works chosen from defending the country's border areas in the Northern Song oppressed woman in the 1910s hundreds of stage sets displayed at when the Republic of China was the National Exhibition of Stage Dynasty (960-1127). In one scene Dian Jiang Tai (a platform from just founded. The stage is set Design. It contains stage designs against part of a courtyard for traditional opera, spoken which the chief commander calls the roll of officers and assigns their belonging to the landlord Xiang drama, opera and dance drama, Lin's wife once worked for. The dance and puppet shows. Readers duties) the centre of the stage is exaggeratedly marked by a flag courtyard, made gruesome and can gain an appreciation of the ghostly through an effective use of costume, plastic arts and tra• bearing the Chinese character "commander." Under the flag are light resemble the wide-opened ditional stage model of China, and mouth of a tiger — symbolizing the facial make-up of traditional some other props. Two castles set symmetrically on both sides of the feudal ethics — ready to swallow Chinese operas. The album is a the fragile, warmhearted woman. witness to the rapid progress of stage loom up through the stone balustrade crossing the stage Light, make-up and costume all China's stage design since 1949. It join into portraying the character is not only of academic value but a behind the commander's plat• form. A carpet runs all the way to bring the tragedy into good reference material of practical use. effect. For many years traditional down from the staircase to floor level, enhancing the majestic The style of presumption. In Chinese operas were characterized pingju opera. Neighbours, the by very simple stage settings and setting, the scene represents an army camp in ancient China. stage designers used three doors to facial make-up. Audiences relied suggest three families living in one on the performers' aria and Integrating realism with free apartment building. The space in front of the three doors forms a shared corridor much larger than in reality. Instead of suggesting something to do with the theme of the opera, the distorted scene indicates the environment which gives performers more elbow room. Such design, in which means of new stage setting are applied, differs from traditional Chinese stage desings which rely mainly on imitative movements rather than props. Both styles are similar in one sence, however, as they provide performers with sufficient space. The album is not only a good representative book on stage craft, but a fine work of art. • BEIJING REVIEW, NOVEMBER 23-29, 1987 29 BUSINESSARADE island and proposed joining with fracture,burst tyi^es and parts Hainan Opens Wider Hainan to form a development wearing out before they should. To Outside World group to exploit its resources in an Last April, a person was killed all-round way. when a truck's tyre blew. Titanium accounts for 67 ainan Island, which will be There were also serious engine percent of the total mineral China's 30th province (not flaws with another 10,000 Nissan H resources verified in the island and counting Taiwan), will adopt H-40- E-22 2.75-ton trucks, has already led to the signing of more flexible and preferential bought by the SBME in 1985. letters of intent by the Hainan policies than elsewhere in order to Although Nissan compensated the Metallurgical Company with a attract foreign investment. Chinese users for economic losses Canadian consortium and a US According to Liang Xiang. and replaced parts, the new company. An official from the deputy leader of the preparatory engines would soon go wrong. UTG Investment (Far East) Co. group for the establishment of the The Chinese Inspectorate of from the United States says that if province, Hainan will introduce Import and Export Commodities the co-operations are successful procedures which are tailored to and some specialists have con• his company will also invest the island's needs and may not cluded that all the flaws are the several hundred million US have been tried even in the special results of inadequate design. At dollars in Hainan's titanium. economic zones. They include: present the Chinese consumers are The Mitsubishi Group from — Minimal entry and exit seeking compensation. • Japan has signed a letter of intent procedures; with the island for jointly — Free flow of capital; producing reduced iron; the — Exports of local products not Kyodo Trading Company ex• SAE Will Stay in subject to state quotas; pressed its willingness to improve — A relaxed foreign exchange the harbour; some French and Cliina for Long control and an overlapping of the Thai companies are interested in business of various specialized he Societe Auxiliaire the development of rubber, mango banks. A foreign exchange centre d'Entreprises (SAE), based in and banana production. T will be established on the islancl, France, entered China through At present, the local govern• and a local bank will be set up contracting to construct the China ment is accelerating the construc• when the time is ripe; World Trade Centre in Beijing. tion of infrastructures in energy, — The compensatory transfer, "Our company is not a passing communications, telecommunic• mortgage or leasing of the right to traveller and will stay in China for ations and water sources in order the use of land will be available. a long time," said Bertrand to create a good investment Company groups, joint ventures Alaury, foreign trade consultancy environment. • and wholly foreign-owned enter• committee member and deputy prises will be allowed to contract general manager of the company. for the development of certain Established in 1924, the com• areas on the island. Japanese Trucl< pany is the largest architectural China's second largest island engineering company in Europe. next to Taiwan, Hainan covers an Below Par In 1985 it won the bidding for the area of 34,000 square kilometres construction of the centre by and is at present under the his year, Chinese consumers providing US$238 million of the jurisdiction of Guangdong Pro• Thave found many problems total of US$380 million invest• vince. Since 1980 the island has with Hino and Nissan trucks ment. It has become the biggest attracted a total of US$80 million imported from Japan, and many foreign profit maker in China. in foreign capital, but that has losses have been caused as a result. The China World Trade Centre mostly gone to developing inferior The State Bureau of Materials is one of the largest projects the industry on the island. and Equipment (SBME) imported company has contracted in Asia. 15,000 Hino FC-164 and FC-166 It consists of office buildings, Since the news that Hainan was trucks in 1985 and 1986. Since exhibition halls, flats and other to be made a province was then, Chinese drivers have com• facilities. Covering an area of announced a month ago, more plained of brake failures, blow• 380,000 square metres, the centre than 20 groups of entrepreneurs outs, fragile windshields, and is expected to be completed in and representatives have come to fracture lines in the spring-sheets 1989. The French company will the island to explore its and the roofs of the cabs. demonstrate its advanced tech• possibilities. Many of the Hino KY-220H 12- nology and work through the One famous US engineering ton trucks, imported by Tianjin's centre. construction company sent five No. 2 Transport Company in June For building entrepreneurs senior officials to look at the last year, have had springsheet China is a large and attractive .30 BEIJING REVIEW, NOVEMBER 23-29, 1987 market, said Mr. Alaury. His The French company is seeking the council, Wei Yuming, former company is also interested in a Chinese partner for expanded vice-minister of Foreign construction projects in Shanghai, business. When asked who will be Economic Relations and Trade, Hainan Island and Sichuan his partner, Alaury smiled and president; permanent members Province. The company is prepar• said that since he had not yet paid include Don St. Pierre, general ing its bid for the Datong River court to "her," he could not manager of the Beijing Jeep Corp.; Diversion Project in Gansu divulge "her" name. Nakai Sensho, general manager of Province and the Ertan Power the China Otsuka Pharmaceutical Station in Sichuan Province. by Yao Jianguo Co. in Tianjin; Martin Posth, assistant general manager of the Shanghai Volkowagen Automa- tive Co., and four other foreign New Association for Joint Ventures managers. Some similar associations have been set up in Chengdu, Sichuan he Chinese Foreign-Funded allow such enterprises to learn Province, and Xian, Shaanxi TEnterprises Association was from each other and from Province, and are planned for founded on November 5 in specialists; other provinces and cities includ• Beijing. It will work to promote — To establish contacts with ing Shanghai, Liaoning, Hebei, the legal rights and interests of foreign economic entities; and Anhui, Guangdong and Guangxi. enterprises involving foreign — To provide consultancy