The Parthian Stations

The illustration on the title page is ofa tetradrachm o f Tiridates II in the Parthian Co llection of the

British Museum . P A R TH I A N S TA TI O N S

I S I D O R E O F C H A R A X

b ‘ lLC MJI n u kL

AN ACCOUN T OF TH E OV ERLAN D TRADE ROUT E BET\VEEN TH E LEVAN T AN D I N DIA IN TH E

I ST C UR . F R EN T Y B . C

TH E G E E TEXT W IT A T AN ATI O N R K , H R SL A N D CO MM E NTARY

L E . S A . M . WI FR D H CHOFF,

Secreta o t/1c Commercia l Mm eum P/zi/ d l ry f , a elj bia

PHILAD ELPHIA PUBLISHED BY THE CO MMERCIAL MUSEUM 1 9 14 I ZIAQP OT X AP AKHN OT ETAOMOI HAP OI K OI

’ Mea ovro'ra p la s xa i Ba Mvma s a xoivoc

’ ' ' A7ro7\7twma n 809 a xoiv oc Ny

' X a wuf'n 80 a xa k 9 xoivm .

' 1 S a x M 7 5“ xoivoc B .

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' X oapnmis a xoivoz

K o a v o o m m n ﬁs a x iv c f.

' o voc a x i f.

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' a ' a m o o 7C M p yt is a x iv c .

’ ’ a Ape¢a s xoimn X .

’ ' Ava v a o vo ve ﬁs x i c .

’ Za a v o vo xa p w w ﬁs a x i c .

' a a 'm a o v Ea x vﬁs x ivac Ey .

’ " Apaxwmfas o xaivoc M

Q A A P Op o v a xow m an" )

’ ‘ ’ o' é a o v o oa Mea ovr ra ma s It a l B a ﬁ v l wos x i c p .

' ' ’ l ALa a v'rwv 7 6V E6 af7 1 v [a n d 7 6 Zeﬁf a 7ro7us ea 'rlv B ¢p 7 yp ,

’ ' ' ' ' 8 i 00 v o a a xa . vr et 6 Awa eba [m 7 E wr ei ra. A cap mn A ex p s ¢p v

’ ' a xocv ov c E271 1 X afpa f 2 5800 w ro SE Ekkmm w A v ﬂep ov m as

' ' ’ ’ ' 7ro 7us o oiuoz e eﬂ u Ko a oa 1 ev B a r dm o v a a a oiv m v , x p n p 7 ), x p m , x y PA RTH IAN STATI ON S

By I sm o u : OF CHARAX

M esopotamia and Babylo nia Ap o llo niatis Chalo nitis Media Cambadena Upper Media M edia Rhagiana

Choarena

Co m isena H yrcania

Astauena P arthyena Ap auarticena M argiana A ria Anaua Zarangiana Sacastana

Aracho sia

8 58 Scho eni

M esopo tamia and Babylo nia 171 Scho eni

1 . F o r those who ross the Eu hrates next to Z eu m a is c p , g the e It is c t of A am ia and then the v a e o f Da ara. 3 i y p , ill g scho m u h hen eni distant fro m Apa ia and the riv er E p rates . T Charax S ae ca e the ree s the t ofAnthem usias 5 id , ll d by G k ci y , schoeni : e o n h h is Coraca in atana a ort e a e b y d w ic , B , f ifi d pl c 3 scho n To he ht o h s e is Mannuorrha Au reth e i. t r ft a ig i pl c y , a ort e a e and a e ro m h h the nha tants f ifi d pl c , w ll, f w ic i bi et r n n ater scho eni Then Co m misimbela a ort 5 . g d i ki g w , , f i fi e a e : h h n hen d h o s the r v er Bilecha 4 sc o e i. T pl c by w ic fl w i , 4

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' ’ " ' ' - " 0 11 1 014 39 a a Mums a oivm ea 311 I ucu 7ro 7u Ekk v is 1 B , x 7 p x 9 n ,

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’ ' ’ ’ xa w d Ebc a r ' Ke ow a 8 {i v ékk vw r i ea ovro ucdv mn p s bp y y n p p , ’ ‘ ’ ' ' “ a lcoino c A7ro A v n oxeta s éws Toﬁ rov a xoiv m px éVTGﬁBGV 38

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‘ ' ' ' ' J o Eim B kea' i AdSa a o uo Ei ra P LESCU 7ro Ms a oiv a e . i c . , x n , x C

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’ ' ’ Ei‘ra A va 9 (b v a os lea -ré 7 6 11 E bc a r v me mu £1) Ba kev . ﬁ bp n 35

' ’ ‘ ‘ ‘ " ' : ' ' 5 WOMS o oiv m 8 efi i Ocka o zn v a os lca rcz 7 6 11 Eéc ci r v ia , x p w fl fi pp n ,

' ' ’ ’ ' " ’ ' o o Bir d a n u a o vrokc a oivoc L Elm . a a H a ﬁwv a iv a . s . y é p , x B I ( q , x B

' ’ ' ’ ' " ” Aez7ro7us év fi a cw c a Xn TLSGS 1 rw a 2 a oiv oc LS . Ev fi ev B ea a v a , b ry , x fix

' ’ ’ ’ ' ‘ d * aff a a oiv oc Ei'm a oM 7ra cz 7 6 V 7roM ev ie v A r n L . N e vr s s , 35 p p y , x B p

' " a oivoz x E x/ 06 11 Sta dw wv 7 6 11 E6 d v K a i N a Ebc d v . pp m , x B ﬁ ¢p m p

' dk a v é7ri Eekeérceta v 7 9 11 71 1 69 Tcf t8t a oivoc A p x 7 1 yp , x XPL

' ’ ' - ' ' ' ov K a i. B kw ma Ka i. eZa iv 31 71 6 Z eﬁ a ros ci Toﬁ r a yp xpl,

' ’ Eekewceza s a xoiv m poa . Ala m a a o rti e a e a ro a stat o n 3 scho en i e o n g , f ﬁ d pl c , y l i , ; b y d

w h ch is Ichnae a ree t o un e the Ma e o n ans : i , G k ci y, f d d by c d i

it s tuate o n the r v er a ha : S schoen Then N is i d i B lic i. ice

ho rium the Eu hrates a ree t o un e K n p by p , G k ci y, f d d by i g

h b v A exan er 5 scho eni. art er o n the r er is G alabatha l d , F , y i , ,

a eserte v a e 4 scho eni. Then the v a e o fChu m bana d d ill g , ill g ,

1 s hoenus arther o n Thillada Mirrhada a ro a stat o n 4 c ; f , y l i , i Th a o a a e a tem schoeni. en r e o f rtem s fou dc y l pl c , pl A i , n d

Dar us a s m a to n o se is the anal o f Sem ram s by i , ll w ; cl by c i i , and the Eu hrates is am m e th ro s in o r er th p d d wi ck , d at by being thus checked it m ay ov erﬂo w the ﬁelds ; but also

summ er it re s the o ats to th s a e 7 scho en Th n in i. e w ck b ; i pl c , v hoeni h n A an a a e a e 4 sc . T e Phali a a v a e o n ll , w ll d ill g , g , ill g the Eu hrates that m eans in ree hal - w a 6 schoeni p ( G k f y) , .

ro m A nt o h to th s a e 12 0 scho eni and ro m then e to F i c i pl c , ; f c h 00 cho eni Se eu a h h is o n t e T r s 1 s . ear P hali a l ci , w ic ig i , N by g is the a e v a e o f N aba ath and it o s the r v er w ll d ill g g , by ﬂ w i

A uras h h em t es nto the Eu hrates there he e o ns b , w ic p i i p ; t l gi

ross ov er to the Ro m an terr to r e o n the r v er Then c i y b y d i . the v i a e o f A s h 4 scho eni e o n h h is the t ll g ic , ; b y d w ic ci y o f Dura N icano ris o u n e the Ma e o n ans a so al e , f d d by c d i , l c l d hen the ree s Eu ro us 6 scho eni. T Me rrha a o rt e by G k p , , f iﬁ d

a e a a e v a e 5 scho eni. Then the t o f an 5 pl c , w ll d ill g , ci y Gidd , ibla a 7 h e ni cho n Then e es B d sc o . e o n s s e i. i an B l i , B y d island in the u hrates 6 schoeni there was the treasure o f r E p , ; Ph a ates who cut the thro ats o f his o n u nes hen Tiridates , c c bi , w

nv a e th an n An h who was ex e e . The at o an s an il d, i d d [ l d] , i l d in the Eu hrates o f 4 sta a o n h h is a t 4 schoeni p , di , w ic ci y, ;

e o n h h is Thilabus an s an in the Eu hrates there b y d w ic , i l d p ;

h arth ans 2 s o en hen I z an is the treasure o ft e P ch i. T a t i , , ci y hen i o n an s an 12 s cho eni. T A o lis the t o fI s here i l d, p , [ ci y ] w n r n s 1 cho ni o is h t th r re tum ous s 6 s e . e n t e e e a bi i p i g , B y d ci y

hana in h h is a tem e o f Atar atis 1 scho en i o Besec 2 . f , w ic pl g ,

h t hat a e Then N ea o s the Eu ra es 2 2 scho e ni. ro m t p li by p , F pl c those leav ing the Euphrates and passing thro ugh N arm al chan o n th r s ho i To th s la e om e to Se eu a e T s 9 c en . c l ci ig i , i p c [extend] M esopotam ia and Babylo nia; and fro m Z eugm a to 1 1 s hoeni Seleucia there are 7 c . 6

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’ 2 0 m a S p ea m 3s pa 7 07 04459 0 . Ei i é £ 139 Zeke!)

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’ ’ ' ’ Ei-m cwrba o zvwv e 6 m 6 xa kei'ra c Z af' os dwe o i ec 7 9 11 X a k x p yp , p p é 7

0 I on I 'r w a 7 1 1) m m M? Smu cow w x p v mu 7 ) .

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' ’ ' ' ’ ' a l a r a ﬁ ds 1 m 7us 88‘ Bd'fr'm va évr 6 ov s xez ev évﬂdZ e a Sos e p , p p q mp m

’ cif a k a xa l a r k y p ﬁ n.

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' ' ' ’ ' ' En B a ra y ow a, T a m s 6 A euw s xa ﬁ eike a oiv oc Eim , wp y pp , x

' ' ' ' B d m va ow okts M SLa s Ka i, O a a v o wka m ov [ca l ie du 57re , p mp u q p d p , p

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a n te1 .6 / 9 .

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‘ ’ ' ' " 9 ) E5 SS 7 9 1) X d a rca. 1 r

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’ m o d ) 06 K aa m a c m ikcu s . , d

' ’ 8 zm' e afm' wv Kaa vn a “mika éa ' riv a ﬁkd w xa i 1 . pﬂ s s }

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' Sé Eu a i G r az e 10 s / s .

' ’ “ éi c r az e 4.6 a oivm v év x a l. eu a i 9 . s 6 x n , ﬁ p /

I a V wake Se owe ea r n) s .

’ c ’ ' ’ ' 9 V ma a o voc ev maua a 61) a a r a ﬂ o f 1 0 EW € T m a i l, L i . . €0 s p , x E, 3; n , p ro m that a e e ns A ollo niatis h h exten s 33 2 . F pl c b gi p , w ic d

n I t has v a es in h h there re stat o ns n schoe i. a a ill g , w ic i ; d ree t Artemita throu h the m st o f h h o s the a G k ci y, ; g id w ic ﬂ w o m Se eu a is 1 schoeni Bu e S a. To that a e r 5 t riv r ill pl c f l ci . l now the city is called Cha asar.

3 ro m that a e Chalo nitis 2 1 scho eni in h h the re . F pl c , , ; w ic are v l a es in h h there are stat o ns and a ree t 5 i l g , w ic i , G k ci y, A ollo niatis h n Cha a 1 5 scho eni e o n . T e a ter 5 scho eni l , b y d p , f , a mounta n h h is a e Za rus h h orm s the ou n ar i w ic c ll d g , w ic f b d y et een the str t ofChalo nitis and that o fthe Me es b w di ic d .

4 ro m that a e Lo er Me a h h exten s . F pl c , [ w ] di , w ic d 2 2 en The e nn n is at the str t o fCar na in h h scho i. b gi i g di ic i ; w ic there are 5 v a es in h h there are stat o ns but no t ill g w ic i , ci y . th t Cambadene h h exten 5 . ro m a a e s 3 1 schoeni F pl c , , w ic d , in h h there are 5 v a es in h h there are stat o ns and a w ic ill g , w ic i , t Ba istana s tuate o n a m o unta n there is a statue and ci y, g , i d i ;

r o fSem ram s a pilla i i . rom that a e U er M e a 3 8 h i n 6 . sc oen a at 3 F pl c , pp di , ; d schoeni fro m the v ery beginning o fit is the city of Co ncobar ;

there i a tem e o f Artem s 3 scho eni. Then Ba i raban s pl i , z g ,

h h is a ustom house 3 schoeni. Then e to Adra ana w ic c , c p , the ro a res den e ofthose who ru e in atana and h h y l i c l d Ecb , w ic

T ranes the A rmen an estro e 4 schoeni. Then atana ig i d y d, Ecb , the m etro o s o fMe a and the treas ur and a tem le sacre p li di y, p , d to Ana t s the sa r e there a a s 1 schoeni An i i ; y c iﬁc lw y ; 2 . d e o n that ace are 3 v l a es in h h there are stat ons b y d pl i l g w ic i .

7. rom that a e Rha iana Me a 58 scho eni n F pl c [ g ] di , [ ] . I i r 10 v l a es an itie A te scho e t a e d 5 s . r 7 ni are Rh i l g , c f aga and Charax of h h Rha a is the reatest ofthe t es ; w ic g g ci i i n M edia. And 1n Charax the ﬁrst kingg P hraates settled the Mardi ; it is ' eneath a m ounta n which 1s a e Cas ius e o n b i , c ll d p , b y d which are the Cas an ates pi G .

8 . e o n that a e for tho se ass n hro B y d pl c , p i g t ugh the Cas ian ate there 18 a narro v alle and the str t ofCho rena G w y, di ic a 19 scho eii i in h h 13 the t o fA am ia a ter 4 scho eni ] ; w ic ci y p , f ; and there are 4 v a es m h h there are stat o ill g w ic i ns . e o n 8 Co misena 8 ho eni h 9 . d 5 sc m h there are 8 B y , , w ic v a es 1n wh h there are stat o ns but there 1s no t ill g i , ci y.

10 e o n 1s H r an a 0 s ho eni m h h the 1 . 6 c r e 1 B y d y c i , , w ic e ar v e h h there are st o illag s m w ic ati ns . ’ ' ’ ' i)96 v é 1 1 . Ev re a oivoc év 3 x mz L év a le 0 11 1 9 40 ! x E, 5 i B , 3

’ m ikes Sé ev 35 Apa' dm5s‘ 7rp£rros Ba m kebs‘ 81 7 6 86 13693 xa i

I Q A h I v ka r r e'm t eu'ra v ﬂa 7rv a ﬁ a va r ov (b p .

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' " ov p ev n Ev por Jedi/La c 83 013k:

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a w OUIC

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‘ ’ o tuc w o k K p cs .

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’ ’ ’ ' ' " - ° a w k a co v Ake a v 8 o n akts 7ro kts xcb a l. Se3 7ro kcs (re l, n E p ) p

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I ’o I f A I I ew v ew x a r eca A a arro A L TOUTOU ca n » 7 r a m H a c . p x s . XP ) p p

’ ' a a fl oi a uco c I cn 8a)pov X a pa /cnvofi r p H pfi . 1 1 e o n is Astaue h w t e e are 12 . na 60 sc o eni in h h h r B y d , , ic

v a es in h h there are stat o ns an the t o f Asaac in ill g w ic i ; d ci y , which A rsaccs was ﬁrst pro claim e d ki ng ; and an ev erlasti ng ﬁ re is uar the g ded re .

is a 12 . e o n is P arth ena 2 5 s cho eni th n h h B y d y , ; wi i w ic v a e and the t o f P arthau n isa a ter s cho eni there are ll y, ci y f 6 ; ro a to m s t aea hen the t y l b . Bu the Greeks call it N is . T ci y o f athar a ter schoe ni hen the t o f S ro a ter 5 G f 6 . T ci y i c f

i Ofv a es it has no m o re than o n w h h is a e schoen . e c ill g , i c ll d

Sa hri p .

