Altered States of Consciousness Various Means of Attainment And
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Chapter 3 Altered States of Consciousness Various means of Attainment and Effects In this chapter, various spiritual practices as given in different texts, in order to achieve the altered states of consciousness will be discussed. Each one of these paths are so exquisite that it cannot be compared with any other path and deep within a sādhaka knows that this is not actually different from the other and that he has to discover it, based on his level of consciousness. The various schools of yoga can be broadly classified into two categories: i) Bh āvan ā Yoga Resorting to psychological ponderings and meditation. ii) Pr āṇa-sanyama-yoga This type means resorting to psychophysical process to control pr āṇic impulses and through them bring about natural and automatic cessation of thought process and to bring enfoldment and intuitional power. The most popular school of pr āṇa-sanyama-yoga is called mah ā- yoga which consists of mantrayoga , haṭhayoga , layayoga and rājayoga . Through mantrayoga alongwith the practices of ha ṭhayoga , ku ṇḍ alin ī, the potential spiritual power, is awakened and it starts coursing through su ṣumn ā nāḍi. Then one surrenders himself to its working and assumes passive position. This is layayoga - the yoga of absorption. As these practices continue, sādhaka finally reaches the state of complete mental equilibrium as described in Pātañjala yoga where he realizes the unity of being. This is the stage of rājayoga . In yoga, energy and consciousness are known as prak ṛti and puru ṣa. In Tantra, they are known as śakti and śiva . In haṭhayoga they are 88 called iḍā and pi ṅgal ā and in Ved ānta they are called as māyā and brahman . In Taoism, they are called as yin and yang and in physics matter and energy . So, if this equipment of body can undergo a state of metamorphosis, then ‘yoga way’ should be followed. Throgh the yog ī c proceeses the body can be transformed into a yog ī c body which is unaffected by old age and disease. According to different scriptures, there are definite ways to reach the altered states. They have also given certain charactristics of each state. So these scriptures would be studied and ways given in them are listed in this chapter. They are as follows: -- 1) siddha siddh ānta paddhati 2) Yogav āsi ṣṭ ha 3) ha ṭhayoga 4) Sāṁkhya Metaphysics 5) Patañjala rājayoga 6) mantrayoga 7) ku ṇḍ alin ī yoga 8) Buddhist Philosophy 9) Mystic way/Sufism 10) Ved ānta 11) Integral Yoga of Aurobindo 89 1) siddha siddh ānta paddhati 1 :- This original Sanskrit text is written by Guru Gorak ṣan ātha. Lord Datt ātreya, as Ādin ātha has narrated beautiful philosophy of ajapa-brahmavidy ā to him after Guru Gorakṣan ātha surrendered before him all the siddhi-s and ego etc.There is no definite evidence about where Guru Gorak ṣan ātha was born but it is around in the year 700 to 1100. Santa Jñānesvara in the 18th Chapter gives the sequence of this knowledge flow. Śrī Śaṅkara taught this ajapayoga jñāna to Bhagvān Vi ṣṇ u who was inside a fish in the ‘kṣirasāgara’ (sea) and the fish became ‘Matsyendran ātha.’ He imparted this knowlege to Guru Gorak ṣan ātha, so that Guru Gorak ṣan ātha gets engrossed in nirantara sam ādhi . Then Gorak ṣan ātha taught the ajapajñāna to Gahin īnātha who in turn taught the same to his disciple Nivṛttin ātha. This is Śaiva philosophy and Guru Gahin īnātha told Niv ṛttin ātha to distribute this knowledge to all the human beings, who are suffering from miseries and liberate them. The evolutionary aspects of ku ṇḍ alin ī śakti have been enumerated by siddha siddh ānta paddhati as under:-- The evolution of universe starts initially due to the will ( icch ā) of the nameless (anāma) God. 2 This śakti is known as nija śakti in siddha siddh ānta paddhati . Nija śakti creates par ā śakti and controls the entire evolution. From Nija śakti par ā, apar ā, sukṣmā and ku ṇḍ alin ī śakti are born. When Nija śakti flows its operative inclination ( unmukhatva), it is called as par ā 1 Gorkṣanātha , Siddhasiddhāntapaddhati , Marathi translation by Bhat, Agharakar, Anmol Prakashan, Pune, p. 4-5. 