ser• investment. vices for Chinese and foreign Over 500 foreign-funded enter• He Qu, deputy secretary- investors. prises have already joined the general of the association, says Gu Mu, State Councillor and association. The association will that since C-hina introduced the head of the Foreign Investment hold its first congress next year open policy in 1979 it has Work Leading Group under the and sponsor a national exhibition approved the establishment of State Council, was elected honor• of members' products. over 8,700 foreign-funded enterpr• ary president at the first meeting of by Yao Jianguo ises and 4,000 have already gone into operation. Most of them have achieved good economic results, but some have had trouble which they were powerless to escape. The Beijing Reviewt.. Subscription Rates association should help improve Please enter my subscription to Beijing the understanding between the Country 1 year 2 years 3 years Chinese and foreign partners, Review ror_ . .year(s). I enclose_ __Jn payment (hereof. USA 24 41 57 provide information, help im• (US«) England (£) 13 22 31 prove their management and Name promote their development. Rest of Europe (US$) 17 29 41 The main tasks of the Australia (A$) 24 41 58 association are: New — To introduce China's policies Job title Zealand (NZ$) 33 56 80 and principles, economic rules and Canada (CS) 23 39 55 regulations, and basic intentions Address Switzer• for development to the foreign land (SF) 47 80 114 investors, in an effort to attract more foreign investment; W. Germany (DM) 57 96 136 — To help draw up and implement production and man• Austria (Sch) 351 597 842 agement plans and help consoli• Italy (Lire) 30600,52000, 73400 date their development; Country —To investigate complaints of foreign-funded enterprises and Please mail this form, together with your payment, to your local dealer or either of the report their opinions to the following addresses: • China International Book Trading Corporation (Guoji Shudian) P 0. Box 399 Beijing, China; • Management Department, Beijing Review. 24 government and departments Baiwanzhuang Road, Beijing, 100037 China Readers in China may subscribe to Beijing concerned, and help solve them; Review at local postal offices — To hold meetings, training classes, lectures and symposia to BEIJING REVIEW. NOVEMBER 23-29. 1987 31 m CULTURE/SCIENCE New Archaeological Discoveries Displayed ment of the Palace Museum, of the three bronze human heads on display, two look like ancient Sichuan people —the Ba-Shu (Pa- Shu)— while the third resembles the people of China's central plains. Huang Jinglie, head of the relics office under the State Adminis• trative Bureau of Museums and Archaeological Data, said China lacks historical records about the Ba-Shu culture in the Shang Dynasty. This discovery provides valuable data for studies of cultural relics and archaeology. The two sacrificial pits show that the Sanxingdui site was a political and economic centre in the area of Bronze mask (Shang Dynasty 16th-llth centuries BC) found at the Sanxingdui site in Bronze human head (Shang Dynasty) Guanghan County, Sichuan Province. from the Sanxingdui site. recent exhibition at the Palace ancient weapons (See Issue No. 9, AMuseum in Beijing displayed 1987 for more details). some of China's major* archae• More than 500 relics unearthed ological discoveries during 1985- from the No. 2 sacrificial pit 86. include bronze human heads, big The most conspicuous objects bronze statues, and animal masks, in the show were bronzes — small as well as objects of gold, stone, and life-size human heads, a big seashell, ivory and other statue of a person, and masks — materials. unearthed from two big pits in Since all the objects had been Sanxingdui village, Guanghan burned, the archaeologists be• County, in southwest China's lieved the relics were buried after Sichuan Province. The exhibition rites during which sacrifices featured only a small portion of offered to the dead were burned. the precious objects that were The pits are unusual in China for found, which are believed to have their sizes and the richness of their been cast in the Shang Dynasty contents. (16th-llth centuries BC). The eyeballs of one approxi• The Sanxingdui site is located in mately 1-metre-high bronze mask northern Sichuan Province. In protrude several centimetres past 1986 two big sacrificial pits were the eyelids and the ears are found when workers of a brick oversized. Such facial features works were digging earth. The No. have never before been