1 i i n w h e 3 . e o n is A auarct cena 2 7 s cho en i h is th B y d p , , ic

t of rctica hen th t o fRa au n w o v a es e a t . ci y Apaua . T ci y g d ill g

’ 1 i 0 scho en here is A nt o h a 4 e o n is M ar ana 3 i. T . B y d g , i c i , ’ e w e - bu her re no v i a es call d ll w aterga ; t t e a ll g .

i A r a 0 scho eni here are th t o f 1 5 . e o n s 3 . T e B y d i , ci y Can dac and the city of Artacau an an d Alexandria o fthe Arii ; a 4 v a es nd ill g .

o o f Ar a 5 5 scho eni in 16 . e o n is Anauo n a re n B y d , gi i , , h h is a v er reat t P hra and the c t o f Bis and the w ic y g ci y, , i y , h e is n v a e city o fG ari and the city o fNia ; but t er o ill g .

h r he t 1 o n is Z aran iana 1 scho eni. T e e are t 7. e 2 B y d g , ci y

h t o o ro o fP arin and t e ci y fC c .

8 e n is S ca t na o f h S th an Sa ae h s 1 . o a s a t e h i B y d cy i c , w ic

6 3 schoeni her are the t o f ar a so P araetacena . T e a an l , ci y B d d the city o fMin and the city o f P alacenti and the city o fSigal ; in that place is the ro yal reside nce o f the Sacae ; and nearby is the city o f Alexandria (and nearby is the city o f Alexandro

o s and 6 v a es . p li ) , ill g

1 e o n is A racho sia 3 6 scho eni An the P ar h ans B . d t 9 . y d , i call this White I ndia ; there are the city o f Biyt and the ci ty o f P harsana and the city o f Cho ro choad and the city o f

D m etr as then A exan ro o s the m etro o s o fAracho sia e i ; l d p li , p li ;

n o s the r v er racho t As s it is ree a d it A us . far a G k, by ﬂ w i

h s the an is u n er the ru e o fthe P arth s t i place l d d l ian .

he P arth an Stat o ns ofI s o re o fCharax T i i id . 1 0

HAP OI AE H EP I HI ‘ HEI E

’ ’ ’ ’

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9 Q I “ I ' A I rw a ev 0a w kew v a a vrw e xea ea c Atom s 0 6 8 1 a ka k , m a py p v . p x s

’ ’ ' ’ a p avas 7 65018 eiva c 7 o5s ef(Bu xa ﬂa kkouev ovs eis 7 151) Ha ka a' a a v

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Q at 9 I I A I I ‘ a v ve ecs com Ita l. o wv ex v a ecs TO TG a kkau 7rw va v kuem [ca t x gﬁ p x , p ,

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’ ’ ' ‘ ' ' ' ea Oaovs Ha ka aa s Suvew eia ﬁa a w a i w cv va v Hepovs 53: Tas [Lev v ulc'ra s

I c I I (I 1 t S o a S o a 0 8 I m ta v eva t e e v w 0 m. a v w er a c 7 xe v a u v . xn nx a . m p s p p s )

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I I ! I I I ( S ' I I ' I au ca va ) ebo e ov O 8 7 ea v o co tra / m m t xa kov e [ t c . n e u s a e x mp p p ) p p u p y, a

' 9 I f I I I ‘ I ' I - A ou v ka A xet 3 etc r ov ov 1 c a e t ea ou Tov xo o y m voc v . r v p g m 3 pfa xp p yx ,

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A I I I I A 9 I a ' ‘ A 7 o ' x l 7 r a ao ay a v 7r 0 7r Jv /c ca o vov Ew S 8 7 x s a e e c 0 ec v . eL a v 6 79 yxn , p ¢ , 35 p l xp

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a s n ( s a I _ - I a a t 8La f ecr re a v w ater [ca t lca 9a a re a u ev ov v e pa v 8 v r qv x v y p p p . H a p

l l A A ' ' I' I ' 7 m [Ca bx a ﬂa arra r v [ca t e' a v Bv ﬂcos 7rw va Sca v yea r a mu m . p n p y kn y ev v a

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’ ’ rr 1 0 070 11 v tio 3 o f91 631 “ S a ov a i. Kv e v m. 2 1 cucn uo okeia Oa L u s . e B , xp 5 75

( s I I s a s I I ' - ' Tov a ' a w as or a v a s xe v o ra xo ov [ca r cudu e/c rew com 7 3 1) s p p y p , xn yx 5

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I Q Q A 1 f f A I I - ' ' 3 11 ec a r v wm 8was Tovs xo v ov s a vro 7 0v kc0ou un odev res 7 5 x p x , pa yx

610 11 81 7 00 7 1 . JOURN EY AROUN D PARTH IA

A ra m ent uote ro m Athenmus I I I I s ore 0. 2 ( f g q d f , , id of Charax in his descriptio n of P arthia says there is a certain island in the P ersian Gulf where m any pearls are found ; and that ro un a out the s an there are ra ts m a e o free s rom d b i l d f d d , f which m en div e i nto the sea to a depth of 2 0 fatho m s and

- h bring up double shelled Oysters . T ey say that when there are re uent thun erstorms and heav ra ns the o ster ro f q d y i , y p u s the m o st o un and the et the m o st th est an the d ce y g, y g , e b d largest pearls ; and in the winter the shells are accustom ed to s n nto ho es in the o tom but in the summ er the swim i k i l b t , y a out all n ht th the r she s o en but the ose in the a b ig wi i ll p , y cl d y A n hen the c n to sto nes an o th v s tim e. d w y li g d r cks in e wa e th t e roo t an then rem a n n xe r h ear e a o u e t e s. y k d , i i g fi d, p d c p l These are e ngen dered and no urished by so m ething that adheres esh t ro s in the m o ut o h st to their fl . I g w h f t e o y er and has n r n s n o I t is e a sm claws a d b i g i f od . lik all crab and is called “ an f th s r ts esh n Guardi o e oy te . I fl pe etrates thro ugh the center o f the s hell like a ro ot ; the pearl bei ng engen dered

o se to it ro s thro u h the so o rt o n of the she n cl , g w g lid p i ll a d

ee s ro n as o n as it o nt nues to a here to the s he k p g wi g l g c i d ll . But when the ﬂes h gets u nder the excrescence and cuts its way o n ar it ent se arates the ear ro m the she and then w d, g ly p p l f ll ,

hen the ear is s urroun ed es h it is no o n er no ur she w p l d by fl , l g i d in su h m an ner as to ro urther but the esh ma es c g w f , fl k it o other m o re trans arent an m o re re n he sm d u . A d n h , p p w t e o ster v es at the otto m it ro u es the earest an ar y li b , p d c cl d l gest ear s bu t those that o at o n the sur a e e ause the are p l ; fl f c , b c y afl ected the ra s o f the sun ro u e sma er ear s of by y , p d c ll p l , 3

o o rer o or. The ear v ers ru n nto an er hen the p c l , p l di i d g w y thrust the r han s stra ht nto the o en o ster fo r it o ses u i d ig i p y , cl p and the r n ers are o ten cut off and so met m s the r s i ﬁ g f , i e y pe i h on the spo t ; but tho se w ho take them by thrusting their han ds ’ un er ro m o ne s e easi u the s he s oﬂ rom the ro s d f id , ly p ll ll f ck . [ISIDORI ORBIS TERRARUM DESCRIPTIO]

2 1 ] . P n us H is t. N a h I 1 1 2 : P ars n ostra terrarum d e ua li i , , , q

or am bi n ti oceano elu n n n s i mem o , e v t i ata s lo ngi s m e ab ortu

su a e t h o c es t abI ndia ad ad occa m p t , H er culis co lumnas G adibus

X X X V L V ro c il . s Ar mido au tori sacratas L . X III m l p as ut te

ro I idor CV V lacet ut v e s o . et M p , . X III X III , , 2 2 . I d . 11 , 1 1 2 Latitudo autem terrae a meridian o

r situ ad sep ten t ion es dimidio fere m inor colligitur X LI I I I .

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r A r t z d . ei mer idie u ltim a usque a d os tu m Tana zs (V f . em ) D n

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au tores fecere Artemid orus ulteriora in com erta ex istum av it c ; p ,

quum circa Tan aim S arm atarurn g entis deg ere fateretur ad

septe ntrion es v ers us ; I s idorus adjecit d uod eciens centen a m illia

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3 ’ 2 . d ni rs am v ero A s za m cum 1 . V . 9 : U v e ( ) E gyp to ad

i or I X M m d orus e t I s d us X V . e Tanaim Arte i LXII L p . ( ss e

trad u n t) .

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d s X X X X I I I I M a L . odid s i r a Tana . r er n t atque I do us i G i II p p u .

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m in uam d Artem id orus X M . us I s o rus es s e M . . L p , q i (

ex istum ant)

X X I 2 6 . V 4 h alced on e Si eum I s id or us CCC I d . A C . 3 : g I C CCC M D i C C et L v . . trad t . ( XII XII p .

2 7. 5 H u us C r i c ircuitum Tim o s th e n es 1 d . V 3 j ( y p )

CCX X V I I i t orus CC D rod di I s d CC X X V . M. C . p , i L

2 8 . ] d V 6 B s tat Réodus ab Al ex andr ia ti . . 3 i ( ) E gy p

D X X X I I I M ut I s d orus tradit ut Eratos th en es L i ; , C C X V I CCCLX I X M; ut Mucian us . D. a Cy p ro L . 1 3 FROM ISI DORE ’ S DESCRI PTI ON OF TH E W ORLD “ 2 1. P n N atural Histor I I Our art of the ( li y , y, , p earth o f h h I ro o se to v e an a o u nt o at n as it , w ic p p gi cc , ﬂ i g ere in the o ean h h surro un s it stret hes o ut to the w c w ic d , c

‘ rea e es v he t st extent ro m east to t iz . ro m I n a to t g f w , , f di P ars o nse rate to H er u es at a es e n a stan e o f ill c c d c l G d , b i g di c 8 56 8 m es a or n to the state ent o f Artem orus o r il , cc di g m id , n hat o f s o r 8 18 a or to t I e 9 mi es . cc di g id , l “

I bid . rea t . I I 1 12 The h o fthe e rt ro th 2 2 . a h m sou ( , , b d f to no rth is o m m o su o se to be a o ut o ne - ha o n o f , c nly pp d b lf ly ” t en t 0 m es the n o o r e i s h v iz . 449 a ts o f thes l g , , il ; ( f ll w p m easurem ents fro m the so uthern extremities to the m o uth o f “ T n e o n he T n i th st e uth v a ais ) . B y d t a a s e m o dilig nt a ors ha e n t ee o o ta n u rate m eas rem ent Artem o b n able t b in a y acc u . i orus su o ses that ev er th n e o n is u n s o v ere s n e d pp y i g b y d di c d , i c he co n esses that a o ut the Tanais the tr es o f the Sarm atae f , b , ib

e w ho exten to ar the N o rth P o e. I s ore a s 12 50 dw ll, d w d l id dd m es th to hu e but t is m ere n e u e as e stan e T h s o t r . il , di c l ; i c j c “ I d The stan o A e bi . ho e e f s a to th 2 3 . ( , V, w l di c ( i ) Tanais n u n E t is a o r n to Artem o rus and , i cl di g gyp , , cc di g id

I s o re 6 3 75 m es . id , il “ 2 4 . l aid IV Artem o rus and I s o re hav e v en ( , , id id gi the en th o f it Euro e ro m the Tanais to a es as 82 14 l g ( p ) f G d , ” s mile . “ I o e f an bi . s re a s o th st e rom 2 5 . I d s e ( , V, id p k di c f T n to Cano us as e n 3 599 m es Artem orus m a es i gi p b i g il . id k ’ ast n e o rt m es ess than s o re this l dista c f y il l I id . “ I ro m Cha e o n to Si eum o re bid. I s 2 6 . ( V, F lc d g , id ” m akes the distance 3 2 2 % m iles . “ I bid Tim o sthenes states that the r um 2 7. . ( , V, ci c eren e o f th s s an C rus is 4 7 m es I s ore f c i i l d [ yp ] 2 il , id “ 8 Mid The a rest o f them all is the ree 2 . ( , V, f i f s an o f Rho es 12 5 o r w e o u rather e ev e I s ore i l d d , , if w ld b li id , 103 m iles in circu mference I t is distant from A exan r a in E t a or n to I s o re 5 83 m es but ac l d i gyp , cc di g id , il ; ato thenes 4 M ian s sa s or n to Er s 6 . uc u that its stan c di g , 9 y di ce from Cyprus is 1 4

9 7 I o niae ora V . 3 lib r 2 . m cir 1 d . e a cuita

I X X V I M D . aut ut I sidorus M LX . . p , , , C .

30 ﬁ iu in su la ir i CX X V . C s c cu tu 8 M . l V . 3 . co l 1 d . : i i ( ) p g t.

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o n um l atan i fol io s m s ro te r an ulo so s re es s us circ uitu I i , p i ili , p p g c

I aucto r s id o r d D X I I lli it e I o . a m . co E e er s n us L M p . g , p i

i it p ae n e tan tun d em ad c .

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norum g enti s l ito re p rox im o trajectu L M circ uitu p atere X X X X V I I I X P i X M . th a et I s dor s r L V y e s u t ad u nt .

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1 7

COMMENTARY

The Par-th an Station: o f s o re o f Charax ra m e ntar as it is I id , f g y , is o ne o f the v e ry few reco rds o fthe o v erlan d trade - ro ute in the p e rio d

f tru e e he t t n cates it v e s o s e e t n Part a and o m e . As t e ggl b w hi R i l i di , gi an t nerar o f the arav an tra ro m Ant o to the o r e rs o f n a i i y c il f i ch b d I di , nam n the su stat on s o r as t e o u no w be ca e the i g p p ly i , , h y w ld ll d , carav anse rais m ai ntaine d by the Parthian Go v e rnm e nt fo r the c o n v enie nce o f m e r ants e the re o r co nta ns tt e m o re t an ch . Whil c d i li l h the nam e s o f the stat o ns an d the nte rv e n stan es an exam na i i ing di c , i tio n o f the ro ute fo llo we d leads to num e ro us inferences co ncerni n g the relations o f the Parthian m o narchy with its subj ect state s an d with

e n ighbo ring fo re ign p o we rs . This reco rd may be date d fro m inte rnal e v ide nce as o f the re ign i m anu o f Au ustus ro a v er c o se to the r st an era. I n ts g , p b bly y l Ch i i s r t o rm the Partﬁian Sta tion: see m s to be a m ere sum mar o r c ip f , y transcr t on ro m so m e ar er o r and anot e r extract uo te ip i f l g w k , h q d by “ At e nae us and ascr e to s o re m ent o ns the t t e as a o urne h ib d I id , i i l J y ” aroun Part a e v ar o us ra m e nts uo te in the N atural H istor d hi , whil i f g q d y o f Pli ny i ndicate that I sido re w as the autho r o f so m e gene ral wo rk

Hi v e r o m n o n e o r . s m i m tt f n e r The a u g g aphy y h e s a a er o i f e nce . " ” s r t s ea s o f him as s o re o f Charax m ean s m ere c ip p k I id , which ly ” u t r p ali sade d to wn . B t i seem s clear that the p lace m eant is Cha ax i S asin the co m m er a o rt at the ea o f the Pe rs an u and . p , ci l p h d i G lf, C Mil lle r p o i nts o ut that the auth or o f the descrip tio n o f the wo rld me nt o ne P n VI 3 1 as av n e e n o m m ss o n e Au ustus i d by li y ( , ) h i g b c i i d by g “ to gathe r all n ecessary info rm atio n in the east when his eldest so n w as abo ut to . set o ut fo r A rm enia to take the co mm an d against the ” arth ans and Ara an i The m nu P s s no o t er t an o ur s o re . a i bi , h h I id s r t o f P n in t at ace re ers t s o r to on s us but as o t c ip li y h p l f hi w k Di y i , , b h

Miiller and ern ar av e s o n t s is a m sta e an d s o re is B h dy h h w , hi i k I id ro a m eant p b bly .