2 Ibid , chapter 1, verse 5 Anaamaoit svayaMmanaaid isaQdmaokvaanaaidinaQana M isaQdisaQdantp`isaQdM tsyaocCamaa~Qamaa-QaiMMma-NaI inajaaSai@tÁ p`isaQda ||5|| 90 śakti .3 Then it assumes a vibratory character ( spandana/hu ṅkāra). Hu ṅkāra gives rise to apar ā śakti . Then it differentiates itself into multitudes of subtle individual units ( śā nta ). This is called sūkṣma śakti ;finally it develops into potential sensation, life force (vedan ā). This is ku ṇḍ alin ī śakti.4 Pūrṇatā (all pervading), pratibimbat ā (reflection of cosmic consiouness in Individual), prabalat ā (powerful), procchalat ā (upward oriented), pratyak-mukhat ā (inward oriented) are five properties of kuṇḍ alin ī śakti . The aim of yoga is to feel her existence, orient her upwards so that she meets Śiva in sahasrāra. This philosophy is explained in the chart below. anāma (timeless) | nija śakti (māyā/prak ṛti) | par āśakti (hu ṅkāra) | apar āśakti | sūkṣma śakti | kuṇḍ alin īśakti (Become-many-Gregariousness) 3 Ibid, chapter 1,verse 6 tsyaa ]nmauKmaa~oNa Para Sai@t$i%qata|tsyaasspndnamaa~oNa APara Sai@t$i%qata ||6|| 4 Ibid , chaverse 1,nerse7 ttao|hntaQa-maa~oNa saUxmaSai@t$%pnnaa||ttao vaodnaSaIlaa kuNDilanaI Sai@t$i%qata ||7|| 91 From the description, it will be seen that according to siddha siddh ānta paddhati , ku ṇḍ alin ī is the pr āṇa śakti and it is an evolute of power of manifestation of God. This potential power is responsible for its evolution, subsistence and also final involution. It is the one manifestation of God that we can become conscious of and one through which we can directly perceive His existence and power. As a potential power, kuṇḍ alin ī is generally represented as coiled serpent. The aspirant is expected to meditate upon this symbol bringing to mind meaning and significance. Many a time, these symbols are looked upon and regarded as actual entities. The serpent is a ‘symbolic representation of a latent force’. The significance lies even in the names e.g. ‘ nāga’ which literally means ‘nonstatic’. Potential energy though looking like static always tends to assume a dynamic aspect. It secretly creaps into dynamism, hence ‘ sarpa ’. The world ku ṇḍ alin ī itself signifies potential power. At the cosmic level, ku ṇḍ alin ī has been variously described as ananta i.e. endless, śeṣa i.e. eternal remainder, vāsuk ī i.e. all pervading. All these names represent its infinity and potentiality. Ananta or śeṣa is cosmic ku ṇḍ alin ī with thousand coils. Ku ṇḍ alin ī in the individual human being is represnted as having three and half mātr ā of Aum - that symbolizes the various states of the subjective consciousness viz those of waking condition, dream and sleep. The fourth state of transcendental consciousness seems to have represented only by ardha mātr ā. It has been stated that this śakti while working in human being presents three poles or nodes and that the stage of consciousness and the functioning of person depends upon which axis of polarity is active. The three nodes are respectively called as ūrdhva , madhya , adha ḥś akti -s. 92 It is the madhya śakti that is generally called ku ṇḍ alin ī, because it is responsible for the phasic experience of the phenomenon or ‘ noumena’. When it is polarized to interact with adha ḥś akti i.e. lower node of śakti currents, the result is that one gets consciousness of diversified entities. One sees many in one. On actual functional level, there is tendency to multiply and reproduce. The instinct of Gregariousness is uppermost. When alone, man is depressed. As against this, if the ku ṇḍ alin ī were to find its polarity with the ūrdhva śakti, the phase of consciousness changes and one is aware of a unity in diversity even at cellular level. The metabolic processes come to a minimum. It is when it starts interacting with the pole above, the ūrdhva śakti ; that it is said to be aroused. Such an arousal consists in changing its phase of activity. The highest stage is achieved by one of the following three processes viz. by arousal of madhya śakti , contraction of adha ḥś akti , and interaction with ūrdhva śakti , one reaches highest stage. 5 Philosophy of N ātha Sect 6 - In N ātha sect, mainly there are mainly following four concepts:- 1) Pi ṇḍ a-bramh āṇḍ a thought : - Nātha sect belives that whatever is at macrocosm is in microcosm and it exists in subtle form in an individual. The main Śakti or driving force of Individual body or pi ṇḍ aśar īra is called as kuṇḍ alin ī. So the cosmic consciousness i.e. force working at Universal level represents as ku ṇḍ alin ī in Individual level. The sādhan ā in Nātha sect is meditation on this ku ṇḍ alin ī śakti . 5 Ibid, p.84,chapter4, verse 16 maQyaSai@t p`baaoQaona AQaÁ Sai@tinakuHcanaat\ |]Qva- Sai<k inapatona p`aPyato prmaM pdma\ ||16|| 6 Ibid , introduction, p. 26-27 93 2) Śiva and Śakti : - In Nātha sect, ultimate truth at cosmic level is ādinātha Śiva who is illumined ananta, advaita. The ādin ātha Śiva and Śakti are not different, but that is the basis of this cosmos or macrocosm. So this universe is līlā of Śiva and Śakti . 3) Ku ṇḍ alin ī-Yoga: - This is most important sādhan ā in Nātha sect .