found on 1 pit to the north and the No. 2 to statues from the central plains of the south are separated by 30 China. A 2.6-metre-high bronze metres. Unearthed from the No. 1 statue on a pedestal depicts a pit were more than 400 objects person with a hat. The hands are including a gold wand, a gold face- shaped as if to hold a weapon. guard", bronze statues of people sitting or on their knees, bronze According to Fang Guojin, human heads and jade models of director of the exhibition depart• 32 BEIJING REVIEW, NOVEMBER 23-29, 1987 Shu during the Shang Dynasty. Huang said that the site of an ancient city was also found near the two pits. That site is bigger • than the one found earlier in China's central plains. The latest discovery reveals a new area in ancient China where the Ba-Shu culture was well developed. Also on display was a goddess head statue dating back 5,500 years, unearthed in 1986 from the Niuheliang site in Liaoning Province. This new archaeological discovery showed that the history of China's civilization goes back 1,000 years further than was Milk-white Jade ornament (Hongshan previously believed. The clay culture 4000 BC) from the Niuheliang A copy of the goddess head found at the Niuheliang site in Uaoning Province. sculptured goddess head statue site. was the most artistic object in the exhibition. The process of sculp• objects at the Palace Museum percent of them were jade, while ture was basically the same as were later imitations of very pottery and lacquerware objects today. Her two light bluish green ancient relics. Now, judging by the were also found. eyeballs made of jade were inlaid exquisite decorations of the Archaeological undertakings in by rivets, and her face was painted recently discovered pieces, he the minority areas in the past two red (See Issue No. 33, 1986 for thinks the museum's pieces are years have also made break• more details). genuine. The recent discovery throughs. The exhibition featured showed that craftsmanship had pottery dating from the late period The show also included jade developed to a high level in the of primitive society, unearthed sculptures, turquoise birds, Liangzhu period. from Karuo site in Tibet; pottery yellow-brown jade turtles and Fanshan, located in Zhejiang's jars, bronze mirrors and agates milk-white jade ornament. Yuhang County, is a 7-metre-high dating back 3,000 years, un• Fang said the objects unearthed mound with an area of 3,000 earthed from the Chawuhu tomb at Fanshan in Zhejiang Province square metres. Last year 600 in Jingxian County, Xinjiang provide valuable data for studies square metres were excavated. Uygur Autonomous Region; and of Liangzhu culture, which dates They contained 11 tombs built woolen jackets, long robes and fur back to 3000 BC. He said he used during the Liangzhu period and boots found in the tomb of Hami to think that some of the jade more than 1,200 objects, over 90 Wubao, also in Xinjiang. These objects are believed to be from the Jade sculpture of a god (Liangzhu culture 3300-2250 BC) unearthed from Dafanshan Shang and the Western Zhou in Yuhang County, Zhejiang Province. dynasties (16th century-770 BC). Many objects made of gold, silver, pearl, jade, amber, agate, white porcelain and celadon, as well as harnesses made of silver, were found in the tomb of a princess, excavated in Inner Mongolia in 1986. The dead body, clothing and the sacrificial objects in the coffin, which were buried in 1018 BC, were found intact when the tomb was opened. These objects provide rich materials and information for studies of the politics, economy, culture and history of the Qidan (Khitan) minority. by Wei Liming BEIJING REVIEW, NOVEMBER 23-29, 1987 33 CHINA OCCIDENTAL PETROLEUM OUR RESOURCEFULNESS TRANSCENDS ALL BORDERS Occidental Oil and Gas Corporation • Island Creek Corporation Occidental Chemical Corporation • Cities Service Oil and Gas Corporation NlidCon Corp. • IBP, inc. A country girl. Sculptures By Li Sanhan Li Sanhan, born in 1954 in Huangpi County, Hubei Pro• vince, now works at the Hubei Academy of Fine Arts. Two foxes. 1988 Welcome To Beijing Year of International Travel -a-, Beijing Tourism Administration 1988 is the year of dragon by China's lunar calendar. In the Guangdong dialect, the number 88 sounds like "making a fortune." Many gala events are planned, with dragon as the theme. Each will be hvely and colourful, and full of the flavour of China. Address: 1 3 Xiagongfu Street, Beijing, China Tel: 551365, 550490 Cable: 8049 BEIJING Telex: 22489 BTTC CN