As to the ate o f the o r o f s o re as it m ent o n s the seco n d w k I id , i d re v o ut o n o f Tiridates a a nst the Part an n Phraate s to o l i g i hi ki g , which k i a e . . p n 2 6 C , it m ust be ater t an t at ate an a su se que nt l c B l h h d ; d 3 b refere nc e to a kin g nam e d G o ae sus o fthe I nce nse Lan d in So uth

Ara a e his ates are n ot e n te n n su e sts as aser bi , whil d d ﬁ i ly k o w , gg Gl has s o n a t m e v e r n e ar he r t t an era. h w , i y Ch is i

The route o o e in the P ar tﬁian Stations e nn n at Ant oc f ll w d b gi i g i h ,

rosses th Eu rates at eu m th o n e a e m o ern r . s w as c p h Z g , d Bi ijik Thi the - r ter r h high o ad to Edessa and Arm e nia. Af c o ssing t e Eup hrates

the Part an ro ute m a e a re ct ne av o n the on en in the hi d di li , idi g l g b d

r v er c it rea e o e r o n and o o e unt ea o s i , whi h ch d l w d w f ll w d il N p li , where it le ft the Eup hrate s an d cro sse d o v e rland to Sele uc ia o n the h r s . e n e it as e n e t e s o f Me a cro sse the as an Tig i Th c c d d hill di , d C p i

ates and o o e the ert e v a e s east ar t ro u the m o e rn G , f ll w d f il ll y w d h gh d

h e r t f o rassan to t e e rat r v er. e ns ea o ro cee n ast ar Kh H i H , i d p di g e w d

to a tr a and th e Pam rs the Part an ro ute turne so u h ar to B c i i , hi d t w d

La e H lm nd and an a ar e re the re or en e u s . k K d h , wh c d d

If the ro ute laid do wn in the Par téian Station: w as the high - ro ad

o f o m m er e un e r the Part an Em re it su e sts not on a c c d hi p i , gg ly

t o ro u re u at o n o f o m m e rce t ro u o ut its o w n o m n o n s but h gh g l i c h gh d i i , also a lack o ftrade co ntro l in o the r states generally co unte d as tributary

to the Part ans w ho ev ent atten e to t e r o w n co m e rc a hi , id ly d d h i m i l

r f the tw o rev o a a n t hra affa rs . s o e s e a s o ts s P ates who w e i I id p k l g i ,

are to v ar o us o m an sto r ans w as ex e e ro m t a ta ld by i R hi i , p ll d f he c p i l

an d o r e to ﬂee to the Sc t an s o m he w as v en aid f c d y hi , by wh gi ,

r tur m e o i t r e e ne d an d reestablishe d hi s lf n h s h o n . The Scythian ki ng

is no t name but he ro a ru e o ver the Sa a Sc t ans ho had d , p b bly l d k y hi , w

e en r v e n e st ar ro m C nese terr to r the Yue - hi w ho b d i w w d f hi i y by c , had set up in the fo rm er Gree k kingdo m o f Bactria a p o werful kin g ’ do m un er the us an nast so m e t ears e o re s o re s t m e d K h dy y ﬁf y y b f I id i .

The Saka tribe s had m igrate d ahe ad o f the Y ue - chi an d had settle d

in the Helm un v a e ac no e n so m e so rt o f e e n en e u o n d ll y, k wl dgi g d p d c p

n n an h sto r w e ﬁ n d the n o — the Parthian dynasty . I I di i y I d Parthians

he fir t ce ntu m r t in t s r A . n o v errunn ing the Ca bay dist ic y D . a d a co m

nat o n n o n in n an reco r s as Sa as Y av anas an d Pallav as bi i k w I di d k , ,

rt e r o ut in the tw o centur e s o l o e raidi ng m uch fa h s h i f l wing . Th se are no do ubt the sam e tribes that le nt aid to Phraates against his

u se rv e nce o f the Sa a Sc t an rebellio us subj ects . The s b i k y hi s to the

v e e e n tt e m o re t an no m na r Parthian dynasty m ust ha b li l h i l . The i

Chie ftains in I ndia ackno wle dge d the o v e r- lo rdship o f the Kushan

e e re e an e I n m att r m o narchie s and they see m to hav b en f l c s . e s co m m ercial w e m ay in fer that they no t o nly se rv e d as the e aste rn te rm inus

o f the Part an tra e ro ute but t at t e co o erate t the us an hi d , h h y p d wi h K h kings in m ai ntain in g trade re latio ns thro ugh Carm an ia an d Pe rsia with the Arab state s o f Mesene and Characene at the head o f the Pe rsian

u A o n t s ro ute a tra e in nese s s w as carr e o n et e e n G lf . l g hi d Chi ilk i d b w e m rs an d harax S asini e nce the m e rc an se ent b sa th Pa i C p , wh h di w y il in v esse s aro un Ara a and na re ac e the Le v ant t ro u the g l d bi , ﬁ lly h d h gh u tra e as asse t ro u Part a and cam e m art o f Petra. S ch d p d h gh hi dire ctly un de r the co ntro l o f the Parthian m o narchy we nt o v e r the ro ute sketche d by Isido re , e n di ng at Antioch ; an d It is inte re stin g to note that the Parthian ro ute includes the sp ace betweenKandahar and

L e Helmund h had also to be trav e ed t e ound fo r the ak , whic l by hos b

u t is e tha h o ut er t Persian G lf . I cl ar t t e s h n kingdom s tributary to he Parth ian state were in large m easure in dep e n dent in their co m m ercial affa rs and t at so me un erstan in to th s effect ex ste w th the i , h d d g i i d i Parthian cap ital ; otherwise the div ersio n o ftrade between the no rthern and so uthern ro utes at Lake Helmund could not p eace fully hav e * o ccurre d .

The Part/tio n Station: m arks the anc ient trade - ro ute o fth e Me des

an The r o f the o and the Assyri s . ise p w er o f Persia div erte d m uch o fthe tra e to the o a oa e a n to Susa and then e to Lake d R y l R d, l di g c n er the Part ans it w ev t Helm und. U d hi as idently a state p o licy o enco urage the p assage o f go o ds fro m Lake Helmund o v er the old no rthe rn ro ute ; but the unde rstandi ng betwee n the Kushan m o narchy and the Nabatae an p rinces m ade it imp racticable fo r Parthia to e a co mme r ia mo no o t ro u h its a t o n t stablis h c l p ly h g c p i al he Tigris .

' W e m a n er t at the aut o r o f the Journe Around Parth a y i f h h y , mean n the Part an Em re e s r e o th t ese m o rtant o v e r i g hi p i , d c ib d b h i p

r er re e t t i o land highways . I is v y grettabl ha h s w rk should hav e

e r s e exce t in u t v e uo tat o ns an d t at w e hav e re m a n n p i h d p f gi i q i , h i i g

e t ne rar o f the nort e rn ro ut o nly a bri f i i y h e . The p o licy o f the Ro man Em p ire during the tw o ce nturies fo ll o win g the Christian era w as to encourage direct sea trade with

n a utt n o ut all o v er an ro utes t ro u h Parth a and thu av o I di , c i g l d h g i s iding th e anno an e o f sca e en en e o n t at o ns stent enem o f o m e y c ﬁ l d p d c h c i y R .

I n o n ne t o n th the o r o f s o re the re at o ns c c i wi w k I id , l i betwee n Parthia an d Ro m e imm e diate ly p rece din g his tim e may be bo rne in e ra s e am e co nsu i m m n . n ssu n o e i 5 n 5 . h C . e w i d Wh C b c l R B , as a o nte to o m m an in the east his hea uarters e n at Ant o p p i d c d , dq b i g i ch , the fo rm er Seleucid cap ital ; and he anno unce d his intentio n o f carry in the o m an arm s to a tr a n a an d the e astern o e g R B c i , I di c an . The

Ara s e s o r er n o n the ro v n ce o f S r a so m e o f b h ikh b d i g p i y i , who m had

ee n a e t o m e an e s es as t e not r b lli d wi h R , ch g d id h y did desi e furth er

a ress o ns ro m the est. Crassus ro sse the Eu hrates at Z e u gg i f w c d p gma,

r the P ar thian Stati on: e ns its acco u t whe e b gi n . I nstead o f fo llo wi ng the road to Edessa and Arm e n ia at the fo o t o f the hills o r ke e p i ng

o se to the Eu rates r v e r he m arc e stra t o v er an st o cl p h i , h d igh l d , ill al ng

* h Sha h N a ma the co nte m t o f e rs ia fo r th I a t e p P e Parthians is e v ident ; the thro ne did no t belo ng to an y o ne and m en said that the y had n o l o nger a kingdo m o n the earth ' the ro ute o f s o re and w as sastro us e e ate at Carrhae I id , di ly d f d (H arran) half his army be ing kille d an d a quarter o f his m en be in g cap ture d and transp o rte d by the Parthian s to the distant o as is o f

Merv . The adv antage gaine d by the Parthians w as fo llow e d up in

5 1 . C . an nv as o n o f S r a un er Paco rus so n o f the Parthian B by i i y i d ,

n O ro des in the o m an arm s e re all but r v e n ro m the ki g , which R w d i f eastern e t Th rt v e M di e rranean . e Pa hians faile d to establish the m sel s i h nv n t e a e t h . terr o r an d ret re t e next e ar n in 4 0 . C i d d i y i d y . Agai B ur n the o m an c v war the Part ans attac e S r a su ue d i g R i il , hi k d y i , bd d

Ant o c n c - t n ter a i h a d inv ade d Phoen i ia Pales i e an d Asia Mino r. Af stre n uo us am a n re te Mar Anto n his e ne ra Vent us c p ig di c d by k y, g l idi

n cte a reat e eat o n the Part ians in a att e at the Eu rates i ﬂi d g d f h b l ph , in r e c Paco us w as . At t s uncture O ro des the Part an whi h kill d hi j , hi n a ate in av or o f o ne o f his so ns Phraates IV the same ki g , bdic d f , ( m ent o n e s o re o m he o o n ur e re Mar i d by I id ) by wh w as s m d d . k

Anto n t e n nv a e Part a t an arm o f a o ut me n y h i d d hi wi h y b ,

i n u r te e n in . H ro s o fthe a s e n o o s this be i g 3 7 B C . s c s i g E p h b i g p p d ’ in stre n t he turne nto Arm en a and arr e o n a ear s cam a n g h , d i i c i d y p ig i e ro o m r Phraate s n u er M a m he w as e e to ret e . pp di , f which c p ll d i t e n n v a e Me a an d ex e e the o man s re turn n to his a ta h i d d di p ll d R , i g c p i l in tr um here his crue t and excesses le d to a re v o t o fhis sub i p h, w l y l

hraate as o m e e d to u t the o untr an d e t in 3 C. s w j c s 3 B . P c p ll q i c y

i i t ro c m e n the nsur nt Phraate so o n T r da es w as p lai d ki g by i ge s . s returne o e v e r t an arm su e his Sc t an a es an d , h w , wi h y p p li d by y hi lli , d

ro v e o ut Tiridates w ho ﬂe d ro m the Part an o m n o ns an d sur d , f hi d i i re n e re ih S r a to ctav an ater the Em e ro r Au ustus w ho w as d d y i O i , l p g ,

i Tiri at to o in r h re turn ro m t. d e e n . S a o n s E s t 3 0 . C h , B , y i f gyp k with him as ho stage a yo un g so n o fPhraates who m he had kidnapp e d . O ctav ian return e d the yo un g p rince but kep t Tiridates in Syria un der

e ns o n his o c e n to o ntro t s v e r use u reten e r to the p i , p li y b i g c l hi y f l p d

iridate nv a e rt n t r ne n e a a n in 6 C . T s Pa an Part a o . 2 . hi h O c g i , B i d d hi te rrito ry an d establishe d him se lf under the title o f Arsace s Philo

u m e f that e ar ear n his su e rs r t o n m a be ro m ae s . So co ins o y b i g p c ip i y

t Hi se co n ass um t o n f o e r aste fo un d in m o dern co llec io ns . s d p i o p w l d o n a fe w m o nt s e n he w as o nce m o re ex e e and o ne ly h , wh p ll d j i d

ustu n Aug s in Sp ai .

te e o t t o t Au ustu Phra te V I n 2 0 . C . a r o n n a n s s a s I B , f l g g i i wi h g ,

resto re the o m an stan ar s ca ture ro m rassus 3 5 e ars e o re d R d d p d f C y b f , ’ an d the p eac e so establishe d w as n o t serio usly disturbe d until Trajan s he e co n ce ntur o o n o in t s A . i n v asi n o f the Parthian d mi i n d y D . A fe w m n o r ffere nc es it is true o v er Arm en an affa rs le d to cam i di , , i i ai n s betw e e n o m e an d Part a ur n the rst ce ntur but t o ut p g R hi d i g ﬁ y, wi h r ffe ct o n o un ar e s o r tra e re t o n h r t m a ke d e b d i d la i s . T e wa fare be we en

d e t the t o e m . ha w r 5 5 an d 2 0 B . C l f p i es w ith a who leso m e resp ect fo r each o the r ; and Augustus l e ft it as a p ri ncip l e o f im p erial p o licy that the we st bank o fthe Eup hrates w as the p ro p e r lim it fo r the Ro m an

Em re e o n c the o er o f o m e co u n o t t a v anta e p i , b y d whi h p w R ld wi h d g be exte n de d .

The fo llo wi ng m an uscrip ts co ntain the text o fIs ido re

i u 06 - 1 1 o ex Paris n us 443 S . 1 2 1 9 C d , ( p p l p , , )

- f 3 6 . 3 8 R . lin . 1 Vaticanus ( o l. 2 2 R 2 ) i l Mo nacen s s (fo . 5 0 sq . )

i i u f 1 - 4 1 ar n s 5 l . P s 71 , o . 4 7 R 8

Printe d e ditio ns o fI sido re o fCharax hav e be e n as fo llo ws

Ho eschelius 16 00

Hudso n (Oxfo rd) 1 703 Z o sim iadon (Vienna) 1 8 06 Fabricius (Dresde n ) 1849 Miille r (Paris ) 1 8 5 3

he text o o e in the re se n t e t o n is t at o f Mu e r in T f ll w d p di i h C . ll

- 8 . ar v l . /zi r norer P s 1 5 3 o . 44 6 his G eo ra G eed M i 2 2 5 . g p , i , I p p

A CAMEL CARAVAN WAITING TO FORD THE RI V ER 2 2

NOTES

h E r ra SUMMARY . T e SCHO NUS o Pa san g w as a Persian m e asure er a s n ot a to e t er xe an d m a be ca u ate as so m e , p h p l g h ﬁ d, y lc l d ’ e re et een 3 and 3 m e s m o re o r e ss er a s an o ur s wh b w % il ; l , p h p , h tr i av e arav an . Acco r n to Stra o t w as e ua to 40 sta a l by c di g b , q l , di , but v r e ro m t a i d f 3 0 o 6 0.

t d d th e S ra o XV . en I ascen e e ls the m easur s ( b , I , II ) Wh hil , o ft ese scho eni ere no t ev e r e re un o rm so t at the sam e num h w ywh if , h ber so m et m e s es nate a reater so m et m es a ess actua exte nt o f i d ig d g , i l l roa a v ar at o n h ates ro m the ear e st t m e an d ex sts in o ur d , i i whic d f li i i

a d ys .

’ Masso n no te s Isido re s scho e n us in Pe rsi a w as abo ut 2 % m il e s

he E r te er o tus 6 6 . o n t u a s 3 . o p h , K Cf H d I ,

The S A M S w as a so a m e asure o f stan ce but irre u T TH O l di , g lar e e n n o n the nature o f the co untr and the ca a t o f the , d p di g y p bili y beasts o fburden .

Athe nmus X1 1 03 s ea s o fAm ntas as the aut o r o fa o r ( , ) p k y h w k o n the Statio ns o fAsia ; Erato sth e n es base d so m e o f his ge o grap hical ” o fth tathm i calculatio ns o n the Re gister e S .

The m o ern ARSAKH in Pers a is a ro x m ate the sam e d F i p p i ly ,

3 % to 4 m ile s .

’ I n ge ne ral the ro ute follo wed in I sido re s itin erary is fro m

Ant o c to r t e nce o n the Eu rates to Hit and acro ss to i h Bi ijik, h d w p h

Se euc a o n the r s a s ort stance e o a a t e nce l i Tig i , h di b l w B gd d ; h by the m o e rn arav an ro ute ro m a a to am a an e eran and d c f B gd d H d , T h

s a ur t e nce so ut ar to erat and La e Helm un d an d east Ni h p , h hw d H k , ward to Kan dahar.

E MA and APAMIA no t to be co n use t the I . Z UG ( f d wi h

r o t e r v er f Stra o m Tha sacus e re A exan e cr sse h c . Ze ug a by p wh l d d i ; b ,

m m e n m o r o r cro ss n . XV I 1 2 3 . eu a a s s , , Z g i p ly f d i g)

s is m ent o ne P n V 2 1 e u m a 72 m es ro m Thi i d by li y, , ; Z g , il f

Se e ucus icato r o ne Sam o sata a ﬁ ne cro ss n o fthe Eu rates . N , i g p h l j i d ” it to Ap am ia o n the o p p o site bank by a bridge .

tra o m e nt o ns no t A am ia but Se e u a as o o s te e u m a S b i p , l ci p p i Z g

XV I so Po us V 43 1 . ( , 2 , lybi , , i i s ea s o f Se eu us A am a n S r a. Step han us Byz . p k l c by p y i

P n VI s ea s o fA amia a o ne . li y ( , p k p l

f o It st s o s a a and tc is v s e o r a n w a o ff. i ibl l g y ill h w w ll di h ,

o num r encl si ng e o us rui ns .

A I AN I S e r a s the The ltha o f Pto e m . N C O R I DUR , p h p l y, ’ m o e rn el A u the d T b l H assan .

RRH o r RRHA the m o ern rz v e r ne ar . ME A ME N I , d I i ; y

to the Co rso te o f e n o o n e re rus ro v s o ne his arm and X p h , wh Cy p i i d y ;

h o r u e u t e r fo r his o rc whe re t e Em p e r J lian sto pp d to h n wild d e f e s . b h A i e the m o e rn a ari e h . e I . GIDD N s p rhap s d J y T island

tat o n is u nce rta n t e re e n num e ro us s ands in t s art o f the s i i , h b i g i l hi p

bi h a t r v e r e r a s Kara le s o s o ru ns . i ; p h p , id h w i

’ ° ' ° A ATH i th m o N s e e rn n 34 5 . . O A a N 4 E 2 2 . I d ( , )

c is o n the an o f the r v e r e reas the Anatho o f s o re w as whi h b k i , wh I id ’ o n an s an ev ent Lubbad ust e o Ana e re t ere is a i l d , id ly j b l w , wh h m o rtre . A m anus arce nu . o rm e r ru ne ss . M s V i d f ; c f i lli , XXI F ly the an w as co n necte t o t a r isl d d wi h b h b nks by b idge s .

HILABU o r l b he t I . T S O a us ; p e rhap s t m o de rn H adi ha.

A o r Iz an o li . ne so s th o ss e s an El Uz z . I IZ N p , p ibly i l d

° ' ° ' IP LI the r 4 8 A O S m e n Hit 3 3 6 . 4 . o 2 N 2 I , d ( ,

e re are the tum no us s r n s o te n re e rre to b ree an d H bi i p i g , f f d y G k

m n r te r cf. e ro o o a s tus 1 79 . R w i ; H d I , RAAT E h t 3 . . rt a . PH S P raa e s IV 7 Pa n n I ( , B C ) hi Ki g,

r e rt ro t so n o f O o d s I . Murdere d his father and all his thi y b he rs

A Tetradrachm of P hraates IV in the British Museum

Same Coin Red raw n

io ut Crass 33 D ass . X L X tt ust n L 5 P . A ac e (J i X II , ; l ; C I , k d

. be re u se the o m by Mark Anto ny in 3 6 B . C p l d R ans ; i nv ade d 2 5

tr ate ne and a ne te rr to r ro m u i Arm e n ia and A o p g i d i y f A gustus . H s m any crue lties le d to the re v o lt o fthe Parthians unde r Tiridate s in

o f h e c t n ut o n e t S a . I n 0 . . 3 . C . o n s 2 2 B , ly p d w by h lp y hi B C returne d the Ro m an eagle s cap ture d fro m Crassus ; ackno wle dged

o m an su re m ac in Arm e n a and se nt ﬁ v e so ns as o sta e s to R p y i , h g

Au ustus un e r a v ce o f an ta an co ncu ne o m he m arr e un g , d d i I li bi wh i d “ der nam e o f o ess Musa he r so n Phraate s V o r Phraatace s G dd , , , W m u r e r u he a o nte his successo r. as e M sa and Phraatace s p p i d d d by ,

4 c V En cl . B rit. 4 o e us Ant. . . s 2 B C (J p h , X III , , ; y XXI ,

TI RIDATES so m et m es ca e Tiridates w as set u I . ( i ll d II ) p b . t Phraate ut ex e the Part an s in 3 . a a ns s IV e e n by hi 2 B C g i , p ll d wh

t he e o f the c t an . i Phraates returne t S s D o ass . LI d wi h h lp y hi ( C ,

o iri te ﬂ 18 ust n L 5 cf. race O d. T da s ed to ; J i X III , ; H , I ,

S r a e re Au ustus a o e him to sta but re use to su o rt y i , wh g ll w d y , f d p p f He nv a e Part a a a n o ns o 6 . . e re ssue him . i d d hi g i ; c i 2 B C w i d by

A Tet rad rachm ofTlridates l l in the British Museum

Sa Co i d raw sho wi i l Phlloroma lo: in additio n me n Re n . ng t t e to th e custo mary Phi/clim ax

f Arsakes Philo ro m i him unde r the title o a o s . O nce m o re e x

e lle d he to o a so n o f Phraates to Au ustus in S a n Th e b . o p , k g p i y " w as returne but Au ustus re use to surre n er the u t v e s av e d , g f d d f gi i l ” iri te ust n L S Dio L 33 Enc cl T da s . B rit . V (J i X III , ; III , ; y XX I ,

who m he kep t un de r p e nsio n in Syria as an e v e r- use ful p re tende r to the Parthian thro n e in case Phraate s sho uld agai n be co m e

ro t Cat lo ue ie oi : . a o C n m e . h o P r tro u e so . a téi bl Cf W W h , g f f a in

ﬁre B ritirbM useum V and ate . , XXX III , pl XXIII 2 6

ELE A o n the r s . g I . S UCI Tig i

Strabo says : I n fo rmer time s the cap ital o fAssyria w as Babylo n ;

o e Se euc a u o n th e r it i a r v a e it is n w call d l i p e Tigris. N a s la ge ill g the art an n u m ter calle d Ctesip ho n . This P hi ki gs sually ade the ir wi n res e nce t a v e to s ar n the Se e u ans the ur e n o f urn s id , wi h i w p i g l ci b d f i h in u er fo r the t n o er uen e o f the o er g q art s Scy hia s ldi y . I n conseq c p w o f Part a tes o n m a be o ns e re as a t rat er t an a hi , C ip h y c id d ci y h h v illage ; fro m its siz e it is cap able o f lo dgin g a great m ultitude o f p e o p le ; it has be e n ado rne d with p ublic buildings by the Parthians an d has furnishe d m erchan dise an d giv e n rise to arts p rofitable to its h n o f m aste rs . T e s usua asse the nter there o n a ount ki g lly p d wi , cc the sa u rit o f the air and the summ er at E atana and in rcan a l b y , cb Hy i , n uc h t r f t e t e an en e no n o ese a es . i d d by ci w h p l c (XXI , I , " Babylo n is situate d in a p lain The to mb o f

u i t it i in ru n l e e s s t ere . At re sen s s av n ee n e m o s as B l h p i , h i g b d i h d , i t is sa d e rxe s A exan er nten e to re a r it. It i , by X l d i d d p i w as a gre at un dertakin g so that he w as no t able to e xecute t h i a e had attem te e o re se ase urr e him ra to h s end. wh p d , b f di h i d p idly No ne o fthe p e rso ns w ho succee de d him atte nde d to this un dertakin g ; ot e r o r s a so ere ne ecte and the t w as a ate art h w k l w gl d , ci y dil p id d , p ly

the Pers ans art t m e and t ro u the n ffe ren e o f the by i , p ly by i , h gh i di c

Mace on ans to t n s o f t s n art u ar a ter Se eucus N icato r d i hi g hi ki d , p ic l ly f l had o rt fie Se eu a o n the r s n ear a o n at the stan e o f f i d l ci Tig i B byl , di c abo ut 3 00 stadia. Bo th this p rince and all his succe sso rs di recte d the ir care to t r n At re e nt it is at t and t a s erre to it the seat o f e m re . s h ci y, f d p i p

ar e r t an a o n c is in reat art eserte l g h B byl , whi h g p d d “ O n ac ount o f the s ar t o f t m er the eam s an d ars o f c c ci y i b , b p ill

u o f e n ' ro e o f t ste the h o ses are m ade p alm wo o d . Th y wi d p s wi d re e ro un the ars a nt t e m o v e r t o o rs an d ra e s ns d d p ill , p i h wi h c l d w d ig

o t e m t e o th o r t a tu e up n h ; h y c v e r e do s wi h a co at o f asp h l m . Thes are lo fty and all the h o uses are v aulted o n acco unt o f the want o f

o r e o t a f it i o ere t timbe r. F th c untry is bare ; a grea p rt o s c v d wi h

tree ro in th shrubs and p ro duces nothi ng but the p alm . This g ws e greatest abundan ce in Babylo n ia They do no t use tiles fo r XVI t e r o uses e ause t e re are no re at ra ns . h i h , b c h g i ( , I ,

The o untr is nterse te m an r v e rs the ar e st o f c y i c d by y i , l g which are the Eup hrate s and the Tigris The Tigris is nav igable

u The u rate s a so is up wards fro m its m o uth to Sele c ia. E p h l n The Pers an s t ro u ear o f in av a e u to a o n . ig bl p B byl i , h gh f cursio ns ro m t o ut and fo r the ur o se o f rev e nt n v e sse s ro m f wi h , p p p i g l f 2 7

as en n t ese r v ers o nstructe art a ataracts . A exan er o n c di g h i , c d iﬁci l c l d , arr v n t ere estro e as man o f t e m as he o u But i i g h , d y d y h c ld he esto e reat are u o n the anal s for the Eu rates at the b w d g c p c ; p h ,

nc m e nt v r in the s r n o m m e e o f summ er o e o s . It e ns to c , ﬂ w b gi ﬁll p i g,

he n the sno in Armen a m e ts the o u he an t ere o re w w i l ; p l g d l d , h f ,

o u be o v e re th ater an d be su m er e un e ss the o v e r o w ld c d wi w b g d, l ﬂ w o f the su era un ant ater ere v erte tren hes an d ana s as p b d w w di d by c c l ,

t the ater o f the e are v ert en e the o r n o f in Egyp w s Nil di e d . H c igi

reat a r i re u te fo r t e r m a en n e for the so is ana s . o s s nt a c l G l b q i i h i i c , il

ee so t an d e n so t at it o u eas be s e t a a the d p , f yi ldi g, h w ld ily w p w y by stream the e s ou be a are the ana s e and th e a cu ; ﬁ ld w ld l id b , c l ﬁll d , c ” f m u u o tru t e r I m ulatio n o d o soo n s th m o ut s . XV w ld b c i h ( , I ,

' 1 Se . 1 /zoem I 7 .

There are discrep ancie s in the distances giv en fro m Ap am ia to

The um o f the t ce ro m m i hali a e eu a. s s an s A a a to P a s S l ci di f p g ,

v e n in the text is 5 4 schoe ni and t at ro m Phali a to Se eu a 1 00 gi , , h f g l ci ,

r the e nt re stan e is state as 1 1 whe eas i di c d 7 . Miiller rev ises these ﬁgures by insertin g 7 scho e ni at th e can al o f

Sem ram s ere t ere is ev e nt an e m iss ion and a terin the i i , wh h id ly ; by l g se o n sect o n ro m Phali a to Se e uc a summ ar z e in the text as c d i f g l i , i d 100 to a ree th its oot n o f 1 10 h a e to 6 1 in the rst , g wi f i g ; whic dd d ﬁ

sta e tal es t the 171 o f the sum m ar . It is sus e cte o ev er g li wi h y p d , h w , that there are at least tw o co rre ctio ns to be made in the l o cal dis tan es that e t een Anatho and Thilabus a ear n in the text as c ; b w , pp i g

m a erha s be 12 h e that et een I z an and Ai olis 16 in 2 , y p p ; w il b w p , b the text m a e 6 . In the a sen e o f ar hae o o a ex o rat o ns o f , y b c c l gic l p l i all these s tes it is m o ss e to eterm ne su h uest ons e n te i , i p ibl d i c q i d ﬁ i ly . AT f AP LL NI I : c . Stra o an entl i . O O S S tta en e 2 b ( ci y c . )

ARTE ITA o r Chalasar tr . : S a o X 2 M . V I cf b ( , I , — Pto e m VI 1 Peutin er a es er a s the m o ern Karastar l y , ; g T bl p h p d , e ast o f a u a here t ere are ext ns v e ru n h 11 1 . e s e n 7 B k b , w h i i . T a cie nt

a ta o f the Se eu ae w as A o o n a near Shehrban un c p i l l cid p ll i , ; der the

art ans Artem ita s a e it. P hi , di p l c d

S LLA VE the m o ern . D a a mm u 2 I RI R, d i l ; A ian s Marcel 6 i e D alas t . B S z . nus . De as . li , XXIII , ; p h y , l HAL ITIS 3 C ON . Stra o . 14 8 XVI l ; cf b , XI , , , , , 1 ; 3 1 o VI 3 0 V . P us P n V 54 . li y, , , XX II , lybi , ,

he m o e r 3 . ALA t n a v an . he CH , d H l T Celo nm o f earlier

‘ w r ters ere erxes o ate a o o n o f Baeotian cco r n i ; h X l c d c l y s . A di g to 2 8

Masso n th ere are exte nsiv e ruins o fan ancient city near the m o dern t n o w . 3 . Z A U no e e Tak The reat a e t een G R S w . , J b l g highw y b w

Ass r a an d Me a le d t ro u h the ate s o f Z a rus . tte r y i di h g g g (Cf Ri ,

Erdkunde , IX ,

he m o rn e r n 4 . A A t e K e t o r dri d K n . C RIN , d

A r t b 5 . CAMB DEN E : Fo he c ity o fCam ade ne (no t m en ° ' ti n i n u e t erm an 3 4 o ed n the te xt) A . V . W . Jackso s gg s s K shah ( 2 0 ° '

. 6 N 4 . Persia Past a d P re e , 5 5 E ) n s nt, 2 3 0.

h t i o ru BA T A : t e ext r t av n na. h 5 . G IS AN s Ba ta s c p , h i g p T i ° ' ° ' i tu 4 th rn erm e s n 34 5 . near m 3 0 . 7 e o e an a s N E s . B hi ( , ) d K h h H A F i 5 . T E M O SEM AM S D o do rus OUNT IN IR I ( II ,

- - 3 is the m o ern Taki o stan . a n o n l ir o ar / 1 . s d M n e z ) d B (Cf R wli , y,

The ro c o f e stun w as m a e a m em o r a o f on ue st m an I . ) k B hi d i l c q by y

n A r n e an Per n m o narc s a o an ss a M s an and Part a . h , B byl i , y i , di , i hi

ri i in ri tio n o f ar u er r The p nc p al sc p s are D i s Hystasp e s . Oth s a e

t e rt n otarz es . a so a tus . o f h Pa hia G . Cf l T ci i B hao e o fD o do rus o m a e . 6 . CON CO AR : C n Pt e n d St , l y p h — nit f e Po us h s Chauo is a rov n e o Me a. A u e a B z . a y whil lybi , p i c di b lf d , ' ° '

n Kun r 3 . f. Ke nko bar the m o er aw a 8 N 47 5 5 E. c p d g , , )

4 e i n P rs a Past d P re 36 . an ru n tter 3 5 . a so an sent M s Ri IX , J ck , , 2 y i

i do ru r e th r n m r D o s as s e sh e to em ra s . e e exist at this site . c ib i S i i Th

are o o ssa ru ns at the sum m t o f the o n c the to n stan s c l l i i hill whi h w d ,

re re e t the an ent tem e . . n which p ro bably p s n ci p l (C Masso . )

ADRAPANA the m o ern Artem an o n the o t e rn 6 . s u ; d , h

w en d near its ase e a a te fo r a ro a r n s o e o f El es e ce . l p b , w ll d p d y l id

a nso n T/zir d M ouarcﬁ . (R wli , y, I )

6 A A a corru t rea n Ec atana e n the o n . B T NI ; p di g, b b i g ly

n p o ssibl e re nde ri g .

A ES the A ME A a o f M t r te f 6 . a s o TIGR N R NI N , lly i h id

o ntus and en e m o f o t o m e an d Part a in his o ut a o sta e P , y b h R hi ; y h h g

in Part a acce e to his t ro ne un er ro m se to e e terr to r hi , d d h d p i c d i y,

he s u se ue nt attac e and re o ccu e an d et e e n whic h b q ly k d p i d , b w B . C . 92 and 8 8 i nv ad e d and to o k p o sse ssio n o f Parthian te rrito ry in upp e r 1 4 1 5 ust n V . Stra o eso o tam a. 3 1 M p i Cf b , XI , , ; J i , XXX III , , ;

x ﬁ M onarc/z utarc Lucullus 14 1 5 a nso n Si t . rane s Pl h , , , R wli , y, IX Tig u b 5 at the a e o f85 L an M acro . . 5 e . di d B C , g ( ci ,

A A A e r a s a co rru t re a n e v e nt Ec at 6 . ana B T N ; p h p p di g ; id ly b , ° a m atan o fthe Me es and Pe rs ans the m o e rn am a an 3 4 the H g d i , d H d , ( 2 9

' ° '

5 0 N . 48 18 E. s is the A hmet a o f r Ez a VI . See a , ) Thi c h , 2 lso

- T er u t 1 4 . he sum m res e n e o f the Pers an an d art J di h , I , id c i P hian ’ t urro un b Kings. I w as s ded y sev en walls ; the c itadel w as a royal tr r The e n a a easu y . sp l did p l ce w as sacke d an d its go ld and silv er

o rnam e nts to the v a ue o f 4 000 ta e nts o ne nto m o ne A t , l l , c i d i y by n i

” o chus the reat o f S r a see ero o tus I 98 Po us 7. G y i ; H d , ; lybi , X , 2

Dio do rus V 80 sa s the treasure e o s te at atana w (X II , ) y d p i d Ecb as ta ents a o ut f / C . a n so n Tzird l ( b R wli ,

T th e 6 . A A S e Ana ta o f the P rsians o rro e rom g N I I , hi , b w d f

o n The anc e nt a n a o f he a a. A d a An o t sk ecam e the B byl i i cc i , g d y, b

- — Se m t Anu o se em ale o u e w as Aunt the e art t he em i ic , wh f d bl , h f ale — e th ttr ute m o o met m e p rincip l wi a ib s si ilar t I shtar. S i s identiﬁe d with

the anaia o f am a a ee 13 - Artem s . . N E 2 M s 15 Po us i Cf l , ( cc b I , ; lybi o e u Jud and the ana o s s Ant. 9 f a n XXXI , II ; J p h , , XII , ) N B bylo .

ar er d ss rian and Bablonian Literature 1 16 2 45 Ro sche r Lexi (H p , y y , , ; ,

l u o lz h con der G riec t. . R m . M t olo ie T e u t w as es rea y g , III , c l wid p d

a A to it t o u o ut the Part n o m n o ns . s so ute t m r s s us o s . h gh hi d i i di l c , cf

Stra o 8 12 14 16 3 3 7 P utarc Ar taxerxes 7 b , XI , , ; XI , , ; XII , , ; l h , , 2 ; / 3 6 a so raz er G olden Bou t 1 3 7 . o e rtso n Sm th l F , g , ( ) I , , ; W R b i ,

u ites 3 a e Hibber t Lectures 19 The Reli ion o ﬂ Sem 2 5 S 2 . Anna s g f , ; yc , , l

- 6 . ea o the reco v o o f Ashurban ip al (6 6 8 2 6 B C . ) sp k f ery f Nanna

ro m E am u o n his su u at o n o ft at o untr a a e no t su ta e f l p bj g i h c y , p l c i bl ” ” f he r e re she had e en an r fo r 1 6 3 5 e rs o r a . , wh b g y y

See a so urz o n Persia 5 an n and o ste Perse Ancienne l C , , I , ; Fl di C , , ’ - - l 0 3 eu a o L xl rt l nti ue de la Perse 1 . . 2 V 7 1 I , p ; Di l f y, q , ,

A H e e rt r e E R A IA A. A r e st t ee g 7. M DI G N v y f il ip b w n the E urz ran e and the sa t ese rt to the so ut a o ut 1 5 0 m es o n lb g l d h , b il l g ,

in fro m the Casp ian Gates to the m o de rn Kasv .

A h e Th am d urv v in t . H he m o r 7 R G A o r R a s . e h s es e n , g i d

Re i but the s te se e m s to be so m e stan ce . E . at the m o e rn , i di N , d i ° ' ° ' a e r 3 5 2 5 N . 5 1 3 5 E . near V eram n ere t e re are K l h E j ( , ) i , wh h f u r ru ns at the so ut e rn ase o the E rz an e . A o r n to Arrian i h b lb g cc di g , ’ Rha a w as o ne a s m ar a o ut 30 m es ro m the as an ates g d y ch ( b il ) f C p i G , lo ng an imp o rtant trade center and the chie f reside nce o f the Maz

o o f the sastro u e e t o f ez di e rd IV ean r e st o . S ene s a Y d p i h d c di d f g , t h the ast o f the Sassan an n s he Ara s A . . T e l i Ki g , by b ( D

rri A a e o t I a an u t Rha a o f A an nab. s g , ( III , R g (T bi , ) R g (J di h

The Part an nam e o f the c t w as Arsacia Stra o 1 3 6 I ) . hi i y ( b , XI , , )

Raw nso n Tﬁird M onarclz . Cf . li , y, I 3 0

h e r 7. CHARAX is ro a t e mo n ru n o f e anukif , p b bly d i ,

r the ot h nd h r n e nea Casp ian Gates . B h R aga a C arax a e o w rep r “ ” ente th e e e n Charax m e n a s e o r s d by e mo d rn T h ra . a s p li ad

a sa e art r harax Me a: is o f ourse no to be p li d d e hwo k . C di c t co n use t i f d wi h Charax Sp asin .

he o r b t r f 7. T MA a o u a e eo e o the E urz RDI , p w lik p pl lb ran e e re attac e and su ue Phraate s soo n a ter his ac g , w k d bd d by I , f

e i 8 e r u e o f c ss o n 1 1 e t the leuci . e leu n . . s s e dze i B C . Th y w e bj c S S cus IV Philo ato r the n ru n in S ria w as to o m u e a ene ( p ) li g y , ch w k d by ’ i r r r t 1 - o ff n e h s fathe s g eat w a wi h Ro m e (B . C . 9 7 190) to er resista c ’ ’ to the rt an Cf. a nso n s SixtbM onarcl V ust n LI Pa s. z I X hi R wli y, ; J i ,

rri t 1 . 5 A an Anab. 2 4 S ra o 8 1 8 ero otus 2 6 ; III , . ; b XI , ; ; H d I , s o ccu at o n o fa stro n o s t on est o fthe Cas an ate s co m Thi p i g p i i w p i G , m an n the Se eu an t o f Rha a w as o o e u the next di g l ci ci y g , f ll w d p by

Part an n M t r ates w ho reat exte n e his o m n o ns at hi ki g, i h id I , g ly d d d i i the x h e p e nse o ft e Seleucidae .

is th 7. CASPIAN MOUNTAIN ; This e Elburz range .

S A A E a re m ar a e ass et een Easte rn 7. CA P S I N G T , k bl p b w and estern As a t ro u c all tra e and all m tar ex e t o n s W i , h gh whi h d ili y p di i

The n e e n f h n a trate c had to p ass. C asp ia Gat s wer o e o t e p ri cip l s gi

o nts o f anc e nt sto r o m m an n as t e the a be p i i hi y , c di g, h y did , highw y t e e At th o nt the E u m o unta ns c n the East and e st. s rz w W i p i lb i , whi h run e ne ra ro m e ast to est sen o ut a o n S ur so ut - ester g lly f w , d l g p h w ly into the desert an d in this Sp ur th ere are sev e ral o p e ni ngs thro ugh

v h n h he which trav ele rs m ay go to a o id t e d eto ur i to t e dese rt. T m o ern route runs t ro u the G irduni Sudurrah ass c urz o n d h gh p , whi h C — “ nter rets as irdarah Ser- i- are ea o f the The i p S d h , ( H d de scri ptio ns o f the p ass giv en in the classic writers sh o w cle arly that the m o e rn ro ute is no t the o ne t e n use but t at the as an ate s d h d , h C p i G o f t at e r o e re ro a e nt ca t the en - i- Su u a o ut h p i d w p b bly id i l wi h T g l k , b ° ' °

3 5 0 N . 5 2 E. . o ur m es no rt o f the re se nt ro ute . 2 f il h p ( , ) Cf

urz o n P ersia 2 93 - 5 an d aut o r t e s t e re uo te a so P n C , I , h i i h q d ; l li y , 14 VI . ,

he nam e w as er v e ro m the tr e o f the Cas ii w ho av e T d i d f ib p , g t e r n am e a so to the as an Sea no n to re e r ters as the h i l C p i , k w G k w i

f nso n Sixtlz M onarclz IV . rcan an Se a c . a Hy i ; R wli , y,

The n am e surv v es in the m o e rn § 8 . CHO ARENA . i d

x1 9 1 1 3 6 Pto e m 8 . . Stra o APAMIA . y Cf b , , , , XI , , ; l ,

b the Mace o n ans . V I 5 . A ree c t o un e , G k i y f d d y d i

1 he m n r r 6 . t t P A ode r a a he Ph ad o f te . B z a S . HR , F ; p h y . 3 ° ° ' ( 2 2 0 N . , 6 2 9 E“ ) m h 16 . A a be t m o e rn th e Harak e S . h G RI y d GIRI HK , Cf raiti o fthe Vendidad

° ' ° '

1 6 . N IA the m e r h . o n N e 3 1 3 0 N . 6 0 5 ; d ( ,

17. Z ARAN G IAN A the Saran ians o f ero otus , g H d (III , the 14th atr f r s a o f ar us the Z aran mans o Ar ian Anab. py D i ; g ( III , the r i f i o u n D an ans o D o d r s V 78 i . P uts the g (X II , ) ( ) li y p Saran a an d the Dran x s e s e V I The nam e s n es g g id by id ( , ig iﬁ “ e l r rr t n l = a e e re e n o a Helm u d z are z lake . s L e . l k dw l , f i g k ; Cf Str a o XV 8 . b , 2 , T h 18 . i h SACAS AN A o f t e Scythian Sacae. This s t e

m o e rn e st n The acae o rm er e nt o f ent A e S a . S r s e s ra s a re d i , f ly id C l i , w

r v en o ut the Y ue - c hi an o r e r he m nto r d i by d f c d ac o ss t Pa irs i Bact ia.

A o ut 10 th - hi o o e e m o v erran actr 0 . . e Y ue c t a and b B C f ll w d h , B i u n n The ae er a a d esta s e the us an m o nar . Sa pp I di , bli h d K h chy c ,

r v en e ore t e m o ccu e the o untr aro un La e Helm und d i b f h , p i d c y d k , and o v e rran the o er n us v al e an d the ut and amba co asts l w I d l y, C ch C y o f estern n e e re tr utar in so m e e ree to the W I dia. Th y w ib y d g Part an m o nar an d in n an sto r t e a ear as the n o hi chy, I di hi y h y p p I d ” m a as an P rt n o ndO hares o f the Acts o f St. o s w n o a hia s . G p Th I d

m e nt n hi uarre l n Part an r n e the Perzolus a o ut 8 0A . . o s s hi p i c ; j , b D i q l i g u essors in the n us e ta a d a Sa a satra N aha ana w ho s cc I d d l , n k p , p , establishe d a p owerful state in the Cam bay district and institute d the

8 - o ff Pert /us o 5 . . tra o S S r . S a a e a o f 78 A . 2 k D Cf b , XI , , ch , h f

- u lzra 7. ﬂ Etyt an Sea , 1 84

e ro tu 1 01 Pto em ARA TA E A : . o s 1 8 . P E C N Cf H d I , ; l y

V I , 4 .

The wo rd is Pers ian in o rigin and m ean s s1m p ly m o un taino us .

se em s to av e e e n the Sa a nam e for 18 . MIN . This h b k

e he nam e a e ars in tw o t es in n a m e nt o ne in th ir race . T p p ci i I di i d “ ” the Peri lus as M in- na ara c t o f the Min o ne in the n us p g , i y I d

Sc o ff i lus e ta and the other in the am a re on . . o d l C b y gi Cf h , ,

6 18 0. 1 5 ,

f im rus o fthe ustam he ro a re s en e . C . N 18 . S AL t IG , y l id c R m te is n o t ete r ne . sto ry in the Slxa/z N ama . The l o catio n o f th e si d i d

rt e e ta o f the Helm und Ma o r S es Co nce rn in g this fe il d l , j yk ,

i 1 sa s : (Ten Tﬁousancl M iles in Pers a , 3 6 ) y “ Be fo re enterin g the p ro v ince o f Sistan it m ay p e rhap s no t be nd a o ut o f p lace to o utlin e the v ario us i nte restin g histo rical a p hysic l p ro blems by which w e are co nfro nte d . 3 3

I n the Shéh Nam a Sisté n is the ho m e o fthe fam ous family o f

am o ns w ho seate the Keianian nas t o n the throne o fPer i s a. ch p i , d dy y

e r m o st r ant s o n w as ustam o se mat h ess dar n o rms Th i b illi ci R , wh c l i g f ’ the m a n t e m e o f r us s reat e and w ho is as m u h th e i h Fi d i g p ic , c

nat o na ero to - da as he w as a t o usan ears o r m o re a o ev er i l h y h d y g , y

t n in Pe rs a t at is no t un ersto o such as the Sassan an roc hi g i h d d , i k s u tures at Perse o s e n attr ute to t s ham o n who e c lp p li , b i g ib d hi c p i , lik

the o m er c ero es w as as m t a tren erm an as arr o r an d H i h , igh y ch w i ,

o u re e te for his ro ess in o t e alm st eq ally sp c d p w b h ﬁ lds . “ At the e r o re erre to a o v e Sa istan as S stan w as t e n p i d f d b , g , i h

a e ract a meant the lo w co untr to the est o f Kandahér c ll d , p ic lly y w ,

' Z abulistztn e n the nam e fo r the u an o untr now the ho m e o f b i g p l d c y, — r r ur n the atter ears o f ustam he v e e o v er the Be be s. D i g l y R li d w ll — a ce ntury the Persian cap ital w as shifte d fro m the banks o f the i d e ours to Helm und to airs and n u e s r ta es the a e o f e en . F , c hi y k p l c l g d “ t re ar to the sto r a ex sten e o f ustam t n we Wi h g d hi ic l i c R , I hi k m ay at all ev e nts adm it that there w as a champ ion o r a family o f

c am o ns w ho led the ho sts o f ran and urt ermo re t at as the r h p i , I , f h , h i

sto r is iv én so r umstant a a m o st o w n to sto r a t me s hi y g ci c i lly l d hi ic l i ,

r ro a t that t e r x o t v a u r there is ev e y p b bili y h i e pl i s ha e s bst atum o ftruth .

Mo re o v e r in t o se a s a man er an d eav er than his a v ersar es , h d y , bigg h i d i ,

a a s ns re a v e r o e so m e ear fo r n o t o n o u he ea lw y i p i d y wh l f , ly c ld d l

ea e r o s but e ua m o rtant he ou arr eav er armo ur d dli bl w , , q lly i p , c ld c y h i ;

in act he e att esh and his o o nents re em r e r f w as lik a b l ip pp s ble d c uis s .

The Saran ians m ent o ne ero o tus as e o n n to the g , i d by H d b l gi g

14th satra o c u e S stan ur n the re n o f ar us an d the py, c p i d i d i g ig D i ,

ree sto r ans w ho narrate the o n ue sts o fA exan e r the reat G k hi i d c q l d G ,

av e the nam e o f Dran iana to at is no w ro u s ea n g g wh , ghly p ki g,

o t n ro v nce tr v er e S u he rn Afgha istan . This p i w as a s d by the wo rld co nquero r o n his w ay to Bactria an d by Kratero s o n his m arc h fro m

to Karm i t n tr Karachi an a. But the m o s anci e t av elle r w ho actually

v s te and escr e t ese ro v nce s a e t v e r r e is s o rus o f i i d d ib d h p i , lb i y b i ﬂy , I id

Charax w ho w as a co ntem o rar o f Au ustus and o se acco unt , p y g , wh * v a ue that I uo te it o o t t W e t t is o f such l q in a f no e . e th us s e ha

ara and N e h e re m o rtant to ns e ar m a be r s . F w i p w , whil G i y Gi i hk

n ia is the sam e as Saran ta and n c u e s Pers t Th Z ara an S s an . e g g , i l d i i to wn o f Z irra is ap p are ntly the sam e wo rd which still surv iv es in he reat a o o n m ent o ne e o the nam e o ft g l g i d b l w . “ Sakastani o r the an o f the Sa a is ev ent the sam e o r , l d k , id ly w d

t he S a: h v e art as the Sistan o f o day . T ak a disapp eare d fro m thi s p

* h ns e r lz c r r S This is § 16 o ft e Ma ion s Pa t i a e o Pa t/l ia r: ta tions . 34 o f As a but un erstan t at the t eo r co n ne ct n t e m t the i , I d d h h y i g h wi h ” Saxo ns is e in ce rt u rt r h ld ai n q a e s .

o r e e 1 4 sa s Ma S s Tn T/zousand M iles in Persia . j yk ( , p ) y

N e h rst m e nt o ne as N ie b s o rus o f Charax is un o u t , ﬁ i d y I id , d b e dl a s te o f reat ant u t and m ust hav e e e n a ace o f m o rt y i g iq i y , b pl i p an e n as it o e s o n the rect ne et ee n an ar A as and c , lyi g d di li b w B d bb the o rasan and t n the rst cu t v ate d area struc arav ans Kh , wi hi ﬁ l i k by c a t n r At the re nt t m e n ro te s ra ate ro m f er leav i g Narmashi . p se i n i e u di f

the to n . An e nt N e h c no trav e e r had t e rto sco v e re w ci , whi h ll hi h di d , is un ou te at is no n as a a S a uz t re e m e s to the d b dly wh k w K l h h D d , h il east o f the m o re m o dern fo rt ; it is built o n a hill o nly acce ssible o n the e st S e and is care u uar e num e ro us san ars . Th e w id , f lly g d d by g track abo ut half- w ay up e nte rs the line o f bastio ne d wall by p assi ng

i ov e un er a tt e o rt c w as a m o st a u cate o f a a Z arr . A d li l f whi h l d p li K l b ,

n u the ste e - s e ere t o usan s o f o use s u t o fun e n lyi g p p hill id , w h d h , b il h w sto ne tte to et e r t m o rtar the sum m t e n so m e 6 00 eet ﬁ d g h wi h , , i b i g f

Th o t er c r e n cul r but the ate r a ov e the a n . e a es are e a b p l i h f p p di , w su see m e nsufﬁ c e nt t e re e n o n tan s so far as co u be pp ly d i i , h b i g ly k , ld

e ‘ The area c o v ere as u te o ur acre an d t e se are certa n se n . w s d q i f , h i ly the m o st im p o rtant rui ns which I hav e e xam i n e d in Easte rn Persia.

Le e n has it t at S a uz o r n e o rc e Z al to g d h h h D d , Ki g Thi f, f d

a tr ute unt ustam re u e n the o v e r o r w as c a e n e p y ib , il R g w p , wh l d h ll g d

m t All t e r ea o ns av n e e n e x auste t e to s n e co a . i gl b h i w p h i g b h d , h y

re tle unt m utua o nsent a a t w as m a e fo r re re s m e nt s , w d il , by l c , h l d f h

Rustam o f su t et n u e S ar n but his ess care u o o n e nt b l y i d lg d p i gly, l f l p p

rste t e re n hi o o ran his and w as eas w o sea s o w n m . d k ﬁll , ily d , h by li g d

Neh ro s am e su e s fo r its o w n co nsum t o n but as it g w p l pp li p i ,

ee s all the carav ans ass n in o t er directto ns it m o rts ra n f d p i g h , i p g i

m r t ar e ro m S stan t s acco unts fo r the nu e o f i s m s . I ts l g ly, f i ; hi b ill ” pppulatio n is p e rhap s 5 000 o r rathe r le ss . i o t 8 ALE A A. It s v er ss e t at o A ex 1 . X NDRI y p ibl h b h l an ia and A exan ro o s in t s § 1 8 are nte r o at o n s o f so m e dg . l d p li hi i p l i

r e n t at t e are nten e fo r the A exan ro o s o f 19 the sc ib a d h h y i d d l d p li § , mo de rn Kan dahar.

H IA te n a. Su stant a the ARA O S . 19 . C (Whi I di ) b i lly

Las e n I ndisc/ze o e rn A an stan . . s m d fgh i Cf , tr o . S a 1 0 1 . m o e rn Ara n am e is Arro kadsch . The d b Cf b , III , ,

ALE A P L S the m o ern an a ar . 3 1 19 . X NDRO O I , d K d h ( ' ° '

I I I 8 . See Arrian Anab. 2 5 48 E . 39 N . , 6 ) , ,

h m o e r Ar n ARAC HOTUS VE t e n a a . 19 . RI R, d g d b 3 5

— Stra o sa s o ft s re o n eneral XV 2 8 b y hi gi g ly ( , ) “ The greater p art o f the . co untry i n habite d by the Icthyop hagi

h o t ee s exce t a m nd n o ft orn . is o n a le v el with t e se a. N r p p l s a a ki d h y t r e re is a so a s ar t ter d and the tam arisk gro w he e . Th l c ci y o f wa an

o t e r t u s t o ffo o d p ro duce d by cultiv atio n . B th h y an d the i ca tl e s b is ft upo n fi sh and are supplie d by rai n water and wells . The fle sh o he “ e r e r u t t anim als has the sm ell o f fi sh . Th i dw llings a e b ilt wi h he ones o f ar e a es an d s e s the r s urn s n beanfs and su b l g wh l h ll , ib f i hi g p

- - The v ertebr o ne rv e o rts and the aw o nes o o r a s . a s se as p , j b d w y l b mo rtars in ﬁ sh hav e ee n rev ous r e in the sun which , which b p i ly d i d ,

r o u t the a t o n o f He re m a e n e . t s ur a es a a e p d d Of hi , wi h ddi i , c k d ; fo r the av e rin n m s fo r orn a thou t e av e no ron . y h g di g ill ( c ) , l gh h y h i ‘ ’ s o ev e r is not so sur r s n ecause it is o ss e fo r t e m to Thi , h w , p i i g , b p ibl h

o rt it ro m o t r rt But ho do t e o lo o imp f he p a s . w h y h l w ut the m ills a a n e n o rn a a ? t the sam e sto nes the sa th g i wh w w y Wi h , y y, wi which

r d v e t e r a ro s an a ns h are ar ene in the ﬁ re are s ar ene . h i w j li , whic h d d h p d o e ﬁ sh are resse in o v en ut t e r The S m s b h eater art is ea en raw . d d , g p t

ﬁ sh are ta e n in nets m ade o fthe ar o ft e a m k b k h p l .

A o v e the I cth o ha i is s tuate G edro sia Ma ran a o un b y p g i d ( k ) , c

“ tr e ss ex o se to the eat o f the sun than n a but m o re so . t an y l p d h I di , h

h e o f A A it i o t e r st s a. s s t ut r ts and ater exc e t in summ er i wi h f ui w , p , it is no t m u h etter t an th ountr o f th cth o ha i But it e e I . c b h c y y p g , ro u es aro mat s art cu ar nar and m rr in suc uant t t p d c ic , p i l ly d y h , h q i y hat the army Of Alexan d e r use d th em o n the march fo r tent co ve rings and i e s t e t us reat e an air u o f o o rs and at the sam e tim e b d ; h y h b h d f ll d , m o re sa u r o u l b i s . “ The summ er w as ur o se o sen fo r eav n n a fo r at p p ly ch l i g I di , t at se ason it ra ns in G edro sia an d the r v ers an d e s are e but h i , i w ll fill d , in nte r t e he ra n in th e he o rt a . T al s e r arts to t n wi h y f il i f l high p h , and near the m o unta ns hen the r v ers the a n s near th e sea i ; w i fill , p l i are ate re and the e r o A exan er sent ersons s a e a s e . w d , w ll l fill d l d p be fo re him into the desert co untry to dig we lls and to p rep are station s for m se and hi eet hi lf s fl .

av n se arate his o rces nto t re e v s on s he set o ut th H i g p d f i h di i i , wi one v s on t ro u G e dro sia ee n at the utm o st ro m the sea no di i i h gh , k p i g f t mo re than 5 00 sta a in o r er to se ure the co ast fo r his eet but he di , d c ﬂ ;

re uent a roa e the sea- s e alt o u the ea w as im ractic f q ly pp ch d id , h gh b ch p The e able and rugge d . s con d div isio n he sent fo rward un der the

om m an o f Craterus t rou h the nte r o r t a v e o f re u n c d h g i i , wi h i w d ci g

Ariana and o f ro ee n to the sam e a es to he w as m e , p c di g p l c which hi s lf

The t r v re t n his mar h . s o n the eet he ntruste re di c i g c hi d di i i , ﬂ , i d 36

N earchus an d nesicritus his m aste r ot v n t em o r ers to ta e O , p il , gi i g h d k u onv en t on in o l o n him and to sai a on the oast p c ient p o si i s f l wi g , l l g c ” ar p allel to his line o f m arch .

I n ano t er se t o n XV 2 S Stra o o serves h c i ( , , ) , b b

earchus sa s that w e A exan e r w as o n his mar he him N y hil l d ch , se o mm en e his v o a e in the autumn a o ut the a ron a r s n lf c c d y g , , b ch ic l i i g

o e n e ore av o ra e The ar o f the P e a es the n n t . ar ans l i d , wi d b i g b f f bl B b i

o ev e r ta n co ura e at the e arture o f the n ecam e ar n h w , ki g g d p ki g , b d i g , an d attem te to t ro o ff t e r su e t o n atta e t em and p d h w h i bj c i , ck d h

tr But r te e ndeav o re d to dri v e the m o ut o f the co un y . C a rus set o ut

ro m the H das e s and ro ee e t ro u h the ountr o f the Ara f y p , p c d d h g c y choti and o f the D ranga: into Carm ania.

A exan e r w as reat stresse t rou o ut the o e mar h l d g ly di d h gh wh l c , [ Th as his ro ad lay thro ugh a barren co untry . e supplies o f p ro v isions which he o btain e d cam e fro m a distance and were scanty and un

re uent so m u so t at the arm suffe re reat ro m un e r the f q , ch h y d g ly f h g ,

easts o f ur e n ro e o n and the a a e w as a an o ne ot b b d d p p d d w b gg g b d d , b h The arm w as sav e o n the m arch an d in the camp . y d by e atin g date s and the marro w o fthe p alm tree .

A exan er o ev e r sa s N earchus a tho u a ua nte t l d , h w ( y ) l gh cq i d wi h the ar s s o fthe e nte r r se w as am t o us o f o n u t n t h d hip p i , bi i c d c i g his large arm in sa et as a o n ue ro r t ro u the sam e o unt ere ac y f y, c q , h gh c ry wh , o r n to the rev ai n re o rt Se m ram s es a e t c di g p li g p , i i c p d by ﬂigh fro m nt nd rus t a o ut ev en n I ndia with abo ut twe y a Cy wi h b s m e .

This is the m o dern trade route fro m Afghan istan by Lake Hel m un d e rman to the hea o fthe Pers an u d an K d i G lf .

Stra o 8 8 - 9 urt er o serv es b , (XI , , ) f h b

Erato sthe nes says that the Bactrian s lie alo n g the Aracho ti an d

Massa etze o n the est near the xus an d t at the Sacm and So dian i g w O , h g , thro u the o e extent o f t e r terr tor are o o s te to n a bu gh wh l h i i y , p p i I di , t the Bactrii in art o n fo r the reater art o f t e r c p ly, g p h i o untry li es parallel to the Parap am isus ; that the Saca: and So gdian i are sep arate d

the Iaxarte s and the So diani and Bactrian i the by , g by O xus ; that Tapyri occupy the co untry between the Hyrcan i an d Arii ; that aro un d

the s o res o f the sea next to the H rcani are Am ar Anariacae h , y , di , ,

Cadusii A an CaS ii V itii an d erha s ot e r tr e xt , lb i , p , , p p h ib s e en di n g as

far as the S t ans t at o n the o t er s e o fthe H rcani are Derbice cy hi ; h h id y s , that the Caducii are co ntiguo us bo th to the Me des and Matian i bel o w he Parachoathr t as . 3 7

These are the distance s which he giv es

Fro m the Caspian Sea to the Cyrus abo ut Thence to the Caspain G ates Thence to Alexandria in the territo ry of the A rtt Thence to the c t Bactra wh ch is ca ed a so Z arias a i y , i ll l p Thence to the r v er I axartes h ch A exander reached a o ut i , w i l , b

Making a to tal of

He also assigns the fo llo win g distances fro m the Casp ian Gates I ndia :

To Hecato mpylo s To Alexandreia in the co untry o f the A m (Ariana) Thence to P ro phthasia in Dranga o r accord n to o thers ( i g , Thence to the city A racho ti Thence to Orto spana o n the three roads fro m Bactra Thence to the co nﬁ nes o f India

W hich together am ount to

The lo catio n o f the se tribes sh o ws clearly the race m igrations

c rr et h e that o c u e d b wee n t e tim e o f Erato sth e ne s and that o f I sido r .

The Sacae c he has east o f the I axarte s the m o e rn S r - Dar a , whi h , d y i ,

ha ett e e m he o di i o m s o re s s in the H l un d V a e . T S an h I id l d ll y g , w Erato sthenes p lace s between the Sacze and the O xus (the m o de rn ’ Am u- D aria) hav e likew Ise m o v e d so uth and we st and I n Isido re s t m e are un er the o m o n o f a i r i d d in i the K us h n kings n Bact ia.

he ra ho ii a e r i e ut 80 a o ne o f T A c s p p a n the P rip lus abo A . D . s the tr e s n an ro m the n us V a e no rt o f o m e re the ib i l d f I d ll y , h wh w natio n o f the Bactrians by whic h w as m e ant the Kushan do m n o ns i i . The Periplus has an inte re sting no te o f the co mm e rc ial I m p o rt ance o f the ree c v z at o n in t at re n e n it s ea s o f the G k i ili i h gi , wh p k silv e r co i ns o f the Gre ek dynasty in Bactria as still current in the

o f he r o n o rts t am a e m o re t an 2 00 e ars a ter t e ere ssue . p C b y gi , h y f h y w i d The fact that thro ugh the p ro v ince o f Arac ho sia runs one o f the p rinc ip al trade ro ute s between Pe rsia and India m ade It always p o liti c m o rtant and o m m erc a ro ally i p c i lly p sp ero us .

The fo llo wi n g re fere nces fro m the Periplus are o f i nte re st in co nnectio n t h the iti nerary o f Isido re

u t ro m o ff Tﬁe e 4 1 o e S Peri lus o Me B i t/treea n S a . (Q d f ch , p f y , p p , 3 1 8 ,

The co untr n an ro m ar az a i n a e (P . y i l d f B yg s i h bit d num e ro us tr es suc as the Arattii the Aracho sii the G andarz i by ib , h , , 3 8

d the eo e o f Po clais in c is uce a us A exan r a o v e an . A p pl , whi h B p h l l d i b these is the v er ar e nat o n o f the actrians w ho are ru e a y w lik i B , l d by * d A e n e r ett n o u o t us an n . An xa s t r m e se arts e ne K h ki g l d , i g f h p , p trate d to the an e s eav n as e Damirica and the so ut ern art o f G g , l i g id h p In dia; and to the p res e nt day an cient drachm ae are curre nt in Bary

az a co m in ro m t s co untr e ar n nscr t o ns in re e etters g , g f hi y , b i g i ip i G k l , and the ev ce s o f t o se w ho re n e a te r A exan e r A o llo do tus d i h ig d f l d , p ” nd e n n e r a M a d .

P . s is r r o rm ( ARATTI I . Thi a P ak it f o f the

‘ Sanscrtt fl raslztra w ho e re a e o e o f the Pun a in act the n am e , w p p l j b ; f ” fi rdtta is o te n s no n m o us th the Pan in n u teratur f y y wi jab Hi d li e .

A A H I hI eo . T S e o ccu i (P R C O S I . p p l p e d the ° ' ° ' o untr aro un the m o ern an a ar 3 1 7 6 5 4 3 2 N . c y d d K d h ( , ‘ McCrin dle Ancient I ndia 8 8 sa s Aracho s ia exte n e est ar ( , ) y d d w w d

e o n the m e ridtan o f an a ar and w as s rte o n the e ast the b y d K d h , ki d by r v er n u n the no rt it stretc e to the w e stern e t o o f h i I d s . O h h d s c i n t e

o he ut to e dro i he r Hi ndu Kush an d n t so h G s a. T p o v ince w as rich and o u o us and the act t at it w as trav erse o ne o f the m a n p p l , f h d by i ro ute s by Wt ll Pe rsia co m m un icate d with I ndia adde d greatly to its ’ o tan imp r ce .

' A ARAE an r t i P . N D I S s ndhztra G G . s ( ( k i , ) Thi

e o e e t o n o t s e s o f the a u v e r a o v e its un t o n p p l dw l b h id K b l Ri , b j c i

w ur tr t n r with the I ndus ; the m o de rn Pe shi dis ic . I e a lie r tim es they exte n e east o f the n us he re t e r easte rn ca ta w as o cate d d I d , w h i p i l l d

a ar e nd ro s e ro us c t ca e the re e ks . T x l a a i a . l g p p i y , ll d by G “ Se e a so o c G ates o I ndia 99 1 14 1 79 1 8 5 V n e nt ( l H ldi h , f , , , , ; i c

Sm t Earl H istor o I ndia 3 2 43 5 0 5 2 5 4 o uc e r N otes sur i h , y y f , , , , , ; F h ,

' ie u r la Géograp/zie fi nc nne d G andﬁci a . ) ” The trade - ro ute brieﬂy re fe rre d to in the m e ntion o fGandhara

' and Pushkalitv ati w as t at e a n to actr a e n ce it ranc e h l di g B i , wh b h d

e st ar to the as an and the Eu rate s and e ast ar t ro u w w d C p i p h , w d h gh ’ ” n f o f 6 o fthe P eri Tur estan to na the La o s 4 lus . k Chi , d Thi p “ A i the e e o rm CASP PY RA . s s r o f (P . Thi G k f ‘ ' ’ h m the San s r t Kas a a ura t o f the s a a. T e sa e o r k i y p p , ci y Ka y p w d

urv v es in the m o e rn as m r c is ro m the San sc r t Keis i s i d K h i , whi h f i i ’ ama ta ro n o un ce Panza ra and m e an n ho m e o f the s a a p (p d ) , i g Ka y p (o ne o f the p rev io us Ac co rding to the di v isi o n o f the

ree eo ra ers n ra w as the c o untr e o w a u e G k g g p h , Ga dha y b l K b l , whil

* A n am en e rea in s u e ste b en n e and acco r i n w e ll w ith his d d d g gg d y K dy, d g torical facts and p ro babiliti es .

PARALLEL PASSAGES FROM THE CHINESE ANNALS

ie t uo te ro m rt Oltina and tlze Roman Or n . (Q d f Hi h , )

- 3 r tte n a o t 1 B . . i ch . 1 u SAi/z cli . 2 9 C , w i b “ Whe n the ﬁrst e m bassy w as sent fro m Ch ina to An - hsi = Ar- sak Part a the n o f Part a or e re cav a r to ( , hi ) Ki g hi d d l y

th e e a tern ro nt er The easte rn ro nt e r w as sev era m e et them o n s f i . f i l

o usan li ra t ca the sam e as stadia 1 0 to the m e ro m the th d (p c i lly , il ) f ’ ro cee n to th o rt o ne cam ro e v era tens King s cap ital . P di g e n h e ac ss s l n A ter fc t es t v e r m an n a tants a e to that co u tr . o i i , wi h y y i h bi , lli d y f the Chi ne se e m bassy had re turne d th ey sent fo rth an e mbassy to

o the nese e m ass to co m e and se e the exten t an d reat foll w Chi b y, g

e fe re t the ne e co urt ness o f the Chine se Em p ire . Th y o f d o Chi s ’ = ar e r s e s and u ers ro m Li- kan Re - kam l g bi d gg , j ggl f ( ,

’ - - bo n d m e a 0 . . e r Clz ien ban slzu ch . 96 a r tt n ut 9 A D a a n , , w i b ci g

to . . ev e ntsfro m 2 06 B . C . 2 5 A D

“ ’ The n o fthe co untry o fParthia rule s at the city o fP an - tu = ’ Parthuv a Hecato m lo s) its stan e ro m an - an is 1 1 ( , py ; di c f Ch g ,

The co untr is no t su ect to a tu- lzu nese ov erno 6 00 li. y bj (Chi g r ’ - — in entra As at c o sse ss ons . It o un s no rt o n an ii C l i i p i ) b d h K g ch , ’ W u- i- an - Aracho ia e t o n ia - a t o n s s s o c a aea . e s h li ( ) , w T hih (Ch ld )

The so m ate ro ucts and o u ar usto m s are the sam e as il , cli , p d , p p l c

W - - i m tho se o f u i and Chi p n (Kashm ir) . Th ey also ake co ins ’ o f s v e r c hav e the n s ace o n the o v erse an d the il , whi h ki g f b ,

a e of his co n so rt o n the rev erse . e n the n e s f c Wh ki g di , ’ h - - lz u t e cast new co n s . e av e t e ta ma c o o str c h y i Th y h ( i h) .

Sev era un re sm a and ar e c t es are su ect to it an d the l h d d ll l g i i bj , c untr is sev era t o usan li in extent t at is a v e r ar e co untr o y l h d ; h y l g y .

n the an s o f the e - s u xus h It lie s o b k Kw i h i (O ) . T e wago ns and s s o f t e r m e rc ants o to the ne o r n co un tr hip h i h g i ghb i g ies.

e r te o n arc m e nt and ra u o um e nts in ro s ru Th y w i p h , d w p d c w nn ing ” s sideway .

. 6 . Ibia ch . 9 a

h W - - t e m ro r . Whe n e p e u ti (140 86 B . C ) ﬁrst se nt an e m ass to Part a the n o r ere a e nera to m e et him o n the b y hi , Ki g d d g l

ro nt e t 0 0 c v he easte rn ro nt e r w eastern r 2 0 0 a a r . T as sev era f i wi h , l y f i l ’ n ro the n r tho usan d li dista t f m Ki g s cap ital . P o ceedin g to the n o rth one c ame acro ss sev era te ns o f c t e s the n a tants o f c e re l i i , i h bi whi h w

t e allie d with th at co untry . As h y se nt fo rth an e mbassy to fo ll o w the

m t e cam e to th untr f n ese e ass see e o o na. e Chi b y, h y c y Chi Th y ’ o ffe re d to the n e se o urt ar e r s - e s and u e rs ro m Chi c l g bi d gg , j ggl f 4 1

’ Petra at c Hi he e ast o f s Ma e st w as e ase . I n t , whi h j y highly p l d

Part a are the Ta- ue - c hi e r hi y h (To ha i) . b I id. 9 ch . 6 a.

W u- i- shan - li (app arently incl udes both Aracho sia and Persia) ’ is in the west o nte rm no us th i- Kan Ara a Petraea and ao , c i wi L ( bi ) T i chih Go ing so m e what o v er 100 days you co m e to the ’ o untr o f ao - ch o r e r n o n the este rn sea ho t and lo w c y T i ih , b d i g W , , but i r ro n r ce n e s . ere are ar e s e s re se m n g wi g i ﬁ ld Th l g bi d , gg , bli g ur The o untr e i e n s . c y is d nsely p op ulated ; t use d to be go v ern d by

e tt ru e rs but Part a re u n t e m to v assa a e m a e it a de p y l , hi , d ci g h l g , d ’ i - e n e nt state . e av e c e v e r u r ro m ao c p d Th y h l j ggle s . F T hih by wate r yo u m ay go west o v er 1 00 days to co m e near the p lace whe re h ” t e sun sets t e sa . , h y y

- - h rt ﬁ u c . the th t H ou lzan s 8 a r tten ur n 5 ce n u . 8 r A . , ; p ly w i d i g y D

d e m r th r o to an a n e e 5 0 A. b ci g p i d 2 2 2 D .

Fro m Parthia yo u go west li to the countryo f A- m an

Akhm atan Ec atana ro m A- m an ou o e st li to the ( , b ) ; f y g w

ountr o fSsh- in tes o n ro m Ss h- in o u o so ut ro ss n c y p (C ip h ) ; f p y g h , c i g a r v er and a a n so ut est to the o untr o f Y u- lo ra the i , g i hw c y (Hi ,

a o n an La e at the hea o fthe Pallaco as ana 96 0 li the ex B byl i k d p c l) , tre m e e st ro nt e r o fPart a ro m ere o u trav e so ut se a and w f i hi ; f h y l h by , ’ - t n r I n t co untr t e re are m an o f t e so reac h Ta s i (Sy ia) . his y h y h

t o e t r p recio us and rare hi ngs fthe w s e n sea. ” ’ The city o f the co untry o f T iao - chih (Chaldae a) is situate d

o n a en nsu a Man a so m ean n h o r s an its r um eren e p i l ( , l i g ill i l d) ; ci c f c

o rt li an d it o r ers o th e te rn e r h is o v er f y b d n e w s s a (Hi a Lake ) . T e

o the se cro o e surro un it I n the so ut e ast nd n o aters f a . a rt w k dly d h , h east the ro a is cut o ff o n in the n o rt - e st t ere is ac e ss to it , d ; ly h w h c by

- h o untr i ho t an lo t r e o r T e s d w . I o uc s ns r n a an oa . o l d d c y p d li , hi

e ro s z e u e aco c s an d ar e r s o str ches o se e s are e c , b , p k , l g bi d ( i ) wh gg lik

If o u turn to the n o rt and t en to ar s the e ast a a n o o urns . y h h w d g i g n

o r e ac so m e 6 0 a s o u o m e to Part a to a te r ar s it h s b k d y , y c hi , which f w d be cam e subject as a v asal state un der a m ilitary go v e rno r w ho had

m t e co ntro l o f all the s all ci i s.

The co untry o f Parthia has its reside nc e at the city o f Ho - tu

« olo esia Hecato m lo s it is li stant ro m Lo - an (V g , py di f y g ’ I n the n o rt it o un s o n an —c ii an d in th e o ut in an fu . s (S g ) h b d K g h , h ,

- - - he s z e o f the o untr is se v era t o W i n . usan o n u sha li T i c y l h d li. The re are sev eral h un dre d sm all citi es with a v ast numbe r o fi nhabitants “ The tw o nam e s Dr. rth su ests ma hav e eno te the weste rn an , Hi gg , y d d d

eastern arts res ect v e o f th e Sel e uc do m tnto ns . p , p i ly, id 42

n n it tern ro nt er i the t o f Mu- lu 6 a d so ers . O s eas s M uru ldi f i ci y ( , c i a tt e P r a It is i st n r Merv ) whi h s c lle d Li l a thi . l di a t f o m

- h o f - h m - Lo an . I n t e rst ear C an o o f the E eror C an ti y g ﬁ y h g , p h g

t nt m ass o ffer n on nd u- he u- 8 . . e n T a ( 7A D ) hey s a e b y i g li s a f pa . f p

h e o o rn bu ha o o th t f as the s a f a un t s n h rn . In e 9 h ear o h p ic , y ’ - o - he ne K - n ii o f H ti . t e ra Pan ao e nt Yung y an (9 7A. D ) g l Ch s an yi g ’ ’ as an am assa o r to Ta- ts in w ho arr v e in iao - o n the coast b d , i d T chih , e u to t i h h o f the r at sea. en a o t a e h s assa e acro ss t e sea t e g Wh b k p g ,

sailors o f the we stern fro ntier o f Parthia told Kan- ying : The sea is v ast an d great ; w ith fav o rable wi nds it is p o ss ible to cro ss within three

but meet o w n s it m a so ta e o u tw o e mo nt s ou s a ars . h ; if y l wi d , y l k y y It is fo r this reas o n that tho se w ho go to sea take o n bo ard a sup p ly o f ’ rs ro v s o n ere is so m eth n in the se a h is a t thre e yea p i i s . Th i g whic p ’ - to ma e a m an ho m e s and sev era av e t us o st the r v es . k ick, l h h l i li

en Kan- n ear t s he sto e Wh yi g h d hi , p p d

" ’ f - h h e 01 A . the n Parth n ku I n t e 1 3t ar 1 . o a Ma y ( D ) ki g i , (Pacorus again offered as tribute lio ns and large birds fro m ’ iao - h o str hes h h en e orth ere nam e An- lzsi- cﬁiao T chi ( ic ) , w ic h c f w d (Parthian birds )

’ The ountr o f Ta- ts n S r a is a so a e Li- c en Li- kin c y i ( y i ) l c ll d hi ( ,

Re- kam Petra and as e n s tuate o n the estern art o f the sea , ) , b i g i d w p ,

- i- ku co untr o f the este rn art o f the ea t err to Hai hs o ( y w p s ) . I s t i ry am ounts to sev era thousan li it o nta ns ov er o ur un re t es l d ; c i f h d d ci i , and o f dep endent states th ere are se v eral tim es ten The

’ o o nta ns mu h o s v er and rare re ous sto nes untr , p , . c y c i c g ld il ci 3

o ra s am er ass o - e m ro ere ru s and th n s c l , b , gl , g ld b id d g i ilk

e m a e o - o o re o t clo th o f v arious colo rs . Th y k g ld c l d cl h and asbesto s ‘ ’ ‘ he urt er have ﬁ ne o t a so a le o n o f the cloth . T y f h cl h , l c l d d w

’ ‘ it is ma e ro m the o o o n s o f s - o rm e water sheep d f c c wild ilk w s . Th y l n s o f ra rant su stance s the u ce o f c t e o collect al ki d f g b , j i whi h h y b il

- ll the rare e m s o f ot er o re n c u into su lzo (sto rax) . A g h f ig o ntries ma e o n f o v e s o and s er. Te n u co me fro m there . Th y k c i g ld il nits o h r o f silver are wo rth o ne o f g ld . T ey t affic by sea with Parthia and

- n the ro t o f h tra e is ten o . e are onest in the r I dia, p ﬁ w ich d f ld Th y h i

t ons and there are no ou e r es . e r n transac i , d bl p ic Th i ki gs

es re to sen em as s es to na but the Part ans s e always d i d d b i Chi , hi wi h d

o n tra e th t em in C nese s s and it is fo r t s re to carry d wi h hi ilk , hi aso n o m m un at o n h t that they were cut o ff fro m c ic i . T is las e d till the ninth ’ r year o f the Yen- hsi p erio d duri ng the Emp e o r H uan- ti s re ign ’ - en the n o f Ta ts n An- tun Marcus Aur . w e u (166 A. D ) h ki g i , ( li s

Antoninus ) sent an e mbassy w ho fro m the frontier o fJih- nan (Annam) 43

offere v o r r no cero s o rns and to rto se s e . ro m t at t m e d i y , hi h i h ll F h i r n dates the di ect i terco urse with this co untry . The list o f their tr ute onta ne no e e s atev er h a t thro s ou t t e ib c i d j w l wh , w ich f c w d b o n h * t tradi io n . ” It is urt er sa t at co m n rom the an - roa o f Part a f h id h , i g f l d d hi ,

ou m a e a ro un at se a and ta n a n o rt ern turn o m e o ut ro m y k d , ki g h , c f

’ ‘ th e r f the sea e nce o u ro ee to - ts i e stern a t o Ta n . ne w p , wh y p c d i O is not a arm e ro e rs but the roa e o m e s unsa e er e l d by bb , d b c f by ﬁ c t ers an d o ns w ho atta asse n ers and un e ss t ese be trav e ig li will ck p g , l h l in in arav ans o fa un re m e n o r m o re o r be ro tecte m tar g c h d d , p d by ili y

e u me nt t e m a be ev o ure t o se e asts . q ip , h y y d d by h b “ The articles m ade o f rare p rec io us sto nes p ro duce d in this co untr are s am ur o s t es and m o st n o t e nu ne e n e t e are y h c i i i ly g i , wh c h y ” not n here m entio ed .

- t o u 0 . c 7 r te n a t 5 0 A . and e Sun Mu h . 9 m ra n the g , , w i b . D b ci g

- p erio d 42 0 4 78 A. D .

’ ’ As re ar s Ta- ts I n (S r a) nd T 1en - chu ( n a) far out o n g d y i a I di , the estern o ean w e av e to sa t at a t o u the env o s o f th w c , h y h , l h g h y e tw o Han dynasties hav e exp erienced the sp ecial difficulties o f this ro a et traffic in m e r an se h as e e n e ffecte and o o s av e d , y ch di b d , g d h

ee n se nt o ut to the o re n tr es the o r e o f n s r v n t e m b f ig ib , f c wi d d i i g h far away acro as the w av es o f the se a. Th ere are lo fty ranges o f m o untains quite diffe re nt f ro m th o se w e kno w and a great v ariety o f pop ulous tribes hav ing diffe re nt nam e s an d bearing unco mmon desig s t e e n o f a ass u te fferent ro m our o w n Al t nat o n . l he i , h y b i g cl q i di f

re o us t n s o f an and ater o m e ro m t e re as e as th p ci hi g l d w c f h , w ll e m m a e o f r no ce ro s o rns and c r so rase ser e nt ear n ge s d hi h h y p , p p ls a d

e to s c o t t e re e n nnum era e v ar et e s o f t ese ur o s t e asb s l h , h b i g i bl i i h c i i i s ; and also the d octri ne o f the abstractio n o f m ind in dev o tio n to the — lo rd o f the wo rld (Buddha) all this hav ing cause d nav igatio n and trade to be exte n de d to tho se p arts .

- 10 r tten e o re A . D n l h . d Wei s tu c 2 5 72 . a em ra n th , , w i b f b ci g e

- D p e rio d 3 86 5 5 6 A.

I t is sa t at ro m the estern o un ar o f Part a o o n id h f w b d y hi , f ll wi g ’ th e ro o e sha e o f the se a- co ast o u can a so o to Ta- ts n c k d p , y l g i , ” bendi ng aro un d o v er li .

” These ere ro babl m erchants tra n ro m the East A r can coast and w p y di g f f i , not o fﬁ cial am bassado rs . TThis trade ro ute fo llo ws the o v e rland route through the Caspian G ates to Ctes ho n and e leuc a thence to ra ake and the head o f the ers an G u ip S i , Hi L P i lf, thence b sh aro un Ara a to euce Co m e the N a atae an Red Sea o rt and y i p d bi L , b p ,

r an to the ca ta etra. ov e l d pi l, P 44

A MODERN ACCOUNT

The fo llo wi ng m o de rn de scrip tio ns o f Pe rsia and its trade - ro utes are o finterest in co nnectio n with the iti ne rary o fIsido re :

uote ro m urz o n Persia 5 0- 1 and (Q d f C , , I , , ” ro m a a to the Pers an ro nt er ﬁ v e m es e on the F B gd d i f i , il b y d

ur s stat n o f an n is n ne t m e s the ro a runn n fo r the T ki h io Kh iki i y il , d i g m o st p art o v e r a l ev e l dese rt an d the haltin g- p laces be in g as fo llo ws Ben Saa o r rta an 1 5 m e s Y akubish S a ra a i d O Kh ( il ) , h h b d

z o at Khan n ere is n o o sta se rv e and Ki il R b iki Th p l ic , the trav e e r w ho m ust en a e his a a e an m a s at a a a ts l , g g b gg g i l B gd d , h l i in Ma r s the r rav n r an d e st- o u ( Tu kish eq uiv ale nt to ca a se ai s) r h se s .

Afte r p assin g thro ugh the custo m - ho use o n the Pe rsian bo rde r he ﬁnds the fo ll o wi ng ro ute e xtende d b e fo re him

i s ta c in A ro x dista c D n e pp . n e Name o f Su tto n farsakll s m ml les

han kn K i i (1 000 ft . ) Kas r- i- Shiri n (1 700 ft ) 6 Sarpul 5

rin K e d (5 2 5 0 ft. ) 8 Harunabad 6 Mahidasht 6 er 4 K manshah (5 000 ft. ) Bisitun (Behis tun ) 6 S ahneh 4 Kangav ar S Saidabad 6 Hamadan 6 Mili G i rd 7 Z erreh 4 N uv aran I 9 Shamiran 4 K hushke k S Khanabad 6 Ro bat Ke rim 8 8 Teheran (3 00 ft. ) 7

The to tal distance be twe e n Bagdad an d Te he ran is th us 9 0

4 08 m o r o e u o m es c s n 5 00 es . il , l p il

s ur e is o ne o f t re e o d and ex e t o n nt t Thi j o n y h f l c p i al i e rest. I cro sse s the m t Z a ro s ran e et ee n an in and e rm ans a igh y g g b w Kh ik K h h , the ste e est art o f the ass n o n as the en —i- rra et ee n p p p , k w T g Gi , b w

Sar ul an d Ke rin d e n u co m ara e t the totals o f th e p , b i g f lly p bl wi h

r - r e i w nte r re ue nt m assa e ro m n us e S az n n s o . B hi hi li , i , f q ly i p bl f w By this asce nt the trav eler is bro ught up fro m th e l e v e l p lai ns o f

Ass r a and Chaldx a to the re at ran an ateau c he o es n o t y i g I i pl , whi h d 4 5

a a n u t unt he eav e s Pers a. Se co n he asse s t ro u the g i q i il l i dly, p h gh impo rtant an d ﬂo urishi n g Pe rsian c iti es o f Kerm an shah an d Ham a

w hich are situate d in e x

f o e e din l ro uct v e tracts o c untr . Last at s tun and at c g y p d i y ly, Bi i

- Tak- i B o stan (fo ur m ile s fro m Kerm anshah) he e nco unters so m e o f the m o st ce lebrated rem ains o f Pe rsian antiquity ; an d in the ro ck

carv n s scu ture s and nscr tio ns c o o o n u o n him ro m i g , lp i ip whi h l k d w p f

h se e sur a e o f the m o unta n s e he o th rea s a ta e o f t e chi ll d f c i id , b d l

o ne s e n o r an d o se rv e s the m o st m o rtant sto r ca o um e nt byg p l d b i p hi i l d c ,

e t in sto ne next to the am etta Sto n e t at has e e n sco v ere alb i , D i , h b di d and d ec ip here d in this ce ntury “ Nishap ur is the m e etin g p o int o f sev e ral imp o rtant

t o n to the tw o ro m e e O n the so ut ro ad s in addi i f M sh d . h a ro ad

in ro m urs z an d o n the no rt a tra run s v ia Ma an co m e s f T hi , h ck d

I N A P ERSI AN C ARAVANSERAL W H I C H I S MUCH THE SAME THI NG AS THE P ARTHI AN STATI ON "

(wh e re are the turquo ise m i ne s ) to Kuchan ; while in a m o re we sterly

re ct o n stre tc e s the o ld o n - o r o tte n tra e ro ute to the as an di i h , l g f g d C p i , whic h is be liev e d to hav e be e n a link in the gre at chai n o f o v erlan d co nn e ctio n in the m iddl e age s b e twee n Chin a an d I ndia c an d the

Euro ean co nt nent t p i . I ran fro m Ni shap ur to the Arab city o f

Isfera in in the a n o f the sam e nam e t e n struc e st ar s and y p l i , h k w w d p assin g thro ugh the m o untains o f the deﬁle kno wn as the Dahaneh - i 46

G ur an t ro u h c the r v er ur an or es its w a es en e g , h g whi h i G g f c y, d c d d the s o e to the a an The sta o t r re o r e o n l p C sp i . ges n this rou e a e c d d the t nerar e s o f s o re o f Charax and o f El Istakhri an d the ara i i i I id , c v anserais u t S ah A as the reat are st stan n t o u in b il by h bb G ill di g, h gh ” ru n i s .

A TR DE ROUTES OF MOD ERN P ERSIA.

urz o n i - P ers a 5 83 4 . C , , II ,

Route — Julfa Tabriz 4 — — a r z e he ran v ia M an e n an az v n 14 16 T b i T ( i h , Zi j , K i ) — — e eran s a an v ia Kum as an 10 12 T h I p h ( , K h )

s a an— S raz v ia Kumishe h Y ez dikhast e 12 I p h hi ( , , D hbid , ) — I sp ahan Shiraz (v ia the sum m e r ro ute fro m Y ez dikhast) 10 — Shi raz Bushire (v ia Kaz e run ) 1 0 — e e ran Mo s e v ia Sem nan S a ru s a ur 2 2 T h h d , h h d , Ni h p ) — — Te he ran Resht (v ia Kaz v i n ) . 9 10 — e eran a a v ia am a an e rm ans a an T h B gd d ( H d , K h h, Kh i kin ) 2 4 — Te he ran Meshed- i- Se r 6 — Te heran Astrabad (v ia Sari ) 14 — I sp ahan Yez d 1 0 — Kash an Kerm an 2 5 — Yez d Kerm an 12 — Kerm an Bam 11 — Kerm an Ban dar Abbas 2 0 — Tabriz Astara (v ia Ardebil) 7 — Tabriz Re sht (sum m e r ro ute v ia Masullah an d Fum e n ) 12 — Tabriz Bagdad (v ia Sule im am e h) 2 0 — H am adan Sin na 4 — Ham adan Shushte r 1 5 — Re sht Astrabad 14

THE COMMERCIAL MUSEUM OF P HILADELP HIA

is a u c n st tut on co ntro e b the Boar ofTrustees of the h a e h a p bli i i i , ll d y d P il d lp i

Museum s un er C t and tate e s at o n . I t is o cate at 34th treet and , d i y S l gi l i l d S V nta e Av enue e o ruce treet in W est h a e h a and o ccu es a ro u i g , b l w Sp S , P il d lp i , pi g p t o a o f e The inst tut o n o fexhibi ion bu ildings with a ﬂ o r sp ce square f et. i i is suppo rted by appro priations from the City o fPhiladelphia and the State o fPenn s van a and b subscr t o ns ro m manu acturers ex o rters an d business men yl i , y ip i f f , p o f h o ntr kn t m at se s r t e c u y ma i g sy s e ic u ofits e v ice . ' The o bjects of the Philadelphia Co m m ercial M useum are to disseminate in thi s country a wider kno wledge and appreciatio n ofthe custo m s and co nditio n s o f other nat ons and eo es and to ro m ote the co m m erce o f the Un ted tate s i p p l , p i S t re o n s wi h fo ign c u trie . The Co llections sho wn in the Museum illustrate the p ro ducts and p eo ples o f the or d w l . Exh ts are nsta e ro m the hili ne I slan s a an Chi na India and ibi i ll d f P ppi d , Jp , , m an arts o fA r ca the o uth Sea I s lan s M ex co and the v ar o us co untr e s o f y p f i , S d , i i i

Centra an d o uth Am er ca and so m e o fthe E uro ean co untr es . here are al so l S i , p i T co ect ons o f skns and h es of co rn co tto n etro eum and o ther ro ucts ll i i id , , , p l p d ,

- and o fman r mar art c es ro u ed th the r b ro ucts . These co l ect o ns y p i y i l , g p wi i y p d l i u n n u n are ofinestimable v alue e d catio ally a d to b siness m e . The m ain purpo se o fthese exhibits is to p o rtray in v iv id fashio n the pro ducts an o f o re n an s There hav e een str ute am o n the scho o s d peo ples f ig l d . b di ib d g l ofthe state m o re than m n ature m useum s co m ris n co m m erc a ro ucts i i , p i g i l p d ,

hoto ra hs m a s etc. o an ectures co ns st n o fco lo red sl es stereo t co n p g p , p , L l , i i g id , p i and screen and ecture rea n are c rcu ate am o n the scho o ls thro u hout the , l di g, i l d g g tate a ustrate ectures are a so v en to the scho o s in the ecture Ha S . D ily ill d l l gi l L ll o fthe inst tut o n b mem ers of the staff a ter h ch the c asses are co n ucte i i y b , f w i l d d thro ugh the exhibits . Free ll ustrate ectures o n to cs connecte th eo ra h co m m erce and i d l pi d wi g g p y, trav e r o f r to th enera u c ur n art o th l a e f e e d e g l p bli wee kly d i g a large p f e year . ec a courses o f ree ectures are a so o fere to teachers Sp i l f l l f d .

Tm: F O REI G N TRADE BUREAU has fo r its so le o bject the dev elo pm ent o f the internatio nal co m m erce o f the n t t s t o es th s b n o ura n a n U i e d Sta e . I d i y e c gi g indiv idu l m a ufacturers w ho are e u e to handle the us ness to exten the m arkets fo r the r ares in o re n q ipp d b i , d i w f ig co untr es and then b ass st n them in a v er ract ca m anner in nau ratin i , y i i g y p i l i g n o n hat tra e The ass s c en i n th at r i a d dev el pi g t d . i tan e giv s i e n u e of fiie and — practical info rmation on ev ery phase of exp o rt trade its elem entary features as h t es ar an n s n r we ll as its tec nicali i . L ge d i crea i g num be s o f inquiries are receiv ed daily fro m fo reign ﬁ rm s asking fo r the nam es o f makers o f particular lines o f o o s in the Un ted tate s and askin to be aced in to uch w th he ro r g d i S , g pl i t p p e n u r es o f th s nature ar r m anufacturers . I q i i i e always co dially inv ited ; they are ns r an thou har e h urea s pro mptly a we ed d wi t c g . T e B u al o has a publicatio n serv ice

ssu n re u ar tw o ournals. Commercia l America u she in o th En l sh i i g g l ly j , p bli d b g i and an sh c rcu ates a roa w th the ur o se of nv t n the attent on o f o re n Sp i , i l b d i p p i i i g i f ig m erchants to th e adv antages o fthe United States as a country in whi ch to p ro c ure W ek Ex ort Bulleti is a n nt a u o o s . The e n co ﬁ e b cat o n circu at n o nl g d ly p d i l p li i , l i g y am o n su scr ers to th e Bureau th the ur o se o f n o rm n the m o f the g b ib , wi p p i f i g and m r ha wants o f fo reign impo rters e c nts .

THE LI BRA RY OF COMM ERCE AND TRAV EL

On l r th ffi a is a practical con sulting library . ﬁ e a e e o ci l statistics and s im ilar d o cum ents o f near all o re n co untr es the co nsu ar re o rts o f all co untr es ly f ig i , l p i h ch u l sh the sam e o o ks o n co m m erce n ustr ro uct o n ex o tat o n w i p b i , b , i d y, p d i , pl i i , str but o n trav e and ex o rat o n and s m lar to cs recto r e s o f o re n c t es di i i , l pl i , i i pi , di i f ig i i and n ustr es and a ar e num er o fthe est tra e o urnal s ubl sh e thro u hout i d i , l g b b d j p i d g th r d h rar is one o f the m o st co m ete ofits kn in the rl e o . T e o o f w l lib y pl i d w d, reat ass stance to the m anu acturer and us n ess m an the enera rea er and g i f b i , g l d

inv esti ato r and nva uab e to the staff ofthe nst tut o n . g , i l l i i i THE P HILADELP HIA MUS EUMS

TRUS TEES

EX - OFF ICI O TH E G OV ER N OR OF PENNS Y LVAN I A TH E MAYO R O F PH I LADELP H I A TH E PR ES I DEN T OF S ELECT COUNCI L TH E P R ES IDENT OF COMMON COUN CI L TH E PR ES IDEN T OF THE BOAR D OF PUBLI C EDUCATION TH E S UP ER I NTENDENT OF S CHOOLS TH E S TATE S UP ER I NTENDEN T OF PUBLI C I NS TR UCT ION TH E S TATE F OR ES TRY COMMI SS ION ER

BY AP P OI N TM EN T DANI EL BA UG H S I MON G RATz I WN LS N H B R W S . H RV Y W O . O . A E R N ELY . I L THEODO E . WM T . T DEN H W R B F R H I W. LS O A D . ENC P . W ON ELLI S A G I L S Y Y L R IG . MBE DNE . W HT

OFFI CERS OF TH E BOARD

id n W S . HARV E Y res e t . , P AN I E L BA UG reasure r D H , T R E M S e cretar and s an a ur ILF H . S A . Ass i t t re s er W D CHOFF, y T

DI RECTOR OF TH E MUS EUMS

W I N . LS S C D. P . W O , .

LI RAR I S TIS I I N B AN AND TA T C AN , JOH J.

RA R R L S R . K R CU TO , CHA E TOOTHA E

F OREIG N TRADE BUREAU

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